Higher Secondary School Certificate

Examination Syllabus

CHEMISTRY

CLASSES XI-XII
 Published by
Aga Khan University-Examination Board
Bungalow # 233/E.1,
Daudpota and Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Roads,
Behind Hotel Mehran, Off Sharae Faisal,
Karachi, Pakistan.

September 2008
Higher Secondary School Certificate
Examination Syllabus

CHEMISTRY

CLASSES XI-XII
 S. No. Contents Page No.

Preface 5

1. Topics and Specific Learning Objectives of the Examination 7

Syllabus

2. Scheme of Assessment 61

3. Teaching-Learning Approaches 64

4. Areas for Development of Learning Support Materials 64

5. Recommended Texts, Reference Books 64

6. Definition of Cognitive Levels and Command Words in the 65

Specific Learning Objectives and in Examination Papers

Annex A: HSSC Scheme of Studies 68

Annex B: List of Practical Activities 73

For queries and feedback

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PREFACE
In pursuance of National Education Policy (1998-2010), the Curriculum Wing of the Federal
Ministry of Education has begun a process of curriculum reform to improve the quality of
education through curriculum revision and textbook development (Preface, National
Curriculum documents 2000 and 2002).

AKU-EB was founded in August 2003 with the same aim of improving the quality of
education nationwide. As befits an examination board it seeks to reinforce the National
Curriculum revision through the development of appropriate examinations for the Secondary
School Certificate (SSC) and Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC) based on the
latest National Curriculum and subject syllabus guidance.

AKU-EB has a mandate by Ordinance CXIV of 2002 to offer such examination services to
English and Urdu medium candidates for SSC and HSSC from private schools anywhere in
Pakistan or abroad, and from government schools with the relevant permissions. It has been
accorded this mandate to introduce a choice of examination and associated educational
approach for schools, thus fulfilling a key objective of the National Curriculum of Pakistan:
“Autonomy will be given to the Examination Boards and Research and Development cells
will be established in each Board to improve the system” (ibid. para. 6.5.3 (ii)).

AKU-EB is committed to creating continuity of educational experience and the best possible
opportunities for its students. In consequence it offered HSSC for the first time in September,
2007 to coincide with the arrival of its first SSC students in college or senior secondary
school. Needless to say this is not an exclusive offer. Private candidates and students joining
AKU-EB affiliated schools and colleges for HSSC Part 1 are eligible to register as AKU-EB
candidates even though they have not hitherto been associated with AKU-EB.

This examination syllabus exemplifies AKU-EB’s commitment to national educational goals.

o It is in large part a reproduction, with some elaboration, of the Class XI and XII
National Syllabus of the subject.

o It makes the National Syllabus freely available to the general public.

o The syllabus recommends a range of suitable textbooks already in print for student
purchase and additional texts for the school library.

o It identifies areas where teachers should work together to generate classroom activities
and materials for their students as a step towards the introduction of multiple textbooks,
another of the Ministry of Education’s policy provisions for the improvement of
secondary education (ibid. para. 6.3.4).

This examination syllabus brings together all those cognitive outcomes of the National
Curriculum statement which can be reliably and validly assessed. While the focus is on the
cognitive domain, particular emphasis is given to the application of knowledge and
understanding, a fundamental activity in fostering “civilized behaviour, attitudes befitting
useful and peaceful citizens and the skills for and commitment to lifelong learning which is

5
the cornerstone of national economic development” (Preface to National Curriculum
documents 2000 and 2002).

To achieve this end AKU-EB has brought together university academicians, teacher trainers,
writers of learning materials and above all, experienced teachers, in regular workshops and
panel meetings.

AKU-EB provides copies of the examination syllabus to subject teachers in affiliated schools
to help them in planning their teaching. It is the syllabus, not the prescribed textbook which is
the basis of AKU-EB examinations. In addition, the AKU-EB examination syllabus can be
used to identify the training needs of subject teachers and to develop learning support
materials for students. Involving classroom teachers in these activities is an important part of
the AKU-EB strategy for improving the quality of learning in schools.

The Curriculum Wing of the Federal Ministry of Education has recently released new subject
specifications and schemes of study to take effect in September, 2008. These documents are a
major step forward towards a standards-related curriculum and have been welcomed by
AKU-EB. Our current HSSC syllabuses have been revised to ensure conformity with the new
National Curriculum 2006.

We stand committed to all students who have embarked upon the HSSC courses in
facilitating their learning outcomes. Our examination syllabus document ensures all possible
support.

Dr. Thomas Christie

Director,
Aga Khan University Examination Board
September 2008

6
1. Topics and Specific Learning Outcomes of the Examination Syllabus

Part –I (Class XI)

Topics Specific Learning Objectives Cognitive Level1

K U A
1. Stoichiometry Candidates should be able to:
*
1.1. Mole and Avogadro’s 1.1.1 define moles concept with the help of Avagadro’s Number; *
Number 1.1.2 define moles and Avagadro’s Number; *
1.1.3 calculate the number of moles of substance; *
1.1.4 interpret balance chemical equation in terms of interacting moles,
representative particle, masses and volume of gases at STP (22.4 L);

1.2. Mole Calculation 1.2.1 calculate mole ratio from balance equation for use as conversion factors in *
stoichiometric problems;

1.3. Percentage Composition 1.3.1 calculate % (percentage) by mass of elements in compounds; *

1.4. Excess and Limiting 1.4.1 identify limiting reagent in reactions; *

reagent 1.4.2 calculate maximum amount of product produced and amount of any *
excess reagent, knowing the limiting reagent in reaction;
1.4.3 calculate the gram molecular mass of a gas from density measurement of *
gases at STP;

1
K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A= Application (for explanation see section 8: Definition of command words used in Specific Learning Objectives and in Examination
Questions).

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NOTES

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 K U A
1.5 Chemistry as a 1.5.1 list down the significance of chemistry as quantitative science in daily *
Quantitative Science life;

1.6. Theoretical and Actual 1.6.1 Differentiate between actual yield, % age yield and theoretical yield; *
yield 1.6.2 Calculate the percentage yield of a product in a given reaction. *

2. Atomic Structure Candidates should be able to:

2.1 Discharge tube experiment 2.1.1 construction, working of discharge tube and its consequences; *

2.2 Application of Bohr’s 2.2.1 concept of Bohr’s model to calculate the radius and energy n the orbits; *
model 2.2.2 explain spectrual line of Hydrogenatom; *
2.2.3 explain the significance sepectred line with reference to laseu and from *
daily life;
2.2.4 calculate the radius and energy of nth orbital w.r.t Bohr’s model (w.r.t *
hydrogen atom);

2.3 Plank’s quantum theory. 2.3.1 using Plank’s theory interpreter relation between energy frequency and *
wave length;

2.4 X-Rays and Atomic 2.4.1 describe the Mosley’s experiment with reference to X-rays; *
Number 2.4.2 explain the production, properties, types and uses of X-rays; *
2.4.3 explain use of x-rays, production and properties. * *

2.5 Quantum number and 2.5.1 describe the concepts of orbitals on the basis of uncertainty principal; *
orbitals / Hersen berg 2.5.2 compare orbit and orbital; *
2.5.3 apply the concept of quantum number for the position of electron/for *
distribution of electron;

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NOTES

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 K U A
2.6 Dual nature of electron 2.6.1 explain the dual nature of electron with reference to De-borgliy equation; *

2.7 Electronic configuration 2.7.1 state the following rules of Electronic configuration (sufban, Hurd’s, and *
Pauli’s exclusion);
2.7.2 write correct electronic configuration based on above rules. * *

3. Theories of Covalent bonding Candidates should be able to:

and Shape of Molecules

3.1. Shape of Molecular 3.1.1 discuss the postulate of VSEPR; *

Resonance 3.1.2 use VSEPR theory to describe the shape of simple covalent molecular; *
3.1.3 explain the phenomenon of resonance with reference to Sp2 hybrid *
orbital;

3.2 Theories of Covalent 3.2.1 compare V.B.T and M.O.T; *

bonding 3.2.2 predict the shapes of molecules with the help of M.O.T; *
3.2 VBT and hybridization 3.2.3 explain hybridization (Sp, Sp2, Sp3, dsp3); *
3.3. Bond Characteristics 3.3.1 define bond energy; *
3.3.2 relate bond energy with bond strength; *
3.3.3 define bond length; *
3.3.4 explain ionic character of covalent bond; *
3.3.5 predict the nature of bonding on the basis of electro negativity; *
3.3.6 explain dipole moment; *
3.3.7 predict geometry dipole moment of different molecules on the basis of *
moleculer theory;
3.4. Effect of bonding on 3.4.1 explain the solubility of ionic and covalent compounds on the nature of *
physical and chemical bonding;
properties 3.4.2 explain chemical properties of ionic and covalent compound; *
3.4.3 compare directional and non-directional nature of ionic and covalent *
bonds.

