THE ARTICLE

1. Fill in the blanks with articles wherever necessary a) 1. During their holidays they went on cruise on Black Sea and Mediterranean. 2. They made calls at ports, in Turkey, Greece, and Italy. 3. Then they made trip to Moldavia and Transylvania. 4. In Cluj they put up at Transilvania Hotel. 5. In lobby of hotel there was a newsstand were all kinds of newspapers were on sale. 6. In Cluj they met very lovely English family Browns who were spending their holidays visiting Romania. 7. They also made trip to Carpathians. 8. Danube is large river in Europe. 9. It rises in Germany, crosses Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania , and it then flows into Black Sea. 10. English as spoken by English is somewhat different from that spoken by Americans. 11. Bucharest is capital of Romania. b) 1. iron is hard metal. 2. ink is used for writing. 3. wheat is cereal. 4. ink in my inkpot is blue. 5. Strike iron while it is hot. 6. In winter water freezes into ice. 7. He was first to break ice. 8. coin is made of silver. 9. speech is silver but silence is gold. c) 1. He goes to bed very late at night. 2. bed is in bedroom. 3. goods were taken to market. 4. We are in market for synthetic fibres and yarns. 5. ship left harbour. 6. They were in town. 7. We went for walk outside town. 8. children often take walk after school. 9. Opposite school there is library. d) 1. We have breakfast at 7 oclock. 2. lunch costs me 20 cents. 3. supper is in basket. 4. We are allowed hour for dinner. e) 1. In spring trees burst into blossom. 2. If winter comes can spring be far behind? 3. One swallow does not make summer. 4. autumn is season of ripe fruit and grain crops. f) 1. owl sleeps by day. 2. We have lunch at noon. 3. They set out at midnight. 4. In morning you must hurry otherwise you may be late for school. 5. night was setting in. 6. He studied night after night. g) 1. Who is at fault? 2. goods are stowed on deck. 3. You can reach place by bus. 4. Put all these on paper. 5. wares are loaded on board. 2. Fill in the blanks with definite or indefinite articles a) 1. He sold apples by pound. 2. They rent house by year. 3. eggs are bought by dozen. 4. They are paid by day. 5. cloth is sold by yard. b) 1. poor live in squalid houses. 2. sick must get medical attendance. 3. rich seldom care for needy. 4. unemployed received unemployment benefits. c) 1. Who was first to arrive? 2. George was last who came in time for beginning of lecture. 3. others were late and did not attend it. 4. dog is useful animal. 5. third chapter of novel is most interesting. 6. He is younger of two. 7. Do you play violin? 8. whale is mammal. 9. earth moves round sun. d) 1. He is teacher while his wife is economist. 2. My brother is engineer. 3. I opened door and saw stranger. 4. There is book on table. 5. He became turner.

e) 1. What nice present they gave you! 2. What idea! 3. What interesting book he wrote! 4. He showed me such amusing magazine. 5. This is rather surprising result. 6. rather unexpected answer has been received. 7. They have quite nice house. 8. She is not so good student as you. 9. Many man would be glad to have such opportunity. f) 1. They are of age. 2. You can see it at glance. 3. stitch in time saves nine. 3. Translate into English the following sentences using phrases given at the end of the exercise, paying attention to the use of indefinite articles 1. Ca rsplat pentru silina lor studenii foarte buni pleac n tabere i excursii. 2. Tabloul se vede mai bine de la distan. 3. Vorbete tare ca s te pot auzi. 4. El este totdeauna grbit. 5. Copii au nceput s-l ndrgeasc pe vrul lor. 6. Nu face atta caz de fleacuri. 7. E pcat s-i iroseti timpul cu astfel de chestiuni. 8. n vederea realizrii acestui plan au fost alocate sume importante. 9. n medie sunt 20 de studeni ntr-o grup. 10. Am avut prilejul s vd multe peisaje frumoase n cursul excursiei. to have an opportunity; at a distance; as a reward; in a loud voice; to be in a hurry; to take a fancy to; to make a fuss; its a pity; with a view to; on an average. 4. Translate into English using the phrases given at the end of the exercise paying attention to the use of definite articles 1. Deocamdat nu putem da un rspuns definitiv la scrisoarea clientului. 2. Ei vor reui n cele din urm s obin rezultatul dorit. 3. Trebuie s le rspundei cel mai trziu pn la 1 octombrie. 4. n Marea Britanie circulaia se face pe stnga i nu pe dreapta. 5. Pe de o parte va trebui s acordm o atenie sporit gramaticii iar pe de alt parte foneticii. 6. Dimineaa lum micul dejun la ora 7. 7. Ei vor petrece cteva sptmni la ar. 8. Pe ansamblu rezultatele obinute sunt mai bune. 9. La drept vorbind el are dreptate. 10. n situaia dat nu putem accepta comanda. 11. Aceast metod a trecut proba timpului. for the time being; in the long run; at the latest; to the left (right) side of the road; on the one hand; on the other hand; on the whole; in the morning; in the country; on the whole; to tell the truth; under the circumstances; to stand the test. 5. Place the definite article in each sentence in the right place 1. I have read article in todays newspaper. 2. All guests left early. 3. I have read both of books you mentioned. 4. Quite best thing for you is to study medicine. 5. Half bottle was empty. 6. We paid double value. 7. Whole garden was in bloom. 6. Place the indefinite article in each sentence in the right place 1. He has worked there for whole week. 2. Such beautiful tree should be protected. 3. It was too difficult task to be performed in short time. 4. I bought half basket of nuts. 5. We have read quite number of plays by Shaw. 6. What beautiful performance. 7. Such storm is very seldom met in those areas. 7. Answer the following questions paying attention to the use of articles 1. Where does the Danube rise? 2. What countries does it cross? 3. What sea does it flow into? 4. What important tributaries has the Danube in our country? 5. What foreign languages did you learn in high school? 6. What is the capital of Holland? 7. What range of mountains crosses our country? 8. Mention some mountain peaks in our country.

8. Make sentences according to the model using the following phrases: by car, by mail, by train, by phone, by plane, by bus, by motor vessel, by boat, by steamer, by radio. Model: I sent the letter by air mail. 9. Make up sentences with one of the nouns given below used as part of a nominal predicate. Mind the use of the indefinite article Model: I am a teacher Physician, composer, bricklayer, research worker, student, driver, turner, economist, accountant, engineer. 10. Make up sentences with the words or phrases from the list given below, minding the use of the definite article. Model: He is in the classroom At the blackboard, at the map, at the door, at the window, by the fireplace, near the desk, at the university, to break the ice, to take the trouble, to tell the time. 11. Turn into the singular. Mind the use of articles 1. Horses are useful animals. 2. Sparrows are birds. 3. Empty bags cannot stand upright. 4. Blind men will not thank you for looking-glasses. 5. Warm evenings may be followed by cold mornings.

THE NOUN
1. State the simple and compound nouns in the list below: country; classroom, conference; blackboard; laboratory; doorway; afternoon; newcomer; lecture; weekend; day flight; sister-in-law; highway; freedom; friendship; department; passer-by; welcome; faculty; merry-go-round; forget-me-not; flower; threshold; sunshine; agency; wireless; butterfly; windmill; looker-on; record drawback; statesman; cars; penknife. 2. State how the nouns below are formed: (convertion; contraction; abbreviation; affixation; deflexion) Romanian; driver; the Pacific; UNO; outlaw; song; expectation; native; the present; failure; car; loss; white; translator; pen; HP; suggestion; the Mediterranean; bus; building; the ancients; the moderns; writing; captain; enlargement; gvt; guidance; the poor; the rich; exam; Dr; strength; ad; self-administration; vac; superstructure; breadth; co-partner. 3. Form sentences according to the model, choosing the appropriate noun in column two: e.g. A Romanian is a native of Romania. Frenchman England Italian Finland Englishman Japan Greek Italy Finn China Spaniard Egypt Belgian Poland Dane Greece Pole France Portuguese Belgium Swede Denmark Chinese Spain Egyptian Sweden Japanese Portugal 4. Make up sentences according to the model, choosing the appropriate noun in column two: e.g. The language spoken by the people of England is English Romania Indian Denmark Bulgarian France Chinese Germany Turkish Holland Portuguese Norway French Poland German Portugal Romanian Bulgaria Danish Turkey Dutch

India Norwegian China Polish 5. Attach the appropriate prefixes (b) to the following nouns (a) a) father; offer; management; structure; president; print; title; neutron; arrangement; postulation; shore; mobility; action, summer; intervention; realism; suppositon; rector; afforestation; seller. b) self-; mis-; dis-; in-; pre-; under-; counter; vice-; anti-; im-; neo-; re-; co-; super-; sub-; fore-; non-; pro-; mid-; ex-. 6. Attach the appropriate suffixes (b) to the following words (a) a) write; debt; pay; engine; percent; utter; prefer; tend; examine; free; child; host; real; book; English; improve; great; friend; depart; leaf. b) ee; -ance; -ation; -ess; -man; -ship; -or; -age; -ency; -hood; -let; -ness; -ure; -er; -cer; -ence; -dom; -ism; -ment. 7. Transform the underlined prepositional phrases into juxtaposed nouns e.g. a hostel for students a student hostel a course for the summer a collector of stamps a camp for children a teacher of foreign languages a shelf for book a table for writing a singer of pop music an enthusiast for sports a sattelite of the earth 8. Form nouns with the following roots: man; read; kind; drive; broad; long; young; free; high; active; boy; useful; possible; act; girl; warm; fellow; good; secretary; author. 9. Answer these questions by changing the verbs into derived nouns. (Make all the other necessary changes as in the model) e.g. Do you prefer spring or autumn? I have no preference for either. 1. Can you suggest a way out of this trouble? 2. Does he intend to tell her the truth? 3. Can you describe him the rules of the game? 4. Can they achieve such a goal? 5. Have you informed them about the trip? 6. Can you examine all these students today? 7. Can he guide the group to the forest? 10. Give the abstract nouns of: partner; child; to fail; clean; noise; humid; to discover; proud; to know; long; to expend; craftsman; to register; illiterate; friend; to lose; to deliver; supreme; to

perform; apprentice. 11. Change the underlined nouns into the plural. Make the other necessary changes 1. The price or this item has gone down. 2. We like the cloth you produce. 3. Our English teacher is very young. 4. What a beautiful bush grows at your entrance door! 5. A judge is always impartial. 6. The blackboard is not clean. 7. Lets hurry; the bus is in the station! 8. There is a shortage in one box. 9. The Danube flows on the territory of our country. 10. My life has changed in the last years. 11. This new factory produces modern equipment. 12. This class was very interesting. 13. The conference is held on Monday. 14. The roof of that house is damaged. 16. The goods are left on the wharf. 17. We had lunch together. 18. This is not a toy! 19. This library is wellsupplied. 20. I shall go along this path. 12. Write the plural of the following nouns according to the models (A) and/or (B) arranging them on two colums: potato; photo; soprano; tomato; solo; echo; Negro; casino; hero; concerto; mosquito; volcano; motto; studio; salvo; portfolio; grotto. (A) cargo cargoes (B) piano pianos 13. Make up sentences with the nouns given below according to the model: She knows that the plural of crisis is crises. basis; phenomenon; erratum; hippopotamus; formula; bureau; series; analysis; bacterium; datum; oasis; minimum; thesis; stadium; species; criterion; genius; addendum; memorandum; gymnasium; sanatorium. 14. Give the singular of the following nouns: children; allies; brethren; shelves; mice; buses; women; men; flies; dashes; geese; feet; lunches; cups; teeth; mouths; countries; oxen; classes; loaves; dice; gulfs; wharves. 15. Turn the following sentences into the plural making all the necessary changes: 1. As a student you should wait for your teacher in the classroom. 2. I am looking at the blackboard in front of me. 3. The white butterfly is dangerous for the cabbage crop. 4. My school mate is a brilliant person. 5. This goods train must arrive in time. 6. The passerby has stopped in front of the beautifully dressed shopwindow. 7. Her sister-in-law is a pleasant woman. 8. My daughter enjoys looking at a merry-go-round. 9. A forget-me-not is a blue, delicate flower. 10. There is a finger post at the corner of this street. 11. This sportsman has been awarded a gold medal. 12. I think that I have lost at least one penknife in my life. 13. His fellow-traveller had a good knowledge of the event. 14. She prefers being examined by a woman doctor. 15. This shoolmaster is a person of broad experience. 16. They hoped that there was at least one on-looker. 17. That person in front of the shopwindow seems interested in our grods. 16. Translate the following sentences into Romanian paying attention to the different meanings of the plural form 1. I like her paintings because of their light colours. 2. They have been waiting for the two presidents with colours flying. 3. His opinion was that the compasses were out of order.

