CAPITOLUL 3 TRATAREA APELOR INDUSTRIALE 3.1.

CARACTERISTICILE CALITATIVE I CANTITATIVE ALE APELOR UZATE INDUSTRIAL Stabilirea originii i a ara teri!ti ilor alitati"e ale a#elor $%ate ne e!it& $noaterea #ro e!$l$i te'nologi in($!trial #entr$ o #roie tare )$(i ioa!& a !ta*iilor (e e#$rare. De i e!te ne e!ar& $noaterea originii #rin i#alilor a+l$en*i i ara teri!ti ilor lor #rin i#ale #entr$ (e+inirea ,o($l$i (e e#$rare. Re($ erea (ebitelor (e a#& $%at& ne e!it& $tili%area $nor te'nologii noi. Prin i#alele !$b!tan*e no i"e ale a#elor $%ate in($!triale !$nt substanele organice -e.#ri,ate #rin C/O012 substanele n suspensie, substanele toxice i metalele grele. Re $#erarea !$b!tan*elor "aloroa!e (in a#ele $%ate are a ! o# "alori+i area a e!tora i re($ erea !$b!tan*elor no i"e e"a $ate. E.i!t& a#e $%ate in($!triale i a#e $%ate or&eneti. C3n( a e!tea a$ (ebite ,i i2 !e re o,an(& e#$rarea lor 4n o,$n2 (ar a ea!t& !ol$*ie treb$ie bine +$n(a,entat&. Dar e.i!t& a%$ri 3n( #entr$ a#ele $%ate in($!triale !$nt ne e!are ,ateriale !#e i+i e i ! $,#e. De e.e,#l$ a#ele $%ate in($!triale #ot on*ine !$b!tan*e organi e -e.#ri,at& #rin C/O 01. Ori 4n &r area organi & a a#elor la !ta*iile (e e#$rare #oate #ro"o a (eran)a,ente 4n +$n *ionarea a e!tora2 (eoare e o.igen$l e!te ne e!ar #ro e!elor aerobe2 re!#e ti" ba teriilor aerobe2 are o.i(ea%& !$b!tan*a organi &. S$b!tan*ele 4n !$!#en!ie #l$titoare -*i*ei2 $lei$ri1 4,#ie(i & ab!orb*ia (e o.igen #e la !$#ra+a*a a#ei i (e i a$toe#$rarea2 ol,atea%& +iltrele #entr$ tratarea a#ei. S$b!tan*ele 4n !$!#en!ie are !e (e#$n #e +$n($l re e#tor$l$i -a ba%in$l$i (e a $,$lare1 4ngre$nea%& tratarea a#ei. A i%ii i al alii on($ la (i!tr$gerea +a$nei i +lorei a "ati e2 a "a!elor #entr$ na"iga*ie. Srurile anorganice on($ la ,&rirea !alinit&*ii a#ei i2 $neori2 #ot #ro"o a reterea ($rit&*ii2 are #ro($ (e#$neri #e on($ te ,&rin($5le r$go%itatea i ,i or3n( (in a#a itatea (e tran!#ort2 (e tran!+er a &l($rii la boilere. Ca (e e.e,#l$ !$l+at$l (e ,agne%i$2 bi arbona*ii i arbona*ii !ol$bili. Metalele grele -Pb2 C$2 Zn2 Cr et .1 a$ o a *i$ne to.i & a!$#ra organi!,elor a "ati e2 in'ib3n( i #ro e!ele (e e#$rare -a$to12 C/O0 i CCO2 !&r$rile (e a%ot i +o!+or -n$trien*i1 #ro($ (e%"oltarea ra#i(& a algelor. Dar 4n $lti,ii ani #ro e!ele te'nologi e in($!triale +olo!e! !$b!tan*e to.i e noi -+ito+ar,a e$ti e2 nitro lorben%en2 et .1 are !e (eter,in& gre$. Substanele radioactive 4n a#a re e#torilor !$nt !tabilite #rin legi. Culoarea a#ei 4,#ie(i & ab!orb*ia o.igen$l$i i +eno,en$l (e +oto!inte%& 4n a$toe#$rare. Bacteriile (in a#ele $%ate #ot +i #atogene -ba il$! antra i!1 i #ro($ in+e tarea re e#torilor. Se (eo!ebe! trei ategorii (e a#e6 I. #entr$ ali,entarea #otabil& II. #entr$ arbori!ti & i #i! i $lt$r& III. #entr$ iriga*ii 7n a e!te a#e !e i,#$n on entra*ii (i+erite ,a.i,e -,g8l12 #entr$ a,oni$ -N9 :12 a,onia -N9312 a%ota*i -NO312 a%oti*i -NO;12 CO;2 Ca2 ian$ri -CN12 lor liber -Cl;12 lor$ri -Cl12 ioni (e 'i(rogen -#912 ro, tri"alent -Cr12 ro, 'e.a"alent -Cr12 C$2 (etergen*i anioni i2 +enoli2 'i(rogen !$l+$rat -9;S12 9g2 O;2 Pb2 !o(i$ -Na12 !$l+a*i -SO:12 Zn2 ba ili. Pentru substanele organice se definete consumul bioc imic de oxigen !CB" #$, mg%l i consumul c imic de oxigen !CC"$, mg%l, ultimul prin metoda cu permanganat de potasiu !CC"& Mn$ sau bicromat de potasiu !CC"&Cr$. E+i ien*a2 gra($l (e e#$rare al a#elor $%ate2 !e al $lea%& $ rela*ia6 < --=5,18=1>1??

