1

.
.

.
.

.

y
x

dy
dx

y
x

Dy y  y

yx

y
y x
x

dy

dx
y

y
y y x
x

y x f x y z
f
x y z

. f xyz

Derivative
Differential
Partial

y (x + x ) y (x ) dy
=
x 0
dx
x

y (x ) = lim

y (x ) = tan
PQN =

lim S = ds

x 0
y 0

dy

dt

=  = x

dv d 2 x
= a = x
= 2
dt
dt

n n f x :

d nf
=
dx n

) (n

z x y
z
z
dx +
dy
x
y

= z (x , y ) dz

:
dny
d n 1 y
d n 2 y
dy
) + P0 (x ) y = P (x
) Pn (x ) n + Pn 1 (x ) n 1 + Pn 2 (x ) n 2 + + P1 (x
dx
dx
dx
dx

) Pn (x ) Pn 1 (x ... ) P0 (x ) P (x . x
.
. n
). (nonlinear
:
) 2U (x , y
) 2U (x , y
) 2U (x , y
) A (x , y
) + B (x , y
) + C (x , y
+
x 2
x y
y 2
) U (x , y
) U (x , y
) + E (x , y
+ F (x , y )U (x , y ) + G (x , y ) = 0
x
y

) + D (x , y

) A (x , y ) G (x , y x . y
.

.
.

dx
dt

= v

dv
dt

=a

d 2x
a= 2
dt

d 2
g
=

sin
dt 2
L

g L .


.

sin

c
k
m

x
F = mx mx = cx kx mx + cx + kx = 0

 x ) x (t
 x .

) m1x1 + (c + c1 )x1 + (k + k 1 )x 1 cx 2 kx 2 = F1 (t

) m 2 x2 + (c + c 2 )x 2 + (k + k 2 )x 2 cx1 kx 1 = F2 (t

) c x1 k + k 1 k x 1 F1(t
+
=
) c + c 2 x 2 k k + k 2 x 2 F2 (t

0 x1 c + c1
+
m 2 x2 c

m1
0

T
P
. M N
.
s P s
. P s

+ (T + T )sin
= P s
2
2

T cos
= P s
2
2

T sin

(T + T )cos

T
T
(2
)sin
+

= P s

2T + T
1
2
tan

T cos
= P s

T
1 tan

tan

=
2

dT
= T
d

tan

2 T
1 tan

= T

10

: x . xy
t= 0
.y
t x y
) y = f (x

T P Q s
:

y x y
P
y
y
=T ( ) x
s 0 s
s

= T lim

T sin

11

y
y
= T ( ) x +x
s 0 s
s

T sin Q = T lim

( y + y ) y y
=
x 0
x
x

tan = lim

y 2
) 0
x

y
y
tan
y
x
= = sin
=

s
x
y
1 tan 2
1 ( )2
x

2 y

t 2
y
y
2 y
) F = ma T ( ) x +x T ( ) x = x ( 2
s
s
t

T x
y
y
) x +x ( ) x
2 y

s
lim
)= ( 2
x 0
T t
x
(

2
2 y
2 y
=
2
x
t 2

= 2

12

) (

2z
T 2 2z 2z
)=( ) ( 2 + 2
2
t
y
x
T . yx
. z

2T 2T 2T q 1 T
+
+
= +
x 2 y 2 z 2 k t

T t k  q

q 1 T
=
k t

2T +

u v w
+
+
+
=0
x
y
z
t

=0
t

V +

u v w )( x y z

V = u i +v j +w k

t .