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NOTES

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4. States of Matter: Gases Candidates should be able to: K U A

4.1. Kinetic Molecular Theory 4.1.1 list down the postulate of Kinetic Molecular Theory (K.M.T) of Gases; *
of gases 4.1.2 state and explain the Gas laws; *
4.1.3 describe the gas laws with reference to Kinetic Molecular Theory *
(K.M.T);
4.2. Absolute Temperature 4.2.1 explain absolute zero on the basis of Charles’s laws; *
scale on the basis of 4.2.2 convert the temperature into different scales; *
Charles’s law
4.3. Avogadro’s law 4.3.1 state and explain the significance of Avog. Law; *

4.4. Ideal Gas equation 4.4.1 derive ideal gas equation; *

4.4.2 apply ideal gas equation for calculation of gas co-efficient; *
4.4.3 explain the significance of ideal gas equation; *
4.4.4 explain the significance of different units of ideal gas constant; *

4.5. Deviation from ideal 4.5.1 explain why gases deviate from their ideal behaviour; *
behaviour. 4.5.2 explain the significance of ideal gas equation(using example of pressure *
cooker and scuba diver);
4.6. Van der Waal’s Equation 4.6.1 drive v an der Waal’s equation; *
4.6.2 explain pressure and volume correction for non ideal gases; *
4.7. Liquefaction of gases 4.7.1 explain the liquefaction of gases; *
4.8. Fourth State of water 4.8.1 define and explain (properties) of plasma. * *
plasma

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NOTES

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5. States of Matter II liquids Candidates should be able to: K U A

5.1. Kinetic molecular 5.1.1 using kinetic molecular theory explain the term diffusion, compression *
interpretation of liquid expansion motion of molecular, kinetic energy in liquids;

5.2. Intermolecular forces 5.2.1 explain Vander Waal’s forces and its types; *
5.2.2 explain parameter affecting intermolecular forces; *
5.2.3 compare the volatility of different liquids at same temperature based on *
inter molecular forces;

5.3. Energetic of phase charge 5.3.1 define molar heat of fusion heat of vaporization, molar heat of *
sublimation;
5.3.2 relate energy change and intermolecular forces; *
5.3.3 describe dynamic equilibrium between different physical states of matter; *

5.4. Liquid Crystals 5.4.1 explain the formation of liquid crystal; *

5.4.2 differentiate liquid crystals from pure liquids and crystalline solid; *
5.4.3 explain anomalous behaviour of water according to hydrogen bonding; *
5.4.4 state the uses of liquid crystals (wrist watches and calculator). *

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NOTES

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6. States of Mater III Solids Candidates should be able to: K U A

6.1. Kinetic molecular 6.1.1 describe simple properties of solid e.g. diffusion, compression, expansion, *
interpretation of solids motion of molecular spaces between inter molecular forces and
kinematics energy with reference to Kinetic molecular theory;

6.2. Types of solids 6.2.1 differentiate between crystalline and amorphous solid; *
6.2.2 differentiate between isomorphism and polymorphism; *
6.2.3 relate polymorphism and allotropy; *
6.2.4 define transition temperature; *

6.3. Properties of solids 6.3.1 describe different properties of crystalline solid e.g., symmetry, melting *
point, anisotropy, cleavage plane, crystal growth, geometrical shape, habit
of crystals;

6.4. Crystal Lattice 6.4.1 define unit cell; *

6.4.2 explain energy changes in the formation of sodium chloride crystals *
lattice;
6.4.3 predict the energy changes for the formation pf MgCl2 and CaCl2 by the *
given I.P and E.A value;
6.5. Types of Crystalline Solid
6.5.1 differentiate between different types of crystalline solid (ionic, molecular, *
metallic, covalent);
6.5.2 list example of crystalline amorphous solid along with their uses in daily *
life.

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NOTES

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7. Chemical Equilibrium Candidates should be able to: K U A

7.1. Reversible reaction and 7.1.1 define reversible reaction; *

Dynamic Equilibrium 7.1.2 define equilibrium reaction; *
7.1.3 write equilibrium expression for different given reaction; *

7.2. Factor affecting the 7.2.1 define Le-Chatelier principle; *

Equilibrium 7.2.2 explain the conditions favourable for equilibrium (concentration, *
temperature, pressure, catalyst) to focus the high yield of industrial
products;
7.2.3 recognize the equilibrium state from the given value of Kc; *
7.2.4 relate the equilibrium constant with ratio between concentration product *
and reactant;

7.3. Industrial application of 7.3.1 apply Le-Chatler’s principle on different example; *

Le-Chateller’s Principle 7.3.2 discuss the effect of temperature, pressure and concentration on the *
equilibrium state of given reversible reactions;

7.4. Solubility product and 7.4.1 define the solubility product; *

Precipitation reactions 7.4.2 differentiate between solubility and solubility product; *
7.4.3 explain why some substances are more soluble and some are less soluble; *

7.5.1 define the common ion effect; *

7.5. Common Ion Effect 7.5.2 discuss common ion effect and its application. *

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NOTES

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8. Acid, Base and Salts Candidates should be able to: K U A

8.1. Acids, Bases and 8.1.1 define acid, bases and amphoteric compounds; *
Amphoteric Substances 8.1.2 explain the significance of acid base reaction in daily life (Food *
preservation, allergic reactions, importance of iodine in salt, gastric
acidity, curdling of milk);
8.1.3 perform acid base titration to calculate molarity and strength of given *
sample solutions.;

8.2. Lowery - Bronsted 8.2.1 define acids and base on the bases Lowery – Bronsted theory; *
Definitions of Acids and
Bases

8.3. Conjugate Acid and Base 8.3.1 define conjugate acid and conjugate base; *
8.3.2 compare the strength of conjugate acids and bases; *

8.4. Strengths of Acids and 8.4.1 explain the ionization constant of water (Kw); *
Bases 8.4.2 compare the strength of acid and base on the bases of pH and pOH; *
8.4.3 derive the dissociation constants of acid, base and water (Ka, Kb and *
Kw);
8.4.4 calculate the H 3 O + concentration by using the given Ka and molar *
concentration of weak acid;

8.5.1 define Lewis acids and Lewis bases along with examples; *
8.5. Lewis concept of acid and 8.5.2 identify Lewis acid and base from given compounds (e.g. NH3, AlCl3, *
base BF3);

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NOTES

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 K U A
8.6. Buffer Solution 8.6.1 define the buffer solution; *
8.6.2 state the importance of buffer in daily life; *
8.6.3 describe the preparation of different types of buffer; *
8.6.4 explain the buffer action to maintain pH of solution (with the help of *
equations);
8.6.5 explain levelling effect; *

8.7. Hydrolysis / Hydration 8.7.1 define hydrolysis; *

8.7.2 explain the types of salt on the basis of hydrolysis; *
8.7.3 differentiate between hydrolysis and hydration; *
8.7.4 calculate concentration of ions of slightly soluble salts. *

9. Chemical Kinetics Candidates should be able to:

9.1. Chemical Kinetics 9.1.1 define chemical kinetics; *

9.2. Rate of Reaction and 9.2.1 explain the relation of speed of reaction with the time; *
Activation Energy 9.2.2 define the terms like rate of reaction, rate equation, order of reactions, rate *
constant and rate determining step;
9.2.3 write the rate law for the given reaction; *
9.2.4 relate activation energy and activated complex with the rate of reaction; *
9.2.5 calculate the initial rate using concentration data of given reaction; *
9.2.6 draw an energy diagram that represents the activation energy and show *
the effect of catalyst;
9.2.7 deduce the order of reaction using the method of initial rate; *

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NOTES

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 K U A
9.3. Collision theory and 9.3.1 explain the effects of concentration, temperature and surface area on *
transition state reaction rate by using collision theory;

9.4. Catalysis 9.4.1 explain how homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst work; *
9.4.2 explain effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction; *
9.4.3 explain the significance of enzymes in daily life (Biological catalyst, *
removing stains from fabrics).