$n(e = e!te on entra*ia ini*ial& a !$b!tan*ei i , ($#& e#$rare. De obi ei2 e+i ien*a !e al $lea%& #entr$ !$b!tan*ele 4n !$!#en!ie2 !$b!tan*ele organi e -e.#ri,ate 4n C/O012 o.igen O;2 #9 i !$b!tan*e to.i e. Deoare e i,#$rit&*ile in($!triale !e re+er& la 4n &r area organi &2 (e+init& #e ba%& (e C/O 0 -l$3n($5l #e lo $itor i #e %i1 i la !$!#en!ii2 este necesar un indicator care s reuneasc aceste date. 'stfel este folosit indicatorul (locuitori ec ivaleni), care definete unele caracteristici principale de poluare, n ca*ul de fa CB" # i suspensii2 (a & !e +olo!e! 2 bine4n*ele!2 a eleai $nit&*i (e ,&!$r&. Deoare e a#ele re%i($ale a$ (ebite (i+erite i on entra*ii aleatoare 4n ti,#2 4naintea !ta*iilor (e e#$rare e!te ne e!ar& egali%area a#elor $%ate2 eea e !e reali%ea%& $ ba*ine de uniformi*are, a,#la!ate 4n a,onte la !ta*ia (e e#$rare2 (ar ($#& !ta*iile (e #ree#$rare2 (e!tinate 4n(e#&rt&rii i,#$rit&*ilor in!ol$bile gro!iere !a$ grele - $ gr&tare2 !ite2 (e%ni!i#itoare1. 7n ba%inele (e $ni+or,i%are treb$ie ,en*in$te on(i*ii aerobe i2 #entr$ a e"ita (e#$nerea (e !e(i,ente treb$ie !& !e a!ig$re !i!te,e (e a,e!te are i aerare2 (e reg$l& ?.?05?.?@ ,38' #entr$ 1,3 "ol$, (e !to are. 3.1.1. Pro e!e $nitare #entr$ e#$rarea a#elor $%ate in($!triale A. Pro e!e +i%i e Pro e!ele +i%i e (e e#$rare !$nt a elea 4n are !$b!tan*ele #ol$ante n$ !$+er& tran!+or,&ri 4n alte !$b!tan*e2 a"3n( la ba%& #rin i#iile6 a1 !e#ararea gra"ita*ional& a #arti $lelor gro!iere2 ne(i%ol"ate 4n a#&2 !$b in+l$en*a 3,#$l$i gra"ita*ional al P&,3nt$l$i2 #rin !e(i,entare2 #rin +lota*ie !a$ #rin entri+$gare. E!te #o!ibil +eno,en$l (e aglo,erare -+lo onare12 +lo oanele a"3n( ,a!e ,ai ,ari i are !e(i,entea%& ,ai re#e(e. Ca e.e,#l$ !e #re%int& +ig. 3.12 $n (e antor2 are #oate +i $ $rgere a a#ei "erti al& i ori%ontal&. Eli,inarea n&,ol$l$i (in (e antor !e #oate +a e ,an$al i inter,itent. D$#& +or,&2 (e antoarele #ot +i ir $lare i re tang$lare. E"a $area a#ei li,#e%ite !e +a e #rin (e"er!oare.

Aig 3.1 b1 +lota*ia e!te $n #ro e! $nitar (e !e#arare (in a#&2 !$b a *i$nea 3,#$l$i gra"ita*ional tere!tr$2 a #arti $lelor $ (en!itate ,e(ie ,ai ,i & (e 3t a a#ei. Alota*ia #oate +i nat$ral& !a$ $ aer intro($! 4n a#& !$b +or,& (e b$le +ine #rin (i+$%oare #oroa!e. S o#$l +lota*iei e!te (e a +or,a o !#$,& !tabil& are !& 4n or#ore%e #arti $lele in!ol$bile. Alota*ia !e #oate +a e !e #oate +a e 4n ba%ine ir $lare !a$ (re#t$ng'i$lare. 7n +ig. 3.; !e #re%int& ! 'e,a $nei in!tala*ii (e +lota*ie $ aer !$b #re!i$ne.

