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Ch. Venkateswararao
MDS P.G 1st yr
The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull. Each consists of five parts, viz., the squama, the petrous, mastoid, and tympanic parts, and the styloid process Articulations.The temporal articulates with five bones: occipital, parietal, sphenoid, mandible and zygomatic.
Spheoid bone
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Zygomatic
Zygomatic process (arch) External acoustic meatus Mastoid process
Nasal bon
Styloid process
Mandible
Squamous part
2 surfaces: external (temporal),internal (cerebral)
2 borders : superior and antero inferior . 1 process: zygomatic process 1 fossa: mandibular fossa
The squama forms the anterior and upper part of the bone, and is scale-like, thin, and translucent.
Surfaces.
Its outer surface :: Is smooth and convex; Presents:: 1)Groove for middle temporal vessels:: on its hinder part is a vertical groove for the middle temporal artery. above the opening of external auditory meatus
3)Squamo-mastoid suture::
Lies about 1.25 cm below and behind the supramastoid crest,indicates line of fusion b/w squamous and mastoid parts
2 ends:: anterior : serrated ; articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone.. Posterior : continous with posterior part of zygomatic process
2 surfaces: superior : concave and continous with temporal surface. inferior: convex and mostly occupied by inferior surface of the anterior root which forms a thickened bar of bone in front of mandibular fossa .
The thickened bar of bone is known as articular tubercle. This articulates with the articular disc of TMJ..
7) Squamosal foramen :: very rarely present, just above the anterior root of zygomatic process Imp: transmits petrosquamous sinus 11) Mandibular fossa: formed by squamous part & partly by tympanic part
Mandibular fossa :: possesses 2 parts : Anterior (articular): formed by squamous part, smooth, oval, convex, articulates with articular disc of TMJ.. Posterior : ( non articular) : formed by tympanic part ,contains a portion of parotid gland . Presents:: Post glenoid tubercle: 3rd root of zygomatic process, seperates articular part with non articular part . Squamo-tympanic fissure :.lies between auricular part of mandibular fossa and tympanic part of bone, a) Petrotympanic fissure:: b/w tegmen tympani and tympanic part, transmits anterior tympanic branch of maxillary artery to middle ear, chordatympani nerve,.. b) Petro squamous fissure:: b/w tegmen tympani and squamous part, doesnot transmit any structure..
Internal surface::
1. Impressions:: corresponding to convolutions of temporal lobe of cerebral hemisphere which lies in relation with it but separated from it by meninges..
2. Grooves: for middle meningeal vessels..
3.Petro squamosal suture: present inferiorly, where cerebral surface of squamous unites with petrous part .
4. Petro squamosal sulcus : present close to the site of union of cerebral surface of squamous part with petrous part; it lodges petro-squamosal sinus.. BORDERS:: Superior & antero inferior Superior border unites with the inferior border of parietal bone, forms squamosal suture. Antero inferior border articulates with the greater wing of sphenoid
Mastoid process: conical projection from antero inferior part of external surface ; larger in males,
Presents:: External surface: continous with external part of main part; Mastoid notch: lies in medial aspect of process, Occipital groove:shallow groove ,lies below the notch
Transmits: emissiray vein from sigmoid sinus ,small branch of occipital artery Internal surface:: concave , forms part of posterior cranial fossa. Sigmoid sulcus:: deep curved groove lodges sigmoid sinus; Borders:: superior: short thick serrated, forms a notch with superior border of squamous part; articulates with postero inferior part of parietal bone( mastoid angle). Posterior border: thick & serrated ,articulates with inferior border of squamous part of occipital bone..
Mastoid air cells:: A number of irregular air spaces are present in mastoid part which can be seen in section. larger air space is known as Mastoid or Tympanic antrum; mastoid air cells are inter communicating and they also communicate with middle ear cavity ( tympanic cavity)
Anterior surface: continues with cerebral surface of squamous part, forms floor of middle cranial fossa
Parts: 1. Impressions for sulci and gyri of temporal lobe of cerebral hemisphere. 2. Trigeminal impression: depressed area just behind the apex; lodges trigeminal ganglion. 3. second hollow behind the trigeminal impression but seperated from it by an irregular ridge; forms roof of internal auditory meatus & covers cochlea 4. Arcuate eminence : elevation behind the second hollow, caused by superior semicircular canal of internal ear ;
5. Tegmen tympani ::thin plate of bone lying between the squamous part laterally & arcuate eminence & the two hollows medially Forms the roof of mastoid antrum (tympanic), tympanic cavity(middle ear) & canal for tensor tympani; Lateral part meets with the squamous part of petro-squamosal suture & turns down in front to form the lateral canal for tensor tympani, bony part of auditory tube..(pharyngo-tympanic or eustachian tube or acoustic;
Presents:: hiatus for greater petrosal nerve, hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
Posterior surface:: continues with cerebral surface of mastoid part, forma anterior part of posterior cranial fossa Presents: 1. orifice of internal auditory meatus(acousti.)