4. He received a pair of compasses as a birthday present. 5. The Bank of England preserved many of its old customs. 6. You have to pay customs duties for these items. 7. In that case the damages were very serious. 8. As the company was insured it received important damages. 9. Dont be so impressed because of some stage effects! 10. The personal effects are duty free. 11. The Letters of Credit should arrive in time. 12. He is a famous man of letters. 13. I have been waiting for you for more than 10 minutes. 14. One of us should write down the minutes of our meeting. 15. They started from good premises. 16. We shall meet on the premises of our company. 17. His life covered three quarters of the century. 18. I think that I shall shift my quarters. 19. We have received the receipts in good time. 20. Their company obtained important receipts for its sales. 21. The gross returns are very important this year. 22. During the first two terms of the year they met several times for discussing. 23. You should not try to reckon your happiness in terms of wordly success. 17. A. Give the Romanian translation of the plural form of the following nouns paying attention to their possible double meaning commodity; facility; glass; manner; number; pain; work; scale; spectacle; ground. B. Practice the two possible meanings of the plural form of the above mentioned nouns, using them in pair sentences of your own. 18. Chose one of the two plural forms given in brackets: 1. Some time ago their companies employed a significant number of (staffs; staves); 2. One of the (staffs; staves) I bought yesterday was broken. 3. We should replace the old (dies; dice). 4. The (dies; dice) are cast. 5. Now we have to draw up the (indexes; indices) for these books. 6. In this exercise there are some mistakes regarding the (indexes; indices). 7. In the forehead and the eye the (index; indices) of the mind does lie. 8. For many years he lived in different social (mediums; media). 9. Nowadays we enjoy a multitude of mass (mediums; media). 10. The salesman showed us various (clothes; cloths) to choose from for our dresses. 11. The (clothes; cloths) she wears are always very smart. 19. Translate into English: 1. Iat o veste care te-ar putea interesa. 2. Aceste veti au fost o surpriz pentru el. 3. Care este sfatul tu n aceast situaie? 4. Sfaturile bune trebuie transmise mai departe. 5. n camer nu erau prea multe mobile. 6. Cred c aceast mobil este de calitate bun. 7. Informaiile nu sunt exacte. 8. Informaia sosit la timp este util. 9. Cunotinele de gramatic ne sunt foarte folositoare. 10. Toate bagajele mele au rmas pe peron. 11. Acest bagaj este foarte greu. 12. Care sunt ultimele tiri primite la redacie? 13. Banii sunt depui la banc. 14. Scrisorile de afaceri bine ntocmite sunt o cerin a comerului modern. 15. Diferitele firme ce funcioneaz sub acest nume sunt

aproape falimentare. 20. Use the verb in brackets in the singular or plural form (present tense) as required by the subject 1. Our faculty foot-ball team (to play) in your town today. 2. My family (to be) on a trip in the mountains. 3. The government of this country (to agree) to take the necessary steps in the problems under discussion. 4. When the audience (to be) in the hall the performance begins. 5. Our group (to be) always the first in foreign languages. 6. The crowd (to gather) in front of the theatre door. 7. After more than 50 years mankind (not to forget) the horrors or WW II. 8. The crow (to be) on board The Mures. 9. The Parliament (to be) summoned in session. 10. People (to like) going on trips in summer time. 11. The cattle (to enter) the farm-yard in the evening. 12. My folk (to live) in the country. 21. Choose the correct form of the verb out of the two given in brackets: 1. I can see the trout that (move / moves) among the stones. 2. Poultry (is / are) grown on this farm. 3. The sheep (was / were) spread all over the field. 4. Mathematics (is / are) a very useful science. 5. The pack of cards (was / were) lying all around them. 6. Their class (is/ are) the best in the school. 7. (Is / are) there any fish in this river? 8. The foot and the horse of a country (was / were) important in the development of historical events. 9. The means of locomotion (was / were) old. 10. A huge iron works (is / are) coming into being in our town. 12. The theatre had a corps of ballet which (was / were) famous. 13. No thanks (is / are) needed. 22. Arrange the following nouns on 4 columns: A: nouns which have a plural mentioned here in the singular (give the plural form); B: noun which have no plural mentioned here in the singular C: nouns which have no singular mentioned here in the plural D: nouns with a different meaning in the singular mentioned here in the plural. e.g. A B C D day-days health politics peoples book; damages; fruits; comfort; customs; cheque; cattle; auspices; payee; aircraft; economics; fishes; quiz; epoch; headquarters; merchandise; thanks; steels; income; story; scales; wools; produce; wages; proof; cybernetics; sands; progress; wharf; rubbers; spectacles; half; strength; greens; zero; happiness; ashes; costs; music; contents; peace. 23. Translate into Romanian a bunch of flowers; a stack of wood; a crowd of people; a series of events; a chain of mountains; a lump of sugar; a slice of bread; a piece of meat; a cake of soap; an item of news; a spell of fine weather; a flight of steps; a fleet of ships; a team of workers. 24. Translate into English paying attention to the agreement between subject and predicate 1. Comitetul consta din 15 persoane. 2. Comitetul a ajuns la un punct de vedere comun. 3. Aceast lucrare se adreseaz unui public larg. 4. Publicul este rugat s nu fumeze n sala de spectacol. 5. Corpul didactic era foarte numeros n universitatea lor. 6. Este de ateptat ca ntregul corp didactic s aib o nalt calificare. 7. Progresele ei la matematic sunt cu totul remarcabile. 8. Simeam cum puterile m prseau. 9.

Tunetele i fulgerele brzdau cerul. 10. Un fulger ne-a luminat calea. 11. Etica se preocup de principiile moralei. 11. Etica sa este fr cusur. 12. Acustica studiaz sunetele.13. Acustica acestei sli nu las nimic de dorit. 14. Studenii se plimbau n parc cte unul sau cte doi. 15. Marfa aceasta vine din Grecia. 25. Arrange the underlined nouns in the following sentences on four columns corresponding to their gender: Model: 1) Masculine 2) Feminine 3) Common 4) Neuter man woman cousin book 1. This student has got only high marks. 2. Boys and girls often walk together in the park. 3. My friend often writes letters to his father and mother, to his brothers and sisters and even to all his other relations. 4. I think that the author of this novel cannot be old. 5. What a charming actress! 6. Of the two characters in The Citadel, the doctor and his wife, I prefer the latter. 7. I didnt know that his parents were so old! 8. This bird must be either a goose or a gander. 9. Although Vanity Fair is a novel without a hero, some people consider Becky as its heroine. 10. Beginning with the 15th of September this year, her son will be a pupil. 11. Pride and Prejudice is a famous novel which you should read. 12. We shall never forget our colleagues and teachers! 26. Give the feminine corresponding to the following nouns of the masculine gender: a) boy; son; father; brother; uncle; husband; man; lad; tutor; bachelor; bull; dog; drone; stallion; b) actor; ambassador; author; doctor; heir; lion; master; negro; poet; proprietor; steward; tiger; waiter; c) administrator; director; hero; chauffeur; prosecutor; d) grandson; male patient; airman; chairman; cock pheasant; he-bear; clerk. 27. Give the corresponding words denoting the masculine gender for the following nouns in the feminine: mayoress; protectress; shepherdess; empress; benefactress; aviatrix; executrix; undergraduette; usherette; czarina; bride; lady; niece; madam; witch; widow; ewe; dow; barmaid; saleswoman; hen sparrow. 28. In the texts below insert the appropriate pronouns (he, she, it, his, her, its) for the corresponding gender of the nouns: 1. The sun come up upon the left. Out of the sea came (-) And (-) shone bright, and on the right Went down into the sea (Coleridge) 2. When sunset came we stopped in the valley waiting for the moon to rise. At ten (-) came up beautiful and serene as ever. Suddenly we felt that a lion came nearer: (-) dreadful roar made us shudder with anger. We all knew that only about a quarter of a mile out lay a boat, with (-) sails half down. (Hemingway)

3. The brave little insect never remained there; (-) came out in search of (-) friends. (John Lubbock). 4. Great Britain is an island; (-) capital is London. 5. Romania has considerably developed (-) trade. 6. The Danube crosses the territory of our countruy; (-) springs in Germany and flows into the Black Sea. 7. The storm unleashed in the evening; (-) prevented us from leaving the house. 8. Our friendship is a very strong feeling; (-) will last as long as we live. 9. The Carpathians are mountains of a medium height; however (-) peaks are covered with snow even in summer. 29. Translate into English 1. Romnia i-a trimis reprezentantul su la conferina regional. 2. Dac ntrebi pe oricine de pe strad acesta i va arta unde locuiete medicul de familie. 3. Soarele se rotete n jurul axei sale odat la 25 de zile. 4. Aceast cntrea este o artist de prima clas. 5. Vnztoarele din acest magazin sunt foarte politicoase. 6. n general conductoarele auto sunt foarte atente. 7. Profesoara este foate iubit de elevii si. 8. Maina i vaporul sunt ea pentru ofer i marinar. 9. Cmila este de nenlocuit n lungile cltorii prin deert, pentru marea sa putere de adaptare. 10. Publicul, plin de entuziasm i-l exprima fr rezerve, aplaudnd acea interpretare unic. 30. Use the Synthetic Genitive, instead of the Propositional Genitive whenever possible: 1. The task of a student is to learn. 2. The song of the birds was heard up the hill. 3. The young man took no notice of the advice of his father. 4. Clothes are made in the workshop of a tailor. 5. I shall never forget the green of the grass in my garden. 6. We buy cigarettes at the shop of a tobacconist, vegetables at the shop of a greengrocer, meat at the shop of a butcher, bread at the shop of a baker. 7. I have to mention the highly satisfactory activity of these students in the language laboratory. 8. The cover of this book has a pleasant blue colour. 9. The landscape of Romania is really impressive in some regions. 10. The newspaper of today has a lot of interesting news. 11. We skated on the frozen surface of the river. 12. They fought for the defence of their liberty and independence in many wars. 13. We had to stop after a journey of one day. 14. The life-boats of the ship were launched for a drill. 15. The offices of the company are on the 2nd floor. 16. We cant solve the problems of the world. 17. You shall observe the rules of this Club. 31. Turn the Synthetic Genitive in the sentences below into the plural, wherever possible 1. I dont remember this childs name. 2. Entering the room I saw that the boys books were spread all over the table. 3. A months holiday is what he mostly desires. 4. This waitress smile is quite pleasant. 5. Todays journey was very confortable. 6. His fathers job is interesting. 7. That mans seat is no longer vacant. 8. Charles family left the town for a short trip. 9. The teachers remark should be taken into account. 10. A weeks holiday will be really pleasant. 32. Justify the use of the Synthetic Genitive in the following sentences: 1. We had a marvellous two hours walk along the sea coast. 2. A summers day in Devon is quite special with all its unusual softness. 3. A window blazed like a jewel in the suns last rays between the poplar trees. (Galsworthy). 4. We wandered to the

Pine Forest / That skirts the oceans foam (Shelley). 5. Our countrys geography must be well known by the students. 6. A twenty yards distance separates our houses. 7. I dont think that this parcel is more than a pounds weight. 8. This book is two pounds worth. 9. We have seen Shakespeares plays Loves Labours Lost and The Winters Tale. 10. Yesterdays mail brought me the long expected letter. 11. The vessels crew were on the deck. 12. I shall spend this week-and at the Smiths. 13. The commission is interested in Africas problems. 14. He had a hairs breadth escape. 15. Who elses proposal shall we consider now? 16. Londons traffic is heavy at peek hours. 17. We are interested in nobodys problems. 33. A. Look up the following Synthetic Genitives and translate them into Romanian: - at ones fingers end - a birds eye view - out of harms way - a needles eye - her hearts desire - a pins head - at a stones throw - the journeys end - at ones wits end - at swords point B. Use them in sentences of your own 34. Explain the difference in meaning between the two forms of Genitive: 1. This film is a description of Dickens. 2. The short excerpt is a description of Dickens. 1. This painting is a portrait of Sargent. 2. This masterpiece is a portrait of Sargents. 1. Cezar Petrescu wrote a novel of Eminescu. 2. Cezara is a novel of Eminescus. 1. He told us the story of Hemingway. 2. I read a story of Hemingways. 35. Replace the following Prepositional Genitives by a compound noun Model: a writer of prose a prose writer The cover of the book; the equipment of a farm; the meaning of the letter; the pocket of the trousers; the waves of the ocean; the bank of the river; the coast of the sea; the level of the water; the satellite of the earth. 36. Choose the form which is recommended out of the two forms given below: 1. She is my brothers friends wife. 2. She is the wife of my brothers friend. 1. Kates parents visit pleased us very much. 2. The visit of Kates parents pleased us very much. 1. In the light of the moon we could see the big house in front of us. 2. In the moons light we could see the big house in front of us. 1. The houses front door was unlocked. 2. The front door of the house was unlocked. 1. We went in the sounds direction. 2. We went in the direction of the sound. 37. Study the following sentences paying attention to the different uses of the Genitive case

(The Saxon Genitive or the Prepositional Genitive). Explain the structures. 1. The students return interrupted our conversation. 2. The smoke or a wood-fire went up in the air. 3. The students hostel is comfortable and cosy. 4. They were welcomed with a feeling of joy. 5. Several of the students got very good results. 6. In the city of Bucharest there are a lot of parks and gardens. 7. All of his books have beautiful bindings. 8. Ill be back in a few minutes time. 9. This is the well-known American composer George Gershwins chief work Porgy and Bess. 10. I have found in your library one of Lewis, Smith and Wilsons works. 11. Receive this present, with Marys and Janes compliments! 12. Everybody expected the jurys verdict. 13. He went into a shop and bought a pounds worth of chocolates. 14. I met him after two months absence from his job. 15. Last week I saw the play A Midsummer Nights Dream. 16. She was reading the day befores paper. 17. We are often astonished in front of Natures many wonders. 18. The ships mast was broken by the storm. 19. We were walking along one of Londons parks. 20. The courage of young people is wellknown. 21. This man is the father of the child I am going to examine tomorrow. 22. The language of the Sports Bulletin reporter is often obscure to the layman. 23. The achievements of a modern democratic state speak for themselves. 38. Translate into English: 1. Notele acestui student au fost foarte mari pe acest semestru. 2. Invitaii copiilor au stat pn seara trziu. 3. Nepotul soiei fiului lui Ion ne-a fcut o vizit n ianuarie. 4. Fiul profesorului meu de matematic este n acelai an cu mine. 5. Camera lui Mihai i a lui George este la etajul doi. 6. Ziarul de azi scrie despre dezbaterile din cadrul ONU. 7. Tutungeria este la prima staie. 8. Clima Angliei este destul de ploioas. 9. Dup cteva zile de drum am ajuns n oraul natal. 10. Cabana cea mai apropiat este la o deprtare de 3 km. 11. Luna ianuarie este cea mai friguroas lun a anului. 12. Pe toi ne ncnt vemintele policrome ale toamnei. 13. El este un prieten al unchiului meu George. 39. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions to, for, of, from, as required by a Prepositional Dative 1. Give my best regards your friend. 2. I snatched the handkerchief Georges hand to wave at the newcomers. 3. I inquired Dan what the subject for debate at the seminar was. 4. I have bought a present my mother. 5. This is an activity that requires great precision the workers. 6. He got a sum of money equivalent the quality of his work. 7. What did you ask the students? 8. Ive got a ticket my best friend. 9. What is your attitude art? 10. The child begged pardon his parents. 11. Mary called a taxi her daughter. 40. Change the following sentences using the for Prepositional Dative: Model: He brought Mary some flowers. He brought some flowers for Mary 1. I buy my daughter interesting books. 2. The teacher is choosing his students a new text. 3. We found our parents good seats in the train. 4. The student got her friend a ticket for the show. 5. I booked my sister a roon at the hotel. 6. The whole group bought their colleague a bottle of wine in celebration of his birthday. 7. We have made