10. Solution and Colloids Candidates should be able to:

10.1. General properties of 10.1.1 list the characteristics of colloids and suspension that distinguish these *
solutions from solution;
10.1.2 differentiate hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules; *
10.1.3 predict the nature of solution in liquid phase in the given examples (w.r.t *
miscible, immiscible, partially miscible solution);
10.1.4 identify the solutions, colloids and suspensions in given examples; *
10.1.5 interpret the solubility graph on the basis of temperature for different *
solutions;
10.1.6 draw the solubility curves from given experimental data; *

10.2. Concentration Units
10.3. Roult’s Law
10.2.1 calculate the different concentration units (morality, mole fraction, ppm, *
ppb, ppt) from the given data;
10.3.1 state Roult’s law (all three definitions); *
10.3.2 identify volatile and non volatile components of solution by plotting *
graph;
10.3.3 draw a graph using Roult’s law from the given data; *

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NOTES

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10.4. Colligative properties
10.5 Colloids
11. Thermochemistry
11.1. Thermodynamic
11.2. First law of
thermodynamic
K U A
10.4.1 define colligative properties of liquids with examples; *
10.4.2 explain lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point and *
depression of freezing point;
10.4.3 calculate molar mass of a substance using ebullioscopic and cryoscopic *
methods;
10.4.4 differentiate osmotic pressure and reverse osmosis; *
10.5.1 write down the properties of colloids; *
10.5.2 explain the types of colloids. *
Candidates should be able to:
11.1.1 define thermodynamics; *
11.1.2 define the terms, system, surrounding, state function, heat, heat capacity, *
internal energy, work, and enthalpy;
11.2.1 state and explain the first law of thermodynamic with the help of daily life *
examples;
11.2.2 relate change in internal energy of system with thermal energy at constant *
temperature and pressure;
11.2.3 calculate internal energy work done by applying the 1st law of *
thermodynamic to and heat of a system;
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NOTES

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 K U A
11.3. Hess’s Law 11.3.1 state and explain Hess’s law of heat summation; *
11.3.2 construct simple energy cycle by using Hess’s law from the given *
reactions;
11.3.3 calculate standard heat of formation and heat of reaction by using Hess’s *
law;
11.3.4 calculate the heat of reaction using experimental data (Cm∆t=q); *
11.3.5 explain working of a calorimeter; *

11.4. Born-Haber cycle 11.4.1 explain Born-Haber cycle; *

11.5. Heat Capacity 11.5.1 explain the following terms; heat capacity, specific heat capacity and *
molar heat capacity.

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NOTES

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12. Electrochemistry Candidates should be able to: K U A

12.1. Oxidation - Reduction 12.1.1 define terms like reduction, oxidation, oxidation number, reducing agent, *
concept oxidizing agent;
12.1.2 determine oxidation number of an atom in pure substance or in a *
compound; *
12.1.3 identify reducing and oxidizing agent by using oxidation –number change
method; *
12.1.4 balance the equation using oxidation number change method; *
12.1.5 identify oxidation and reduction half reaction; *
12.1.6 balance the equation using half reaction method; *
12.1.7 explain the uses of redox reactions in daily life (protection of metal
surfaces from corrosion and other harmful agents, solar cell as a source of
energy);
12.2. Electrode Potential and *
Electrochemical Series 12.2.1 define cathode, anode, electrode potential, Standard Hydrogen Electrode
and electrochemical series;
12.3. Types of electrochemical *
cells 12.3.1 define cell potential; *
12.3.2 determine the potential of electrochemical cell from the given data; *
12.3.3 describe reaction occurring within a lead storage batteries; *
12.3.4 explain production of electrical energy in a fuel cell; *
12.3.5 define in standard electrode potential;
12.4 Faraday’s law *
12.4.1 state and explain the Faraday’s law (1st and 2nd); *
12.4.2 calculate the quantity of charge passed in an electrochemical cell during
electrolysis; *
12.4.3 calculate the mass or volume of substance liberated during electrolysis.

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NOTES

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Part–II (Class XII)

13. S-and P-Block elements Candidates should be able to: K U A

13.1. Period (Na to Ar) 13.1.1 identify the demarcation of the periodic table into s, p, d and f-block; *
13.1.2 identify group, period and block of given elements by using electronic *
configuration;
13.1.3 list down the elements in period 3; *
13.1.4 explain the periodicity of physical properties (like atomic radius, *
Ionization energy, electro negativity, electrical conductivity, melting and
boiling points);
13.1.5 describe the anomalous behaviour in periodic trend of different elements *
in 3rd periods;
13.1.6 describe the reaction of period 3 elements with water, oxygen and *
chlorine;
13.1.7 describe the reaction of oxides and chloride of period 3 elements with *
water;
13.1.8 describe the physical properties of period 3 element (such as solubility *
and behaviours of oxides);
13.2. Group 1
13.2.1 describe oxidation state and trend of physical properties in group 1 (such *
as Ionization energy, electro-negativity, atomic radius, melting and
boiling point);
13.2.2 describe the chemical reaction of group 1 elements with H 2 O , Oxygen *
and chlorine;
13.2.3 explain effect of heat on nitrates, carbonates and hydrogen carbonates of *
group 1 elements;

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 K U A
13.3. Group 2 13.3.1 describe oxidation state and trend of physical properties in group 2 *
elements (such as Ionization energy, electro-negativity, atomic radius,
melting and boiling point);
13.3.2 describe the chemical reaction of group 2 elements with water, oxygen *
and nitrogen;
13.3.3 discuss the trend on solubility of hydroxides, sulphates and carbonates of *
group 2 elements;
13.3.4 discus the trends in thermal stability of the nitrates and carbonates of *
group 2 elements;
13.3.5 differentiate Beryllium from other members of its group; *

13.4. Group 4 13.4.1 describe oxidation state and trend of physical properties of group 4 *
elements (Ionization energy, electro-negativity, atomic radius, metallic
character, melting and boiling property);
13.4.2 explain the variation of oxidation state in group 4 element; *
13.4.3 describe the reaction of water with chlorides of carbon, silicon and lead; *
13.4.4 compare the structure and stability of chlorides of carbon, silicon and *
lead;
13.4.5 describe the structure of CO2 and SiO2; *
13.4.6 discuss the acid base behaviour of oxide of group 4 elements; *
13.5. Group 7
13.5.1 discuss the oxidation state and trend of physical property of group 7 *
elements (atomic radius, electro negativity, electron-affinity, meting and
boiling point, bond energy);
13.5.2 discuss the bond enthalpies and acidity in hydrogen halide; *
13.5.3 compare the strength of halide ion as a reducing agent; *
13.5.4 explain the significance of following elements in daily life (Iodine in *
Goitre, Fluoride toxicity and deficiency, use of steel, tin, aluminium and
glass in beverage and food industry).

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14. d and f block Element
(Transition)
14.1. General feature of
transition element
14.2. Electronic Structure
14.3. Chemistry of some specific
transition element
14.4. Co-ordination Compound
Candidates should be able to: K U A
14.1.1 describe the general features of transition element. (colour, variable *
oxidation states, use as catalyst);
14.2.1 describe the electronic structure of elements and ions of d-block element; *
14.2.2 explain anomalous behaviour of chromium and copper with respect to *
electronic configuration;
14.2.3 write down electronic configuration of given elements and ions of d – *
block elements;
14.3.1 describe the important reactions (redox reaction) and uses of Vanadium, *
Chromium, Copper, Manganese and Iron (as catalyst);
14.4.1 explain shapes, origin, colour and nomenclature of Co-ordination *
compounds;
14.4.2 relate the co-ordination number of ion through the crystal structure of a *
compound of which they are apart;
14.4.3 describe properties of alloys with reference to its composite metal atom; *
14.4.4 describe the reaction of K2Cr2O7 with oxalic acid and Mohr Salts; *
14.4.5 describe the reaction of KMnO4 with FeSO4, oxalic acid and Mohr Salts; *
14.4.6 calculate concentration of Fe(II) ions with in a solution by titration with *
KMnO4;
14.4.7 explain the reaction of Hexaaquacopper(II)ion with iodide and determine *
the concentration of copper ion in the solution.
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NOTES

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15. Organic Compounds Candidates should be able to: K U A

15.1. Sources: Fossils, fuel, coal, 15.1.1 explain diversity and magnitude of organic compounds and their general *
petroleum and natural gas. properties;

15.2. Coal as a source of organic 15.2.1 explain the destructive distillation of coal; *
compound

15.3. Classification of organic 15.3.1 classify the organic compound on structural basis; *
compound 15.3.2 explain the use of coal as a source of both aliphatic and aromatic *
compounds;

15.4. Detection of element in 15.4.1 give the methods to detect the elements present in organic compound. (C, *
organic compound H, N, S, Halogen);