:
u v w
+
+
=0
x y z

13

dy
) = f (x , y
dx

) f (x , y ) = f (tx ,ty

y = x

dy
d
= + x
dx
dx

dy
1
=
) dx f (x , y

x = yu

dx
du
=u + y
dy
dy

14

) dy + p (x ) y = g (x
dx
:
) y + p (x ) y = g (x

) (x ) = e p (x )dx = exp( p (x )dx

:
y (x ) = 1 (x ) g (x )dx + c

) (x

y + 1 y = 3x
x

= e ln x = x

dx

(x ) = e p (x )dx = e x

y (x ) = 1 (x ) g (x )dx + c = 1 x 3xdx + c
x

) (x

) y ( x ) = 1 (x 3 + c
x

y (x ) = x 2 + cx 1

15

:
d 2y
dy
a 2 +b
+ cy = 0
dx
dx

ay + by + cy = 0

a b c
y (x ) = e x
2 x

y =

y = e

y (x ) = e x

a b c :
ay + by + cy = 0 e x (a 2 + b + c ) = 0

b 2 4ac
2a
b 2 4ac
2a

b +
= 1

a 2 + b + c = 0
= b
2

:
x
2

+ c 2e

x
1

y = c1e

16

) ( 1 = 2
:
x
1

+ c 2 xe

x
1

y = c1e

)( ) ( i
:
x

+ c 2 sin xe

y = c1 cos xe x

x
) h 2 2 (x ,t
) (x ,t

=
i
(
h
)
2m x 2
t

x > 0

) (x ,t ) = e i (t kx
x < 0

) (x ,t ) = e i (t + kx

17

d 2 y + P (x ) dy +Q (x ) y = 0
dx
dx 2

y + P (x ) y +Q (x ) y = 0

y 1
cy 1 c . v (x ) y 1 ) v (x
. x :
1 p ( x )dx
= ) v (x
2 e dx
y1

y (x ) = cy 1 (x ) +v (x ) y 1

.
:
x 2 y + xy y = 0

. y 1 = x

y =0

1
x2

y + 1 y
x

:
2

1
x
= dx
3
x
2

= dx

dx
x

1
e
2
x

1 p ( x )dx
e
= dx
y 12

= ) v (x

:
2

y (x ) = cy 1(x ) +v (x ) y 1 = c1x + c 2x x

x 1 y (x ) = c1x + c3x 1

c2

y (x ) = c1x +

18

:
I

) d 2 y + P (x ) dy +Q (x ) y = R (x
dx
dx 2

:
) y + P (x ) y +Q (x ) y = R (x

) P (x ) Q (x ) R (x x
y + P (x ) y +Q (x ) y = 0 y 1 y 2
y = c1 y 1 + c 2 y 2

. c1 c 2 .

v 1 v 2 I y =v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2

:
) y =v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2 y =v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2 +v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2 (v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2 ) + (v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2

(v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2 ) = 0 :

) y = (v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2

) y = (v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2 ) y = (v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2 ) + (v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2
y y y I :

19

( v 1
y 1 + P (x
 )

y 1 +Q (x ) y
 y 2 + P (x
 )

y 2 +Q (x ) y
( 1 ) +v 2
) 2 ) +v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2 = R (x

0

y 1 y 2 :

) v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2 = R (x

(v 1 y 1 +v 2 y 2 ) = 0
:
) y 2 R (x
dx
) W ( y 1, y 2

= v1

) y 1R (x
dx
) W ( y 1, y 2

= v2

:
W ( y 1, y 2 ) = y 1 y 2 y 1 y 2

I :

) y 1R (x
dx
) W ( y 1, y 2

) y 2 R (x
dx + y 2
) W ( y 1, y 2

y = y 1

20

:
y + y = csc x
y = c1 sin x + c 2 cos x

y + y = 0

y = c1 sin
x + c 2 cos
x
N
N
y
y
1

:
W ( y 1, y 2 ) = sin 2 x

cos2 x = 1

v1 =

y 2 R (x )
dx = cos x csc x dx = cos x dx = lnsin x
1
sin x
W ( y 1, y 2 )

v2 =

y 1R (x )
dx = sin x csc x dx = x
1
W ( y 1, y 2 )

: I
y = (lnsin x )sin x + (x )cos x

csc x =

1
:
sin x

21

) f (x x 0 :
(x 0 )(x x )n
0
!n

) (n

) (n

) (x 0
!n

f (x ) = f
n =1

an = f :