the guests a warm reception. 8. Cut this little girl a slice of bread! 9. We must order that company some new equipment. 41. Translate into English using the two forms of the Dative with or without preposition wherever possible. 1. I-am fcut lui George o aluzie n sensul celor discutate. 2. Au fost de acord cu propunerea noastr. 3. Am cerut un autograf de la autorul romanului nou lansat. 4. Profesorul explic studenilor cuvintele noi. 5. I-am oferit lui Dan prilejul de a ne nsoi n excursie. 6. I-am servit pe invitai cu prjiturile fcute de mine. 7. Profesorul dicteaz studenilor un text necunoscut. 8. El a permis studenilor folosirea dicionarului. 9. Intenionez s o prezint prinilor mei pe cea mai bun prieten a mea. 10. Preedintele a nmnat diplome i premii ctigtorilor concursului. 11. Supunem propunerea aprobrii adunrii generale. 42. Choose the right preposition in the brackets: A. 1. Read the letter (to/for) your father because his glasses are broken. 2. I have to repeat the questions (to/for) my students as they could not hear them because of the noise outside. 3. My sister cooks some dinner (to/for) her son. 4. He left some flowers (to/for) his mother on the table. 5. Speak (to/for) the audience now! 6. We have to get plane tickets (to/for) our guests from abroad. B. 1. Do you prefer going (by/with) car or (by/on) foot? 2. We use to write our letters (in/with) ink not (in/with) pencil. 3. I prefer my cardigan made (by/with) machine. 4. We must open this tin (by/with) a tin-opener. 5. They have listened to the news (on/at) the radio. 6. This dress is made (of/from) silk. 43. Choose the corect form out of the two given in brackets. 1. Mary is the student with black (hair/hairs) who lives in our mansion. 2. Did you have a good (travel/journey) from London? 3. Dont forget to buy (a bread/some bread) when coming back home. 4. Id like to take some notes, have you got (a paper/some paper)? 5. There (is/are) a lot of (traffic/traffics) in the city at the peak hours. 6. He is trying hard to find a (work/job) at present, but, Im afraid, there (isnt/arent) much (work/works) availabe. 7. (Is/are) good (accommodation/accommodations) easy to find in your town? 8. Ive got a problem and I need some (advice/advices). 9. I like the (furniture/furnitures) in your room. 10. Some (information/informations) you can give us, about the hotels in London (is/are) useful. 11. My (luggage/luggages) (is/are) on the platform. 12. The (news/new) (is/are) depressing.

THE ADJECTIVE
1. Change the adjectives below into their antonyms with the help of the following prefixes: up-, in-, (il-, im-, ir), non-, dis-, misable, academic, accurate, active, capable, changeable, competent, competitive, connected, consistent, dependent, developed, economical, efficient, employed, expensive, experienced, fair, formal, honest, interested, logical, official, pleasant, productive, profitable, qualified, resolute, satisfied, similar, skilled, understood, willing, welcome. 2. Complete the sentences using the adjective related to the noun or verb given in brackets: 1. Productivity can be defined as the ratio of (value) output to input. 2. To ensure high (organisation) productivity, creativity and innovation should permeate every job. 3. (Increase) productivity has a (benefit) impact on (economy) stability and on the (life) standard. 4. From an (individual) point of view, increased productivity is both psychologically and financially (reward). 5. (Skill) responsible management and (height) productivity are inseparable. 6. A manager, in addition to being technically (qualify), must be a (respect), people-oriented leader, (skill) in the techniques of (behaviour) science and sound business practice. 7. (Aid) by the rapid spread of (industry) robots, the (manufacture) industry has steadily become more effective and more (product). 8. Early to bed and early to rise makes you (health), (wealth) and wise. 3. Fill in the blanks distinguishing between: live lively alive living 1. We have debates during our seminars. 2. Our farm has had a record increase in stock and in wheat crops. 3. This is a broadcast, not a recording. 4. He thinks himself the greatest man 5. Increassed productivity leads to higher standards. economic economical 1. Productivity growth is the linchpin of the 1980s. 2. Electrical heating is no longer historic historical 1. Our presidents latest speech was a event for our company. 2. The group of tourists were shown the most important monuments. last latest latter 1. During our first Systems seminar of Monday, we talked about the developments in computer science. 2. Your record is excellent; we hope it wont be your 3. There were two suggestions for the weekend: seeing a film or going on a trip; of course we preferred the to the former. 4. Our teacher told us that the half of the course would be much more interesting. credible creditable 1. Yours is a attempt and we will support it. 2. Her story is hardly human humane 1. Artificial intelligence will never replace the brain. 2. Be and people will love and respect you!

4. Use compound adjectives in the following sentences and make the necessary changes: Model: Those devices saved labour becomes: Those were labour-saving devices. 1. These new machines save brain work. 2. These tools process data. 3. Odoblejas work was neglected for a long time. 4. The rules of logic are built in the computer system. 5. COBOL is a computer language which is oriented towards business. 6. Many schools were keen to acquire software to handle information, like packages to process wards. 7. General learning programmes assisted by computers were also attracting a great deal of attention. 8. These students are brainy, but they work hard, too. 9. My sister is 20 years old, she has hazel eyes, auburn hair, a fair complexion, her small features are cleanly cut you wont fail to recognize her. 10. We need more effective methods of production in relationship to costs theres too much waste. 5. Choose the right indefinite adjective from the ones in the brackets. Sometimes both are right. 1. (Many, a large numer of) strikes are caused by bad management. 2. Is there (much, a great deal of) unemployment in Romania? 3. There are hardly (any, no) mistakes in the paper. 4. We went to only (one, other) party in (some, several) months, but we enjoyed (every, each) minute of it. 5. Is there (any, some) common thread linking statistics and accounting? 6. They expected us to come with (much, many) solutions, but we could think of (none, any). 7. Our teacher gave us (much, a lot of) advice from the beginning. 8. Ive got (few, a few) English books on management and I can lend you (some, any). Thank you, but I cant read (no, any) books in English since I know (no, any) English at all. 9. (Both, either) my room mates have won scholarships. 10. (Both, either) buses stop in front of the A.S.E., so you may take (any, either) bus. 6. Fill the blanks with the right quantitative adjective, according to the meaning. 1. There are words that I dont know and there is grammer problem that I havent studied. 2. Have you got so spare time? I thought you are snowed up in work. 3. Very ideas get farther than the inventor. 4. Have you seen good films recently? Yes, quite 5. Will you have tea? No, thank you, Ive drunk cups since morning. 6. Ther is too flour left for the cake; will you go and buy some? 7. We can do without things, but we cant do without water. 8. They think money is the source of happiness. 9. Quite of employees have gone on strike. 10. There are far weapons in the world. 7. Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. Use comparatives: 1. Dan is not as fast as Will. Will is 2. I have an older sister, Mary. Mary is 3. Silver is less valuable than gold. Gold is 4. This is the earliest train. There arent any 5. Thats the best price we can quote. We cant quote a; there is no 6. Bravo! Youve worked less chaotically than before. Bravo! Your work is 7. Do you agree that a Ford is safer, more economical and more comfortable than any other car? Do you agree that no other car is ? 8. If you run a lor, youll get fitter. The more 9. The e-mail seems to be the cheapest, the fastest and most reliable means of communication at present. There doesnt seem to be a Any other means of communication is 10. This story is by far the funniest most interesting at all. Ive

never heard a All the other stories Ive heard are 8. Fill in the blanks with the right degree of comparison of the adjectives in the margin: a. The teacher asks the pupils about the effects of heat and cold. Heat makes things and cold makes things says Dan. Quite right, says the teacher. Can you give an example? long In the summer, when its hot the days are but in winter, when its short cold, the days are , answers Dan. big b. What is the word in English? small Smiles. It is a mile between its first and last letter. c. Which word becomes when you add a syllable to it? Short. 9. Use the adjectives in brackets in the right form of comparison, paying attention to the irregular forms: 1. She is (ill) than we thought; she fell ill on Wednesday and she was (ill) on Friday, when she was taken to hospital. 2. (Late) but not (little), there comes the maths exam. 3. Jim is a (little) boy; he is my (young) brother, much (young) than I am; actually I am (old) brother, 15 years (old) than Jin, so Im suppose to look after our (little) ones. 4. We worked on our project with no (little) single-mindedness than skill. 5. This is (good) book I have read for a long time. 6. They provided us with (far) information as agreed. 7. My (good) friends (late) novel was a (good) seller and it wont be his (late) one. 8. The (late) half of May was (rainy) than the first. 9. Mine is the (far) house fron the ASE and Pauls is the (near). 10. Upon (far) consideration they decided to answer the latter without delay. 11. Youd better get off at the (near) stop and ask where the (near) pharmacy is. 10. Use the double comparative of the adjectives in brackets for the Romanian din ce n ce mai: 1. Your English is getting (good). 2. Its becoming (important) to rely on our own experts. 3. We were so tired, that the top of the mountains seemed to be getting (far). 4. As buses are becoming (fast) we are growing (idle). 5. The idea of spending the summer at the seaside sounds (appealing). 6. (Great) attention is being paid to computer-assisted learning. 7. The students are growing (loud) and the noise (unbearable). 8. Computer modelling seems to be (exciting), (challenging). 9. Its becoming (plain) that we are growing (involved) in it. 11. Use the adjectives in brackets in the comparative form for the Romanian cu ct cu att: 1. The (hard) the task, the (great) the satisfaction. 2. The (funny) the stories, the (merry) we are. 3. The (little) time you spare for learning, the (little) satisfactory your studies and the (bad) result youll get. 4. The (fertile) the land, the (little) the amount of fertilizer given to it. 5. The (eager) the student, the (pertinent) the questions he asks. 6. The (high) the manufacturing costs, the (high) the selling price. 7. The (big) a business is, the (competitive) it is likely to be. 8. The (long) I have to wait for the results, the (impatient) I become.

12. Translate into Romanian paying attention to the use of adjectives: 1. Teacher: I wish you paid a little attention to my subject. Student: Well, I do. I pay as little attention to it as possible. 2. Student: I dont think I deserve a zero. Teacher: Neither do I, but its the lowest mark I am allowed to give. 3. English Poet: The poets of today put plenty of fire into their verses. Critic: The trouble with most of them is that they do not put enough of their verses into fire. 4. Father: Think of the future, my boy. Son: I cant. Its my best girls birthday and Ive got to think of the present. 5. An Epitaph: Owen More Gone away Owin more Than we could pay. 13. The excepts below, taken from authentic presentations, are good examples of machine gunning (emphasizing a point through the enumeration and repetition of comparatives of superiority). Unfortunately they have been mixed up, so you will have to match the two parts 1-7 and a-g in order to make meaningful sentences. Then translate them into Romanian. 1. In terms of performance were 2. The home computer industry is likely to be even 3. The Middle Eastern market is probably 4. The new cabriolet is 5. As a company, were quite simply 6. Our new sales manager seems to be 7. The future of tourism in Romania has never looked a. faster, sleeker, smoother, classier, racier, roomier and betterlooking than anything else on the market b. more competitive, more creative, more responsive, non customerconscious and more marketdriven than any of our competitors. c. more motivated, more productive, more profitable, more efficient, more quality conscious and generally more successful than ever. d. Bigger, better, freer, fairer, more liberal and more lucrative than any other market. e. More technology driven, more cost conscious, more pricesensitive, more riskladen, more overcrowded and more volatile that it is today. f. better, brighter, more promising, more

encouraging, more successful and more profitable then anyone would have thought possible a few years ago. g. younger, smarter, more efficient, more experienced, better-qualified and more customerorientated than the previous one. 14. Match the types of adjectives in column A with the right adjective (s) in column B. The first one is done for you: 1 l, r. A. Type B. Adjective 1. taste, smell, etc 2. origin, place 3. material 4. size, length 5. colour 6. purpose, use 7. opinion, attitude, quality 8. age 9. emotion, personality 10. shape, width 11. past participle a. silk b. blue c. walking d. intusting e. dining room f. knitted g. young h. Scottish i. round j. nice k. large l. sweet m. stainless steel n. full-length o. Chinese p. exciting q. narrow r. scented s. expensive t. inquisitive 15. Study the order of the adjectives in the following examples and complete the table below with the missing types (see ex.14) in the order which appears to be most common; then fill in each column with the right adjectives from the examples. Add more adjectives in time. N.B.1. (subjective) opinion/attitude; adjectives usually come before all others

2. First, last usually come before numbers. 3. Avoid using more than three adjectives together. Some examples have been done for you. (see table).
1. a pretty blue wollen scarf 8. the most recent custom-made Swiss wrist watch 2. a beautiful rectangular wooden table 9. the three-month money market rate 3. a magnificent handwoven Persian rug 10. a brilliant second-year student 4. a large smelly half-eaten lump of cheese 11. new hooded sweat-style jackets 5. an excellent mature scottish whisky 12. fantastic brand-new menswear inspired office suits 6. fabulous round mother-of-pearl beads 13. my best long cream-coloured velvet evening-dress 7. old brown Spanish leather boots

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES BEFORE NOUNS

FACT / DESCRIPTION QUALITY, QUALIFIERS CLASSIFYING SUBJECTIVE OPINION ATTITUDE SI ZE SMELL TASTE Etc EMOTION, PERSONALITY ORI GIN USE PURPOSE NOUN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. pretty 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. fabulous 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. . 13. . round ... .. Blue .. Woollen Motherofpearl .. Scarf beads

