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  • A Course of Higher Mathematics Vol 1 - V

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    Zack Hausle
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    41 vizualizări278 pagini

    A Course of Higher Mathematics Vol 1 - V

    Încărcat de

    Zack Hausle

    Drepturi de autor:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 278
    ADIWES INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN MATHEMATICS ALJ. Lonwaren Consulting Editor A COURSE OF Higher Mathematics VOLUME I V. 1. SMIRNOV Translated by D. E. BROWN o ‘Translation edited and ‘additions made by I. N. SNEDDON Simion Pro in Mathomatice Uninaty of Cane PERGAMON PRE: 7 ‘PARIS: FRANKFURT ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. READING, MASSACHUSETTS PALO ALTO- LONDON, 1964 Cconyight © 1004 PERGAMON PRESS LTD. U.S.A. Baton ditibutad by ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. Rinding, Masachvate Pal dite ~ London CONTENTS: emoovees PERGAMON PRESS Intemational Serie Monnens in PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS Votune 57 “rary of Congres Catalag Card No, 610104 Pusrscas 10 Eionrn xp Seereesone Russias Formos [FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND THE THEORY OF LIMITS Vasialer 1. Magnitude and its mwagorement. 2. Namber. 3 Constants and ‘arition 4 Tntrval Ene soneopt of futon. 6 The analyte Ito! of roprecnting functional tlationthips. 7. Impl fan Tropes The tbr tnethod. 9. The grephial math of ropresent+ Ingrembers, 10 Coordinates. i. Grp, The nquation of «carve 12 Liner funtion 18 Inarant. The baat property of war finetion 14. Graph of nforn motion. 1, Kixpieal formule. 16. Parabela ofthe atond dogro 17 Paabola of tho third degree. 18 ‘The lw oflnverse proportionality 19, Power fationa. 20. Inver Tintion i. Besy-veued functions. 2. Exponontal and Toga ‘kun faneions i TrgonomnetieFetins. 24 Inver tegen. Inet, or etolar, fanetiona. “The theory f Unite Continaoes fenetiont 25, Ordove sible, 26 Infinite, 2. Te tf variable BE, asic theorne, 39 fetal large magnitude. 30. Monctonic ‘ovate, Bh Caney tat forthe existane of wnt. $2. Simul neous variation of fo vatiables,connested by » factional rls omhip. 28 Examples 34 Continaity of fantions. 85-'The pooper Urof continuous functions 36, Comparison of intniterinas and of lntitely lenge mogaitdes. 3%. Examples, 8. Tho nosnber 39. Unproved hypotiss, 49. Real number. Al Tho operations | tn ral numbers, 4. Te sect bounds ofwonoroa st Toots fo the existence of lini 43 Properios of continous functlons. Continuity of lauentary funetions Bemosss the Sistemi (fete) Rusinn Baton of "Wa. Simon bask ype auc aameaamac (Kure ve ona) blithe in 1867 by Fiona, Sowsow a DIFFERENTIATION. THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Desv Aierntale of the finn order 45. The conapt of derivative, 46, Genres significance of tho Aerivatve, 47 Derivatives of som spl fnetins 4, Driatives xi 1 as 86 9 etn stn tin #8: ott gt ss five pnp Te Tsay sant ara eee eaten, 20 Lng a oa Beh Seen oe a gee tee Deion at io em va Ya ry tn ta Srbewatic efi as Ma ince ote bi Din fs ty front say 8 Boat fig otoe te Faeate Maun yall tyne oe re uscicimes ema turpeuacesrtameaets Abeta et 0h dy of nes 1 ie Sr ni, 1s Ghat made. Se ‘tira pe net nd ney hans tan Sista" St eect tg eer om ta fea = Bie eet Feta ce etiam eee RC rata cho ne tee tees Fees Seeger ck Borie: lyf a" cman neo, tpn pe ae {crimp parti an tnt satetdiline nsec ems en ‘tions of function and of implicit functions. eee sam arcane fo raonmUt: RADON ‘Some geometrical applic of the differential enleulus aie 70, The differential of arc. T1. Concavity, convenity, and curva bat Da Aipomt ahcimma acest, ear pnitinin ri 16S curve. 75. Van der Waal’s equation. 