(x ) = an (x x 0 )n

y =f

n =0

y + y = 0 )( < x < +
x 0 = 0

an x n

= y

n =0

= a0 + a1x 1 + a2x 2 + a3x 3 ++ an x n = an x n

n =0

+ 4a4x 3 ++ nan x n 1 = nan x n 1

n =1

+ 20a5x 3 ++ n (n 1)an x n 2 = n (n 1)an x n 2

n =2

y = a1 + 2a2 x 1 + 3a3x

y = 2a2 + 6a3x 1 +12a4 x

n =0

n =2

y + y = 0 n (n 1)an x n 2 + an x n = 0

22

(n +2)(n +2)an +2 +an x n = 0

n =0

:
a2 = 1a02 = 2!1 a0
a3 = 1a213 = 3!1 a1
a4 = 3a24 = 4!1 a0
a5 = 4a35 = 5!1 a1
a0

a1

!) (2k

!)(2k +1

an = a2k = (1)k

an = a2k +1 = (1)k

= a0 + a1x 1 + a2x 2 + a3x 3 ++ an x n = an x n

n =1

x 2n + a1 ( 1)n (2n1+1)!x 2n +1
n =0

1
!) (2 n

y = a0 ( 1)n

y = a cos x + a sin x
1

a0 a1

n =0

23

.

.
: ) f (t

f (t )dt

st

0e

) f (t )dt = F (s

st

L f (t ) = e
0

: f (t ) = t

tdt

st

L t = e
0

)(2

1+1

! (n +1) = n (2) =1

st
= e tdt

1
s2

st
= e tdt

1
s2

= L t

24

f (t )

F (s )

1
s
n!

tn

s n +1
1

e at

s a

s >0

s >a

a
s 2 + a2

sinat

cosat

s 2 + a2
a

sinh at

s 2 a2

coshat

s
s 2 a2

f (ct )

1 s
F( )
c c

e ct f (t )

F (s c )

e at sin bt

b
(s a) 2 +b 2

(t )n f (t )

F (n ) (s )

1
uc (t ) =
0

(t c )

t c

t <c

e cs
s
e ct

25

n ) f (t ) (t

)(0

)( n 1

(0) s n n f

)(2

(0) s n 3f

)(1

) (n

f :

s n F (s ) s n 1f (0) s n 2f

: :
y + y = sin 2t

y (0) = 0

y (0) = 1

2
s 2 +4

= )s 2Y (s ) sy (0) y (0

s 2 +6
Y (s ) = 2
)(s + 4)(s 2 +1

2
3

2
2
s +1 s + 4

= ) Y (s

.
:
y (t ) = 5 sin t 1 sin 2t
3

26

)(n +1
n +1

st n
= e t dt

s +6
2

)(s + 4)(s +1

.
:
2

s +6

as +b cs +d
+
2
2
2
2
(s + 4)(s +1) s +1 s + 4
=

:
(as + b )(s 2 + 4) + (cs + d )(s 2 +1) = s 2 + 6

(a + c )s 3 + (b + d )s 2 + (4a + c )s + (4b + d ) = s 2 + 6
a +c = 0

a = 0, c = 0
= 0

4a + c

b +d =1
5
2
,

b
=
d
=

4b +d =6
3
3

27

2U + 2U = 0
2x 2 y
:

x = 0U = 0
x =d U = 0
) y = 0U = f (x

y =U = 0

) U (x , y ) = X (x )Y ( y
:
2

2U + 2U =Y d X + X d Y = 0
2x 2 y
2
2

dx

dy

) X (x )Y ( y :

1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
+
=0
X dx 2 Y dy 2

I

1 d 2X
=
2
X dx

II

1 d 2Y
=
Y dy 2

28

: I

X (x ) =sin x
1 d 2X
d 2X
=
+ X = 0
X dx 2
dx 2
X (x ) =cos x

= n X (x ) = sin n x :
d

II

Y ( y ) =e y
1 d 2Y
d 2Y
=
Y = 0
Y dy 2
dy 2
Y ( y ) =e y

n
y
d

y = U = 0

Y (y ) =e

:
sin n x
d

n y
=e d

) U (x , y ) = X (x )Y ( y

) y = 0 U = f (x :

y = 0 U = f (x ) f (x ) = an sin n x
d

n =1

) (sin
xdx

n
d

f (x ) sin

an = 1
d

29

ff

: f f

L ,+L
) ( . f
L ,+L 2L :