16. Unscramble the following sentences, putting the adjectives in their right order (see ex.15, Table). Note that the first and last words are in their right place. 1. There was magnificent castle a mediaeval stone on the hill. 2. She carrying was shopping her striped bag canvas vegetables of a heavy on full arm. 3. She remarkably was a handsome young to introduced executive. 4. He wearing a jazzy smart business gray was with suit waistcoat. 5. They were a snazzy one-year old driving Ford. 6. Weve an exotic extremly oriental bought just carpet. 7. I a red received fragrant gorgeous rose. 8. Were attractive looking for an blue-and-white flower pot. 9. The latest museum of the marble acquisition little Roman brownish this is statue. 10. They the American prefer hard-sell aggressive strategy. 17. Adjective special cases I There are some adjectives that change the meaning of the sentence if they come before or after the noun. Study the pairs of sentences below and match the adjectives underlined with the corresponding synonym or explanation from the list following the exercise. The first one is done for you: 1. a. Jane is a very responsible person; you can rely on her to finish every asignment in due time. b. The person responsible for the damage of goods in transit will be indicted. 2. a. The concerned parents took their child to the doctor. b. The parents concerned have made an appointment with the headmaster. 3. a. That was a long and involved explanation. b. Luckily, non of the people involved in the accident suffered any injuries. 4. a. The present members of the Board are all in favour of a major change in the Sales Policy. b. All the members present at the meeting voted for the flexitime scheme. 5. a. In this particular instance, Im afraid you are wrong. b. Our english teacher is most particular about the way we communicate. 6. a. You always have a ready answer, b. but are you ready with the business plan? 7. a. Why are you always late? b. We are here today to honour the memory of the late C.E.O. 8. a. As Chairman of the Board, he made an outstanding contribution to the success of the cmpany. b. There are five bills outstanding. 9. a. The person youre looking for is in the shop directly opposite. b. They went off in the opposite direction. 10. a. Snowdons a proper mountain, not a hill b. After a long walk through the foothills we reached the base of the mountain proper. across from; facing = 9a real, genuine = reliable, trustworthy = liable/accountable for; in control of = complicated = connected / having to do with =

current = unpaid = actually at / attending the meeting = the central / main part of smth = worried, anxious = remarkable = demanding, stringent = quick, spontaneous = this, but no other = prepared, waiting = not punctual = dead = to whom this applies = contrasting with each other, contrary = 18. Attributive adjective position - Special cases II Fill in the blanks with the adjectives listed on the right; they may fit more than once. Note that some subclasses of adjectives can be used only before the noun. e.g. intensifying (pure, mere, total etc) - restrictive (the only, the very etc) - former, present, old, little etc. and others only after the nouns e.g. past participles a. The reason for abandoning the project was a financial one. b. The chairman concluded an agreement to set up a venture with a German company. c. The issues at the conference were very pertinent. d. Lets return to the point during our meeting. e. The goods last week have been sent by air. f. A feature of the new line is its appeal to the youth market. g. Both the president and the secretary have had a press conference. h. All security cards from this office must be countersigned i. Its the solution all the people agreed on
1. former 2. joint 3. raised 4. discussed 5. last 6. elect 7. issued 8. involved 9. maps 10. main 11. present 12. ordered 13. general 14. pure 15. present 16. only 17. previous

19. Attributive and predicative position Use the following adjectives in pattern a (attributive) or pattern p (predicative), bearing in mind that some adjectives can be used only attributively (see exercise 18) and others only predicatively, such as: - asleep; - afraid, ajar; - well, ill etc. Model: 1. (a) floating A (a) leaf (p) afloat The ships still (p) Model: 2. (a) true A (a) scientist A scientist is 3. very The student The student is 4. asleep They are fast sleeping The partners do not participate in the day-to-day management. 5. utter destruction The destruction is 6. plain The truth. The truth is 7. mere He is a child. The child is 8. elder My brother is two years older than me. My brother is 9. hard He is a worker The worker is 10. alive Its a concert. living There seems to be no one live There are no beings in this area. 11. ill She fell and died. sick Doctors look after the people. 12. open They left the door ajar The door looked inviting. 13. afraid He is a man, he is frightened of everyone. 14. awake Theyre wide The people. 20. Adjective modification with adverbs A. Use the modifying adverbs from the box to intensify the meaning of the adjectives in the following conversations. 1. A. It was a good year B. How good? A. good. As good as we could expect; sales were high. 2. A. There was a small fall in output in the first quarters of the year. B. How small? A. small only about 5 per cent. 3. A. The exhibition was successful

B. How successful? A. successful; we met very many prospective customers.

High absolutely completely totally fully entirely extremely highly very fairly reasonably quite moderately slightly a little

B. Rewrite the following descriptions of trends using nouns and adjectives (modified by intensifying adverbs): 1. In March the shares fell extremely dramatically becomes: In March there was a extremely dramatic fall in shares. 2. In April they recovered slightly. 3. In June they collapsed sharply. 4. In July they fell considerably. . 5. In August they recovered fairly steadily. 6. In September and October they continued to improve moderately slowly. .. 21. Position of noun modifiers and adjectives Which is correct? Choose the right phrase. 1. - the booming car European industry or - the booming European car industry 2. - the worlds biggest and most prestigious look fair or - the worlds look biggest and most prestigious fair. 3. - a concrete cooperation proposal or - a cooperation concrete proposal 4. - the business modern scene or - the modern business scene 5. - a company interesting profile or - an interesting company profile. 22. Scale and limit adjectives Study the scale below, contouring hot and cold words: Limit words BOILING, SCALDING +++ hot ++

warm + Scale words tepid cool - cold - - Limit words FREEZING, GLACIAL ------a) Now, study the following lists of adjectives and build a scale similar to the one above: 1. affluent, broke, prosperous, penniless, well-to-do, rolling-in-money. Low paid, living from hand to mouth, comfortably off, in line straits, in the red, bankrupt. 2. big, broad, gigantic, extensive, immense, little, tiny, roomy, spacious, minute, vast, wide, tremendous, large, small. b) Build your own scale lists. 23. Modifying adverbs with scale and limit adjectives Correct the following sentences where necessary; remember that NOT all modifiers go with both scale and limit words. 1. John is an absolutely clever pupil. 2. You should wash pure wool in altogether tepid water. 3. You were utterly right, the play was utterly marvelous. 4. You are quite right, the task is quite impossible. 5. Although this exercise seems very impossible, Im sure it is terribly useful. Im absolutely pleased with the progress Ive made. 6. He was nearly amazed at his daughters progress. 24. Choose an emphasizing adjective from the box below to fill the gaps in the following postcards: absolute fascinating sheer blissful majestic special complete marvelous spectacular entire outright terrific excellent perfect true exceptional positive utter exuberant real pure 1. Dear Mary, Were having a holiday here at Swansea its bliss and we can finally have a rest. Weve spent the week on this beach! Love, Mihaela. 2. Dear Mary, What a holiday! And only because of Mihaela! Shes ruined what could have been a holiday! Shes an love; she talks and talks, even to strangers! And she tells lies. Wish you were here instead, Love, Ioana. 3. Dear Auntie,

It was delight to read your letter and hear that you are much better after your operation. I gather it was a success, although the hospital food was ! Please come round any time you feel up to it. Itll be to see you again. Take care, Anna. 25. Adjectives or adverbs? Correct the sentences if necessary. 1. She smiled friendly and he laughed silly. 2. Martin seems happy but Tracy looks lonely. 3. They grew angrily when they saw the disaster. 4. Im taking the early flight to Paris so I can arrive early at the office. 5. He is a very bad worker, and he has been working too hardly lately. 6. So far this years energy costs have stayed fairly constant. 7. We feel very confident about our move into the U.S. market. 8. The contract we have negotiated sounds quite securely. 9. Our new policy of energy conservation has proved very economical. 10. The Directors grew anxious when the results were released. 11. I dont want to sound over-optimistic, but I am certain that we have an all-time winner with our new product. 26. Complementation of predicative adjectives I Fill in the blanks with the right preposition. 1. The Finance Manager is answerable the Finance Director. 2. Im due a rise soon. 3. We are confident success and pleased her promotion. 4. Im expert handling difficult customers. 5. Were satisfied the quarterly results. 6. We are all impatient delay. 7. Shes always been interested fiscal policy. 8. I am indebted my colleagues all their help. 9. Tom is rather eager success. 10. Students today are different students ten years ago. 27. Complementation of predicative adjectives II Match the two halves of following sentences so that they make sense: (there may be several combinations) 1. You dont look happy 2. Im pleased 3. Im glad 4. Hes such a difficult person 5. Were anxious 6. It was nice 7. She made it clear 8. It is important 9. Its worth 10. Its surprising

a. to see me b. for her to get a scholarship c. that she should get a scholarship d. that you were able to came e. that she distrusted all of us f. to see you here g. for us to move fast h. that we seem to agree i. to understand j. that we should k. going to London if you have the time l. how John cant keep deadlines m. seeing you.

28. Translate into English paying attention to the use of adjectives: 1. Mulumesc din suflet. Ai fost deosebit de amabil. 2. Cine a fost prima femeie care a cucerit Everestul? 3. Urmtorul la cuvnt este dl. Smith. 4. Proiectul a fost sortit eecului de la bun nceput, fiind costisitor, prost gndit i presupunnd un mare consum de timp i energie. 5. Cnd am promis c vom realiza un nou program pentru e-mail ne-am asumat o sarcin mult prea dificil. 6. Calculatorul urmrete orbete programul de instruciuni conceput de creierul uman, care este mult mai complex dect cel electronic. 7. Dac vrei s ajungei la cel mai apropiat magazin universal, cobori la prima staie; este chiar prima cldire de lng pia. 8. Mai avei i alte veti pentru noi? 9. Fratele meu mai mare, care este cu 5 ani mai mare dect mine, este director de ntreprindere. 10. Cel mai mic lucru pe care-l pot face pentru tine este s-i mprumut manualul meu pn data viitoare. 11. Ultimul aspect al problemei este mai puin important dect celelalte, aa c l poi omite. 12. Balana comercial nu este acelai lucru cu balana de pli. 13. La New York, chiria nu este att de mare ca la Londra. 14. Cu ct firma este mai mare, cu att este mai competitiv i mai puternic. 15. Am observat c, n ultimul timp, studenii sunt din ce n ce mai bine pregtii i mai hotri s se angajeze ct mai repede.

THE PRONOUN
1. Give the correct forms of the personal pronouns in brackets: a) Would you, please, lend (I) 10.000 lei until tomorrow? What do (you) need the money for? (I)ve found the course-books our teacher told (we) to buy and (I)ve left my money at home. Here (you) are. But dont forget to give (it) back to (I) tomorrow. Of course (I) wont. Thank (you) very much. b) Who is (it)? (It)s only (we). Whos (we)? (I) and my friend, George. c) Was (it) (she) Mary was telling (they) about? (I) think so. What do (you) think (she) told (they)? Search (I). 2. Choose the right personal pronoun (if both are possible sometimes, is there a difference in style or meaning?) a) 1. To my mind she is much more industrious than (I, me). 2. They all attended the management course except (she, her). 3. It was (he, him) they were talking about. 4. It is my brother who goes in for economics, not (I, me). 5. She is much better in maths than (we, us). 6. Was it (she, her) who knocked at the door? 7. We saw her at the concert; at least we thought it was (she, her). 8. It is (they, them) who are the experts. b) A flea and a fly in a flue Were imprisoned, so what could (they, them) do? Said the flea: Let (we, us) fly. Said the fly: Let (we, us) flee. So (they, them) flew through a flaw in the flue. 3. Choose the right relative-interrogative pronoun from the ones in brackets: a) 1. The student (who, which) is standing over there is my room-mate. 2. We must order the items (who, which) are out of stock. 3. I liked the book (that, which) you gave me for my birthday. 4. My best friend (what, whom) I havent seen for years is an economist now. 5. Bucharest the town in (that, which) I was born is the capital city of Romania. 6. Forests (whose, of which) area covers about 26% of our land, must be protected. 7. All (which, that) glitters is not gold. 8. Is this the student (who, that) you so highly praized? b) 1. (What which) have they told you about it? 2. (What, which) of these lessons must be learned for the exam? 3. (Who, whom) did you hide from? 4. (Whose, which) was the paper that was awarded the first prize? 5. (Who, whose) are the best results? 6. (Who, whom) were you talking to when they called you? 7. We dont know (which, what) is their opinion. 8. (What, which) do you call this in English?