Aig. 3.; 1 +iltrarea on!t& 4n tre erea a#ei #rintr5$n ,e(i$ #oro! 4n are are lo re*inerea #rin +eno,ene #re(o,inant +i%i e. Ailtrarea e!te $n #ro e! (e !itare $ a)$tor$l $nei *e!&t$ri +ine !a$ 4,#3!lit$ri. (1 re*inerea #e gr&tare i !ite a i,#$rit&*ilor gro!iere - rengi2 +ire et 1 #e gr&tare i a elor ,ai ,i i #e !ite. Vite%a a#ei la 4ntrarea 4n gr&tare e!te (e a. ?.3 ,8! #entr$ a e"ita (e#$nerile #e gr&tar (ar n$ ,ai ,are (e a. 1 ,8! #entr$ a n$ 4n*e#eni or#$rile gro!iere 4ntre bare. Sitele !er"e! #entr$ re*inerea i,#$rit&*ilor ne(i%ol"ate (e (i,en!i$ni ,ai ,i i i !$nt reali%ate (in table ,etali e !a$ (in #l& i (e ,aterial #la!ti #er+orat. Sitele #ot +i !tati e i ,obile - i$r$ri $ ,i are (e "ibra*ie !a$ giratoare1. 7n(e#&rtarea ,aterialelor (in !ite !e +a e $ #erii2 #rin !i,#la al$ne are -+ig. 3.31 $n(e !e #re%int& o !it& +or,at& (in bare tri$ng'i$lare. Sitele +ine (in *e!&t$ri (in +ire ,etali e !a$ +ire (in ,ateriale #la!ti e !e +olo!e! #entr$ !$!#en!ii (e #arti $le +ine.

Aig. 3.3

e1 e#$rarea 4n +iltre gran$lare i +iltre $ #re!trat. =aterial$l gran$lar +olo!it a $,#l$t$r& +iltrant& e!te ni!i#$l $ar*o!. Se ,ai +olo!e! +iltre $ ,ai ,$lte !trat$ri (e ,ateriale gran$lare2 $ (en!it&*i (i+erite -(e e.. (in antra it2 ni!i# $ar*o!2 granat1 are #ot +i !#&late2 gran$lele aran)3n($5 !e $ (ia,etr$l (e! re! 3n( 4n !en!$l (e $rgere.

+1 e#$rarea #rin ,e,brane. =e,brana e!te o barier& #entr$ !#e iile ,ole $lare !a$ ioni e #re%ente 4n $rent$l (e a#& are o !tr&bate. Ca ,ateriale #entr$ ,e,brane !e +olo!e! a etat$l (e el$lo%&2 ,ateriale #oli,eri e !tabile 4n ti,# -#olia,i(e2 #oli!$+lone2 et .1. Pro e!$l (e e#$rare $ ,e,brane !e n$,ete osmo*2 are #oate +i (ire t& !a$ in"er!&2 4n +$n *ie (e (ire *ia a#ei (e la o !ol$*ie (il$at& la $na on entrat& !a$ in"er!. Pot e.i!ta ,ai ,$lte ti#$ri (e ,o($le (e o!,o%&2 a (e e.e,#l$ t$b$lare2 +ig. 3.:. Alte ,eto(e (e e#$rare #rin ,e,brane !$nt6 - ultrafiltrarea 5 !e +olo!e! ,ai ,$lte ,e,brane $ #er,eabilitate !ele ti"& #entr$ an$,i*i o,#onen*i. - electrodiali*a 5 +olo!ete ,e,brane $ #er,eabilitate !ele ti"& la anioni2 re!#e ti" ationi2 (e#la!area a e!tora +& 3n($5!e !$b in+l$en*a $n$i 3,# ele tri 2 a la ele troli%&.

Aig.3.: g1 tran!+er$l 4ntre +a%e !e ba%ea%& #e tre erea #ol$an*ilor 4ntr5o alt& +a%&2 ne,i! ibil& $ a#a2 are #oate +i li 'i(&2 !oli(& !a$ ga%oa!&. A!t+el e.i!t& extracia lic id&lic id -!e +olo!ete $n !ol"ent 4n are #ol$ant$l e!te ,$lt ,ai !ol$bil (e 3t 4n a#&2 a#oi2 ($#& agitare2 are lo #ro e!$l (e !e(i,entare2 3n( !e +or,ea%& (o$& !trat$ri6 a#a e.tra!& i e.tra t$l12 e.tra *ia lic id&ga* -4n lo (e !ol"ent !e +olo!ete aer2 ga%e (e ar(ere1. De e.e,#l$2 la "alori ,i i (e #9 e!te #o!ibil& 4n(e#&rtarea 'i(rogen$l$i !$l+$rat6 S;5 B ;9B 9;S -'i(rogen !$l+$rat ,ole $lar !$l+$ra !ol$bil& ,ai gre$ !ol$bil 4n a#&1 4n a#& iar la "alori ri(i ate ale #95$l$i a a,onia $l$i i2 4n general2 a ba%elor !labe "olatile6 N9:B B O95 N93 B 9;O -a,onia ,ole $lar ioni (e a,oni$ gre$ !ol$bil 4n a#&1 !ol$bili 4n a#&