15.5. Functional Group 15.5.1 define the Functional Group. *

16. Hydrocarbons Candidates should be able to:

16.1. Nomenclature and Shapes 16.1.1 describe the nomenclature and shapes of molecule (alkane, alkene, cyclo- *
of molecule alkane, alkynes, benzenes and substituted benzene);

16.2. Free radical substitution 16.2.1 describe the mechanism of free radical substitution with reference to *
reaction methane and ethane;

16.3. Oxidation of organic 16.3.1 identify and complete the redox reaction of organic compound; * *
compounds

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NOTES

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 K U A
16.4. Alkenes 16.4.1 explain the term sigma and pi carbon-carbon bonds with reference to *
ethene molecule;
16.4.2 describe the reactivity of alkene exemplified by ethane; *
16.4.3 explain the terms with suitable example: (isomerism, stereo isomerism *
and structural isomerism);
16.4.4 give the preparation: ethene from dehydration of alcohol and dehydro *
halogenations of alkyl halide;
16.4.5 describe the reactions of ethene (hydrogenation, Hydration, *
Hydrohalogenation, halogenation, halohydration, epooxidation,
Ozonolysis, polymerization);

16.5. Alkynes 16.5.1 compare the reactivity of alkynes with alkanes, alkenes and arenes *
(Aromatic compounds);
16.5.2 describe the preparation of alkynes using elimination reaction; *
16.5.3 explain the acidity of alkynes (w.r.t its reaction with metal); *
16.5.4 explain the chemistry of alkynes by hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation, *
hydration, bromination, ozonolysis);

16.6. Benzene and Substituted 16.6.1 compare the reactivity of benzene with alkene and alkane; *
Benzene 16.6.2 describe the mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction of benzene; *
16.6.3 discuss the chemistry of benzene and methyl benzene by nitration, *
sulphonation, halogenation, Friedal craft alkylation and acylation.

41
NOTES

42
17. Alkyl halides and Amines Candidates should be able to: K U A

17.1. Alkyl halides
17.1.1 name alkyl halides using IUPAC system for naming; *
17.1.2 discuss physical properties and reactivity of different alkyl halides on the *
basis of bond energy;
17.1.3 draw the structure of different alky halides by the given formula; *
17.1.4 describe the preparations of alkyl halide by the reaction of alcohol with *
HX, SOCl2, PX3 and by radical halogenations of alkane;

17.2. Nucleophilic substitution 17.2.1 describe the mechanism of SN reaction; *

reaction 17.2.2 compare SN1 and SN2 reaction; *
17.2.3 write down the mechanism of SN reaction for the given alkyl halide; *
17.2.4 identify Nucleophile (base), substrate and leaving group from the given *
reaction;
17.2.5 discuss carbo-cation and its stability; *

17.3. Elimination Reaction 17.3.1 describe the mechanism of different types of elimination reaction; *
17.3.2 compare E1 and E2 reaction; *
17.3.3 write down the mechanism of elimination reaction in the given alkyl *
halide;
17.3.4 compare substitution reaction and elimination reaction; *

17.4. Organo-metallic 17.4.1 describe the preparation and reactivity of grignard reagent; *
Compounds (Grignard 17.4.2 describe chemical reaction of grignard reagent with aldehyde, ketones, *
reagent) esters and CO2;

43
NOTES

44

17.5. Amines
18. Alcohol, Phenols and ethers
K U A
17.5.1 name amines applying IUPAC system; *
17.5.2 discuss physical properties of amines (M.P, B.P and solubility); *
17.5.3 draw the structure of Amines (Primary, secondary and tertiary) from the *
given formula;
17.5.4 explain basicity of amines (basic character); *
17.5.5 describe preparation of amines by alkylation of NH3, by alkyl halide and *
reduction of nitrile, nitro and amide functional groups;
17.5.5 describe chemical reaction of amines (alkylation with RX, reaction with *
aldehyde and ketones);
17.5.6 describe preparation of amides and diazonium salts; *
17.5.7 describe isomerism in alkyl halides and amines; *
17.5.8 describe the test to detect nitrogen in the given organic compound. *
Candidates should be able to:

18.1. Alcohols 18.1.1 name different alcohols using IUPAC system; *

18.1.2 describe the physical properties and structure of alcohol; *
18.1.3 discuss the preparation of alcohol by reduction of aldehyde, ketone, *
carboxylic acid and esters;
18.1.4 discuss the acidic character of alcohol (as exemplified by ethanol); *
18.1.5 describe the chemistry of alcohol by preparation of ether, esters, oxidative *
cleavage of 1-2-diols;
18.1.6 define thiols (RSH); *
18.1.7 describe the use of alcohol (disinfectant and antiseptic); *

45
NOTES

46
 K U A
18.2. Phenols 18.2.1 apply IUPAC system for naming phenols; *
18.2.2 discuss physical properties, structure and acidic behaviour of phenol; *
18.2.3 prepare phenols from the given compound in the form of equation *
(benzene sulphonic acid, chlorobenzene, acidic oxidation of cumene and
hydrolysis of diozomium salts;
18.2.4 discuss the chemistry of phenol (electrophilic aromatic substitution, *
reaction with Na metal and oxidation);
18.2.5 differentiate between alcohols and phenol; *
18.2.6 explain isomerism in alcohol and phenol; *

18.3 Ether 18.3.1 apply IUPAC system for naming ether from the given formula; *
18.3.2 describe the physical and chemical properties of ether; *
18.3.3 give chemical equation for the preparation of ether (Williamson *
Synthesis, reaction of alcohol and excess H2SO4);
18.3.4 explain the use of ether in medicine (for anaesthesia). *

47
NOTES

48
19. Carbonyl Compound I:
Aldelyde and ketones
19.1. Nomenclature / Structure
19.2. Physical Properties
19.3. Preparation of Aldehyde
and Ketone
19.4. Reaction of Aldehyde and
Ketone.
19.5. Isomerism
19.6 Use
Candidates should be able to: K U A
19.1.1 write the IUPAC nomenclature of aldelydes and ketones; *
19.1.2 draw the structure of given aldehydes and ketones; *
19.2.1 explain the physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; *
19.3.1 write chemical equations for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones (by *
ozonolysis of alkene, hydration of alkyne, oxidation of alcohol, Friedal
Craft acylation of aromatics;
19.4.1 discuss the role of ά – hydrogen for comparing the reactivity of aldehyde *
and ketones;
19.4.2 describe acid / base catalysed nucleophilic addition reaction of aldehyde *
and ketones;
19.4.3 discuss the chemistry of aldeyde and ketons by their reduction to *
hydrocarbon, alcohols, by using carbon nucleophiles, nitrogen
nucleophiles and oxygen neucleophiles;
19.4.4 describe the oxidation reactions of aldelyde and ketones; *
19.5.1 draw all possible isomers of given aldehydes and ketones; *
19.5.2 describe glucose and fructose as example of aldeydes and ketones; *
19.6.1 list down the use of formaldehyde vapours in adhesives, varnishes, paints, *
foam insulations, permanent press clothing;
49
NOTES

50
20. Carbonyl Compound 2: Candidates should be able to: K U A
Carboxylic acid and
functional derivatives

20.1. Nomenclature 20.1.1 apply IUPAC system for naming carboxylic acid and their derivatives; *

20.2. Structure and Physical 20.2.1 describe the structure and physical properties (solubility M.P and B.P) of *
Properties carboxylic acid;
20.2.2 draw the structure of given compounds of carboxylic acids and their *
derivatives;

20.3. Acidity 20.3.1 discuss the acidic behaviour of carboxylic acid (on the basis of alpha *
carbon) and derivatives of carboxylic acid;

20.4. Preparation of Carboxylic 20.4.1 give chemical equation for the preparation of carboxylic acid by Grignard *
acid. Reagent, hydrolysis of nitriles, oxidation of primary alcohol, aldehydes
and alkyl benzene;

20.5. Reactivity 20.5.1 describe the reactivity of carboxylic acid; *

20.5.2 compare the reactivity in different derivatives of carboxylic acid; *

20.6. Reaction of Carboxylic 20.6.1 give the equations for the preparation of following (acyl halides, acid *
acid. anhydrides, esters, amides);
20.6.2 write the inter-conversion reactions of carboxylic acids derivatives *
(mentioned above);
20.6.3 describe reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives (mentioned above); *

51
NOTES

52
 K U A
20.7 Isomers 20.7.1 describe isomerism in carboxylic acids (chain and functional); *
20.7.2 draw all possible isomers of carboxylic acid (given formula); *

20.8 Use 20.8.1 list carboxylic acids present in fruits, vegetables and other natural products; *
20.8.1 list the use of carboxylic acid (as preservatives in food and food products, *
leather industry).