2. Opening of aqueduct of vestibule :small slit, behind the opening of vestibule ,contains saccus, ducts endolymphatics 3.Subarcuate fossa:: irregular depression above & b/w two openings, lodges a process of dura mater.. 3.Inferior surface:: forms part of inferior surface of base of skull.. Presents:: 1.A quadrilateral rough area near the apex gives attachement to cartilaginous part of auditory tube. Its lower part articulates with basillar part of occipital bone.
3.Jugular fossa:: depression behind the carotid canal.,lodges superior bulb of IJV 4. A Triangular depression lodges the glossopharyngeal nerve.. 5. Opening of cochlear canaliculus:: present at apex of triangular depression,leads to cochlear canaliculus, lodges aqueduct of cochlea,prolongation of duramater, 6. Opening of tympanic canaliculus: seperates the opening of carotid canal from jugular fossa. 7.Opening of mastoid canaliculus: present at lateral part of jugular fossa, transmits auricular branch of vagus
Borders::
1.Superior border: longest & grooved, lodges superior petrosal sinus, gives attachment to tentorium cerebelli,
2. Posterior border: smaller then superior border, divides in to medial and lateral .. Medial: articulates with lateral border of basilar part of occipital bone, and forms a groove for inferior petrosal sinus.. Lateral : forms the jugular foramen, transmits 9,1o, cranial nerves, and inferior petrosal sinus & sigmoid sinus. 3. Anterior border: divides in to lateral and medial border.
Tympanic part
Lies between squamous & mastoid parts In front it Joins with squamous part to form squamotympanic fissure. Behind it joins with mastoid part to form tympano mastoid fissure through which auricular branch of vagus nerve comes out..
Anterior surface: concave, quadrilateral, forms non articular part of mandibular fossa related to a portion of parotid gland.
The external acoustic meatus is nearly 2 cm. long and is directed inward and slightly forward: at the same time it forms a slight curve, so that the floor of the canal is convex upward. In sagittal section it presents an oval or elliptical shape with the long axis directed downward and slightly backward.
Its anterior wall and floor and the lower part of its posterior wall are formed by the tympanic part; the roof and upper part of the posterior wall by the squama. Its inner end is closed, in the recent state, by the tympanic membrane; the upper limit of its outer orifice is formed by the posterior root of the zygomatic process, immediately below which there is sometimes seen a small spine, the suprameatal spine, situated at the upper and posterior part of the orifice
Styloid process
The styloid process is a slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear. It projects down and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone, and serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx.
Its proximal part (tympanohyal ) is ensheathed by the vaginal process of the tympanic portion. Its distal part (stylohyal) The stylohyoid ligament extends from the apex of the process to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone, and in some instances is partially, in others completely, ossified.
Development The styloid process arises from endochondral ossification of the cartilage from the second branchial arch.
It is situated about 3 cm. behind, and a little above the level of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. It marks the junction between four bones: the parietal bone the squamous part of temporal bone the greater wing of sphenoid bone the frontal bone Clinical significance The pterion is known as the weakest part of the skull. In the clinical setting, the pterion is relevant because the anterior division of the middle meningeal artery runs beneath it, on the inner side of the skull, which is quite thin at this point. The combination of both a vital artery in this area and the relatively thin bone structure has lent itself to the name "God's little joke" by some physicians.[ A blow to the pterion (e.g., in boxing) may rupture the artery causing an epidural haematoma. The pterion may also be fractured indirectly. Blows to the top or back of the head may not cause fracture at the site of impact, but may place sufficient force on the skull that its weakest part, the pterion, will fracture
(2011)
It is commonly used neurosurgical landmark. The anatomic location of the pterion is important in surgical interventions following surgical approaches to the anterior and middle cranial fossae, following extradural hemorrhage as well as tumors involving inferior aspects of the frontal lobe, such as olfactory meningioma, used in operations on the Broca's motor speech area and in repairing aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery as well as those of the upper basilar complex and also the anatomical varieties of the pterion, is of interest mainly to anthropologists and forensic pathologists, for assessing the location of the pterion in incomplete archeological remains or forensic materials
Developmentally -4 parts
Squamous ::develops as a dermal bone to protect the brain..(membrane)
Petro mastoid:: develops as a cartilaginous capsule (protective capsule) around the membranous labyrinth of internal ear Tympanic::develops in membrane as a ring of bone in connection with external auditory meatus to conduct sound waves in air medium
Styloid process::develops as a skeletal detivative of 2nd branchial arch.