'1 (i!tilarea !e +a e #rin e#$rarea a#elor $%ate #rin tre erea a#ei 4n +a%& (e "a#ori2 #rin 4n &l%ire2 $r,at& (e on(en!area "a#orilor2 (eoare e i,#$rit&*ile a$ o "olatilitate ,ai re($!& a a#&. i1 4ng'e*area on!t& 4n tre erea a#ei 4n +a%& !oli(& !$b +or,& (e ri!tale (e g'ea*&2 are !e !e#ar& (e !ol$*ia re%i($al& 4,bog&*it& 4n i,#$rit&*i. )1 !#$,area e!te $n #ro e! (e !e#arare (in a#& a $nor i,#$rit&*i organi e (i%ol"ate2 (atorit& a(&$g&rii $nor agen*i (e !#$,are i #rin barbotarea a#ei $ aer !$b +or,& (e b$le +ine. C1 ab!orb*ia are la ba%& +eno,en$l (e re*inere #e !$#ra+a*a $n$i or# a ,ole $lelor $nei !$b!tan*e (i%ol"ate 4n a#& -+ig. 3.01. =aterial$l2 li 'i( !a$ !oli(2 #e are are lo re*inerea !e n$,ete absorbant2 iar !$b!tan*a re*in$t& absorbat. Ca ab!orban*i !e +olo!e! ,ateriale !oli(e $ !$#ra+a*& !#e i+i & ,are2 &rb$nele a ti"2 en$a +in&2 et . Cele ,ai $tili%ate in!tala*ii (e e#$rare #rin ab!orb*ie !$nt (e ti# (ina,i 2 $ #&t$ri +i.e (e &rb$ne a ti". Treb$ie e"itat& ol,atarea $ #arti $le 4n !$!#en!ie. C&rb$nele a ti" #oate re*ine o ,a!& (e !$b!tan*e organi e (e #3n& la 0D (in gre$tatea !a. Regenerarea !e +a e #e ale ter,i &2 la ir a E??oC 4n at,o!+er& ontrolat&.

Aig.3.0 /. Pro e!e 'i,i e Prin #ro e!ele 'i,i e (e e#$rare2 #ol$an*ii !$nt tran!+or,a*i 4n alte !$b!tan*e ,ai $or (e !e#arat2 #re i#itate in!ol$bile2 ga%e2 are #ot +i !ti#ale2 are a$ o a ti"itate no i"& ,ai re($!& !a$ !$nt ,ai !$! e#tibile (e a +i 4n(e#&rtate. a1 ne$trali%area e!te $n #ro e! #rin are #95$l $nei !ol$*ii $%ate e!te reglat #rin a(ao! (e a i%i !a$ ba%e. +eutrali*area apelor acide !e +a e $ !$b!tan*e $ ara ter ba%i -o.i%i2 'i(ro.i%i2 arbona*i1. Ne$trali%an*ii are !$nt $tili%a*i !$nt6 #iatra (e "ar - arbonat (e al i$12 (olo,ita - arbonat (e al i$ i ,agne%i$12 "ar$l -o.i( (e al i$1 !$b +or,& (e 'i(ro.i( (e al i$ -la#te (e "ar !a$ "ar !tin! #ra+1. +eutrali*area apelor alcaline !e +a e $ a i%i re%i($ali2 $ ga%ele (e ar(ere bogate 4n CO; -1:D1 et . Deoare e in+l$en*ii a$ (ebite "ariabile 4n ti,#2 e!te ne e!ar& o b$ l& (e reglare a #92 ,&rin( (ebit$l (e agent ne$trali%ant2 +ig. 3.F.

Aig.3.F b1 o.i(area i re($ erea Scopul oxidrii e!te (e a on"erti o,#$ii 'i,i i ne(ori*i 4n al*ii ,ai #$*in no i"i. Ca o.i(an*i !e #ot +olo!i6 o.igen$l2 o%on$l2 #er,angana*i2 a#& o.igenat&2 lor$l i bio.i($l (e lor. Ca e.e,#l$ !e (& (i!tr$gerea ian$rilor $ lor #3n& la +or,area (e iana*i !a$ a%ot ,ole $lar6 CN5 B OCl CNO B Cl5 ; CNO B 3 OCl N; B ;9CO35 B 3Cl5 ,educerea on!t& 4n tran!+or,area $nor #ol$an*i $ ara ter o.i(ant 4n !$b!tan*e ino+en!i"e are #ot +i $or e#$rate. Ca e.e,#l$ !e (& re($ erea ro,$l$i 'e.a"alent la ro, tri"alent2 4n "e(erea #re i#it&rii a e!t$ia a 'i(ro.i(6 Cr;O@;5 B F Ae SO: B @ 9;SO: Cr;-SO:13 B 3 Ae;-SO:13 B @ 9;O B SO:;5 Ca agen*i re($ &tori !e +olo!e! !&r$rile +ier$l$i tri"alent2 !$l+a*i2 a i($l !$l+$ro!. 1 #re i#itarea e!te $n #ro e! (e e#$rare ba%at #e tran!+or,area #ol$an*ilor (in a#ele re%i($ale 4n #ro($i in!ol$bili. Ca e.e,#l$ !e (& 4n(e#&rtarea +l$or$l$i (in a#& #rin intro($ erea (e ioni (e al i$6 ; A5 B Ca; CaA; 5 #re i#itat (1 oag$larea i +lo $larea - 4n(e#&rtarea $nor #arti $le #rin !e(i,entare - oag$lare1 i (e!tabili%area #rin ab!orb*ia $nor ,ole $le ,ari (e #oli,eri are +or,ea%& #$n*i (e leg&t$r& 4ntre #arti $le -+lo $lare1. Se +olo!e! #entr$ #arti $le oloi(ale. 7n a e!t ! o# !e +olo!e! #oli,eri organi i !inteti i !a$ anorgani i. e1 ! 'i,b$l ioni S 'i,b&torii (e ioni !e $tili%ea%& ,ai ale! #entr$ (e($ri%area a#elor2 +olo!in( ationa*i 4n +or,a !o(i$ -Na12 iar regenerarea lor !e +a e $ lor$r& (e !o(i$6 ; ZNa B Ca;B Z; Ca B ; NaB Aolo!irea ! 'i,b&torilor (e ioni e!te o !ol$*ie ,ai ! $,#&.