21. Biochemistry Candidates should be able to:

21.1. Carbohydrates, Protein and 21.1.1 explain the basis of classification of carbohydrates and protein; *
lipids 21.1.2 describe structure-function relationship of carbohydrates, protein and *
lipids.
21.1.3 explain role of carbohydrate in health and disease; *
21.1.4 explain the nutritional important of protein and lipids; *
21.1.5 explain different types of lipids (simple, conjugate, steroids); *
21.1.6 explain the effect of lowering of pH (by using lemon juice) on the process *
of precipitation of milk protein;
21.2.1 describe the role of enzymes as biological catalyst (in conversion of food); *
21.2. Enzymes *
21.2.2 explain the factors effecting the enzymes activity;
21.2.3 explain the role of enzymes as inhibitors; *
21.3 Nucleic acid 21.3.1 identify the structural components of DNA and RNA *
21.3.2 state the role of DNA in terms of genetic informations. *
21.3.4 explain the role of RNA in terms of protein synthesis. *
21.4 Mineral of biological 21.4.1 describe the role of Fe, Ca, P and Zn in nutrition.
significance *
21.4.2 explain the role of biochemical compounds (insulin, cholesterol) to *
regulate human health.

53
NOTES

54
22. Industrial Chemistry
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Safety measurement
22.3. Dyes and Pesticides
22.4. Petro-chemicals
22.5 Synthetic Polymers (PVC
and nylon)
22.6 Synthetic Adhesive
Candidates should be able to: K U A
22.1.1 discuss the importance of chemical industries in the economy of Pakistan; *
22.1.2 list the raw materials available in Pakistan for various chemical industries *
pharmaceutical, textile, petrochemicals);
22.2.1 discuss the safety measurement for industrial process according to ISO *
certification for the given industry (as mentioned above);
22.2.2 identify risks associated with the manufacturing of chemicals (as *
mentioned above);
22.3.1 discuss the importance of dyes and pesticides; *
22.4.1 describe the fractional distillation and refining of petroleum; *
22.4.2 describe the basic building block process in petrochemical technology *
(polymerization with its examples);
22.4.3 identify in the given equation the petrochemicals and chemicals derived *
from them (monomer and polymer);
22.4.4 list some major petrochemicals; *
22.5.1 describe the chemical process of addition and condensation *
polymerization;
22.5.2 describe the formation and Uses of PVC and nylon; *
22.5.3 describe preparation and application of various cosmetics like shampoos, *
sun blocks and fairness creams;
22.6.1 describe types and application of synthetic adhesive. *
55
NOTES

56
23. Environmental Chemistry Candidates should be able to: K U A

23.1. Chemistry of Troposphere 23.1.1 write down the various chemical reactions occurring in the atmosphere *
and Stratosphere (w.r.t depletion of ozone);
23.1.2 discuss the release of oxide of C, S, N and VOCs which are associated *
with combustion of hydrocarbon based fuel;
23.1.3 outline problems associated with release of pollutants ( e.g. acid rain and *
hazardous inorganic and organic compound like PAN (Peroxy Acetylic
Nitrate);
23.1.4 describe causes and impacts of urban smog; *
23.1.5 describe the role of CFCs in destroying ozone in the stratosphere; *
23.1.6 list possible alternatives for the use of CFCs; *
23.1.7 explain green house effect and global warming as resulting in climate *
change;

23.2. Water pollution water 23.2.1 explain the various techniques / methods of water analysis (using pH *
treatment. meter, TDS meter, titration method);
23.2.2 explain the methods of treatment for water purification (filtration, sewage *
treatment, Zeolite process, Reverse Osmosis);

23.3 Green Chemistry 23.3.1 describe green chemistry and its significance; *
23.3.2 write some micro wave reactions (green chemistry) with their industrial *
applications.

57
NOTES

58
24. Analytical Chemistry Candidates should be able to: K U A

24.1. Classical and modern 24.1.1 compare the classical and modern methods of analysis (w.r.t structural *
methods of analysis analysis of compounds);
24.1.2 discuss the procedure of combustion analysis of hydrocarbon; *
24.1.3 define spectroscopy and discuss its application in analytical chemistry; *
24.1.4 explain the different regions of electromagnetic spectrum (according to *
wavelength);
24.1.5 explain the basic principle of IR Spectroscopy; *
24.1.6 identify benzene, acetone, carboxylic acid and ethanol from given IR *
spectra;
24.1.7 predict whether a given molecule will absorb in the UV / visible region; *
24.1.8 outline in simple terms the principles of proton NMR spectroscopy; *
24.1.9 explain instrumentation and working of mass spectroscopy. (MS); *
24.1.10 outline the use of MS in determination of relative isotopic masses; *
24.1.11 explain atomic emission and atomic absorption spectrum; *
24.1.12 discuss the use of MS in determination of drug abuse in forensic sciences. *

59
NOTES

60
2. Scheme of Assessment

Class XI

Table 1: Number of Specific learning objectives by Cognitive level

Topic Topics No. of Sub SLOs Total

No. Topics K U A
1 Stiochiometry 6 3 1 8 12
2 Atomic Structure 6 1 3 0 4
3 Theories of Covalent Bonding and 4 4 10 2 16
Shapes of Molecules
4 States of Matter I (Gases) 8 8 7 2 17
5 States of Matter II (Liquids) 4 3 7 1 11
6 States of Matter III (Solid) 5 3 6 2 11
7 Chemical Equilibrium 5 6 6 2 14
8 Acids, Bases and Salts 7 10 8 5 23
9 Chemical Kinetics 4 2 7 3 12
10 Solution and Colloids 5 4 4 8 16
11 Thermochemistry 2 4 6 1 11
12 Electrochemistry 4 4 4 8 16
Total 60 52 69 42 163
Percentage 32 42 26 100

Table 2: Allocation of Marks for the Objective Test,

Constructed Response Paper and Extended Response Questions

Topic Topics No. of Sub Marks Total

No. Topics Objective CRQs ERQs
1 Stiochiometry 6 2 5 - 7
2 Atomic Structure 6 3 3 5 11
3 Theories of Covalent 4
Bonding and Shapes of 3 6 - 9
Molecules
4 States of Matter I (Gases) 8
5 States of Matter II 4
6 5 - 11
(Liquids)
6 States of Matter III (Solid) 5
7 Chemical Equilibrium 5 2 4 - 6
8 Acids, Bases and Salts 7 4 5 5 14
9 Chemical Kinetics 4 2 4 - 6
10 Solution and Colloids 5 3 3 - 6
11 Thermo-chemistry 2
5 5 5 15
12 Electrochemistry 4
Total 60 30 40 15 85
Practical 15
Total 100

61
Class XII
Table 3: Number of Specific learning objectives by Cognitive level
Topic No. of Sub SLOs
Topics Total
No. Topics K U A
13 S-and P-Block elements 5 1 16 0 17
D and of block Element
14 4 0 8 4 12
(Transition)
15 Organic Compound 5 3 3 0 6
16 Hydrocarbons 6 0 11 5 16
17 Alkyl halides and Amines 5 1 11 5 17
18 Alcohol, Phenol and Ether 3 3 10 4 17
Carbonyl compound
19 6 1 6 3 10
1. Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboyl Compound
20 2. Carboxyl acid and 8 3 6 6 15
functional derivative
21 Biochemistry 4 2 13 0 15
22 Industrial chemistry 6 2 11 0 13
23 Environmental chemistry 3 3 8 0 11
24 Analytical chemistry 1 4 8 0 12
Total 56 23 111 27 161
Percentage 14 69 17 100

Table 4: Allocation of Marks for the Objective Test,

Constructed Response Paper and Extended Response Questions
Topic No. of Sub Marks
Topics Total
No. Topics Objective CRQs ERQs
13 S and P Block elements 5 4 9 13
d and f block Element
14 4 3 4 5 12
(Transition)
15 Organic Compound 5 4 3 7
16 Hydrocarbons 6 2 4 6
Alkyl halides and
17 5 3 4 7
Amines
Alcohol, Phenol and
18 3
Ether
Carbonyl compound 4 4 8
19 1. Aldehydes and 6
Ketones
Carboyl Compound
20 2. Carboxyl acid and 8 2 2 4
functional derivative
21 Biochemistry 4 3 4 5 12
22 Industrial chemistry 6
23 Environmental chemistry 3 5 6 5 16
24 Analytical chemistry 1
Total 56 30 40 15 85
Practical 15
Total 100

62
2.1 Tables 1 and 3 summarize the number and nature of SLOs in each topic in class XI
and XII. This will serve as a guide in the construction of the examination paper. It
also indicates that more emphasis has been given to the Understanding (42%),
Application and higher order skills (26%) to discourage rote memorization. There is a
gradual increase in higher order skills in class XII. Tables 1 and 3, however, do not
translate directly into marks.

