Lecia 2: Articol ul

Pentru ca un substantiv sa capete nteles ntr-o propozitie oarecare, acesta trebuie sa fie nsotit de un determinant substantival. Cel mai des folosit determinant substantival este articolul. Articolele se pot clasifica dupa cum urmeaza:

Articolul hotart - the Articolul nehotart - a / an Articolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata

Articolele sunt forme invariabile, adica nu se schimba n functie de numarul sau !enul substantivului si se aseaza n fata substantivului determinat.

2.1. Articolul hotart (the)

Articolul hotart se foloseste:

"naintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat n contextul respectiv #x.: An elephant and a mouse fell in love. The mouse loved the elephant's long trunk, and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose. Atunci cnd att vorbitorul ct si ascultatorul cunosc notiunea exprimata de substantiv, desi nu a mai fost mentionat n context. #x.: - Where's the bathroom? - It's on the first floor. "n propozitii sau fraze n care definim sau identificam anumite persoane sau obiecte: #x.: The man we met yesterday at the bus station. The girl in red is her neighbor. $eferitor la obiecte pe care le consideram unice: #x.: the earth, the sun, the moon, the stars Ann is in the garden the garden of this house!. "naintea superlativului sau numeralelor ordinale first, se"ond, thirds, etc si only: #x.: the best day, the first week, the last "hapter, the only way "naintea unor ad%ective pentru a te referi n !eneral la un !rup de oameni care au n comun o anumita nsusire (sunt frumosi, tineri, batrni, %aponezi, etc : #x.: the young, the beautiful, the old, the best, the #apanese, the $ritish &ume de locuri !eo!rafice, oceane, ruri, mari, deserturi, munti, re!iuni: #x.: the %aribbean, the &ahara, the Atlanti" 'e foloseste naintea unor nume proprii (muzee, institutii celebre, hoteluri, ziare, orchestre, !rupuri muzicale, vapoare, nume de famili la plural,etc : #x.: the 'ational (allery, the )oyal &hakespeare, the &avoy, the $eatles, the &pi"e (irls, the (uardian, the Telegraph, the *aily, the Titani", the Tower of +ondon, the ,ouse of -arliament, the &miths (ecade, secole, !rupe de ani: #x.: .y parents went to /niversity in the seventies.

2.2. Articolul nehotart (a / an)

'e foloseste a naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o consoana si an naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u #x.: a boy, an apple, a "ar, an orange, a house, an opera #xceptii: An nainte de un h mut - an hour, an honor. A nainte de u sau eu atunci cnd se pronunta ca you: a 0uropean, a university, a unit Articolul nehotart se foloseste:

Pentru a te referi la ceva pentru prima data: #x.: Would you like a drink? I've finally got a good 1ob. Pentru a te referi la un anume membru al unui !rup sau clase: #xemple: o cu nume de profesii: #ohn is an engineer. .ary is training to be a nurse.

o o

cu nationalitati si reli!ii: #ohn is an 0nglishman. 2ate is a %atholi". cu instrumente muzicale: &herlo"k ,olmes was playing a violin when the

o o o o

visitor arrived. cu numele zilelor: I was born on a Thursday. pentru a desemna un fel de, sau un exemplu de: The mouse had a tiny nose. It was a very strange "ar cu substantice la sin!ular, dupa cuvinte cum ar fi what si su"h: What a bluff3 ,e is su"h a prodigious young man. atunci cnd te referi la un sin!ur obiect sau persoana, echivaleaza cu one: I'd like an orange and two lemons please. The burglar took a diamond ne"kla"e and a valuable painting.

$etineti ca se spune a hundred, a thousand, a million.

2.3. a / an si one

Atunci cnd numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, !reutatea, etc. se poate folosi fie a/an fie one pentru sin!ular: #x.: a 4 one pound, a 4 one million pounds 5ou "an take an4 one hour for lun"h. (ar a4an si one nu nseamna ntotdeauna acelasi lucru: #x.: A bo6 is no good. We need a "rate not a bo6!. 7ne bo6 is no good, we need two bo6es.

2.4. Articolul zero

&u se foloseste articol n urmatoarele cazuri: Cu nume de tari (la sin!ular #x.: (ermany is an important e"onomi" power. ,e's 1ust returned from Argentina. ("nsa: I'm visiting the /nited &tates ne6t week.

Cu numele limbilor: #x.: 8ren"h is spoken in Tahiti. 0nglish uses many words of +atin origin. Cu numele meselor: #x.: +un"h is at midday. *inner is in the evening. $reakfast is the first meal of the day. Cu numele persoanelor (la sin!ular : #x.: #ohn's "oming to the party. (eorge 2ing is my un"le. ("nsa: We're having lun"h with the .organs tomorrow. Cu titluri si nume: #x.: -rin"e %harles is 9ueen 0li:abeth's son. -resident 2ennedy was assassinated in *allas. *r. Watson was &herlo"k ,olmes' friend. ("nsa: the 9ueen of 0ngland, the -ope. (upa cazul posesiv format cu 's: #x.: ,is sister's "ar. +aura's basket. Cu numele profesiilor: 06.; 0ngineering is a useful "areer. ,e'll probably go into medi"ine. Cu nume de ma!azine: #x.: I'll get the "ard at &mith's. %an you go to $oots for me? Cu ani: #x.: <=>? was a wonderful year. *o you remember <==@? Cu substantive unice (uncountable nouns : #x.: .ilk is often added to tea in 0ngland. War is destru"tive. Cu numele unor munti, lacuri si insule: #x.: .ount ."2inley is the highest mountain in Alaska. &he lives near +ake Windermere. ,ave you visited +ong Island?

Cu ma%oritatea numelor de strazi , orase, statii pentru mi%loacele de transport si aeroporturi: #x.: Ai"toria &tation is in the "entre of +ondon. %an you dire"t me to $ond &treet? &he lives in 8loren"e. They're flying from ,eathrow. "n unele expresii invariabile: #x.: by "ar, at s"hool, at work, at /niversity, in "hur"h, in prison, in bed, by train, by air, on foot, on holiday, on air in broad"asting!

1. Completeaza cu a sau an acolo unde este cazul: $ill is BBBB author. ,e writes BBB travel books. ,e makes BBBB lot of money. We had BBBB lun"h with him yesterday. It was BBBB e6"ellent lun"h. The meal "ost him BBBB hundred and BBBB fifty pounds. What BBBB e6pensive restaurant3 ,e gave the waiter BBBB twenty pounds. That was BBBB good tip. 2. Ale!e a sau the: 7ne day we set out to "limb C! a4the highest hill in the area. The "ampers in C! a4the ne6t tent lent us their map. They told us to follow one of C! a4the routes marked on C! a4the map. $ut Tom said that he was sure that there was C! a4the better way. C! A4the way that we "hose was so steep that we had to stop for C! a4the long rest on the way up. $ut we got to C! a4the top in C! a4the end. 3. Completeaza cu the acolo unde este cazul: We have BBBB soup for BBBBsupper. After BBBB meal Tom and I play BBBB "hess. $ill prefers BBBB "ards. BBBB game he likes best is bridge. ,e says that BBBB "hess reDuires BBBB patien"e and he is not patient. ,e also says that BBBBlife is too short to waste in this way.