C. Pro e!e biologi e S$b!tan*ele organi e #ot +i 4n(e#&rtate (in a#& (e &tre ,i roorgani!,e are le $tili%ea%& a 'ran&2 re!#e ti" !$r!& (e arbon. Rea *iile en%i,ati e a$ (o$& +a%e6 -11 ,ole $lele (e en%i,& i (e !$b!tan*& $tili%at& a 'ran& -!$b!trat1 +or,ea%& o,#le i -;1 o,#le ii !e (e! o,#$n eliber3n( #ro($!$l (e rea *ie i en%i,a En%i,a B S$b!trat -En%i,a !$b!trat1 G; -En%i,& !$b!trat1 En%i,& B Pro($! rea *ie E#$rarea biologi & aerob& !e reali%ea%& 4n on!tr$ *ii 4n are bio,a!a e!te !$!#en(at& 4n a#& !$b +or,& (e agregate (e ,i roorgani!,e -+lo oane12 !i!te,ele +iin( a#ro"i%ionate $ o.igen. E#$rarea biologi & anaerob& a a#elor $%ate !e reali%ea%& 4n in inte 4n 'i!e -ba%ine (e +er,entare1 +erite (e a e!$l o.igen$l$i are in'ib& a ti"itatea ,i roorgani!,elor anaerobe. Prin (e! o,#$nerea #ol$an*ilor organi i !e ob*in ga%e (e +er,entare o,b$!tibile2 (atorit& on*in$t$l$i ri(i at (e ,etan. D. De%in+e *ia De%in+e *ia e!te ne e!ar& 4n a%$l a#elor $%ate are on*in ,i roorgani!,e. Da & !terili%area #re!$#$ne (i!tr$gerea t$t$ror ,i roorgani!,elor2 #rin (e%in+e *ie n$ !e (i!tr$g toate. De%in+e tant$l #&tr$n(e #rin #eretele el$lar i (enat$rea%& ,ateriile #rotei e (in #roto#la!,&2 in l$!i" en%i,ele. Un (e%in+e tant #entr$ a#& e!te lor$l a ti" are a *ionea%& !$b +or,& (e ion (e 'i#o lorit2 $ e+e te #ron$n*ate la "alori ,i i ale #9. Dintre ,eto(ele +i%i e (e (e%in+e *ie2 ele ,ai $tili%ate !$nt ,eto(a ter,i & i ira(ierea $ ra(ia*ii (e energie ri(i at&. 3.;. PRO/LE=E PRIVIND =ODELAREA PROCESELOR PENTRU TRATAREA APELOR @.1. Proble,a on!$,$l$i (e o.igen -/iologi al O.Hgen De,an( 1 !i re!$r!ele !ale a1 =ateria organi & (e"er!at& 4n !i!te,$l a "ati e!te ata at& (e ba terii i (e! o,#$!& 4n !$b!tan*e ,ai !i,#le2 +olo!in( o.igen. De e.e,#l$ gl$ o%a are /OD (e 11?,g8l2 4n on or(an*& $ rea *ia6 CF91;OF B FO; 555I FCO; B F9;O A ea!ta o.i(are e!te ter,inat& o,#let 4n ,ai #$*in (e 0 %ile. Pentr$ a,e!te $l (e o,#$i organi i rea *ia "a +i6 el$le CO9N B O; 555I CO; B 9;O B N93 B el$le a(i & #rin rea *ie -;1 !e reea%& o no$& !$b!tan*& ba terial&2 are n$ !e (egra(ea%& 4n 0 %ile. Re%i($$rile (o,e!ti e re#re%int& o 'ran& bine e 'ilibrat& #entr$ ,i roorgani!,e2 #re $, tabel$l -,g8l1 /OD0 N5total P5total 10?53?? ;05:0 F51;

b1 =o(elele ,e ani e 4nl&t$r& ,ateria 4n $n$l !a$ ,ai ,$lte tre#te2 +olo!in( gr&tare2 a,ere $ ni!i#2 !e(i,entare2 +iltrare2 +lotare. Ca e.e,#le2 4n +ig. 3.@.a2b !e (a$ (o$a ti#$ri (e "a!e (e !e(i,entare2 #ri,$l #entr$ (ebite ,i i2 al (oilea #entr$ (ebite ,ari.
@