2.2 Tables 2 and 4 show the distribution of marks. There will be 30 objective test items
each carrying one mark. The constructed response questions will carry 40 marks and
the extended response questions will carry 15 marks. It is AKU-EB policy that every
topic should be examined.

2.3 There will be two examinations, one at the end of Class XI and another at the end of
Class XII.

2.4 The question paper will be in two parts: Part I and Part II. Both parts will be
administered within 3 hours. Part I will be a separately timed Objective Test of 45
minutes, administered before the Constructed Response Paper (Part II). There will be
no choice in the Objective Test.

2.5 There will be no choice in constructed response questions but extended response
questions will have a choice within alternate topics.

2.6 All constructed response questions will be in a booklet which will also serve as an
answer script.

2.7 Practicals to assess performance skills will carry 15 marks in class XI and 15 marks in
class X. The practicals will be conducted after the theory papers.

2.8 The practicals identified in the SLOs by a “P” should be carried out throughout the
academic year. It is essential for each school to equip its laboratories with chemicals,
instruments, apparatus, specimens etc. according to the requirements of the practicals
marked in the syllabus as “P”. Each school will be responsible to make sure that each
student is provided the opportunity to do the practicals.

List of practicals is attached as annex B.

63
3. Teaching Learning Approaches

1. Concept of Celebration Day

Celebration of Mole day on 23 October of every year at 6.02 P.M. Charts, models,
debates and other activities related to the theme can be organised.
2. Group based assignments specially on numerical problems.
3. Experiments and demonstration on atomic structure/ gas laws/solution and
solubility colligative properties/ radox reactions and batteries
4. Models of bonding/ shape of molecules,
5. ICT integration
• simulation of bond formation
• gas law
• Graph plot ….. chemical kinetics
6. Field trips
• Steel mill
• Cement factory
• Textile industry
7. Project on environment / pollution / chemical
8. Experiments: functional group-reaction and spectroscopy

4. Areas for Development of Learning Support Materials

• Electrochemistry
• d and f block Element (Transition)
• Industrial Chemistry

5. Recommended Texts and Reference Books

Textbook
1. Anwar, J. and Ahmed, I, (2003). Chemistry 11 and 12. Lahore: Sheikh Ali and
Sons.

Reference Books
1. Bukhari, S and Taj, R. A (2003). Chemistry for 11 and 12. Lahore: Chaudhary
Ghulam Rasul and Sons.
2. Muhammad, A. and Qureshi, S, (2003), Chemistry 11 and 12 (2nd edition).
Lahore: Punjab Textbook Board.
3. Mathews, Philip. (1996). Advance Chemistry.UK: Cambridge Press
4. Julian L. Robert, J. Leland Hollenberg, James M. Postma. (1975). Chemistry in
the laboratory. USA: W H Freeman
5. Sheikh, M. (2006). Practical Textbook. Lahore: Punjab Textbook Board.

64
6. Definition of Cognitive Levels and Command Words in the Specific Learning
Objectives and in Examination Papers

6.1. Definitions of Cognitive Levels (Knowledge, Understanding and Application)

Knowledge:
This requires knowing and remembering facts and figures, vocabulary and contexts, and the
ability to recall key ideas, concepts, trends, sequences, categories, etc. It can be taught and
evaluated through questions based on: who, when, where, what, list, define, describe,
identify, label, tabulate, quote, name, state, etc.

Understanding:
This requires understanding information, grasping meaning, interpreting facts, comparing,
contrasting, grouping, inferring causes/reasons, seeing patterns, organizing parts, making
links, summarizing, solving, identifying motives, finding evidence, etc. It can be taught and
evaluated through questions based on: why, how, show, demonstrate, paraphrase, interpret,
summarize, explain, prove, identify the main idea/theme, predict, compare, differentiate,
discuss, chart the course/direction, report, solve, etc.

Application:
This requires using information or concepts in new situations, solving problems, organizing
information and ideas, using old ideas to create new ones, generalizing from given facts,
analyzing relationships, relating knowledge from several areas, drawing conclusions,
evaluating worth, etc. It can be taught and evaluated through questions based on:
differentiate, analyse, show relationship, propose an alternative, prioritize, give reasons for,
categorize, illustrate, corroborate, compare and contrast, create, design, formulate, integrate,
rearrange, reconstruct/recreate, reorganize, predict consequences etc.

6.2 Definition of Command Words:

Knowledge
Define Only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase is required.
No examples need to be given

Find: A general terms that may variously be interpreted as calculate,

measure, determine etc.

List/Enlist: Requires a number of points, generally each of one word, with no

elaboration. Where a given number of points are specified, this should
not be exceeded.

Outline: Implies brevity, i.e. restricting the answer to giving essentials.

Identify: Describe with specific examples of how a given term or concept is

applied in daily life

Calculate: Is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working

should be shown, especially where two or more steps are involved

65
State: Implies concise answer with little or no supporting argument, for
example a numerical answer that can be obtained by inspection.

Recall: To bring back to mind and write down, as it is given in the text that
you have already memorized.

Write: To construct full sentence of continuous prose, not abbreviated

text.

Understanding
Show: Demonstrate with evidence.

Demonstrate: Implies that the candidate is expected to show how is one thing related
to another, usually it is a reference to theory but sometimes it is by
physical manipulation or experiment.

Describe: To state in words (Using diagrams where appropriate) the main points
of the topic. It is often used with reference wither to particular
phenomena or to particular experiments. In the former instance, the
term usually implies that the answer should include reference to
(visual) observations associated with the phenomena.

Determine: Often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly
but is obtained by calculation, substituting measured or known values
of other quantities into standard formula, for e.g. relative molecular
mass.

Discuss: To give a critical account of the point involved in the topic.

Draw/construct: Implies a simple freehand sketch or diagram. Care should be taken

with proportions and the clear labeling of parts.

Explain: May imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the

context.

Application
Classify: State the basis for categorization of a set of related entities and assign
example to categories.

Compare: List the main characteristics of two entities clearly identifying

similarities (and differences)

Differentiate: To identify those characteristics which are always or sometimes

distinguish between two categories.

Recognize: Involves looking at a given example and stating what it most probably
is.

66
Measure: To determine extent, quantity, amount or degree of something as
determine by measurement or calculation.

Narrate: To write down the facts and explanation as given or provided in the
text.

Predict or Implies that the candidates is not expected to produce the required
answer
Deduce: By recall but by making a logical connection between other pieces of
information. Such information may be wholly given in the question or
may depend on answer extracted in an early part of the question.

Purify: Implies a practical activity in which the candidates is expected to apply

an approved methodology with appropriate safety precautious.

Relate: Describe how things depend upon, follow from or are part of another.

Explore: to examine thoroughly and systematically to be able to make a

statement about a phenomenon or concept.

67
 Annex A
HSSC Scheme of Studies2

AKU-EB as a national board offers SSC and HSSC qualifications for both English medium
and Urdu medium schools. The revised HSSC Scheme of Studies issued by the Curriculum
Wing is designed for two years. Each HSSC subject will be taught across both the classes XI
and XII. At the HSSC level the marks allocated to subjects are mostly based on the revised
National Scheme of Studies of 2006. The first HSSC-I part wise (Class XI) examination
based on 2006 national curriculum will be held in 2009 and HSSC-II (Class XII) in 2010.

HSSC I-II (Classes XI-XII) subjects on offer for the examinations in 2009 and 2010

HSSC Part-I (Class XI) Science Group (Pre-Medical)

Marks
Subjects
Theory Practical Total
English Compulsory-I 100 - 100
Urdu Compulsory-I OR Pakistan Culture-I a 100 - 100
Physics-I 85 15 100
Chemistry-I 85 15 100
Biology-I 85 15 100
Total: 455 45 500

HSSC Part-II (Class XII) Science Group (Pre-Medical)

Marks
Subjects
Theory Practical Total
English Compulsory-II 100 - 100
Urdu Compulsory-II OR Pakistan Culture-II a 100 - 100
Islamiyat OR Ethics b 50 - 50
Pakistan Studies b 50 - 50
Physics-II 85 15 100
Chemistry-II 85 15 100
Biology-II 85 15 100
Total: 555 45 600

a Foreign students may opt Pakistan Culture in lieu of Urdu Compulsory, subject to
the board’s approval.
b For non-Muslim candidates in lieu of Islamiyat.
Note: Pakistan Studies, Islamiyat / Ethics will be taught in both Classes XI and XII,
but the examination will be conducted at the end of Class XII.