two for the styloid process. Just before the close of fetal life the temporal bone consists of three principal parts:
1.The squama is ossified in membrane from a single nucleus, which appears near the root of the zygomatic process about the second month
2. The petro mastoid part is developed from four centers, which make their appearance in the cartilaginous ear capsule about the fifth or sixth month. One (protic) appears in the neighborhood of the eminentia arcuata, it forms part of the cochlea, vestibule, superior semicircular canal, and medial wall of the tympanic cavity. A second (opisthotic) appears at the medial wall of the tympanic cavity and surrounds the fenestra cochle ; it forms the floor of the tympanic cavity and vestibule, surrounds the carotid canal.
For squamous, tympanic parts (1) 1 center : 7 th or 8 th week in the region of root of zygomatic process,
.
At birth tympanic part is represented by incomplete ring Tympanic part unites with squamous part shortly before birth.
(2) 1 centre: 12 th week, besides tympanic part , it also forms external auditory meatus.
Petro mastoid part fuses with squamous part amd tympanohyal part of styloid process during 1 st year.
1 for proximal part: ( tympanohyal) Appears shortly before birth Forms basal part of process embedded in tympano mastoid part . Forms projected part outside. 1 for distal part stylohyal , 1/2nd year after birth .. Stylohyal part does not unite with rest of bone until after puberty or never at all..
The squamoso- petrous sinus: a fetal remnant J. Anat. (1991), 175, pp. 269-271
The squamoso-petrous sinus is the commonest anomalous venous sinus of the dura mater, running in the angle between the petrous and squamous portions of the temporal bone. The squamoso -petrous sinus is known to be present in fetal life. It develops from the pro-otic group of veins and communicates with external veins via a post glenoid vein in fetal life. The sinus decreases in size with growth although it frequently persists into postnatal life (Butler, 1957). In all mammalian embryos the
Squamoso -petrous sinus communicates with the external jugular vein by an emissary
vein running through the spheno -parietal fontanelle. In some, e.g. the rat, this communication persists throughout life (Butler, 1968). However, in man this communication normally disappears and is present in under 1% of adult skulls (Cheatle, 1889). Breathnach (1965) stated that the communication becomes diploic in nature with growth.
THE INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA The infratemporal fossa is the space located deep to the ramus of the mandible together with the temporal fossa, pterygoid processes and maxillary tuberosity, the infratemporal fossa has been thought of by some anatomists as part of a masticatory muscle compartment or masticatory space.
THE BOUNDARIES
The fossa is bounded Anteriorly:: by the posterior surface of the maxilla posteriorly:: by the styloid apparatus, carotid sheath and deep part of the parotid gland. Medially:: lateral pterygoid plate and the superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx. Laterally:: ramus of the mandible . The roof:: formed by the infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid.
The infratemporal fossa has no anatomical floor, being continuous with tissue spaces in the neck. The infratemporal fossa communicates with the temporal fossa deep to the zygomatic arch. It also communicates with the pterygo palatine fossa through the pterygo maxillary fissure. At the base of the cranium, the foramen ovale, the foramen spinosum and the sphenoidal emissary foramen (of Vesalius) enter the fossa through the sphenoid bone.
THE CONTENTS OF THE INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA The major structures that occupy the infratemporal fossa are: The lateral and medial pterygoid muscles The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve The chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve The otic parasympathetic ganglion The maxillary artery and branches The pterygoid venous plexus The deep lobe of the parotid gland.