Aig.3.@ 1 Pro e!ele (e tratare biologi & !e ba%ea%& #e $tili%area $nor organi!,e2 are a$ #ro#riet&*i !#e i+i e6 #ot ne e!ita energie ra(iant& #entr$ retere2 ne e!it& o,#$i organi i a n$trien*i2 +olo!e! (onori -ele troni1 anorgani i -(e e.. ga% 'i(rogen12 ne e!ita o.igen ,ole $lar #entr$ retere - a o.i(ant12 ne e!ita !a$ n$ o.igen (in aer. Cele ,ai ,$lte !i!te,e biologi e (e tratare a re%i($$rilor organi e (e#in( (e organi!,e 'eterotro+i e2 are +olo!e! arbon$l a !$r!a lor (e energie. E.i!t& trei la!e (e ,etaboli!, $ rea *ii (e o.i(are6 +er,entare2 re!#ira*ie aerobi & - $ o.igen ,ole $lar1 i re!#ira*ie anaerobi & -+&r& o.igen1. A e!te rea *ii !e (e! ri$ #rin #ro e!e. =aterie organi & B O; B N93 B el$le 555I CO; B 9;O B noi el$le Nitri+i area are ; #ai6 -11 a,onia $l e!te o.i(at 4n nitritJ -;1 nitrit$l e!te o.i(at 4n nitra*i ;N9B: B 3O; 555I ;NO5; B ;9;O B :9B ;NO5; B O; 555I ;NO3 O#era*ia (e (enitri+i are e!te6 ;NO5; B 9;O 555I N; B ;O95 B 0O Nitrat$l !e #oate +olo!i a o !$r!& (e o.igen #entr$ #ro e!ele (e (e! o,#$nere biologi &. (1 Si!te,e (e tratare ,e ani o5biologi e2 !$nt +oarte $tili%ate #entr$ re($ erea /OD0 4n a#e ,$ni i#ale. 7n!& o,bina*ii (e ,eto(e +i%i e2 'i,i e i iriga*ii !$nt +olo!ite i #entr$ a#e in($!triale. Co,#ar3n(2 ,eto(ele 'i,i o5+i%i e n$ !$nt !en!ibile la o $ri (e !ar in& i la #re%en*a $nor o,#onente to.i e2 ele ne e!it& $n !#a*i$ ,ai ,i 2 ele #er,it re $#erarea (e gr&!i,i2 (e #roteine (in in($!tria ali,entar&2 (ar a$ $n o!t (e in"e!ti*ie ,ai ,are. Cele ,ai $tili%ate ,eto(e +i%i o5 'i,i e (e re($ ere a /OD !$nt6 #re i#ita*ie 'i,i &2 ! 'i,b ioni 2 a(!orb*ia i o!,o%a re"er!ibil& -$lti,a +iin( ! $,#&1. 7n +ig.. 3.K. !e (& $n e.e,#l$ (e o,binare a ,eto(elor #re i#it&rii 'i,i e i a ! 'i,b$l$i (e ioni #entr$ tratare a#elor $%ate (in in($!tria ali,entar&2 (e e.e,#l$ $n abator. Co,#arati" !e (a$ (atele 4n (i+erite +a%e 4n ,g8l6 =aterie #ri,& 10?? D$#& biologi :?? +iltr$ D$#& #re i#itare D$#& ! 'i,b 'i,i & $ gl$ o%& ioni F?? 0?

/DO0

G=nO: N total N935N NO35N P

E0? 1:? ;? : :0

30? :; 10 0 3K

:F? K0 1K : 3E

F? 10 ; 1 1.0

Pentr$ a#ele $%ate (in in($!tria ali,entar& !e #ot +olo!i irig&ri (e !$#ra+e*e agri ole2 (ar treb$ie a or(at& aten*ie a(3n i,ii !ol$l$i #3n& la a#e +reati e -!& +ie ,are12 on*in$t$l$i ini*ial al a#ei 4n ra#ort $ +or,a teren$l$i -4n #ant& !e ob!orb ,ai #$*ine !$b!tan*e1 i nat$rii !ol$l$i -!ol$l ni!i#o! e!te ,ai +iltrant2 el leio! n$1.

Aig.3.K.

3.;.;. Re $#erarea n$trien*ilor S$r!ele (e n$trien*i 4n a#e !$nt (ate 4n tabel -,g8,;>an1 P&,3nt P&($re P&($reB#&$ni Arii $lt$ri agri ole 7n a#a (e #loaie -,g8l1 Ao!+or Igneo$! :.@ 1?.; ;; 5 1?? ?.?@ Se(i,entar 11.@ ;3.3 A%ot Igneo$! Se(i,entar ;?? 3:? :?? F?? 0?? 5 1;?? 1?