2
Government of Pakistan September 2007 and May 2003. Scheme of Studies for SSC and HSSC (Classes IX-
XII), Islamabad: Ministry of Education, Curriculum Wing.
68
HSSC Part-I (Class XI) Science Group (Pre-Engineering)

Marks
Subjects
Theory Practical Total
English Compulsory-I 100 - 100
Urdu Compulsory-I OR Pakistan Culture-I a 100 - 100
Physics-I 85 15 100
Chemistry-I 85 15 100
Mathematics-I 100 - 100
Total: 470 30 500

HSSC Part-II (Class XII) Science Group (Pre-Engineering)

Marks
Subjects
Theory Practical Total
English Compulsory-II 100 - 100
Urdu Compulsory-II OR Pakistan Culture-II a 100 - 100
Islamiyat OR Ethics b 50 - 50
Pakistan Studies b 50 - 50
Physics-II 85 15 100
Chemistry-II 85 15 100
Mathematics –II 100 - 100
Total: 570 30 600

a Foreign students may opt Pakistan Culture in lieu of Urdu Compulsory, subject to
the board’s approval.
b For non-Muslim candidates in lieu of Islamiyat.
Note: Pakistan Studies, Islamiyat / Ethics will be taught in both Classes XI and XII,
but the examination will be conducted at the end of Class XII.

69
HSSC Part-I (Class XI) Science Group (Science General)
Marks
Subjects
Theory Practical Total
English Compulsory-I 100 - 100
a
Urdu Compulsory-I OR Pakistan Culture-I 100 - 100
Any one subject combinations of the following:
Physics-I OR 85 15
Mathematics-I 100 - 300/
Statistics-I 85 15
Economics-I OR 100 -
Mathematics-I 100 - 300/
Statistics-I 85 15
Economics-I OR 100 -
Mathematics-I 100 - 300/
Computer Science-I 75 25
Physics-I OR 85 15
Mathematics-I 100 - 300/
Computer Science-I 75 25
Mathematics-I 100 -
Statistics-I 85 15 300
Computer Science-I 75 25
Total: 500
HSSC Part-II (Class XII) Science Group (Science General)
Marks
Subjects
Theory Practical Total
English Compulsory-II 100 - 100
Urdu Compulsory-II OR Pakistan Culture-II a 100 - 100
Islamiyat OR Ethics b 50 - 50
Pakistan Studies b 50 - 50
Any one subject combinations of the following:
Physics-II OR 85 15
Mathematics-II 100 - 300/
Statistics-II 85 15
Economics-II OR 100 -
Mathematics-II 100 - 300/
Statistics-II 85 15
Economics-II OR 100 -
Mathematics-II 100 - 300/
Computer Science-II 75 25
Physics-II OR 85 15
Mathematics-II 100 - 300/
Computer Science-II 75 25
Mathematics-II 100 -
Statistics-II 85 15 300
Computer Science-II 75 25
Total: 600
a Foreign students may opt Pakistan Culture in lieu of Urdu Compulsory, subject to
the board’s approval.
b For non-Muslim candidates in lieu of Islamiyat.
Note: Pakistan Studies, Islamiyat / Ethics will be taught in both Classes XI and XII,
but the examination will be conducted at the end of Class XII.

70
HSSC Part-I (Class XI) Commerce Group

Marks
Subjects
Theory Practical Total
English Compulsory-I 100 - 100
Urdu Compulsory-I OR Pakistan Culture-I a 100 - 100
Principles of Accounting 100 - 100
Principles of Economics 75 - 75
Principles of Commerce 75 - 75
Business Mathematics 50 - 50
Total: 500 - 500

HSSC Part-II (Class XII) Commerce Group

Marks
Subjects
Theory Practical Total
English Compulsory-II 100 - 100
Urdu Compulsory-II OR Pakistan Culture-II a 100 - 100
Islamiyat OR Ethics b 50 - 50
Pakistan Studies 50 - 50
Principles of Accounting 100 - 100
Commercial Geography 75 75
Computer Studies 60/ 15
OR 75
Banking 75 -
Business Statistics 50 - 50
Total: 600 600

a Foreign students may opt Pakistan Culture in lieu of Urdu Compulsory, subject to
the board’s approval.
b For non-Muslim candidates in lieu of Islamiyat.
Note: Pakistan Studies, Islamiyat / Ethics will be taught in both Classes XI and XII,
but the examination will be conducted at the end of Class XII.

71
HSSC Part-I (Class XI) Humanities Group

Subjects Marks
English Compulsory-I 100
Urdu Compulsory-I OR Pakistan Culture-I a 100
Any three of the following Elective Subjects 300
1. Civics Elective-I (100 each)
2. Computer Science-I (75+25 practical)
3. Economics-I
4. Education-I
5. History of Muslim India-I
6. Islamic Studies-I
7. Mathematics-I
8. Statistics-I (85+15 practical)
9. Psychology-I (85+15 practical)
10. Sociology-I
11. English Literature-I
12. Urdu Literature-I
Total: 500

HSSC Part-II (Class XII) Humanities Group

Subjects Marks
English Compulsory-II 100
Urdu Compulsory-II OR Pakistan Culture-II a 100
Islamiyat OR Ethics b 50
Pakistan Studies b 50
Any three of the following Elective Subjects 300
1. Civics Elective-II (100 each)
2. Computer Science-II (75+25 practical)
3. Economics-II
4. Education-II
5. History of Muslim India-II
6. Islamic Studies-II
7. Mathematics-II
8. Statistics-II (85+15 practical)
9. Psychology-II (85+15 practical)
10. Sociology-II
11. English Literature-II
12. Urdu Literature-II
Total: 600

a Foreign students may opt Pakistan Culture in lieu of Urdu Compulsory, subject to
the board’s approval.
b For non-Muslim candidates in lieu of Islamiyat.
Note: Pakistan Studies, Islamiyat / Ethics will be taught in both Classes XI and XII,
but the examination will be conducted at the end of Class XII.

72
 Annex B

List of Practical Activities

Class XI

EXP# OBJECTIVE EQUIPMENT CHEMICALS DURATION

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO STOICHIOMETRY
1 Estimate the Amount of Ba +2 in the Given
Solution of Bacl 2 Gravimetrically
Analytical balance, oven funnel,
wash bottle, Whatman filter
paper # 42, glass rod, beakers,
desiccators, pipette, burner,
matches, safety goggles.
Distilled water, potassium 40x2
chromate solution, barium
chloride solution

CHAPTER 4: STATES OF MATTER I: GASES

2 Demonstrate that Gases spread by
diffusion to Areas of lower Concentration.
Glass tube 40cm long and 1 cm Concentrated NH 3 solution, 40x2
in internal diameter, ring stand, concentrated HCl
clamp, clamp holder, cotton
balls, forceps, dropper, rubber
stoppers, safety goggles.

