MODULE NAME: MARINE ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING MODULE CODE: 5071ENG MODULE EXAMINERS NAME: MIKE SHAW

NAME: ELLA DAVID INALEGWU STUDENT ID: 670432

ELECTRICAL GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ON CARGO SHIP:

INTRODUCTION
Electrical plant on board the ship comprises of power generation, distribution system and many power utilizing devices. Electricity supply on cargo ship is very important for the safety of the ship and machinery operation, and standby power plant is also important to supply the ship in an even of emergency. In this assay I will be explaining on how electricity will be generated and distributed on a Maersk cargos vessel operating at 6.6kv for 25,000tonnes dwt that is by large diesel driven generator.

POWER GENERATION
Power is generated on a cargo ship by the uses of prime mover and alternating current generator working together. This is base on the principle that current will induced in a conductor when magnetic field around a conductor varies. The generator comprise of the stator which is has a stationary set of conductors wound in cores on an iron core, and the rotor which is the rotating part. The turns inside the stator producing magnetic field, an EMF is generated as the field cuts across the conductor. An A.C generator has three coils in set (that is in phase winding) that is slot in the stator surrounding the rotating magnetic poles. It has three-phase winding as W-V U with colour code as Red, Yellow, Blue which are use on terminal and bus-bars. Each of the phases has 120degree EMF induces; the other two phases are out of phase with each other. From the three phase, one are joined together to form the neutral point of a star connection. The phases are connected to conductor called line. Electrical power is generated on cargo ship at 440v,60hz which is operated at a high voltage of 3.3kv,lighting and auxiliary service that are less power are step down from 440volts to be operated at 110v or 220volts in a single phase. International maritime organization regulation (SOLAS) requires at least two generators must be on board for ships main electrical system. Three to four generator are provided on the Maersk cargo ship, one of them will be driven

the propeller shaft so that when one of the generator fail the ship can still be sailing, one of the generator can be use for normal sea load (that is the normal shaft generator) and the second can be use for any unusual high loads, the third can be for the navigation aids, galley, communication etc and the fourth can be use as a standby should the main generator fails.

EMERGENCY GENERATOR
Emergency generator rating depends on the sizes of the ship. The output voltage of the emergency generator is the same as that of the main generators. That is 440volt, 60 Hz, 3-phase ac. But in a high voltage system is 6.6kv/440volt. The operation of emergency generator is at 440volts. An emergency generator is connected to emergency switchboard which is located in a compartment above the waterline. The main switchboard supplies the emergency switchboard by the uses of interconnector cable. Interlocks are in the circuit breaker to prevent parallel running of the emergency and main generator. The stating of the emergency generator is automatic.

POWER DISTRIBUTION
Distribution system is the process by which power generated by the generator is delivered to the various motors, galley services, navigation aids, lighting and so on, which are made up of ship electrical load.

Figure 1.1

Reference
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/marine-engines-machinery/121954-modern-electricalpropulsion-system-for-lng-tankers/#imgn_2

The figure 1.1 shows high voltage and low voltage distribution system, each load is supply at its rated voltage through the right size of the cable which is protected by the right device systems. Electrical distribution on board the ship follows shore supply practices. The cargo ships have 3-phase ac, (that is threewire), 440volts insulated neutral system. Cargo ship have generator s operating at high voltage of 6.6kv connect in star and earthed to the ships hull. The operating frequency is 60 Hz which means that the generator will run at high speed.

MAIN BUS BAR

On cargo ship Maersk cargo ship electrical supply is 440volts and 60 Hertz at 6.6kv. The main bus bar is found inside the main switchboard into the ship. Two or more generator is connected to the bus bar and also to the circuit breaker to protect the generator if there is any fault. The main switchboard has measuring instrument like ammeter, voltmeter, frequency meter, power factor meter, wattmeter and synchroscope that monitored the power supply. There are safety devices fitted on switchboard to protect it. These are the circuit breaker (is a device that that trips off during overloading), fuses(which protect the circuit against short circuit, if the current exceed the normal current the fuse will melts and isolates the system) and over current relay for protection of high current.

