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| | | |
s s +
| |
\ . \ .
if o known
2.
2 2
s s
x z x z
n n
o o
| | | |
s s +
| |
\ . \ .
if o unknown and n > 30.
3.
, ,
2 2
s s
x t x t
n n
o o
v v
| | | |
s s +
| |
\ . \ .
with v = n 1 if o unknown and n < 30.
4.
2 2
pq pq
p z p p z
n n
o o
| | | |
s s +
| |
| |
\ . \ .
with p q 1 =
INTERVAL ESTIMATION FOR TWO POPULATIONS
1. ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
x x z x x z
n n n n
o o
o o o o
| | | |
+ s s + + | |
| |
\ . \ .
if o known
2. ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
s s s s
x x z x x z
n n n n
o o
| | | |
+ s s + + | |
| |
\ . \ .
if o unknown and n > 30.
3. ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
, ,
1 2 1 2 2 2
p p p p
s s s s
x x t x x t
n n n n
o o
v v
| | | |
| |
+ s s + +
| |
\ . \ .
if o unknown, equal and
n < 30 with
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2 2
1 2
1 1
2
p
n s n s
s
n n
+
=
+
and v = 2
2 1
+ n n
4. ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
, ,
1 2 1 2 2 2
s s s s
x x t x x t
n n n n
o o
v v
| | | |
+ s s + + | |
| |
\ . \ .
if o unknown, unequal and
n < 30 with v = 2
2 1
+ n n .
5.
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
( ) ( )
p q p q p q p q
p p z p p p p z
n n n n
o o
| | | |
+ s s + +
| |
| |
\ . \ .
2
HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR ONE POPULATION
1. Statistical test:
n
x
z
/ o
= if o known
2. Statistical test:
/
x
z
s n
= if o unknown and n > 30.
3. Statistical test:
x
t
s n
= with 1 n v = if o unknown and n < 30.
4. Statistical test:
p p
z
pq n
= with 1 q p =
HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR TWO POPULATIONS
1. Statistical test:
1 2 1 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) x x
z
n n
o o
=
+
if o known
2. Statistical test:
1 2 1 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) x x
z
s n s n
=
+
if o unknown and n > 30.
3. Statistical test:
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
2 2
1 2
=
+
p p
x x
t
s n s n
with
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2 2
1 2
1 1
2
+
=
+
p
n s n s
s
n n
and
1 2
2 n n v = + if o unknown, equal and n < 30.
4. Statistical test:
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
=
+
x x
t
s n s n
and
1 2
2 n n v = +
if o unknown, unequal and n < 30
5. Statistical test:
n s
d
t
d
d
/
= with 1 n v =
6. Statistical test:
( ) ( )
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 1 2 1
n q p n q p
p p p p
z
+
=
3
ONE WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SSA = ( )
2
x x n
i i
or SSA =
( ) ( )
n
x
n
x
ij
i
i
2 2
(
(
SSE = ( )
2
1
i i
n s or SSE =
( )
(
(
i
i
ij
n
x
x
2
2
SST =
2
2
x n x
ij
or SST =
( )
n
x
x
ij
ij
2
2
TWO WAYS ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
SSA =
( )
2
i ij
b x x or SSA =
( ) ( )
ab
x
b
x
ij i
2 2
(
(
SSB =
( )
2
j ij
a x x or SSB =
( ) ( )
ab
x
a
x
ij j
2 2
(
(
SST =
2 2
x ab x
ij
or SST =
( )
n
x
x
ij
ij
2
2
SSE = SST SSA SSB.
CHI-SQUARE TEST
1. Test for the goodness of fit:
Statistical test:
( )
2
2
_
=
i i
i
O E
E
with 1 k m v = and
i i
E nP =
2. Test for independence:
Statistical test:
( )
2
2
_
=
ij ij
ij
O E
E
with ( )( ) 1 1 a b v =
and
n
L B
E
j i
ij
=
4
REGRESSION AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS
1. Sample regression equation:
0 1
= + y b b x
Slope regression coefficient,
1
=
xy
xx
S
b
S
Intercept regression coefficient,
0 1
= b y b x
2.
( )
=
n
x
x S
i
i xx
2
2
( )
=
n
y
y S
i
i yy
2
2
( )( )
=
n
y x
y x S
i i xy
3. Determination coefficient,
yy xx
xy
S S
S
r
2
2
=
4. Estimated standard error,
2
1
=
n
S b S
s
xy yy
e
5. Statistical test for the regression parameter,
1
| :
xx
e
S
s
b
t
2
1 1
|
= with v = n 2
6. Pearson correlation coefficient, =
xy
xx yy
S
r
S S
7. Statistical test for the correlation parameter, :
2
1
2
r
n
r t
= with v = n 2