4. Omit the relative pronoun wherever possible, making the necessary changes: 1. The town which we are going to visit today is a very old one. 2. The clerk about whom you are inquiring went on holiday yesterday. 3. They are not the kind of people to whom I like talking. 4. The definition which you gave to joint ventures is the right one. 5. The business that he runs is very profitable. 6. They read all the meanings in the dictionary and finally found that which they wanted. 7. What happened then was recorded in the documents of the time. 8. The prize was awarded to the student who came out top in the professional competition. 9. All is well that ends well is a proverb that is worth remembering. 5. Choose the proper possessive adjective or pronoun from the alternatives in brackets: 1. Of course, this is (my, mine) book, but where is (your, yours)? 2. (Our, ours) is the only faculty which trains stock exchange brokers. 3. The complimentary close of a business letter reads: (Your, yours) faithfully. 4. Best wishes to you and (your, yours) from me and (my, mine). 5. I know (her, hers) favourite subject is Trade, but whats (their, theirs)? 6. I see (your, yours) point, let me tell you (my, mine). 7. (Our, ours) stock situation is not as bad as (their, theirs). 8. An associate of (our, ours) has acquired 20% of (our, ours) shares. 9. Is this book (her, hers) or his? 10. Lets summon some students of (your, yours) group and some of (my, mine) and give a helping hand with the cleaning of the hostel. 6. Fill in the blanks with the indefinite pronouns some, any, none (or their compounds): 1. Have you got any letters for me? Yes, there are 2. I found all the course books I need in the library so I shant buy 3. wants to speak to you on the phone, Dan. 4.Theres Id like to discuss with you. 5. Would you like milk? No, thank you, wont have 6. Have you any objection to my continuing the studies? No, I have 7. Could you lend me some money? Sorry, I havent got 8. Dont let disturb us while we are learning. I assure you that will disturb you. 9. of these books are in English, but are in German. 7. Answer the following questions using NO-compounds. (Remember: neither of two): 1. How many exercises have you done today? 2. How much did this suit cost? 3. Who did you meet yesterday? 4. Which of these two courses have you attended? 5. What are you doing next week-end? 6. How many classes did you miss last week? 7. Where did you go last night? 8. Which foot did you hurt? 9. Who missed my point? 10. Which of you two missed my point? 11. Which of these films havent you seen yet? 12. What have you been doing lately? Where have you been? 13. How much of what he said could you understand? 14. Which of these two sentences gave you trouble to translate? 8. Fill in the blanks with the indefinite pronouns or adjectives: one(s), other(s), the other(s), another (one): 1. We understood nothing and looked from to 2. I dont like this frock; please, show me 3. These shoes are too tight, could I try pair? 4. Some people like milk, like tea in the morning. 5. This group is as good as 6. These classes are as interesting as 7. We study in this reading room,

prefer 8. When we saw him last, he was carrying a suitcase in ... hand and a bag in 9. should always go for a walk after dinner. 10. One always prides oneself on s achievements. 11. We stayed in the hostel, went out. 12. Only two guests arrived in time; were late. 13. Do you like this tie? Yes, and I want like that. 14. These gloves look worn out; Ill need some 9. Translate into English using ONE both as pronoun and as adjective: 1. i vezi pe cei doi profesori? Unul pred cursul de economie mondial i cellalt pe cel de contabilitate. 2. Trebuie s-i faci datoria. 3. Nu se tie niciodat. 4. Prietenul meu mi-a fcut cunotin cu un oarecare Marian, prieten bun de-al lui. 5. Care este persoana care se ocup de relaiile cu publicul? 6. Se cuvine ca fiecare s-i susin punctul de vedere. 7. Mi-am cumprat un alt curs, deoarece l-am pierdut pe cel cumprat ieri. 8. Nu-mi place aceast rochie; dai-mi-o, v rog, pe cea roie de acolo. 9. Era un ora cu totul diferit fa de cel ce-l prsisem cu douzeci de ani n urm. 10. Unul dintre colegi a fcut lista cu cei ce particip la cercul de relaii economice internaionale. 10. Translate into Romanian and say which of the pronouns are reflexive and which are emphatic: 1. I wash myself every morning. 2. I myself wash up after lunch. 3. One cannot do everything by oneself. 4. Whats wrong? You dont seem to be yourself today. 5. Im not feeling quite myself, indeed; I cut myself badly yesterday, you see. 6. We learn to restrain ourselves as we grow older and wiser. 7. Did you enjoy yourselves in the students camp? 8. I myself gave him the document. 9. Is this shirt yours? Yes, Ive made it myself. 10. The accountants themselves took the money to the bank last night. 11. Choose the right pronoun reflexive or personal. (If both are possible, is there a change of meaning or a risk of confusion?): 1. We bought (him, himself) a CD for his birthday. 2. He bought (him, himself) a CD-player. 3. I hope you understand this is a secret between (us, ourselves). 4. She dressed (her, herself) and went to the faculty. 5. Children, behave (you, yourselves)! 6. Our tutor invited the group monitor and (me, myself) to visit the laboratories. 7. Before choosing our research topic wed like to discuss things with (them, themselves). 8. They are not as keen and ambitious as (we are, ourselves). 9. She repeated the definition to (her, herself). 10. The umbrella opened and shut (it, itself). 11. One can see for (one, oneself) the vast scale on which automation is being carried out. 12. I took it upon (me, myself) to convene the meeting. 13. She knew that her friend was preferred to (her, herself). 14. They asked me to look after (me, myself). 12. Choose the right pronoun(s) and translate into Romanian: a) 1. Using the final demand model and the input-output table (one, it) is possible to obtain gross output levels. 2. (What, Which) will life be like in the year 2000? (One, it) will be as bad or as good as (we, ourselves) are willing to make it; (we, ourselves, one, oneself) create the world (that, which) we want to have. 3. (All that, everything which) youve just said sounds interesting, but (some of us,

several of us) may find (it, that) difficult to grasp. b) 1. (Everybody) thinks of changing humanity and nobody thinks of changing (himself, oneself). 2. I find TV very educational when (somebody, anybody) turns it on I go into (another, other) room and read a book. 3. There was an old maid (who, that) drove (every, each) shoe clerk crazy: she never bought (nothing, anything) she just liked the sight of a man on his knees before (her, herself). 4. (What, which) shall we drink? (Whatever, Whichever) you please, only let (it, that) be champagne! 5. I hope you washed your hands before coming to lunch with (us, ourselves). I hadnt time to wash them (both, all), mum, but Ill keep (another, the other) in my pocket! 13. Translate into Romanian and point out the pronouns: a) 1. Knowledge without practice is nothing. 2. That comes of a cat will eat mice. 3. He that travels far, knows much. 4. Learn wisdom by the follies of others. 5. Listen at the keyhole and youll hear news of yourself. 6. Great trees are good for nothing but shade. 7. Nothing is so necessary for travellers as languages. 8. He that brings good news, knocks hard. 10. If you run after two hares you will catch neither. b) 1. Teacher: I did not eat, you did not eat, he did not eat. Bill, repeat what I have said. Bill, No one has eaten. 2. Teacher: Your paper on Manufacturing Industry is the same as your deskmates. Student: Oh, yes. Its the same industry. 3. For every evil under the sun, There is a remedy, or there is none. If there be one, try and find it. If there be none, never mind it. 4. Riddles: No need for brush. No need for broom. Its used a lot To clean the room (Vacuum cleaner) 5. Formed long ago, yet made today, Im most employed while others sleep; What none would like to give away, Yet no one likes to keep. (Bed) 14. Translate into English paying attention to the use of pronouns: a) Trebuie s duc napoi la bibliotec aceste dou cursuri, deoarece nici unul numi folosete i trebuie s mprumut altele. - Atunci vin i eu cu tine. tii, nu am mprumutat nc nimic de la bibliotec i o s te rog s m nvei cum s procedez. Poate ai nevoie chiar de unul din aceste dou cursuri. ntr-adevr, ambele sunt pe lista mea. Ce noroc! b) 1. Ce tii despre fluviul Dunrea? Este unul dintre cele mai mari fluvii din Europa. Prin ce ri trece i prin cte capitale? 2. Cine-i acolo? Eu. Care eu? Un foarte bun prieten de-al tu. Ghici cine-i? - Nu pot. M dau btut. 3. Care dintre voi mi poate spune ceva despre robotroni? Oricine, bine-neles; unii am i citit mult. 4. tie cineva cum se poate intra pe Internet? Da, fiecare dintre

noi tie. 5. Ce carte este cea de acolo? Este dicionarul de management care a aprut anul trecut i n care gseti tot ce te intereseaz. 6. Cine sunt cei pe care mi i-ai recomandat? Sunt Dan i Paul, prietenii mei care au ctigat dou burse de studiu acordate de AIESEC, amndoi vor pleca n Anglia pentru un an: primul la Universitatea Lancaster i cellalt la Plymouth. 7. Al cui este acest curs? Al meu, mulumesc. 8. Cu cine ai vorbit char acum? Cu prietenul meu pe care nul mai vzusem de muli ani. Cel a crui sor este economist la noi? Chiar el. 9. Mai vrei nite prjituri? Nu, mulumesc, am mncat destul. Atunci nu mai doreti puin ceai? Nu, nu mai vreau nimic, mulumesc. 10. Cine a spus: i poi pcli pe toi oamenii pentru ctva timp, i-i poi pcli pe unii tot timpul, dar nu-i poi pcli pe toi oamenii tot timpul a avut mare dreptate. 15. Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the different uses of it and there: 1. Ce este lng computer? - E un scanner, iar alturi e un fax. 2. Este timpul s nvm s ne folosim de Internet. 3. Crezi c este destul timp ca s terminm de rescris traducerea nainte de ncheierea orei? 4. Este timpul s servim ceaiul. 5. Este timp i de servit ceaiul dac v grbii. 6. Ci ani sunt de cnd ai terminat facultatea? Trei ani, dar mi pare mai mult. 7. Ct este pn la pot? Cam 600 m. Este cldirea aceea mai nalt, de pe dreapta. 8. Sunt deja 40 min. de cnd urcm; ct crezi c mai este pn n vrf? - Mai sunt vreo 20 min; mai avem de urcat cam un kilometru, dar nu este un urcu prea greu. 9. Exist un loc i un timp pentru toate. 10. tiu un loc unde se servete o pizza grozav. 11. La tine m refeream. 12. Este de ajuns pentru toat lumea, v rog s ateptai la rnd. 13. Mi-e de ajuns. 14. Este de ajuns c mi-ai spus mie. 15. Nu este nimic de fcut, dect s lum lucrurile aa cum sunt. 16. Nu are nici o legtur cu tine sau cu mine. 17. Btea vntul cnd am plecat; era un vnt rece. 18. Este cineva acolo? Nu-i nimeni. 19. Cine-i? Eu, Ioana. 20. Este uor s te rtceti n Veneia, nu-i aa? 21. Sunt trei km. pn acolo. 22. Mai sunt trei km. pn acolo, nu-i aa? 23. Copernic este cel ce a descoperit c pmntul se nvrtete n jurul axei sale. 24. neleg c nu suntei de acord cu propunerea mea. 25. Are importan cine vorbete primul? 26. Dup cum se tie, este cam o jumtate de secol de cnd s-au folosit primele computere. 27. Dac nu cer prea mult, avnd n vedere c mi-ai permis s-mi fac lucrarea la

calculatorul d-voastr, a putea s-o i scot pe imprimant? 28. Acolo unde se nal blocul acela turn era odat o biseric de lemn.

THE NUMERAL
1. Read aloud the following: 1) numbers, 2) years, 3) dates, 4) room numbers, 5) telephone numbers: 1) 31 79 314 918 253 5325 8972 39.287 87.529 2) 1907 1914 1918 1944 1965 1985 3) January 11th 1945 February 18th 1972 March 29th 1930 January 3rd 1936 March 8th 1985 4) 107 513 829 1003 5) 610.49.18 221.29.13 611.39.53 649.44.27 777.36.28 777.36.77 2. Turn the following cardinal numerals into ordinal ones and use them in sentences of your own: - 2, 3, 9, 11, 12, 19, 22, 100, 181 3. Translate the following sentences into Romanian and state what kind of numerals are used: 1. I shook my head as for the twentieth time since my arrival he held out his lottery tickets to me. (S.Maugham). 2. Four of the five shook their heads, but our man spoke. (S.Maugham). 3. It will not cause a delay of more than five minutes. (S.Maugham). 4. That perhaps at first sight may appear not very momentous. (J.Swift),. 5. He was then past his prime being twenty-eight years and three quarters old. (J.Swift). 6. Ask my G.P. and he will tell you that half his job is sympathizing with people. That is ten times as difficult as treating them.

(R.Gordon). 7. A few dozen young men had an afernoon intellectual chat with the examiners. (R.Gordon)., 8. In a couple of years the Government is going to send me on a pension. (R.Gordon). 9. Give twice and thrice and twenty times their money. / And get your souls again. (W.B.Yeats). 4. State the type of the following numerals: the first, five-eights, nine-fortieths, 3.25, 0.35, couple, brace, dozen, gross, single, triple (treble) for times, a hundred times, every ten days, by twos, two by two, several, (a) few, a lot of, a number (of). 5. Translate into English: 1. W. Shakespeare s-a nscut la 23 aprilie 1564 la Stratford-upon-Avon, un orel la 92 de mile de Londra, fiind al treilea copil al lui John Shakespeare. 2. A fost decorat de trei ori pentru meritele sale deosebite. 3. Pentru c pasiunea lui este vntoarea i-a cumprat o pereche de cini de vntoare. 4. Studenii au intrat n sala de examen unul cte unul. 5. Sute de oameni ateptau cu nerbdare rezultatul acestui meci de football, foarte important pentru campionatul mondial. 6. Avem seminar de limba englez de dou ori pe sptmn. 7. O treime din locuitorii oraului nostru a vizitat Muzeul de Art.

THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD

1. Look at sentences A H below. Decide which sentence concerns: 1. permanent states, actions and situations 2. current projects 3. regular events, routines and frequency 4. programmes and time tables 5. facts, general truths 6. actions in progress now 7. temporary situations 8. changes and developments. What tense is used in each? A. Our company produces computer software for business applications. B. Would you like to hold? Ms. Mellow is speaking on the other line. C. The sales people arrive at about 8.00 and we open at 8.30 D. Miss Deal is ill, so Im dealing with all the correspondence. E. The British Ariways flight to Manchester departs at 20:00 and arrives at 23:30. F. The papers on the disk belong to our teacher. G. It is currently developing a new auditing department and negotiating with the Council for more office space. H. Stockbrokers deal in stocks and shares. 2. Complete the information about 3Ms business activities with the verbs in the box, in the right form; some may be used more than once: be, involve, see, have, range, put, give, export, spend, account, depend, bolster 3M 1 the epitome of all that is best in corporate America. To stay on top, the company 2 its virtues to Europe Its 60.000 products 3 from medical imaging equipment to Scotch tape. It 4 more than 6% of its total sales on R&D. 3M .5 its future as lying increasingly outside the U.S. Europe 6 for some 30% of its worldwide sales and one quarter of its employees. That 7 3M among the 300 largest companies in Europe. Although 3M 8 only 150 Americans working for the company outside the US, the language of EMATS is English. A vast data-base 9 employees instant access to company experts. Technical forums 10 this process increasing the chances of crossfertilisation. Group Talks with Desi (n.b. Mr. Desimone) 11 the chairman directly in this process. Its future 12 on how well the company has learnt to addpt to change. 3. Talk about your daily programme and student life using the prompts below and your inventiveness: Model 1: Prompt: live / hostel? Student 1: Do you live at the hostel? Student 2: Yes, I do. / No, I dont Model 2: Prompt: Where / usually learn? Student 1: Where do you usually learn?