B. Temporal fossa Has the following boundaries: Anterior : zygomatic process of the frontal bone and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone. Posterior : temporal line. Superior : temporal line. Lateral : zygomatic arch. Inferior : infratemporal crest. Floor : parts of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
Temporalis
MASTOID PART:: External surface gives origin to Auricularis posterior: close to middle of squamo mastoid suture. Occipital belly of occipito-frontalis Insertion of sternocleido mastoid Insertion of splenius captitis Insertion of longissismus captitis
Petrous part
Inferior surface near apex gives origin to LEVATOR PALATINI MUSCLE The tensor veli palatini tenses the soft palate and by doing so, assists the levator veli palatini in elevating the palate to occlude and prevent entry of food into the nasopharynx during swallowing
Styloid process
Its distal part (stylohyal) gives attachment to the following:
stylohyoid ligament stylomandibular ligament styloglossus muscle (innervated by the hypoglossal nerve) stylohyoid muscle (innervated by the facial nerve) stylopharyngeus muscle (innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve)
Vascularity
Posterior auricular arteryskin over the mastoid process,auricle, Styloid branch: supplies the mastoid antrum and mastoid air cells Superficial temporal: temple Deep auricular :external acoustic meatus ,tympanic membrane. Anterior tympanic: tympanic membrane. Deep temporal : Temporalis. Petrous part of ICA
Innervation
Diagram of relationship of nerves in the internal acoustic meatus. VII = facial nerve NI = nervus intermedius VIIIc = cochlear nerve VIIIvs = superior division of vestibular nerve
Petrotympanic fissure:: b/w tegmen tympani and tympanic part, transmits anterior tympanic branch of maxillary artery to middle ear, chordatympani nerve,..
Petrous Portion
Presents:: hiatus for greater petrosal nerve, hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
Transverse fractures:
This type of fracture comprises about 20% of all temporal bone fractures. They are usually caused by frontal / parietal blow. Rarely it could result from occipital blow also .
The fracture line runs at right angle to the long axis of the petrous pyramid. Usually it starts in the middle cranial fossa close to foramen lacerum, it crosses the petrous pyramid transeversely to end at the foramen magnum. Sometimes it may run across the internal acoustic meatus causing damage to auditory and facial nerves
Imaging: HRCT: HRCT of temporal bone is useful in assessing injuries complicated with CSF leak, facial palsy or suspected vascular injury. Usually 1mm cuts in both axial and cor0nal planes must be performed. Bone window cuts would be really useful. It is also indicated when surgical intervention for otologic complications following temporal bone fracture becomes necessary. It is indicated in patients with persistent cranial nerve injuries following skull base fracture. CT angiography: This is indicated in evaluation of petrous carotid injury. MRI: Helps in identification of intra labyrinthine haemorrhage, brain stem injury and nerve compression.
General clinical presentation of temporal bone fractures: Neurologic injuries: Commonly seen neurologic injuries in these patients are: 1. Subdural hematoma 2. Subarachnoid hemorrhage 3. Contusion of brain 4. Tension penumocephalus 5. Injury to facial nerve 6. Injury to vestibulocochlear nerve
CSF leak: is mostly in the form of otorrhoea. In the acute phase it could be missed as it would be admixed with blood. In patients with intact ear drum the csf would be shunted out via the eustachean tube and hence could easily be missed. Hence a high degree of suspicion is important in diagnosing these patients.
Following signs could point towards the diagnosis: 1. Halo sign 2. Reservoir sign 3. Presence of Beta - 2 - transferrin in the fluid is diagnostic CSF leak is three / four times more common in patients with otic capsule violating type fractures.
Vascular injuries: All temporal bone fractures involving the jugular fossa / sigmoid groove always resulted in breech of internal jugular vein wall. Traumatic dissecting aneurysm of internal carotid artery can also be seen in patients with otic capsule violating injuries.