76, Singular points of curves. with positive terms. Teste for convergence. 121, Cauchy's and Timmer Seagal i ay bt ems Saige eeietear came cameras hurt wie Acer wis a SRA aie acdmcng te as ear rent Srettas en 5 tgs tee nt pin “= Eamon 201} 136, Taylors formula. 19%. Different forme of Taylor’ formate 124. Taplor and Maclourin sin, 138. Expansion of 150. Expaa ton of sin and ones 291. Newton's Cinomial expacaon. 128, ouarrin it Bapeasion of lg (1) 198: Expansion of ee tan 184 Appro®- INTEGRATION, THEORY AND APPLICATIONS mate fla, 18 Masia rnin poln fio. 36, Basie problems of the integral elenes. Te indefinite integral 210 {6.Thecomeptofan ndings. 87. The definite intra he init of sum. 00 The rlation botwoen the definite and definite Intagrals 49. Psopartin indefinite intgrle 98-Tabloof sonar Intograla. 9, Invgration by parts 92. Hal for ehange of variables Bxarplen 99, Examples of diffecntal equations of te ie order Propectes of the definite Integral ‘94. Base propertie ofthe dtiivinogrl. 95-3can valu heer. 36. Existance af the priniives 9, Dincntinite ofthe integrand 98 Infinite liste 99. Change of variable fer dutnie integral 106. Tntogratian Uy poet, Exences ae (814, Farther remarhe om the theory of 151. Properin of absoltely convergent sori, 158, Muttipietion OF abwolstaty convergont vernn 199, Kummer tect. 140. Co's test 14. Hypergorstrie vera 14. Double ere. 14% Sela wth ‘erable ore, Uniformly convengon eres, 144 Uniformly conver [ent soquences of funtion aS, Propertin of ifr eonwergnt fequamcon, 246, Properties of uniformly convergent seen 147. ‘ste for uniferm convergen. 14 Power sora. Teadiue of con sergence. M9. AboPasooend theorem, 150, Dilferentition and toe tation of power” sere. [FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES 15, Devivatives and diferente 151 Basic concept 152. Posing to tit. 152, Pasta dorvatves td total diffrent of the fit oder 184 Kuler’ tore. 155 Paseal dvivtivor of higher erdor- 156. Disforertiale of higher frder, 8%, Hnplct functions 88. Example. 19%. Existence of ‘pli felons, 168. Curves in pace and mrfbocn 816. Taylor's formal, 161, Extension of Taplo’ formula to functions of severe inde pendent varlableg. 162. Neoemary conditions for maxima and ‘nia of fnetons 168-Iaveatigntion ofthe meson and iiina | of function of two indopendens variables, 168. Bxamples 168 ‘Adaiional saris on finding the maxima and minime ofa fe ‘on bt, The grntet a lea valor of fanotion 1. Calitional Inasini and saline, 168 Supplomentary snark, 169. Exarplo, Maxima sod minima of fanctions of (COMPLEX NUNBERS, THE FOUNDATIONS OF HIGHER AUCEBRA, INTEGRATION OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONS 517, Comples numbers 170. Complex sunbers 11. Addition and subtraction of complex ‘omber. 172. Multiplication of complex nvsbere. 173. Divison {oF complex numbers, 174 Raining to a fowee. 11. Extretion of tools 176. Beponental functions 172 Trigonametse and bypebolle functions, 116 Thecatenary-179-Comeriung-100 —b, nd any posit number, including oro, fe greater than any negative umber. ‘Allrationa and iertons numbers re arranged in a etain definite onder, acording to their magnitodes. All thee numbers form, the Sgurogate of rea nurs. ‘We shall note ne circumstance in connection with the represen: tation of ral numbers by decimal futions. We ean write an infinite decimal ection with nine rearing in place of ay glven nie decal fraction. For example: 3.16 — 3.1600... If faite dei factions ate not used, an accurate one-o-one correspondence is then obtained between real numbers and infinite decimal factions, ie. to every real number, except zoo, there corresponds a definite infinite decimal fraction and to every infinite decimal fraction there corresponds definite real number: Nogtive