Student 2: I usually learn in the reading room. Prompts: What time / get up as a rule? - always walk to the faculty? How / do/ get to school as a rule? - have classes every morning? Which subject(s) of study / like best? When / do/ homework? - usually participate in professional competitions / scientific workshops? When / begin/ summer vacation? Where / usually go on holiday? 4. Complete the dialogue using the verbs in brackets: x. Where (come) from? y.I (come) from China. x. (you / live) in Beijing? y. No, I (not), I live in Shanghai. x. What (you / do)? y. Im an accountant . I (work) for Coca-Cola. x. (you / travel) a lot? y. No, (I / not) at least not very often. 5. Look at Exercise 4 again and ask and answer questions about Y in the 3rd person: e.g. Where doesYcome from? 6. Open the brackets and put the verbs in either simple present or present continuous. Note that verbs describing perception, states, beliefs, or which make a declaration are never, or rarely, used in the continuous aspect. 1. We (think) of opening another office in Bucharest shortly. We (think) this will help us to improve our performance in Romania. 2. Our records (show) that you (owe) us 1,000. 3. CIF (mean) that insurance is included in the quotation. 4. The consignment (measure) 2 x 1 x 15 and (weigh) 50 kilos. 5. Our marketing people (try) to find a brand name that (sound) natural and sophisticated. 6. I (taste) our new instant coffee and I (be) very pleased: it (taste) better than the older one. 7. Ms. Brown (not seem) to be in the office. 8. I (not / know) what time Ill be with you, it (depend) on the traffic. 9. I (agree) that payment terms should be changed; I (suggest) a 2.5% reduction. 10. We (confirm) that we (spend) some weeks studying the German market. 11. What trends (you notice) in this sales chart? 12. It (seems) that stative verbs are not normally used in the progressive. 7. Complete this news item with suitable verbs from the margin. It concerns the present time.
treat help approach

pipe believe keep talk allow give like perk put call give play

DANCING YEAST British gardeners to their plants, so why shouldnt some Japanese bakers music for their bread? Shikishima Banking Co., in Nagoya, that classical music to dance and up the taste of its white bread. The bakery its dough in a freezer, then in Beethoven for three days to give the yeast a dash of verve. It the bread Pasco Adagio because, says Yukichi Minowa, Shikishimas sales manager, the yeast slow, adagio-type music. It the bread more body and a sweeter taste, he . Sake brewers are joining the fad. Ohara Shuzo brewery, in Fukushuma prefecture, its fermenting Kura Shikku (Classic) sake to Mozart twice a day Music the microorganisms in yeast from dying, says Fumiko Ohara of the brewery. What next? Will Frank Sinatra wander the vineyards of Bordeaux, singing his great hits as the harvest ? It should be a very good year. 8. Look back at Exercise 7 and ask a few questions about the text. e.g. How do British gardeners treat their plants? Or Who(m) do British gardeners talk to? 9. A. Think about the way of life of people in Romania: how life is organize; education, customs, etc. Make generalisations about the groups below using verbs in the Simple Present and the generalising phrases from the box whenever appropiate: Example: Children go to school at the age of seven. Many people In general Most families Generally speaking Children On the whole The rich As a rule The poor usually The famous generally Young people never Old people Most women (Most) students You may add other categories. 9. B. Then use these ideas to ask your foreign colleagues about their way of life.

Example: What do students usually do at weekends? 9. C.1. Write five generalisations about the inhabitants of five different countries. Do not name the country and do not write about your own nationality. 9. C.2. Now exchange lists with your partner, then with the entire class; try to guess which nationalities they have written about. Discuss how true these generalisations are. 10. Choose the correct form, simple or continuous, to give meaning to the dialogue below: John: Mike, what. (do you do / are you doing) Mike: I (read / am reading) a report on stress. According to this, life becomes / is becoming) too stressful for some people. Scientists (just develop / are just developing) a test to see what kind of personality responds to certain situations involving stress. Speaking of stress, you know that man Woods (is moving / moves) to advertising. John: Yes, what about him? Mike: Well, he (is going / goes) to hospital for a check up tomorrow. Apparently he never (leaves / is leaving) the office before ten oclock every night. I hope we (dont get / arent getting) like that! I (work / am working) hard myself, but I certainly (know / am knowing) when to stop. John: I cant agree less, you know: All work and no play (makes / is making) Jack a dull boy. 11. A colleague of your sisters keeps telephoning her, but she doesnt want to speak to him, so she asked you to save her each time he rings. Use the verbs in brackets in the right form of the present tense, simple or continuous: 1. Sorry I cant hear very well, Jean (use) the hairdryer. Just a moment. She (say) Coud you call back later? 2. Im sorry, but she cant come to the phone. She (paint) her nails. 3. Im sorry, but youve just missed her. She (go) to a Business English course on Friday evenings. 4. Im sorry, but she isnt back yet. She (usually come) home at about 10 oclock. 5. Yes, shes back, but she (have) a bath. Hm. I know she had a shower earlier. She (always have) a shower before she (go) out and a bath before she (go) to bed. She (say) it (help) her to sleep. 6. She (be) still in the bathroom, Im afraid, I think I can hear music, so I suppose she (listen) to cassettes. 7. Im terribly sory, but shes probably asleep by now. Yes, youre right its still early, but she (get up) at seven oclock so she always (go) to bed before eleven. Shall I ask her to call you tomorrow? 12. Put the verbs in brackets in the present tense, simple or continuous, according to meaning: a) This house, said the real estate salesman, (have) both its good points and its bad points. To show you I (be) honest, Im going to tell you about both. The disadvantages (be) that there (be) a chemical plant one block south and a staughterhouse a block north.

What (be) the advantages? inquired the prospective buyer. The advantage (be) that you (can) always tell which way the wind (blow). b) Ive invented a computer thats almost human. You (mean) it (think)? No. But whenever it (make) a mistake it (can) put the blame on another computer. c) Two cangaroos were talking to each other and one said, I (hope) it (not rain) today, I just (hate) it when the children (play) inside. 13. Talk about present actions (general, in progress and which started in the past, using the prompts): Model: A. Do you learn every day? B. Yes, I do. A. Are you learning (now)? or What are you doing (now)? B. Yes, I am, or Im learning at maths. A. How long have you been learning at maths? B. Oh, for two mouns, since I came back to the motel. Prompts: 1. Watch television. 2. Live at the motel. 3. a) work on a report; b) in the laboratory. 4. Study for the exams. 5. Play basketball. 6. Listen to music. 7. Write letters. 8. Think a) you have a gift for languages; b) of your future profession. 9. See films 10. Know a) him; b) statistics. (Note that verbs to think [meaning: a crede], to see, to know, do not take the continuous). 14. Join the sentences with since or for plus a time expression to show that the present action started in the past and has been going on for some time now: 1. Economic needs and priorities have always changed. They are still changing. 2. When expert systems were developed, software grew more mature, but its maturity is a long way off. 3. I first met Laura in September 1994, when we both came to ASE and we made friends at once; we decided to share everything together and weve kept our word. 4. As a manager, I have to work quite long hours; I am used to it now. It was more difficult at first, when I got this job. 5. Understanding needs, finding solutions: this is how Alcatel constantly opens new paths to progress in each country where it operates. This has always been its mission. 6. I am working at the computer and I am in a hurry to finish since I started early morning. 7. She is busy e-mailing my report at the moment; I asked her to do it a couple of minutes ago.

15. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense. In some cases both could be used. 1. We (walk) ten miles. 2. How long you (walk)? 3. We (walk) for three hours. 4. What you (do)? We (develop) a new computer system. 5. How many errors you (pick out)? We (pick out) ten errors. 6. I (test) every computer in this centre and I dont like any of them. 7. Since when he (sleep)? 8. He (sleep) since ten oclock. Its time he woke up. 9. What a lovely smell ! Mary (make) apple pie. 10. The students (work) very well this term. 11. I only (hear) from him twice since he went away. 12. I (hear) from her regularly. She is a very good correspondent. 13. I (work) for him for ten years and he never once (say) Good morning to me. 14. He (teach) in this school for five years. 15. I (teach) hundreds of students but I never (meet) such a brilliant class as this. 16. Why you (be) so long in the garage? The tyres were flat. I (pump) them up. 17. I (pump) up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth? 16. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs in the right tense: present perfect or present, simple or continuous: 1. Ive been working on this essay since I returned from school, but I still and tomorrows the deadline! What I to do? 2. We this daft soap since lunchtime! you bored with it? I to switch over to another channel, if you 3. Dans really excited about winning that scholarship at Harward. He never at a University abroad, although he several times for scholarship at universities outside Romania. 4. Why for a little while? You a break since we started work. 5. I with my aunt in Toronto. I there before, but she there for ten years now, so she can show me around. 6. Please understand that we to spend any more money on clothes, because we as much as we can until we on holiday. 17. Read this letter first, then complete it with suitable verbs according to context. Use present perfect or present, simple or continuous. Dear Dana, We (1) are having a marvellous time here, in Scotlands historic capital. Although we intended to spend only three days sightseeing in Edinburgh and a bit beyond, we (2) our minds and (3) to stay an entire week, because we (4) ourselves so much and (5) that theres a lot more worth seeing and doing here than we thought at first. We (6) already the Edinburgh Castle, magnificent on its volcanic rock, and this morning we (7) down the cobbled Royal Mile, which (8) something to attract us at every step we (9) We (10) St.Giles Cathedral and (11) in quite a few woollens, cashmere and tartan shops. You know I (12) always to have a kilt so I (13) just one: whenever I (14) it, Ill feel I (15) back here, in this fascinating place. Im writing this while we (16) for a cup of tea and oatcakes before we (17) our tour of the Old Town. We (18) no proper lunch today, as we (19) to see the countrys finest royal place, Holyroodhouse.

Fortunately, the weather (20) very good so far. People (21) it can be very cold and it often (22) for days! As this is the first time I (23) to Scotland, I (24) Im just lucky. Love, Maria 18. A. Compare the use of the present tense and the present perfect tense for the Romanian prezent, then do exercise: Examples USES TENSES I. ACTION VERBS 1. Folosim pota electronic n fiecare zi. We use the e-mail everyday general habitual actions in the present; routine Simple Present 2. ..in clipa de fa. We are using the e-mail at the moment actions in progress now; temporary situations Present Continuous 3. .a. din anul 1994. .... b. de civa ani. We ve been using the e-mail a. since 1994. b. for several years now present actions in progress which started in the past Present Perfect Continuous II.STATIVE VERBS 1. Avem / Deinem aciuni la Connex G.S.M. We have / own / hold shares in Connex general states, situations in the present Simple Present 2. .acum. We have / own / hold shares in Connex G.S.M. now. current, temporary states, situations Simple

Present 3. ...a. din ianuarie. .b. de cteva luni. We have had / owned / held shares in Connex G.S.M. a. since January b. for several months now present states, situations in progress which began in the past Present Perfect Simple 18. B. Translate into English, using present or present perfect simple or continuous for the Romanian prezent, as appropriate (see 18. A.): 1. Ne facem bagajele; le facem de azi diminea, dar nc n-am terminat. 2. Aceasta este casa n care locuiesc; locuiesc aici din copilrie. 3. Ce caui? Stiloul. L-ai cutat peste tot? De cnd l caui? Mereu l pierzi! 4. Ninge tare; ninge de cinci ore aa c n-am ieit din cas toat ziua i nici nu mai putem iei. 5. Ce faci? N-a rspuns fratele tu? De ct timp ncerci s iei legtura cu el? 6. - Citeti cri englezeti n original? - Da, citesc n englez de la 14 ani. - Ce citeti acum? 7. Unchiul meu e scriitor. De doi ani scrie un roman, dar nu l-a terminat nc. Acum e n grdin i scrie. 8. Ct a scris pn acum, tii? - E pe terminate; nu mai are dect puin din ultimul capitol. 9. De cnd tii c John are un post de conducere? De cnd l vd mbrcat n costum n fiecare zi. 10. Firma noastr nregistreaz frumoase profituri de cnd s-a schimbat ntreaga conducere. 19.A. Compare the use of the past tense and the present perfect tense, common aspect, for the Romanian perfect compus, then do 19.B. Past Tense Present Perfect 1. When did you see him? I saw him then / at 5 oclock / an hour ago Cnd l-ai vzut? L-am vzut atunci / la ora 5 / acum o or Have you (ever) seen him? I have seen him (Ive) already often seldom sometimes always never

notyet. L-ai vzut (vreodat)? L-am vzut (deja, adesea, rareori, uneori, mereu). Nu l-am vzut niciodat. Nu l-am vzut nc. 2. I saw him just now L-am vzut chiar acum Ive just seen him. Tocmai l-am vzut. 3. I saw him yesterday / Last week / Long ago. L-am vzut ieri / sptmna trecut / de mult. Ive seen him today/ This week/ Lately L-am vzut astzi / sptmna aceasta / de curnd. 4. I last saw him in 1980 Ultima oar l-am vzut n 1980. I havent seen him since then / since 1980 Nu l-am (mai) vzut de atunci / din 1980. 19. B. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense or the simple past tense and fill the blanks by repeating the auxiliary used in the question: 1. Have you wound the clock? Yes, I . I (wind) it last night. 2. Has he repaired the fridge? No, he He only (repair) part of it so far. 3. Have you done your homework? Yes, we (do) it all. We (do) it yesterday. 4. Have you found the note-books? No, I 5. Has Mary bought the coffee-machine? Yes, she She (buy) some two days ago. 6. Have you been here before? No, I 20. Change the present tense into the past tense or the present perfect, according to the adverbs given in brackets and translate into Romanian (see ex. 19.A.): 1. We live in Bucharest (always, last year). 2. Do you often have guests? (ever, when ?). 3. I dont miss any classes (never; when I was a student). 4. He listens to music every day (today, yesterday). 5. She works at the airport (last year; recently). 6. Does she make cookies? (ever, two days ago). 7. They call on her every week (last week, this week). 8. He does his homework every afternoon (never; a while ago). 21. Use either the simple past tense or the present perfect tense in short conversations according to this model: Have you (ever) seen that film? Yes, I have.