) + (an cos n x + bn sin n x

L

n =1

a0
2

= ) f (x
1 L

n
f (x )cos L xdx

L L

1 L

n
f (x )sin L xdx

L L

an

bn

) f (x
:
:

:
L = 1

2
:

f (x ) = x

1 x +1

30

1 L

n
x cos L xdx = 0

L L

cos n
2
= (1)n
n
n

n
x sin L xdx = 2

1 L

an

bn

2
(1)n sin n x
n =1 n

=x

2
(1)n sin n x
n =1 n

n
.


.
:

= ) f (x

n =1

bn sin

= ) f (x

31

f (x )dx

a0
1
=
2 2L

:
1

1
= f (x )dx
x dx = 0
2

a0
1
=
2 2L

.
.
.

32

4 sin x sin 2x sin 5x

1,0 < x <
(
+
+
) +

1
2
5

= ) f (x
0, < x < 0

4 cos x cos 2x cos5x

(
+
+
) +
22
52
12

sin x sin 2x sin 3x

+
)
1
2
3

4 cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x

(
+
+
) +
3 5
5 7
1 3

(2

x ,0 < x <

= f (x ) = x
x , < x < 0

f (x ) = x , < x <

f (x ) = sin x , < x <

33

L
. ) f (x ) f (x

f (x )dx

. :

f (x ) = {A ( )cos x + B (x )sin x }dx

1
f (x )cos xdx
= ) A (

B ( ) = f (x )sin xdx

e i x d f (u )e i u du

1
= f (u )e i ( x u )dudx
2

= ) f (x

f (u )e i u du

= ) F (

F ( )e i x dx

1
= ) f (x
2

34

Fs ( ) = f (u )sin udu

) f (x

2
= ) f ( x
Fs ( )sin xdx

Fc ( ) = f (u )cos udu

) f (x

2
= ) f ( x
Fc ( )cos xdx

1
}) F { g (x ) * f (x )} = F { g (x )} F {f (x

: f(x)=e-mx :

Fc ( ) = f (u )cos udu Fc ( ) = e-mu cos udu

0

) e-mu (m cos u + sin u

m
= cos udu
= 2
2
2
2
m +
m
+

-mu

Fc ( ) = e
0

1- convolution

35

:
1, x < b

= ) f (x
0, x > b

e i u
i u
= (1)e du
i

= f (u )e i u du

= ) F (

e i b e i b
sin b
= ) F (
=2
i

0
:

) F ( 2 ) = i F ( ) = (i ) 2 F ( ) = 2 F (
x
x
2
) F ( 2 ) = 2 F (
x

) F (
t

= e i x dx

) ) = i F (
x

(F

) ) = F (
t
t

(F

i x

e
= dx
t
t

= ) (F
t

:
n
) F ( n ) = (i ) n F (
x

36

: :
u
2u
= 2
t
x

:
) u (x ,0) = f (x

u (x ,t ) < M t > 0 < < x

d
) F (u ) = 2 F (u

dt
2u
) 2 = 2 F (u
x

u d
) = F (u
t dt

:
2

F (u ) = Ce t
F {u (x ,t )} = Ce t
2

u (x ,0) = f (x ) F {f (x )} = C
F (u ) = F {f (x )}e t
2

) 1 ( 4xt
e
=F

x2
)
4 t

( x w ) 2

4t

dw

1
4t
1

4t

e t

* ) u (x ,t ) = f (x

) f (w

= ) u (x ,t

37

x w
=z
2 t

=z2

(x

4t

e z f (x 2z t )dz

) F (

) f (x

2sinb

1, x < b

0, x > b

e b

1
x 2 +b2

b
e b

i
b

x
x 2 +b2

) (i ) n F (

) (x

) d n F (
) (i
d n

) x n f (x

) (n

= ) u (x ,t

38

f (x )

Fs ( )