The generator is located in the engine room and it supplies the main switchboard, the distribution system is of two sections, the load side and the feeder side. The load side are the auxiliary machineries and the feeder is the generator. The load comprises of the essential and non-essential services. The essential service are the service that affect the safety of the personnel on board the ship, this are the radars communication equipment, steering gears, motors and navigation light. They got their supply from the main switchboard through sectional boards or distribution boards. Non-essential services are the compressors, fan, and air conditioning, this service does not affect the safety of the ship and personnel. The devices which consume less power like lightening system, galley, socket for accommodation, the operating voltage will be step down from the transformer to 220volts to them.

A Typical Block diagram of Essential and Non-essential services

Figure 2.2

Reference:
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/marine-engines-machinery/93979marine-electrical-power-distribution/#imgn_3

DISTRIBUTION BOARD
Shipboard machinery is not connected to the main switchboard directly. There are some other devices like smaller motor that consume less power, this will be group together and power will be supply to the individual motor using single cable from the main switch board. The distribution board has a small bus-bar to supply the motors. The supply is provided for the various starters of the motor through the circuit breaker.
A Typical diagram for the distribution board
Ship's Generator Emergency/Auxiliary Standby Generator Shore Power Connections

| | | |

|
Switch Boards

|
Shore Power Switch Boards

|
Ship's Main Switch Boards

________

| | |

|
Control/Load Centers

______

Distribution Panels

______

Breaker/Fuse Panel

|
Equipment

|
Equipment

|
Equipment, Lighting, etc.

Figure 3

Reference:
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/shipyard/standard/electrical/index_el.htm l#Electrical Circuits and Distribution Boards

EMERGENCY SWITCH BOARD

In Maersk cargo ship, Emergency switch board is found in the upper most continuous deck or above load water line and it supplies the essential service like fire flooding during an emergency. The main switch board supplies emergency switchboard. When the main generator fails, the emergency generator will start automatically as the switch board losses its power and the emergency generator will supply the ship board axillaries. Diagram for the Emergency switch Board

Figure 3.1

EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY

Emergency power plant on board the ship must be provided so that when the main generator fails the ship can still be sailing. The emergency generator supplies watertight doors communications, alarms, emergency lighting and other services so as to permit safe evaluation of the ship and to maintain the safety of the ship in an event of main generator failure. Regulation demands that emergency power supply either generator or battery must be self-dependent and not depend on any sources of power in the engine room. Emergency generator must have its separate fuel tank and have its own internal combustion engine as a prime mover. Emergency power must start immediately the main generator fails. Emergency generator must be ready and tested at all time to ensure it can operate correctly.

CONCLUSION
Electrical power is generated according to the size of the ship and the voltage consume by the electrical appliances on board the ship. In these cargo vessel power is generated at 6.6kv for size of 25000 tonnes is maintain by constant voltage and power supply through the respective generation protection that will monitor the current and voltage variation. In this vessel, three main generators and one emergency are provided to ensure the safety of the ship machinery operation. Electrical generation and distribution on cargo ship takes place in an engine room. From figure1.1 the power generated passes through the distribution board which distributes electricity power to various units like accommodation, galley, and communication and so on. And from the diagram each of the electrical components is vital in distributing and supply of the electricity where the demand is high or low accordingly. REFERENCE Dennis T. HALL (1999) practical marine 1 85609 1821 electrical knowledge Second http://www.dieselduck.net/machine/03%20electricity/electrical_sys.ht m http://www.brighthubengineering.com/marine-enginesmachinery/93979-marine-electrical-power-distribution/

 http://www.marineinsight.com/tech/marine-electrical/how-is-powergenerated-and-supplied-on-a-ship/ http://www.marineinsight.com/tech/marine-electrical/what-are-themain-safety-devices-for-main-switch-board-on-ship/ http://www.scribd.com/doc/110781065/Internship-Report-onPower-Generation-Utilization-and-Communication-System-ofMarine-Vessel D.A Taylor(1996) Introduction to Marine Engineering Reverse second edition Reed Educational and professional publishing 0 7506 2530 9