Ao!+or$l #oate +i re $#erat #rin #re i#itare 'i,i & !a$ ! 'i,b (e ioni2 iar a%ot$l #rin nitri+i are i (enitri+i are2 ! 'i,b (e ioni i a,bele ele,ente #rin alge 4n 'eletee. a1 Pre i#itarea 'i,i a a o,#$ilor (e +o!+or !e +a e +olo!in( !$l+at (e al$,ini$ -Al;-SO:132 1K9;?12 'i(ro.i( (e al i$ -Ca-O91;1 !a$ lorat (e +ier -AeCl312 (ar treb$ie e.a,inat& +ie are !it$a*ie !e#arat. De e.e,#l$ #re i#itarea +o!+a*ilor +olo!in( 'i(ro.i( (e al i$ !e ba%ea%& #e +or,area (e Ca1?-PO:1F-O91;2 are i,#$ne $n #9 ,are2 (e 1?.0 5 1;.?. A e!t +eno,en e!te il$!trat 4n +ig. 3.E.2 $n(e !e #re%int& (e#en(en*a e+i ien*ei #re i#it&rii (e #92 #entr$ #rin i#alii oag$lan*i +olo!i*i in($!trial.
Pre i#itare -D 1

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 2 3 1' 2'

#9
14

Aig.3.E 1 5 !$l+at (e Al2 ; 5 lorat (e +ier2 3 5 'i(ro.i( (e al i$ P$n tat !$nt #re%entate a eleai $rbe #entr$ a%$l #re%en*ei ionilor (e al i$2 eea e arat& o,#le.itatea +eno,enelor are a$ lo 4n e#$rarea a#elor. b1 Nitri+i area i (enitri+i area

Pro e!$l (e nitri+i are 4n!ea,n& o.i(area a,onia $l$i

N9B: B ;O; 555I NO53 B 9;O B ;9B

Nitra*ii #ot +i re($i $ ba terii 'eterotro+i e2 are 4n!& ne e!it& o !$r!& (e arbon organi 2 (e e.e,#l$ a etat6
0C93COO5 B KNO3 555I :N; B @9CO53 B 3CO;5; B :9;?

A e!te #ro e!e (e#in( (e ti,#$l (e re*inere.

1 /arbotare -!tri##ing1 Pro e!$l e!te +olo!it #entr$ a re $#era ga%e "olatile2 #re $, N9:2 'H(rogen !$l#'i(e2 'H(rogen Hani(e2 (in a#ele $%ate #rin !$+larea (e aer. 7n +ig. 3.1?. !e (& a e.e,#l$ on!tr$ *ia $n$i t$rn (e barbotare. Deoare e a e!te !$b!tan*e !$nt a i(e2 e+i ienta #ro e!$l$i "a (e#in(e (e #95$l !ol$*iei. Dar ga%ele e,i!e 4n at,o!+er& #ot #ol$a aer$l6 N9B: 555I N93 B 9B

1?

Aig.3.1? (1 Clor$rarea !i a(!orb*ia #e &rb$ne

O.i(area a,onia $l$i !e +a e on+or, rea *iilor6

Cl; B 9;O 555I 9OCl B 9Cl N93 B 9OCl 555I N9;Cl B 9;O N9;Cl B 9OCl 555I N9Cl; B 9;O N9Cl; B 9OCl 555I NCl3 B 9;O

A(!orb*ia #e &rb$ne a ti"at #entr$ lora,in& e!te6

C B ;N9Cl; B 9;O 555I N; B :9B B :Cl5 B CO

A e!te rea *ii (e#in( (e #$ritatea arbon$l$i.

e1 S 'i,b$l (e ioni #entr$ re $#erarea n$trien*ilor S 'i,b$l (e ioni e!te $n #ro e! 4n are ionii (e #e !$#ra+a*a $n$i !oli( !$nt ! 'i,ba*i $ ioni !i,ilar 4n &r a*i 4n !ol$*ia $ are !oli($l e!te 4n onta t. S 'i,b$l (e ioni are a ! o# !& !e re $#ere%e ionii ne(ori*i (in a#e $%ate. Cationii -ioni #o%iti"i1 !$nt ! 'i,ba*i #entr$ 'i(rogen !a$ !o(i$2 a (e e.e,#l$ 4nl&t$rarea ionilor (e al i$ -Ca;B1 e a$%ea%& ($ritatea a#ei. 9;R B CaB; 555I CaR B ;9B2 $n(e R re#re%int& o r&in&. Anionii -ionii negati"i1 !e +olo!e! #entr$ ionii (e 'i(ro.i( !a$ lori(e. Sele ti"itatea 4n ! 'i,b$l (e ioni (e#in(e (e !ar ina ioni &2 a!t+el !ele *ia anionilor "a +i 4n or(inea6 PO35: I SO;5: I Cl52 iar #entr$ ationi Al3B I Ca;B I NaB +1 Alge #entr$ la $ri

Pentr$ a ! oate n$trien*ii $ alge !e +olo!e! 'eletee. Pentr$ 1??g. (e ,a!& $! at& (e +ito#lan ton2 !e ob*in :51?g. a%ot i ?.;5?.0g. +o!+or. Dar ,eto(a !e #oate +olo!i la tro#i e i !$btro#i e2 $n(e e!te !$+i ient& energie !olar& 4ntr5$n an2 $n(e !e
11

