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Pollutants
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Particulate matter
Sources
Anthropogenic sources
Natural sources
Health hazards
cardiopulmonary disease linked to breathing fine particle air pollution
pneumonia related deaths
heart attacks
asthma
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Hydrocarbon emission consists of some unburnt part of fuel (nearly 40%) and
partially reacted components (60%) not present in original fuel.
For SI engines, exhaust gases contain up to 6000 ppm or 1-1.15% of fuel.
Their emission is strong function of equivalence ratio. Higher its value (ie richer
fuel) more unburnt fuel so more amount of emissions.
Emissions are high during starting and accelerating when mixture is richer
Too lean mixture also results in incomplete combustion so higher HC emissions
Incomplete combustion
Improper mixing:-
• Due improper mixing or lack of swirl fuel particles do not find enough oxygen to
react
Flame quenching:-
• As the flame goes close to the walls it gets quenched at the walls leaving unburnt
fuel
• Expansion of gases in power stroke retards combustion which causes HC
emissions
• High exhaust gas contamination also results in flame quenching at low loads and
idle conditions
This problem can be solved by using multiple spark plugs at appropriate locations
and restricting bore and stroke of combustion chamber
Valve overlap
Valve overlap is generally kept to ensure complete combustion and proper
scavenging
During valve overlap both intake and exhaust valve are simultaneously open,
which can cause some fresh charge to directly escape with the exhaust
As valve overlap is in terms of crank angles, overlap time in milliseconds is high
during low speed and idle
Thus effect on pollution is most severe in these conditions
Properly located intake and exhaust valves can minimize this type of pollution