1,0 < x < b

0, x > b

1 cosb

x 1

e bx

2 +b2
x n

n
)
2
2 ( n )

n 1 csc(

f (x )

Fc ( )

1,0 < x < b

0, x > b

sinb

e bx

e bx

0<x <n

1 4b
e
2 b
b
+b2
2

x n

n
)
2
2 ( n )

n 1 sec(

0<x <n

39

(n ) = x n 1e x dx
0

) (n + 1) = n (n
! (n + 1) = n

2
1

(m , n ) = x m 1 (1 x )n 1dx
0

) ( m ) ( n
) (m + n
! m !n
= ) (m + 1, n + 1
!)(m + n + 1

= ) (m , n

1- Gamma function
2- Beta function

40

.
.
.
) ( Emile Picard
.
) y = f (x , y

:
y (x 0 ) = y 0

y 1 = y 0 + f (t , y 0 )dt
x0

y 2 = y 0 + f [t , y 1 (t ) ]dt
x0

y n = y 0 + f [t , y n 1 (t ) ]dt
x0

41

:
y = y y (0) = 1

x0 =0

y 0 =1

y 1 = y 0 + f (t , y 0 )dt y 1 = 1 + 1dt y 1 = 1 + x
0

x0

x2
y 2 = y 0 + f (t , y 1 )dt y 2 = 1 + (1 + x )dt y 1 = 1 + x +
2

t2
x2
x3
y n = y 0 + f (t , y n 1 )dt y 2 = 1 + (1 + t + + )dt y n = 1 + x +
+
+ = e x
2
2 23

:
y (x ) = e x

42

] ) y (x ) = f [ x , y (x

) y 0 = y (x 0

x 0 y 0 x 0
) ( x 0 + y 1

yn

xn

y1 = y 0

x0

) y 2 = y 1 + f (x 1 , y 1

x1 = x 0 +

) y 3 = y 2 + f (x 2 , y 2

x 2 = x 0 + 2

) y 4 = y 3 + f (x 3 , y 3

x 3 = x 0 + 3

) y 5 = y 4 + f (x 4 , y 4

x 4 = x 0 + 4

) y n +1 = y n + f (x n , y n

x n = x 0 + n

.
.

43

:
y y =1 x
y (0) = 1

:
y = y + 1 x f (x , y ) = y + 1 x

= 0.1 .
:

1
1,205170918
1,421402758
1,649858808
1,891824698
2,148721271
2,4221188
2,713752707
3,025540928
3,359603111
3,718281828
4,104166024
4,520116923
4,969296668
5,455199967
5,98168907
6,553032424
7,173947392
7,849647464
8,585894442
9,389056099

) y n +1 = y n + f ( x n , y n
1,2
1,41
1,631
1,8641
2,11051
2,371561
2,6487171
2,94358881
3,257947691
3,59374246
3,953116706
4,338428377
4,752271215
5,197498337
5,677248171
6,194972988
6,754470287
7,359917316
8,015909048
8,727499953

) f (x n , y n
2
2,1
2,21
2,331
2,4641
2,61051
2,771561
2,9487171
3,14358881
3,357947691
3,59374246
3,853116706
4,138428377
4,452271215
4,797498337
5,177248171
5,594972988
6,054470287
6,559917316
7,115909048

yn
1
1,2
1,41
1,631
1,8641
2,11051
2,371561
2,6487171
2,94358881
3,257947691
3,59374246
3,953116706
4,338428377
4,752271215
5,197498337
5,677248171
6,194972988
6,754470287
7,359917316
8,015909048

x n = x 0 + n
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2

n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

44

x 0
x 0
. y n +1
.
10
9
8
7
6
5
4

____
____

3
2
1
0
20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

1 x
:
1+ x

y = y 2 + y (0) = 0

:
x

1+ x

= y

.
:
1 x
1+ x

f (x , y ) = y 2 +

45

Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()

