Name

__________________________________________________ Period __________ Date ________________

2.3 Carbon Compounds

Lesson Objectives
Describe the unique qualities of carbon. Describe the structures and functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules.

Lesson Summary
The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of compounds with bonds between carbon
atoms. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen. Living organisms are made up of molecules made of carbon and these other elements. One carbon atom can bond to another to form chains and rings. Carbon can form millions of different large and complex structures.

Macromolecules Many of the carbon molecules in living things are so large they are called
macromolecules. Macromolecules form by polymeri ation, in which smaller units called monomers !oin together to form polymers. "iochemists sort the macromolecules in living things into groups based on their chemical composition. Carbohydrates #starches and sugars$ are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are the main energy source for living things. %lants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Molecules with one sugar monomer are monosaccharides. & disaccharide is made of two monosaccharides. Lipids #fats, oils, and waxes$ are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Lipids can be used to store energy and form parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. 'teroids manufactured by the body are lipids as well. Nucleic acids contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. (hey are polymers of nucleotides. & nucleotide has three parts) a *+carbon sugar, a phosphate #,%O -$ group, and a nitrogenous base. .ucleic acids store and transmit hereditary #genetic$ information. (here are two /inds of nucleic acids) D.& #deoxyribonucleic acid$ and 0.& #ribonucleic acid$. Proteins are made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. %roteins are polymers of amino acids. &n

amino acid molecule has an amino group #,.1 2$ on one end and a carboxyl group #,COO1$ on the other end. %roteins control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, form cellular structures, carry substances into or out of cells, and help fight disease. More than 23 different amino acids are found in nature. &ny amino acid can bond with any other. Covalent bonds called peptide bonds lin/ amino acids together to form a polypeptide. &mino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains according to instructions coded in D.&.

The Chemistry of Carbon

1. 1ow many valence electrons does each carbon atom have4 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 2. 6hat gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length4

______________________________________________________________________________________ _Macromolecules
For Questions 35, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

3. Many of the molecules in living cells are so large they are called 4. is the process that forms large organic molecules. !oin together, a polymer forms. 5. 6hen two or more

6. Create a table in which you compare the components and functions of the following macromolecules) carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins .

7. 1ow did organic compounds get their name4 1ow is the word related to its meaning4 ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

BUILD Vocabulary
A. (he chart below shows /ey terms from the lesson with their definitions. Complete the chart by writing a

strategy to help you remember the meaning of each term. One has been done for you.
Term
Amino Acid

Definition
Compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxy group on the other end! bui ding b oc" o# proteins

o! I"m #oin$ to %emember the Meanin$

Carbohydrate

Compound containing carbon$ hydrogen$ and oxygen in a %&'&% ratio that is used by iving things #or energy

Runners eat lots of carbs before a big race: a carbohydrate is a high energy compound.

Lipid

A po ymer$ such as #ats and oi s$ composed o# most y carbon and hydrogen atoms$ with ess oxygen than other organic compounds A sma unit that joins with other sma units to #orm po ymers

(onomer

Nuc eic Acid

A po ymer$ such as DNA$ that contains carbon$ hydrogen$ oxygen$ nitrogen$ and phosphorus and that stores ce u ar in#ormation Large compound that is made #rom monomers in"ed together

Po ymer

Protein

A po ymer that contains nitrogen as we as carbon$ hydrogen$ and oxygen$ and that acts as a bui ding materia #or ce s and ma"es up en)ymes*

BUILD Understandin$
Compare&Contrast Table 7se a compare8contrast table when you want to see the similarities and differences between two or more ob!ects or processes. Complete the table below comparing and contrasting carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates Lipids 'ucleic (cids )roteins

+ ements that compose the macromo ecu e

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1 ratio)

,se o# the macromo ecu e

used in li ing things as the main source of energy and some organisms use it for structural purposes

store and transmit hereditary information

+xamp es o# the macromo ecu e

polysaccharides such as glycogen, starch, cellulose

!"#, R"#

C-AP.+/

M*+T,%*

#hostly -ish 9ou have been hired to prepare drawings for a children:s science boo/. Divide the box into two
halves. On the left, draw and color an ice fish. On the right, write a short description of the characteristics of an ice fish.

Macromolecules
&mino acids are the monomers of proteins. ;ach amino acid has three distinct parts) an amino group, an 0 group, and a carboxyl group. &n amino group has the formula ,.1 2, a carboxyl group is ,COO1, and the 0 group varies from one amino acid to another. (wo amino acids are !oined in a chemical reaction that lin/s them by a peptide bond.
Follow the directions. Then answer the questions.

1. Loo/ at the diagram of the general structure of an amino acid. Color the amino group green. 2. Color the carboxyl group blue. 3. Color the 0 group red. 4. Color the same groups in the amino acids alanine and serine.

5. 1ow many oxygen atoms are found in the carboxyl group4 A. < C. = .2 !. 6. 6hat is the 0 group found in alanine4 A. C1= C. 12O . C12O1 !. COO1