Delayed sequelae:
Etiology Congenital -ectodermal rest, rare Spontaneous -abnormal migration of ectoderm Acquired -postsurgical, post-traumatic
Menigocele / encephalocele:
Encephalocele, sometimes known by the Latin name cranium bifidum, is a neural tube defect characterized by sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it through openings in the skull. These defects are caused by failure of the neural tube to close completely during fetal development. Encephaloceles cause a groove down the middle of the skull, or between the forehead and nose, or on the back side of the skull. The severity of encephalocele varies, depending on its location
It is situated about 3 cm. behind, and a little above the level of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. It marks the junction between four bones: the parietal bone the squamous part of temporal bone the greater wing of sphenoid bone the frontal bone Clinical significance The pterion is known as the weakest part of the skull. In the clinical setting, the pterion is relevant because the anterior division of the middle meningeal artery runs beneath it, on the inner side of the skull, which is quite thin at this point. The combination of both a vital artery in this area and the relatively thin bone structure has lent itself to the name "God's little joke" by some physicians.[ A blow to the pterion (e.g., in boxing) may rupture the artery causing an epidural haematoma. The pterion may also be fractured indirectly. Blows to the top or back of the head may not cause fracture at the site of impact, but may place sufficient force on the skull that its weakest part, the pterion, will fracture
(2011)
It is commonly used neurosurgical landmark. The anatomic location of the pterion is important in surgical interventions following surgical approaches to the anterior and middle cranial fossae, following extradural hemorrhage as well as tumors involving inferior aspects of the frontal lobe, such as olfactory meningioma, used in operations on the Broca's motor speech area and in repairing aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery as well as those of the upper basilar complex and also the anatomical varieties of the pterion, is of interest mainly to anthropologists and forensic pathologists, for assessing the location of the pterion in incomplete archeological remains or forensic materials
Temporal approach
First described by Gillies for zygomatic arch #
Advantages
Allow the application of great amount of controlled force to disimpact even the most difficult zygomatic # Useful in later treatment when partial consolidation has already occurred
Technique
3x3cm area of hair is shaved approximately 2.5cm above & 2.5cm anterior to helix of the ear
2.5 cm incision made through the skin & SC tissue at an angle running from anterosupr to posteroinferior
White glistening temporalis fascia is visualized Second deeper incision made through the fascia Plane is identified B/W temporalis fascia & muscle
Intially periosteal elevator is placed to occupy the medial aspect of zygomatic arch & infratemporal surface of zygoma
Then elevator is replaced by rowe zygomatic elevator Fracture is reduced An audible crunch or crack usually accompanies the elevation
Quantifying Male and Female Shape Variation in the Mastoid Region of the Temporal Bone
Proceedings of the 5th Annual GRASP Symposium, Wichita State University, 2009
there is variation in the size of the mastoid processes among males and females as demonstrated by descriptive statistics. For each measurement, the male mean is slightly larger than the female mean
Some syndromes
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
Hypertelorism; epicanthic fold; slanting eyes; strabismus; narrowed nasal space; hypoplastic paranasal sinuses; protruding tongue; high palate; flattened skull; VSD/ASD, PDAs, situs inversus;
Crouzons disease
(craniofacial dysostosis
atresia of EAC; narrow tympanic cavity; Ocular proptosis; hypertelorism; hypoplasia of the maxilla; parrot-like nose; craniosynotosis
Hemifacial microsomia
atresia/ stenosis of EAC, Descent of tegmen. Unilateral mandibular/ maxillary hypoplasia; macrostomia; hypoplastic TMJ; hemivertebrae or hypoplasia; coloboma of upper lid
Contents
Leaflet of buccal fat pad Small veinsdrain temporal region
Neighbouring spaces
Buccal temporal
Contents Pterygoid plexus maxillary artery & vein Mandibular division of trigeminal.n Skull base foramina Upper molars T e m p o r a l s p a c e
Buccal space
thrombophlebitis
dependent drainage
Incised intra orally Vertical incision just medial to upper extent of anterior border of mandibular ramus Heamostat along medial aspect of coronoid process into infra
temporal region
Blunt dissection damage to lingual .n avoided
Battle's sign:: mastoid ecchymosis, is an indication of fracture of middle cranial fossa of the skull, and may suggest underlying brain trauma. Battle's sign consists of bruising over the mastoid process, as a result of extravasation of blood along the path of the posterior auricular artery. The sign is named after William Henry Battle..
Eagle's syndrome :
Is an elongation of the styloid process or excessive calcification of the stylohyoid ligament or styloid process that causes neck, throat, or facial pain and dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing). The pain may occur due to compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which winds around the styloid process or stylohyoid ligament as it descends to supply the tongue, pharynx, and neck. In addition, the pain is presumed to be caused by pressure on the internal and external carotid arteries by a medially or laterally deviated and elongated styloid process. Additional symptoms may include taste disturbance, earache, headache, dizziness, and transient syncope (loss of consciousness resulting from cerebral ischemia). The treatment for Eagle's syndrome is styloidectomy.
Tumors ::
Tumors of the temporal bone are rare. The following tumors can be seen:
Exostoses
External auditory canal carcinomas Glomus tumor Adenoma Congenital cholesteatoma EndoLymphatic Sac Tumor ( ELST) :: Low Grade Papillary Adenocarcinoma of the Endolymphatic Sac ,Papillary Adenoma of the Endolymphatic Sac
(4) Osteopetrosis
(5) Neurofibromatosis (6) Genetic craniotabular hyperostoses (a) hyperostosis corticalis (b) sclerosteosis (c) congenital hyperphosphatasia (d) progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (7) Genetic craniotabular dysplasias (a) craniometaphyseal dysplasia (b) frontometaphyseal dysplasia (8) Craniofacial dysostosis