' Euler method to solve ODE
x0 = 0
y0 = 0
a = 0.05
= a = 0.05

b = x0
For i = 1 To 25
' real function
r = (x0 / (x0 + 1))
' the equation

f = (y0) ^ 2 + ((1 - x0) / (1 + x0))

yn = y0 + a * f
Cells(i + 4, 1) = x0
Cells(i + 5, 2) = yn
Cells(i + 4, 3) = r
x0 = b + i * a
y0 = yn
Next i
End Sub
= a = 0.05
x
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,6
0,65
0,7
0,75
0,8
0,85
0,9
0,95
1
1,05
1,1
1,15
1,2

appro. y
0,05
0,095363
0,136727
0,174618
0,209476
0,24167
0,271513
0,299273
0,32518
0,349433
0,372205
0,393648
0,413896
0,433067
0,451268
0,468593
0,485127
0,500949
0,516128
0,530729
0,544813
0,558435
0,571646
0,584497
0,597033

= a = 0.05

real y
0
0,047619
0,090909
0,130435
0,166667
0,2
0,230769
0,259259
0,285714
0,310345
0,333333
0,354839
0,375
0,393939
0,411765
0,428571
0,444444
0,459459
0,473684
0,487179
0,5
0,512195
0,52381
0,534884
0,545455

0,7

0,6
0,5

0,4
0,3

0,2
0,1

0
1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

= a = 0.1
1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

= a = 0.1
x
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4

appro. y
0,1
0,182818
0,252827
0,313065
0,365724
0,412432
0,454442
0,492741
0,528132
0,561287
0,592791
0,62317
0,652913
0,682499
0,712413
0,743166
0,775318
0,809504
0,846463
0,887078
0,932435
0,983895
1,0432
1,112633
1,195252

real y
0
0,090909
0,166667
0,230769
0,285714
0,333333
0,375
0,411765
0,444444
0,473684
0,5
0,52381
0,545455
0,565217
0,583333
0,6
0,615385
0,62963
0,642857
0,655172
0,666667
0,677419
0,6875
0,69697
0,705882

46

.


.
:
2T 2T
+
=0
x 2 y 2

T m ,n

.

T m ,n T m +1,n

1
m + ,n
2

T :

:
f (x + x ) f (x ) f
=
x 0
x
x

f (x ) = lim

47

:
:
T m +1,n T m ,n

x
T m ,n T m 1,n

x
T m +1,n T m ,n T m ,n T m 1,n

x
=
x

1
m ,n
2

T
x

1
m + ,n
2

T
x

T m +1,n + T m 1,n 2T m ,n

(x ) 2

1
m + ,n
2

1
m ,n
2

T
x
T
x

T
x 2
2

=
m ,n

=
m ,n

2T
x 2

T m ,n +1 + T m ,n 1 2T m ,n

(y ) 2

=
m ,n

2T
y 2

x = y
2T 2T
+
= 0 T m +1,n + T m 1,n + T m ,n +1 + T m ,n 1 4T m ,n = 0
x 2 y 2

48

T 0,0
T1,0 = 15C
T 1,0 = 10C

T 0,1 = 12C
T 0,1 = 18C

:
T1,0 + T 1,0 + T 0,1 + T 0,1 4T 0,0 = 0 T 0,0 = 11.25C

. .

49

)
(

. :

}
}

k (e ) { } = {f

{f

}{ ) (
) k (e )(stiffness matrix

) mesh ( grid

d 2
D 2 + Q = 0
dx
D 1 1 i QL 1
=

1
1
L
j 2 1
L

50

.

.

u1(1) = U 1

u 2(2) = u1(2) = U 2

3k
3k

3k
= ) k (1
3k

2k
2k

2k
= ) k (2
2k

k
k

k
= ) k (3
k

u 2(2) = u1(3) = U 3

u 2(3) = U 4

51

3k

)0 0 U 1 f 1(1

)0 0 U 2 f 2(1
=

0 0 U 3 0

0 0 U 4 0
0 U 1 0
)0 U 2 f 1(2
=

)0 U 3 f 2(2

0 U 4

3k
0
0

0
0
0 2k

0 2k

0
0

0
2k
2k
0

0 U 1 0
0 U 2 0
=

)k U 3 f 1(3

)k U 4 f 2(3

3k
3k

0 k

0
0

:
3 3 0 0 U 1 F1
3 5 2 0 U W
= 2
k
0 2 3 1 U 3 W

0 0 1 1 U 4 W

u1(1) = U 1 = 0 :
3kU 2 = F1

52

5 2 0 U 2 W

k 2 3 1 U 3 = W

0 1 1 U 4 W

U4 =

3W
k

U3 =

2W
k

U2 =

W
k

:
2
2
Dx
+ Dy
G +Q = 0
x 2
y 2

k
(xk , yk)
i

(xi , yi)