When did you see it? I saw it last week / yesterday / a month ago / in 1992. Prompts: Been to London; met her before; worked on a farm; spoken to a film star; typed a letter; invented anything; had guests; made cookies; listened to music; turned on the TV; completed your degree project, introduced him to them; missed any classes; caught a cold; had a sore throat; lived at the hotel. 22. Two friends are talking together a few days before a party they are going to give. They are telling one another what they have done, when they did it, and what they havent done yet, like that: Jane: What about the invitations? Maria: a) Ive already done them! I wrote them yesterday. Or b) I havent done them yet. Write similar answers to the following sentences using present perfect and / or simple past, according to the time marker in brackets: Jane: Are Dan and Paul coming to the party? Maria: I dont know. (ask yet). Jane: What about Barbara and Peter? Maria: (invite already / last week). Jane: What are we going to drink at the party? Maria: I dont know (decide yet). Jane: That cake smells good anyway. Maria: (make just). Jane: We must buy some ham or cheese. Maria: (buy already / in the morning). Jane: But, the rooms untidy. Maria: (tidy up yet). Jane: What about the music, then? Have you a cassette-recorder, or something? Maria: (have a stereo-system for two months / buy two months ago). Jane: We can play my records too. How many people are coming? Maria: I dont know (send invitations yet). Jane: Lets go and post them now. 23. Notice how you can ask questions with How long both for past and present time. e.g. 1) X: I lived in Braov for a time You: Oh? How long did you live there? e.g. 2) X: I live in Bucharest. You: Oh? How long have lived / been living there? Now you do it: 1. We lived in Bran at first, you know. 2. We live in Braov, like you. 3. He studied English at school. 4. Hes learning French and Spanish. 5. I first worked as a receptionist. 6. Im working for a small cosmetics company. 7. Shes looking for another job. 8. She was unemployed for a while. 9. Yes, we watched television last night. 10. Shh! Weve watching a very interesting programme.

24. Put the verb into the correct form present perfect or past simple (see also ex. 19.A.). a) A. You have a lovely dress! When (you / buy) it? B.Come on! You (see) me in it before; I (have) it for two years now. b) A. Dear me! Somebody (spill) coffee on my carpet! B. Well, it (be / not) me! I (not / do). c) A. Is your brother at home? B. No, Im afraid he (go) out. A. When exactly (he / go) out? B. You (just / miss) him; it isnt more than three minutes since he / leave). d) A. How long (you / live) in Bucharest? B. Two years. A. And where (you / live) before that! A. In Braov, my hometown. e) A. Where is Mike? B. Dont you know? He (break) his right leg. A. Really? How (that / happen) ? B. He (slip) on a banana skin. f) A. Who (be) Albert Einstain? B. He (be) the scientist who (develop) the theory of relativity. 25. Ask questions in the simple past tense or present perfect (simple or continuous), using the prompts below each of them: 1. Its snowing How long / snow? How long ago / start / snow? When / start / snow? 2. Im learning Japanese How long / learn? How long ago / start / learn? When / start / learn? 3. We know Mary and John quite well How long / know? How long ago / first / meet? When / first / meet? 4. Ive got a camera How long / have? How long ago / buy? When / buy? 5. This jacket is so old! Got to get a new one. How long / have? How long ago / get? When / buy? 6. It took me a long time to become a good doctor, and there are still many things I dont know How long / take? How long / learn? When / start / learn?

1. We used to live in Braov; That was before I went to University, but Ill never get used to Bucharest! How long / live in Braov? How long ago / move from Braov? How long / live in Bucharest? When / come to Bucharest? 8. Ive been working here doing the same thing long enough. Time for a change in my live Since when / work here? How long / do the same thing? How long ago / start /work? How long / feel / time for a change? When / get bored with this job? 26. Are the underlined parts of sentence right R or wrong W? Correct the wrong ones: 1. Ive lost my glasses, I cant find them anywhereR 2. When have you lost them? W...: When DID you LOSE 3. Where have you been last Sunday? . 4. Im looking for Jane. Have you seen her? . 5. Im starving! Ive learnt all day and havent had time to eat anything. . 6. Did you see Gone with the Wind? .. 7. When did you see it? 8. Mr.Dombey has worked in a bank for 10 years; then he was made redundant and decided to start his own business. . 9. Ms. Wilkins is a teacher; She has been a teacher for 20 years, more precisely, since she has left her job at the bank 10. When I got home last night, I was so tired, I went straight to bed 11. I just got home and didnt have time to check my answering machine... 27. Use the time markers given in brackets instead of the one underlined. Make the necessary changes in the tense of the predicate: 1. The plane from London got here at noon yesterday (every morning; every morning since May). 2. Miss. Blake started work at seven oclock this morning (every day; every day since she got this job). 3. Mr.Whatt went out to lunch at one oclock yesterday (usually; just). 4. We are living in the country now (until 1996; since 1976). 5. I know all about it at last (for years; days ago). 6. John doesnt often come to see us nowadays (never; last year). 7. What are you smiling at now? (just; just now). 8. They always keep us waiting (since he got promoted; last night). 9. It is raining now (just; yesterday; for two hours). 10. He was preparing for the examination last month (today; for the last fortnight; never). 11. I am working on an invention now (usually; for a long time; last year). 12. Jane helped us last Sunday (tonight; often; last week). 13. I bought a lot of books last month (today; lately; every time I get my pay).14. The students next door frequently practise singing (for three hours yesterday; every afternoon since we moved here). 15. We play tennis once a week (every day last year; never; since we joined the club). 28. Use the bracketed verb in the correct tense: present, past, or present perfect simple or continuous: 1. What part of Romania you (come) from? Timioara; but I (live) in Ploieti just now. 2. How long it (be) since you (not be) in your native town? I (not see) it since I (graduate) from the University. 3. What he (say)? I (not

hear) properly. I think he (explain) that the train from Braov (run) ten minutes late. 4. Science (begin) to dominate our lives. 5. You (listen) ever to pops? Not very often. I prefer classical music. 6. He (not have) a holiday for two years because he (be) too busy. 7. What her brother (do) for a living? Oh, he (be) a businessman. He (run) his own business It (do) well? Yes, they (get) more and more business deals every year. 8. Since you (give) me our number I (phone) you four times and (not find) you at home. 9. We (live) here for the last ten years, and just (decide) to move. 10. The whole place rapidly (become) a huge tourist resort. 11. What you (do)? I (write) a letter now. I (see) you writing two hours ago, too. Yes, I (write) letters for some hours now. 12. You (begin) to read up for your exams yet? Yes, I I (start) just now. 13. I (go) to Spain five years ago. Since then I (not speak) Spanish, and I (forget) nearly all I (learn) there. 14. You (read) The Bell? Yes, I I (borrow) the book last week and just (finish) it. 15. Fog (not cover) England the whole time, as some people (think). 29. Open the brackets using the present perfect or the past tense. A. Lucy: Hello, Phil. Sorry I am late. You (be) here long? Phil: No, I just (arrive). I (get) here 5 minutes ago. Lucy: How are you? Phil:Well, I (have) an awful morning at the faculty. I dont know whats wrong with me, but (not be) able to study properly for a few days now. Lucy: You (have) many classes this morning? Phil: Yes, I (have), and I (fall) asleep during the first hour, then I (not answer) properly at Statistics and we (have) a test at General Economics, too. Lucy: Luckily its your favourite subject! Phil: Right. But today I (make) a mess of the test. Lucy: I think its the weather. It (rain) so much these last few days. I (have) a headache since yesterday morning. Perhaps a film may do us good. Phil: What about going to a disco. We (not be) to one for ages. Lucy: Id love it. I can wear the gown I just (buy). Phil: Thats good news. When you (buy) it? Lucy: I (buy) it an hour ago. B. Dan and Paul are on their way to the faculty. They just (catch) this bus. Dan: Good mornig, Paul. You almost (miss) the bus. Paul: I (oversleep). I really (have) to hurry. Dan: You (look) tired. What (do)? Paul: I (go) to a party last night. We (dance) for a couple of hours. Dan: I not (be) to a party for ages. I (learn) too much lately. You (dance) all night? Paul: Of course not. I also (sit) and (watch) TV. Some people (play) cards, too. Dan: I never (play) cards. You (have)? Paul: No, I (not have) always (find) it boring. By the way, You (know) Peter? Dan: I (meet) him, but I really (not know) him. Paul: He (be) a lot of fun at a party. He always (have) a funny story to tell. Last night he (tell) us Irish jokes. I never (laugh) so hard in my life. You (hear) of the Irish woman who (try) to iron her curtains?

Dan: No, I (not have). Paul: She (fall) out of the window or How you (make) an Irishman laugh on a Monday morning? Dan: I know it. Tell him a joke on Friday evening. Ha-ha! But let me tell you the one about the Scotsman who (be) late in paying his bills. Paul: Typical! What he (do)? Dan: He (receive) the following note: Your account (be) on our books for over a year, just want to remind you. We (now, carry) you longer than your mother (do). Paul: Oh, no! We (just, miss) our stop! Now we are going to be late to class! Dan: But we (have) a good laugh! C. Here is another Irish joke told by Peter last night, choose the right form of the predicate. An Irishman (was planning to spend / planned) his holiday travelling through Germany, so he (was deciding to / decided) learn a little German. He (went / was going) to a language school and (wanted to / was wanting) pay the fel when the secretary (said / was saying). Did you ever learn / Have you ever learnt another language? No, I (havent / didnt) the Irishman (answered / was answering). Then you (must / had to) know that German may seem very difficult at first, but after about lesson 7 it is much easier, said the secretary. Hearing that the Irishman (paid / has paid) his fee and (arranged / has arranged) to start next day at lesson 8. No one (can be / was able to be) as logical as an Irishman! 30. Complete the following anecdote with the suitable verb form from the list on the right. Some words may be used more times (as shown): A student __________to sell his dog to one of this colleagues. This ______a talking dog, he ______. And I _____it away for five dollars. His colleague ________, Who ______you ______ you _____ with this talking dog stuff? I ________ never ____ a dog that can talk! Suddenly the dog ________ up with tears in his eyes. Please buy me, sir, he _________. You _______not___ how cruel this man can be! He never _________ me a meal, never ________ me , never __________ me for a walk And I used to be the richest trick dog in America. I _________ before kings; I _________in the Army and________decorated the times! Wow, he _________! the student. Why _______you ________to sell him for just five dollars? Because, _________ the seller, I _________find of all his lies!
want be x 3 say x 3 kid get see take look know

talk buy perform plead give sell try think bathe exclaim

31. Translate into English: 1. Tocmai am terminat cursul de calculatoare. 2. Ne-am distrat de minune. 3. Arta mai bine cnd l-am vzut la conferina internaional. 4. Irlandezul a pltit taxa pentru cursul de german i a aranjat s nceap a doua zi de la lecia 8. 5. Ai ntrziat vreodat la ore? Da. Cnd ai ntrziat? Cnd am dormit mai mult, deoarece nu am auzit detepttorul. 6. Te-a ajutat Dan vreodat s faci cumprturile? Da. Cnd te-a ajutat ultima oar? De fapt m-a ajutat doar odat, cnd a vrut s-i cumpere costum i pantofi. 7. L-ai auzit vreodat pe Peter spunnd anecdote? Nu, nu l-am auzit niciodat. Trebuie s-l auzi. Eu l-am auzit asear, la balul bobocilor i am rs ca niciodat n via. 8. De ct timp lucrezi la proiectul de diplom? Lucrez la el de cteva luni, din decembrie trecut. 9. Prietena noastr este rcit ru i noi suntem ngrijorate. Cnd a rcit? Cnd am fost n excursie. De atunci o doare n gt i are temperatur. 10. Atepi de mult? Nu, abia am sosit. De fapt am ajuns aici acum 10 minute i n timp ce te ateptam, am citit ziarul. 32.A. Turn the following present routines and events into the past by substituting the past time expressions given in the box for the present time ones wherever applicable: Yesterday (morning / afternoon), last week / month, etc, a year / month / week ago, a long time ago, in 1995, just now. 1. I eat at least ten apples every day, though Im not a vegetarian. 2. We play tennis every Saturday afternoon. 3. I work for an insurance company. 4. We usually stay at Youth hostels when we go on holiday. 5. He needs a new pair of shoes every month. 6. We want to buy a car today. 7. We often have just coffee and toast for breakfast. 8. The students are free every Sunday. 9. She buys a new dress every week. 10. He goes shopping only at weekends. 32.B. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past tense, then make the sentences both negative and interrogative like this: Mary (buy) a dress yesterday a) Mary bought a dress yesterday. b) Mary (did not/ didnt) buy a dress yesterday. c) Did Mary buy a dress yesterday? Now you do it. 1. This dress (fit) her last year. 2. I (see) a lovely skirt in the shop-window last week. 3. We (find) a lot of good books two weeks ago.