73
 CHAPTER 5: STATES OF MATTER II: LIQUIDS
3 Separate the Given Mixture of lnks by
Paper Chromatography.
4 Separate the Following lons from a given
Mixture of their Salts (Ni +2 , Co +2 , Cu +2 )
by paper Chromatography
5 Separate Lead and Cadmium in a mixture
solution by paper Chromatography
6 Prove that the Loss of Thermal Energy
When a Liquid Evaporates Will Lower the
Temperature of the Liquid.
CHAPTER 6: STATES OF MATER III: SOLIDS
7 Crystallize Benzoic Acid from water
Whatman filter paper # 1, glass
cylinder with a glass support,
Whatman filter paper # 1, glass
clinder with a glass support,
rubber bung, lead pencil
rubber bung, lead pencil
beaker, thermometer, safety
goggles
China dish, burner, tripod stand,
wire gauze, matches, beakers,
funnel, filter paper, stirrer,
safety goggles
water – alcohol mixture, 40 x2
mixture of inks
1% solution of the chlorides 40x 2
of Ni, Co, Cu +2 , spraying
solution (0.1% rubeanic acid
in ethyl alcohol), solvent
mixture (acetone, distilled
water and concentrated HCI
mixed in ratio 43:3:4)
Sample reagent (mixture of 40 x 2
solutions of PbCl 2 and
CdCl 2 ) , solvent mixture (n-
butanol + 3M HNO 3 ),
spraying agent (H 2 S gas)
acetone 40 x2
Distilled water and benzoic 40 x2
acid
74
 CHAPTER 7:CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
8 Purify a Given Sample of Sodium Chloride
by Passing HCI Gas. (Application of
common ion effect)
CHAPTER 8:ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
9 Determine the Exact Morality of the Given
Solution of H 2 SO 4 and the Volume of
this acid required to prepare 500 ml of 0.02
M Acid by Volumetric Method
10 Determine the Percentage of NaOH in the
Given Solution by Volumetric Method
11 The given solution contains 6gms of
Na 2 CO 3 dissolved per dm 3 . Determine
the Percentage Purity of the Sample
Solution by Volume Method.
12 Determine the Value of X by Volumetric
Method in the Given Sample of 6.3g of
(COOH) 2 . XH 2 O Dissolved per dm 3
13 Determine the Solubility of Oxalic Acid at
Room Temperature Volumetrically
beaker 500ml, funnel, round-
bottom flask, glass tubing, wire
gauze, thistle funnel, burner,
stirrer, graduated flask and
physical balance
Burette, pipette, funnel, conical
flask, beakers, iron stand
Burette, pipette, funnel, conical
flask, beakers, iron stand
Burette, pipette, funnel, conical
flask, beakers, iron stand
Burette, pipette, funnel, conical
flask, beakers, iron stand
Burette, pipette, funnel, conical
flask, beakers, iron stand
Distilled water, common salt, 40 x 2
concentrated H 2 SO 4
Phenolphthalein, 0.1M 40 x2
NaOH, 0.2M
H 2 SO 4 distilled water
Phenolphthalein, 0.1M 40 x2
NaOH, 0.1M HCI, distilled
water, solution containing
8gms of a mixture of NaCI
and NaOH
Methyl orange, 40 x2
0.1M Na 2 CO 3 , 0.1M HCI,
Distilled water, solution of 6
gms of Na 2 CO 3 in 1 liter.
Phenolphthalein , 0.1M 40 x2
NaOH, 0.1 (COOH) 2 .
2H 2 O, Distilled water
Phenolphthalein, 0.1M 40 x2
NaOH, 0.1 (COOH) 2.2H 2 O,
Distilled water.
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 CHAPTER 11:THERMOCHEMISTRY
14 Determine the Heat of Neutralization of
NaOH and HCI
CHAPTER 12: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
15 Standardize the Given Solution of
KMnO 4 and Calculate the Volume of
KMnO 4 Required for Preparing 1 dm 3 of
0.01M KMnO 4 Solution Volumetrically
16 Determine the Amount of Iron in the Given
Sample Volumetrically
17 Determine the Percentage Composition
Volumetrically of a Solution Mixture of
K 2 C 2 O 4 and K 2 SO
18 Determine the Solubility of Mohr’s Salt at
Room Temperature Volumetrically.
Calorimeter with stirrer,
thermometer, balance
Burette, pipette, funnel, conical
flask, beakers, iron stand, test
tube
Burette, pipette, funnel, conical
flask, beakers, iron stand, test
tube
Burette, pipette, funnel, conical
flask, beakers, iron stand, test
tube
Burette, pipette, funnel, conical
flask, beakers, iron stand, test
tube
1M NaOH, 1M HCI, distilled 40 x2
water
0.1M FeSO 4 solution 40 x 2
0.02MKMnO 4 solution dilute
H 2 SO 4 , distilled water.
0.05M FeSO 4 solution 0.01M 40 x2
KMnO 4 solution dilute
H 2 SO 4 , distilled water.
Solution mixture of 40 x2
K 2 C 2 O 4 and K 2 SO 4 0.01M
KMnO 4 solution, dilute
H 2 SO 4 , distilled water
0.05M Mohr’s salts solution, 40 x2
0.01M KMnO 4 solution,
dilute H 2 SO 4 distilled water
76
Class XII
EXP# OBJECTIVE EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER 13:S-AND P- BLOCK ELEMENTS
1 Prepare Potassium Xanthate Beakers, funnel, filter paper,
measuring cylinder, safety
goggles
2 .Detect the Following Cations: NH 4 + , Mg 2 + , Test tubes, test tube holder, test
Al 3+ , Cu 2 + , Zn 2 + , Ba 2 + , Pb 2 + , Detect the tube rack, delivery tube,
measuring clinder, match box,
following Anions: CO 3 2 − , NO 3 , NO 2 , wooden splint, Bunsen burner,
SO 4 2 , SO 3 2 , Cl − , Br − , I − , CrO 4 2 − safety goggles, glass rod, filter
Perform Tests for the following Gases: NH 3 , paper, litmus paper
CO 2 , CI 2 , H 2 , O 2 , SO 2
CHAPTER 14: D-F- BLOCK ELEMENTS
3 Prepare Nickel Dimethyl Glyoxime Test tubes, test tube holder, test
tube rack, measuring clinder,
Bunsen burner, safety goggles,
filter paper, funnel
CHAPTER 16: HYDROCARBONS
4 Prepare Ethylene from Ethylene Bromide Test tubes, test tube holder, test
tubes rack, delivery tube,
measuring cylinder, Bunsen
burner safety goggles
CHEMICALS DURATION
MIN
Potassium hydroxide, 40x 2
alcohol, carbon disulphide,
ether (for washing of
crystals), distilled water,
copper sulphate solution
Sodium hydroxide,
ammonium hydroxide, 40x2
dilute acids, barium, lead,
silver salt solutions, Al foil,
lime water and other
necessary chemical
solutions for the
identification of these ions
and gases
Dimethyl glyoxime solution, 40x2
nickel salt solution, distilled
water and NH 4 OH
Pieces of zinc metal, 40 x2
alcohol, ethylene bromide
77
 CHAPTER 17: ALKYL HALIDES AND AMINES
5 Prepare Azo dye from Amine Test tubes, test tube rack, test
tube holder, measuring cylinder,
balance, filter paper, funnel.
6 1. Identify the Amine Functional Group. Test tubes, test tube rack, test
tube holder, measuring cylinder,
balance, filter paper, funnel
CHAPTER 18: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
7 Prepare Iodoform. Test tubes, test tube holder, test
tube rack, Bunsen burner, safety
goggles
8 Identify the Phenol Function Group. Test tubes, test tube holder, test
tube rack, measuring cylinder,
safety goggles.
CHAPTER 19: CARBONYL COMPOUNDS I: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
9 Prepare Glucosazone. Beakers, test tubes, measuring
cylinder balance, Bunsen burner,
match box, funnel filter paper
10 identify the aldehyde and Ketone functional Beakers, test tubes, measuring
Group. cylinders, Bunsen burner, match
box, funnel, filter papers
Amine, phenol, 40 x2
hydrochloric acid, ice,
sodium nitrite, alcohol,
distilled water
Hinsberg test: 40 2
benzenesulfony chloride,
sodium hydroxide, HCl
Alcohol, sodium hydroxide, 40 x2
water, solution of iodine in
potassium iodide
Litmus solution, Ferric 40 2
Chloride solution
Glucose solution, 2,4 – 40 x 2
dinitrophenyl hydrazine
solution, distilled water
Fehling’s solution, Tollen’s 40 x2
reagent, Benedict solution
78
 CHAPTER 20: CARBONYL COMPOUNDS II CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND FUNCTIONAL
DERIVATIVES.
11 Prepare Benzannilide from Benzoic Acid. Beaker, test tubes, measuring Benzoic acid, phosphorous 40 x2
cylinders, Bunsen burner, match pentachloride, ice, alcohol,
box, funnel, filter paper. distilled water
12 Identify the Carboxylic Acid Functional Test tubes, beakers, balance, Dilute sodium hydroxide 40 x2
Group. measuring cylinders, funnel, filter saturated potassium
paper bicarbonate
CHAPTER 21: BIOCHEMISTRY
13 Detect glucose as reducing sugar in urine Test tubes, beaker conical flask, Benedict Reagent Fehling’s 40 x2
sample of diabetic patients pipette Solution.
14 Detect Protein Urea denaturation Test tubes, beaker conical flask, Urea, egg white 40 x2
pipette
15 Observe the digestion of starch with salivary Test tubes, beakers, conical flask Freshly prepared starch 40 x 2
amylase pipette, slides. solution, iodine solution
16 Determine the lodine number of an oil Test tubes, beakers, conical flask, iodine solution, oil 40 x 2
pipette, beakers

79