(xj , yj)

ai = x i y k x k y j
aj = x k y i x i y k
ak = x i y j x j y i

bi = y j y k

ci = x k x j

bj = y k y i

cj = xi xk

bk = y i y j

ck = x j x i

53

bi2
D
k D(e ) = x bi b j
4A
bi b k

bi b j
b j2
b j bk

bi b k
Dy
b j bk +
4A
b k2

c i2

c i c j
c i c k

ci c j
c 2j
c jck

ci c k

c jck
c k2

2 1 1
GA
1 2 1
k G(e ) =

12
1 1 2
k (e ) = k D(e ) + k G(e )
1
QA
{f } = 1
3
1

: A
1 xi
1
A = 1 xj
2
1 xk

yi
yj
yk

k (e ) { } = {f

54

a b
:
2 1 1 2
1
2 2 1

1 2 2 1

2
2 1 1

2 2 1 1

D x a 2 2 1 1 D y b
) (e
= k D
+

2 2
6b 1 1
6a

1 1 2 2
2 1 2
4 2 1

2 4 2

1 2 4

GA 2
) (e
= k G
36 1

) k (e ) = k D(e ) + k G(e
1

QA 1
= } {f
4 1
1
1

2
= }{
3

4

k (e ) { } = {f

55
1

3
2
4

a13
a23

a33

a11 a12
k 1(e ) = a21 a22

a31 a32

b 22 b 23 b 24
k 2(e ) = b32 b33 b34

b 42 b 43 b 44
c 1
{f 1} = c 2
c
3
d 2
{f 2 } = d 3
d
4
1

{} = 2
3
4

0
b 24

b34

b 44

a13
a23 + b 23
a33 + b33
b 43

56

a12
a11
a
a +b
) (e
k = 21 22 22
a31 a32 + b32

b 42
0
c1
c + d
{f } = 2 2
c 3 + d 3
d 4

k (e ) { } = {f

0 1 c1
b 24 2 c 2 + d 2
=

b34 3 c 3 + d 3

b 44 4 d 4

a13
a23 + b 23
a33 + b33
b 43

a12
a11
a
a +b
21 22 22
a31 a32 + b32

b 42
0

57

Analytic

Approximation

Boundary condation
Boundary value
Calculus of variation

Coefficient

Conservative

Constant
Damper oscillation
Degree

derivation

Derivative

Derive
Differentiable
Differential

Differential calculus

Differential coefficient

Differential Equation

Differential equation

Eigenfunction

58

Eigenvalue

Endpoint

Euler method

Exact differential
Finite Element Method FEM
Fourier transform
Function
Hypergeometric
Improper
Infinite
Initial condition

Integral

Integrate

Integrating factor
Integration
Integro-differential equation
Interval
Inverse Laplace transform

Laplace transform

Laplacian operator

Linearization
Membrane

59

Method
Numerical method
Ordenary Differential Equation ODE

Order

Partial

Partial derivative
Partial Differential Equation PDE
Particular solution
Piecewise continuous
Polynomial
Reduction of order
Regular

Separation

Sequence

Sequence

Series

Series

Solution
System
Theorem

Transformation

Variable

60

Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes, Gorge F.

Simmons, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1972
Fundamentals of the Finite Element Method for Heat and Fluid Flow,
Roland W. Lewis, Perumal Nithiarasu, Kankanhally N. Seetharamu,
WILEY
FUNDAMENTALS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, DAVID V.
HUTTON
Schaums Outlines, Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables
Fourier Analysis, M. R. Spiegle

. . ( - - )

2008

 
 

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