numters can te associated with cor: responding infinite decimal factions with the minus ign in front. ‘Tho four primary operations ean be cased out in the domain of ro numbers, exept division ly aor. The rot of edd degree of any given real number always bas one apeific value, The rot of even degree ofa postive number has two values, which ifr only in sign. Mhe Foot vax manos ou 6 in the domain even degre of egtire lnumber has no sang in the dma ae ea Terrien tory ofl number at the open ra ets vonnor n mal 7pe (0) ier exreing gen mage cle te arith carte he hen sae te gm, Te alt ae of eo scl by the ane ayof in thar words, Se age mre dnd he sm! 2} THs swe have: 4 if ina positive munnber, {et if a is a negative number. Il as um Jab ancasty bso tat he abate vaio of the a | aan ee the abe vals of he wrt [e+ [Pl sea sta ve So sam sgn: other He wl be es, 0 weihaves Jato] < ial 18 ‘the absolute value of the sum of the numbers (+3) nie “four, but the sum of the absolute values of the nd (—7) in equal to 4s oqual to ten ‘Similarly, it ean be shown that Ja—a]> lai 1b cn he aumption tat [4 > | paauane RE eo er of any mae on ent i tate vl ft acer 08h ab mt of tho absolute values of ral of w quotient is equal to the quotient of tho Tesi St denomintor, bo foe i ila anale| =f aucontants and yrs The mais state in athoatos Steines et ad ri A made stants whe “irnt yl ina grea value ina given investigation: Shoseamn or another, can eum FHT exit rom thse dfn nt he coats of costa vasa are ‘a matter of convention and depend on the cae ra is wieh the en penamenon ceed A maga “ rani - ‘hat may be considered as a constant under certain conditions, can be= come Yatlable under different conditions, and conversaly. Tor instance, itis important to know, when measuring the weights cof bodies, whother tho weighing operations ate cttied out at the same point ofthe earth's surface, or at different point: if the measurements fare made at the same peint, the accoleration due to geusity, on which the weight depends, wil romain constant, and differences in weight between different bodies will depend only on their masecs. On the other hand, ifthe measurements are mde at different points on the farth’s surface, tho accrleration duc to gravity cannot be looked on ‘as constant, since the centrifugal foree due to the rotation of the earth must be considered. As a result of this fuctor, the same {_ POiyjil wit ln af the equator than at te poi, an be oe served if « spring-bulanoe Is used, instead of lover-balance. Similarly, the logth of the rods vaed in the construction of some technieal devieo can be looked on ws invariable for the purposes of | touph calculation. Whon greator accuracy is needed, 0 that regard ls taken ofthe effect of temparature on the messuremtent, the length of f rod becomes variable, with the natural rsult that all calculations ecome more ooniplex, 4, Interval, Tho charactor of the change of a variable can be ex: | tromoly diverse. A variable can asst either all possible real values, } without limita (time f for example, caleuated from some definite | initial moment, can ‘assume all possible values, both positive and | nogutive), or its values are limited by certain inequalities (absolute temperatire 7°, for example, must be greater than —273°C}; or finally, a variable can assume only certain, and not all posible, types ‘of value (only integral, in tho case of the population Figure fora given | year or for the number of molecules in a given voluae of gos, ot only | commensurablo with a given unit and so on}. ‘Wo shall note somo of the most common ways in which vasiables 1 hang in theory’ and practice. If the varlable x can assume every real value permitted by the feondition a < 2

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