#ot +olo!i !$#ra+e*e ,ari (e teren i n$ !$nt o,#$i organi i 4n a#e2 a (e e.e,#l$ $lei$ri.
3.;.3.. Re $#erarea o,#$ilor organi i to.i i

7n general !$b!tan*ele to.i e organi e !$nt ! oa!e #3n& la (e"er!area a#elor $%ate 4n !i!te,$l ,$ni i#al. Pentr$ ! oaterea lor !e +olo!e! 6
!e#aratoare #entr$ $lei$ri +lo $larea #entr$ oloi(ale organi e +lotarea #entr$ i,#$rit&*i $ gre$tate !#e i+i & ,ai ,are a 1 a(!orb*ia2 #entr$ in!e ti i(e #e arbon a ti"at !e(i,entarea2 4,#re$n& $ #re i#itarea 'i,i & o.i(area i re($ erea #entr$ Hani(e2 'lor,ate2 +olo!in( aer !i O; (i!tilarea2 #entr$ a#e ra(ioa ti"e2 #entr$ & e!te ! $,#a +iltrarea #entr$ !$!#en!ii ,ateriale 4n "ol$,e re($!e (e a#& ne$trali%area2 3n( treb$ie (e"er!ate !ol$*ii $ #9<F5K2 +olo!in( ne$trali%an*i a 'i(ro.i( (e al i$2 9;SO: i CO;

3.;.:. Re $#erarea ,etalelor -grele)

=etalele grele !$nt "&t&,&toare 4n e o!i!te,e. S oaterea lor #rin #ro e(ee ,e ani e are o e+i ien*& (e 3?5@?D2 n$ #oate +i +olo!it& tratarea biologi &2 a e!tea +iin( e.e,#le (e in'ibatori. Pentr$ re $#erare !e #ot +olo!i ,eto(ele6 #re i#itarea 'i,i &2 e.tra *ie !i o!,o%a re"er!ibil&.
Ca e.e,#l$ !e (& ! oaterea ro,at$l$i (in a#e $%ate are #oate +i !$b +or,a CrO 3J Na;Cr;O@>;9;O. Agen*ii +olo!i*i #entr$ o.i(are !$nt !$l+a*i (e +ier2 !$l#'$r (io.i(e2 ($#& rea *iile6 CrO3 B 9;O 555I 9;CrO: ;9;CrO: B FAeSO: B F9;SO: 555I Cr;-SO:1; B 3Ae;-SO:13 B K9;O Cr;O;5@ B FAeSO: B @9;SO: 555I Cr;-SO:13 B 3Ae;-SO;13 B @9;O B SO;5: Prin !e(i,entare !e 4nl&t$r& (in a#& !$b!tan*ele no i"e. Ca e.e,#l$ (e +olo!ire a ,eto(ei ! 'i,b$l$i (e ioni !e (& +olo!irea ationilor #entr$ ! oaterea ionilor (e ,etal2 a Ae;B2 Ae3B2 Cr3B2 Al3B2 ZN;B2 C$;B. 3.;.0. Re!$r!ele (e a#a

O,$l n$ #oate !& e.i!te +&r& a#&. A#ele !$bterane !$nt ,ai b$ne a a#ele (e !$#ra+a*&2 (ar ele #ot on*ine Ae i =n. N$ toate a#ele ne e!it& $n i l$ o,#let (e #retratare !i tratare. De e.e,#l$ #entr$ a#ele (e !$#ra+a*& e!te !$+i ient i l$l (in +ig. 3.11 6

1;

Aig.3.11

D$ritatea a#ei #oate +i 4nl&t$rat& #rin +ierbere Ca-9CO31; 555I CaCO3 B CO; B 9;O ($ritatea !e #oate (atora i =g 4n =g-9CO31;. A#a treb$ie !$#$!& i (e%in+e *iei2 +olo!in( agen*i 'i,i i a o%on$l2 'lorine (io.i(e i 'lorine2 are #ro"oa & o (egra(are 'i,i & a ,ateriei el$lare2 in l$!i" en%i,e2 4n ti,# e #rin +ierbere !e (i!tr$g +i%i ,i roorgani!,ele. Dar ,i roorgani!,ele !$nt o,or3te (e on(i*iile (e #92 ,ai )o! (e 3.? !i ,ai !$! (e 11.?. Ra%ele L i ga,,a2 (e l$ngi,i (e $n(& ! $rt& a$ a#a itatea (e a (i!tr$ge ,i roorgani!,ele. Ca e.e,#l$2 4n +ig.3.1; !e (& #ro ent$l (e (i!tr$gere al $nor ba ili 4n +$n *ie (e o,bina*ia (e o%on O3 !i Cl;2 reali%3n($5!e a!t+el (e%in+e *ia a#ei.

Procentul de distrugere functie de concentratie

100 80 60 40 20 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Cl2 O3

Aig.3.1;

13