Industrial Revolution

How it all Began

Traditional or PreIndustrial Society

The Three Crop System:

Crop Rotation:

Agricultural Revolution
The Enclosure Movement: ended the practice of farming village common lands divided into strips the beginning of private property wool became popular so land became used to raise sheep Crop Rotation: farmers realized that by rotating different types of crops they could plant new crops that give off nitrogen to the soil

Agricultural Revolution
Other Discoveries: the seed drill was invented by Jethro Tull in 1701. This invention helped to implant seeds into the soil at constant intervals potato and corn were new crops: high in calories, vitamins and minerals. provided food for the poor provided food for livestock Total Population in England: population grew rapidly because of improvements in food production, living conditions and industry

Cotton Industry and Early Capitalism

Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism

Mercantilism: by exporting more goods than importing a country increases in wealth Cottage Industry: merchants acted as coordinators between buyers and sellers. merchants would take the materials to and from each specific stage of fabric production (spinning, weaving, dying, wholesale). Capitalism: free competition and an open market (laissez-faire) workers are paid wages

Textile Industry and Factory System:

Textile and Factory System

Textile Industry Invented: International markets continued to demand more cloth, and rural works spinning cloth in their homes could not keep up with the demand Spinning Jenny was able to spin 16 threads at one time the water frame was too big for someones home; produced much stronger yarn; could be used by children the mule (combined the spinning jenny and the water frame) power loom greatly quickened the speed of weaving by using steam power the Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney, 1793

Textile and Factory System

New machines were larger, faster and more expensive They tended to be located in factories, which were located in areas where coal, iron, and water were available as power sources. Workers had to leave their homes Price of goods were dramatically reduced Factory work led to the division of labor Britain was the cotton manufacturing center of the world this irrevocably changed the era of the cottage industry

Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial Revolution

Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial Revolution

The Need for Energy: as factories grew they required more and more power the steam engine was the response to the increasing need for power in 1763 James Watt, an inventor became interested in the potential of the Steam Engine and designed a model that conserved much more energy. Watts partner, Matthew Boulton, organized the sale and distribution of the new steam engine to be used in factories. Factories no longer had to be located near a water source

Iron and Coal

Need for Iron: railway lines required a vast quantity of iron ore iron smelting is the process where impurities are removed and steel is produced Need for Coal: charcoal was replaced by coal as a primary fuel source steam engines needed coal as well as smelting factories Britain was producing and exporting more iron than all other countries in the world combined in the 1800s

Transportation
The Need for Better Transportation: New factories needed to receive large amounts of raw materials and export finished products in sufficient amounts to make a profit Roads in England were terrible (lots of rain) Better roads were built to allow for more travel a lot of new canals were built also Effects of the Railroad: construction soon became cheaper than roads and canals faster trade equaled more profit, more profit equaled more investment in railroads for faster transportation

Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution

Why in Britain
Geography: damp climate was good for textile industry natural resources of coal and iron separated from Europe it was isolated from wars Government: travel and trade were easy and this contributed to transportation improvements Social Factors: fairly egalitarian (equal social classes)

Why Britain
Colonial Empire: colonial empire encouraged British industrialization mercantilism (used colonies as their #1 buyers) Advantage of Industrializing First: while the rest of Europe concentrated on agriculture, England could focus on industry monopolized the new technology France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland industrialized much later than England

The Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Investigation

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by the feces (waste product) of an infected person, including one with no apparent symptoms. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, and death in some cases. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy, typically with oral rehydration solution, to replace water and electrolytes. If this is not tolerated or does not provide improvement fast enough, intravenous fluids can also be used. Antibacterial drugs are beneficial in those with severe disease to shorten its duration and severity.

A Changing Society
After 1850, it became clear to factory owners and the government that the foundation of the factory system -- the workers -- would crumble due to abusive working conditions. Cholera epidemic was directly caused by unsanitiary living conditions The Public Health Act of 1875 forced all town officials to pave, light, and clean the town streets Surveyor and Sanitary Inspector were also appointed to advise local authorities on problems with sewage, water supplies, diseases, food and housing conditions

A Changing Society
new advanced provided the city with uncontaminated water supplies sewers were built and streets cleaned public bath-houses were set up by the government Metropolitan Police Force in 1829 made the slums safer

A government inspector visiting a factory in England to regulate child labor in the mid 1800s

The Reform Act

The Reform Act of 1832 allowed industrial centers to elect their own members of Parliament Previously only landowners could do this A committee was set up to collect evidence about the treatment of children in factories Children and adults were called to testify before this committee about working conditions 1833, Althorps Act, banned the employment of children under 9yrs old, limited the work day to 9 hours for children 9-13, and 12 hours for children 13-18

The Factory Acts

no night work for young people mine owners could not employ women, girls and boys under 19 years old for underground work further limited the working hours for women and children mandated that children attend school factory owners were also forced to fence their machines to improve safety which resulted in fewer accidents.

Labor Unions
People lived and worked closely to each other in cities. This allowed them to discuss ideas and problems and identify with one another so that workers began to see their common interest as a working class. After 1824 labor unions could legally exist, and members could meet together and bargain for better working conditions. in 1870 labor unions finally won the right to strike, and refused to work until their demands were met.

Labor Unions
unions provide the benefit of strength through unity: better wages, less working hours and improved working conditions. But, the government usually supported the employers and persecuted the labor unions. The often attempted to force employees to sign a statement guaranteeing that they were not and would not become union members. In 1871 290,000 union members In 1901 2,000,000 union members

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Marx: born in Germany in 1818 to middle class parents he was outraged at the grossly unequal distribution of wealth and exploitation of workers by industrial capitalists. Moved to London, where he became one of the founding members of the Communist League, a group dedicated to destroying the middle class, which had become very powerful in the industrial revolution

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Marx: In London Marx worked with Freidrich Engles, another German immigrant, from the middle class Together they wrote the Communist Manifesto, 1848 Worker of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains.

The Communist Manifesto

wealth and power would naturally tend to concentrate in the hands of fewer and fewer members of the burgeoise (upper and middle class) the proletariat (working class) would continue to grow and to become more angry at its exploitation. eventually the workers would unite together and overthrow the bourgeoisie in a revolution. Society would be liberated. This violent revolution would be relatively brief; it would be followed by a period of dictatorship by the proletariat.

The Communist Manifesto

After the revolution, the state would wither away and a classless society would emerge based on this principle: From each according to his ability, to each according to his need. No longer would the wealthier class pocket the money that represented the difference between the value of a workers labor and his or her wages. Under Communism no one would be exploited.

Socialism
Marx and his analysis of Capitalism became the rallying point for many socialists. Their goal was to foster proletariat unity, overthrow the bourgeoisie, and abolish capitalism and private property

Robert Owens
a successful Welsh businessman and owner of several textile mills, he believed that people are shaped by their surroundings. believed that by changing poor working conditions in factories it would make workers more happy and healthy and enable to them to work harder. In the small town of New Lanark, he created a textile mill and a community for his 2000 factory workers, providing food, decent housing and education for workers and limited working hours.

Robert Owens
A visitor wrote of mills in 1796: Four hundred children are entirely fed, clothed, and instructed at the expense of this vulnerable philanthropist. the rest live with their parents in neat comfortable habitations, receiving wages, for their labor. The health and happiness depicted on the countenance of these children show that the proprietor of the Lanark mills has remembered mercy in the midst of gain. The regulations here to preserve health of body and mind present a striking contrast to those of most large manufactories in this kingdom, the very hotbeds of contagion and disease.