4. They (watch) television last night. 5. Gabriel (buy) a record four months ago. 6. We (enjoy) our lunch yesterday. 7. Mary (choose) a fancy silk for a minute ago. 8. Ann (look) for a pair of skis last Friday. 9. I (take) size 30 in shoes when I was a child. 10. My watch (stop) a while ago. 33. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple past tense, then retell the anecdotes. A. Did you hear about the cheerful truck-driver who (pull up) at a roadside caf in the middle of the night for a dinner stop? Halfway through his dinner, three wildlooking motorcyclists (roar up) bearded, leather-jacketed, filthy with swastikas adorning their chests and helmets. For no reason at all they (select) the truck driver as a target. One (pour) pepper over his head, another (steal) his apple pie, the third (upset) his cup of coffee. The truck driver never (say) a word just (arise), (pay) his bill and (go) out. That trucker sure aint much of a fighter (sneer) one of the bullies. The girl behind the counter, peering out into the night, (add); He doesnt seem to be much of a driver either. He just (run) his truck right over three motorcycles!. B. Striking a bargain Just occasionally, the seller does come out of a clever business deal on top as in this example of a man who (sell) an idea to a manufacturing company. The particular beauty of this deal lies in the fact that the idea (be) not one which he (can) put into practice himself. He simply (approach) a leading match company and (offer) to tell them how they could save thousands of pounds by means of one change to their manufacturing products. The change (will) cost absolutely nothing to carry out but he (want) a substantial percentage of the savings in return for the idea. Not surprisingly, the match company (be) more than a little suspicious, and (turn) him down. After all, if this idea (be) so obvious to an outsider, surely they (can) work it out for themselves. They duly (go) through the whole factory with a fine tooth-comb but (find) nothing. By this time, they were so intrigued by the mans offer that they (go) back to him and (agree) that if he (save) them money, he could have the cut he (want). Just put one striking surface on each matchbox instead of two he (advise) them Youll cut the money you spend on abrasives by 50%. They (do) and they (do). And over the next few years, the man who (sell) them the idea (make) a small fortune. C. All stitched up In the unstable and unpredictable world of popular music, there have been many astonishing business deals (both good and bad) but perhaps the greatest of them all (occur) in 1955. In that year, RCA Records (pay) Sam Phillips, the owner of a Memphis recording company called Sun Records, the sum of $ 35,00 for the exclusive contract he (have) with an unconventional young singer with a grossly exaggerate action. Phillips (be) happy with the deal at the time. After all, it (seam) like a lot of money and, in any case, the young man only (wander) into his studio one day to cut a record on specially as a present for his mother.

But RCA (know) what they were doing. In the years that (follow), Elvis Presley (go) on to sell over a billion records and is still selling today. 34. Talk about past actions and situations using the prompts: Model: Prompt: ask your colleague when he was born. Student1: When were you born? Student2: I was born in july 18, 1969. Prompts: Ask your colleague: 1. Where he was born. 2. Where he lived as a child. 3. What schools he attended and where. 4. How he decided to study economics. 5. If he had a job before becoming a student. 6. When he had his entrance exam. 7. How long he studied for it. 8. If he liked his last summer vacation better than all the others before it and why. 35. Talk with your friend about your lives now and in the past. Complete the table with the information you receive: Topic Life now Life as a child What / do at the weekend? What / do in the morning? What / do in the evening? Where / go on holiday? What sports / play? What TV programmes / like? What newspapers / books / magazines / read? What food / like? 36. Answer the following questions to show the difference between momentary actions and actions in progress in the past. Model: When did it happen? (while I walk). It happened while I was walking. (momentary) (action in progress) 1. When did the lights go out? (just as I / leave). 2. When did you leave the faculty yesterday? (while it / rain). 3. When did the computer break down? (while the programmer / run it). 4. When did you come it? (just as they / feed data into the computer). 5. When did you hear someone moving in the next room. (while I / work out a problem).
I (usually) do the shopping and . I used to play with my friends and . What do you do at the weekend? What did you do when you were a child?

37. Change the predicates from simple past to past continuous. Add appropiate time markers or explanatory clauses to account for the change: e.g. I studied my English lesson last night. Becomes: I was studying my English leason 1) when Dan arrived. Or 2) this time last night. 1. I went shopping yesterday. 2. Did you walk home from the faculty last night? 3. It didnt rain yesterday morning. 4. He watched his favourite TV programme last night. 5. Paul wrote several letters the day before yesterday. 6. I got off the bus at the faculty. 7. Did you dance and tell jokes last weekend? 8. My friend did not drive at high speed last Sunday. 9. My students worked on a project last autumn. 10. We ran up five flights of stairs to our classroom. 38. Open the brackets using past tense simple or continuous, as appropiate: Dan: What you (do) yesterday afternoon when I (phone) you? Anna: What time you (phone) me? Dan: About 5. Anna: You (dial) the right number? Dan: Of course I (do). I (try) again and again. The line (be) busy. I (think) there (be) something wrong with your telephone. At last I (give) up. Anna: Oh, now I remember. I (leave) the receiver off the hook. I (write) letters and I (not want) to be disturbed. So, you see, I (work) hard while you (waste) your time telephoning. Dan: But you (write) letters. Anna: Thats right. Isnt that hard work? 39. Complete the following sentences to express an action in progress in the past: 1. She confessed that she 2. I was trying to find the keys when/while. 3. He took up working when we (still) 4. I didnt leave the house as it 5. She arrived when he 6. I fell down while I 7. I was watching TV while she 8. We didnt agree with her because she 40. Use the verbs in brackets in the right past tense, to tell the story: Yesterday morning was another of those mad mornings. The alarm clock (not wake up) me at 6:30. When my roommate (wake up) me at last, the sun (shine) and the radio (announce) 8:00. I (go to be) late for class again! While I (have) breakfast I (throw) all my books and copybooks into the bag. Just as I (leave) I (see) the bus coming. As I (run) as quickly as I could to the bus-stop, I (run) into an elderly woman and nearly (knock) her over. I (apologize) and (start) running again. I (get) to the bus-stop just as the bus (leave). As I (get on), I (slip) on a banana skin and (fall) on my back and (break) a leg. So, while my groupmates (have) classes I (be) driven to hospital. 41. Translate into English using past tense simple and continuous as appropriate. 1. Prietenul meu se ntorcea din excursie cnd l-am ntlnit. 2. Ieri la ora asta nvam la englez. 3. Ploua cnd ai pornit-o la drum? 4. Nu conduceam maina n mare vitez cnd am dat peste cea din fa. 5. Te uitai la televizor asear la ora 8? 6. n timp ce urcam pe munte ploua, dar cnd am ajuns n vrf era soare. 7. Chiar n clipa n care

ieeam din cmin am vzut autobuzul venind. 8. n timp ce fugeam spre staia de autobuz, am dat peste o persoan mai n vrst i mi-am cerut scuze. 9. Cnd am ajuns la facultate, tocmai suna de intrare. 10. Cu ce te ocupai anul trecut pe vremea aceasta? 11. Cnd lucra la planul de afaceri se tot plngea c nu are datele exacte cu privire la concuren. 12. La secia Relaii Externe, m ntlneam cu o mulime de oameni de peste tot, dar nu ajungeam s cunosc pe nimeni cu adevrat. 42. Answer the questions about the following pairs of sentences: 1. In which sentence did Mary not see John? a) Mary left when John arrived. b) Mary had left when John arrived. 2. In which sentence is it certain that Margot is studying economics at the time of speaking? a) We knew Margot was studying economics. b) We knew Margot had studied economics. 3. In which sentence has Mike behaved wisely only on one particular occasion? a) We all thought that Mike was wise. b) We all thought that Mike had been wise. 4. In which sentence did they miss the beginning of the film? a) By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started. b) Hardly had we got to the cinema when the film started. Bring arguments in support of your answer. 43. In each pair below, pick the sentence referring to a past action in progress for a longer period of time. Underline the verb forms and the time markers that prove your point: 1. a) We were playing tennis when the rain started. b) We had been playing tennis for 1 hour when the rain started. 2. a) This time yesterday Jane was watching TV. b) By this time yesterday Jane had been watching TV for a couple of hours. 3. a)When I arrived, they were all waiting for me. b) When I arrived, they had all been waiting for me for a long time, so they were rather angred. 4. a) It was very noisy next door, as our neighbours were having a party. b) It was very noisy next door, as our neighbours had been having a party since they got home. 5. a) Where were they living at that time? b) Theyd been living in a caravan for several months, actually since the big fire that (had) destroyed the entire village, remember? 44. Name the tenses underlined in the following sentences: 1. Id phoned my friend, Elaine, from the airport before the plane took off. 2. Id always wanted to go to Athens and now my dream was coming true. 3. I sipped a gin and tonic, pushed my seat back and snoozed until I heard a voice.. 4. Wed been flying for about two hours when we met an airpocket. 5. I still havent worked out how I slept through all that. Now match the tenses underlined above with the definitions given below: This tense is used to describe a past event or situation that: a. occurred before another past event / situation b. Happened at an indefinite time and is relevant to the present

c. Happened at a specified time in the past d. Continued over a period of time in the past, starting before another past moment e. Was in progress at a certain time in the past 45. Put the verbs in brackets into Simple Past, Past Continuous, Simple Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous depending on whether the past actions are simultaneous or one of them had happened or had begun before the respective past time: 1. While we (stay) in London the dome of St.Pauls (repair). It (repair) still when I (return) to London a year later. 2. Although the sun (shine) and (fall) kindly upon them and the scene (be) really very pretty, they (not be able to) feel at ease until they (get) home. 3. By the time they (arrive) it (rain) hard.4 Before the sun (set) down the already (come) to a little inn; the landlord (show) them into a large room where a cheerful fire (burn). 5. I hardly (go) out when it (start) raining, so I (open) up the umbrella while I (cross) the street to catch the bus which (wait) there and a car nearly (knock) me down. 6. Mary hardly (go) to bed when the telephone (ring); she (talk) on the phone when there (be) a knock at the door. 7. When eleven oclock (come) and he still (not get) home, I (begin) to wonder if he (have) an accident. 8. When we finally (return) to Bucharest we (travel) twenty thousand miles. 9. Why you (interrupt) me just now? I (have) quite an interesting conversation with my old friend, Jake. 10. They (say) they (can not) help thinking that they (see) that face somewhere before. 11. After he (see) that film, he (tell) all his friends that he never (see) a better one. 12. I no sooner (arrive) at the station than I (see) Jill waiting for me. She (wear) a white dress and (look) very pretty. As soon as she (see) me she (wave) her hand and (shout) something, but I (can not) hear what she (say) because everybody (make) a terrible noise. 13. After he (enter) the room he (fling) open all the windows. 14. We (call) on our friend yesterday and (find) that he (be) out for some hours. 15. While he (make) a speech, the manager suddenly (feel) faint and (pour) himself a glass of water. 46. Translate the two stories into English, using all the past tenses: A. Dup ce am aflat c voi putea pleca la mare, am venit acas i mi-am fcut bagajul, dar, deoarece eram tare grbit, nu am mai verificat dac mi-am luat toate cele necesare. Cnd am ajuns n staie, tocmai plecase autobuzul. Pn cnd a venit urmtorul, m-am hotrt s caut un taxi. Nici n-am ajuns bine la gar, c a i pornit trenul. Orict am fugit eu dup el, tot nu l-am prins. Abia m-am ntors trist acas, c m-a sunat la telefon prietena mea s m roage s mergem mpreun la trand. Mi-am zis c, dac nu-i marea, e bun i trandul. Dar n timp ce-mi cutam costumul de baie n valiz, mi-am dat seama c uitasem de el cnd mi-am fcut bagajul pentru mare. Dac prindeam trenul, ajungeam la mare fr costum de baie! Morala: graba stric treaba! B. (Here you may have to use emphatic inversion): Niciodat nu visasem eu s-mi apar n cale un asemenea noroc: nu numai c bunicul mi lsase prin testament toat averea lui, dar, n acelai timp, niciodat nu mai avusesem atta noroc n afaceri. De acum nainte, nu va mai trebui s-mi fac griji pentru viitor! Nu voi mai fi nevoit s mprumut bani de la prieteni i, cu att mai puin, nu voi mai depinde de bunul plac al rudelor bogate! Dimpotriv, nu va mai fi niciodat, dar absolut niciodat, cazul s depind de nimeni din punct de vedere financiar. Rareori mi mai pruse totul att de

minunat! De unde s tiu, ns, c n curnd norocul avea s m prseasc? Abia am ctigat averea (came into money) c au i sczut aciunile la burs foarte mult. Nici nu am apucat s m bucur de bogie, c am reczut n starea de srcie dinainte. Niciodat n via nu m mai simisem att de nenorocit! n zadar am ateptat ca aciunile s-i recapete valoarea anterioar. Dar dup muli ani de munc grea miam dat seama c banii nu aduc fericirea i, ntorcndu-m cu gndul la acel episod din viaa mea, nu mi-a mai dori s fiu bogat vreodat. Doar dac 47. Match the following utterances (1-7) with the corresponding functions (a-f) of the Simple Future. 1. Ill answer the door. 2. Shall I give you a lift? 3. Unless you pass the test, you wont get the scholarship. 4. Therell probably be another exam and I expect youll sit for it. 5. Honestly, Ill never be late again. 6. By the way, will you please make a spech at our Appreciation Day? 7. I like this printer; Ill offer you 200 for it. a. prediction b. promise c. invitation, polite request d. offer of help e. instant decision, spontaneous reaction f. First Conditional. 48. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets. There may be two right answers sometimes. Explain your choice(s). You may have to make some changes: 1. finish ll be exhausted When you have finished your project, you ll have been exhausted ll finish are exhausted 2. What our world will be like is going to be like in the year 2000? 3. I shant have ll se m not going to have peace of mind until I see the doctor have seen ve passed 4. By this time next week I hopefully ll pass all my exams. ll have passed 5. Look at the lovely blue sky: it isnt raining today. isnt going to rain ve graduated, 6. When I graduate, I start my own business. ll graduate, ll start are going 7. All the members of this department ll be going to their wedding anniversary will go next Saturday. ll have finished are going to celebrate 8. We ll finish our exams by Friday and we ll celebrate over finish ll be celebrating

the entire weekend. leaves 9. Our train is leaving at 11:15 you know! We have to hurry! will leave will have to will do 10. What you will be going this time next year? are going to do ll support ll need 11. I promise I m going to support you whenever you need me. ll be supporting ll be needing ll ask 12. If there (ll be / is) no objection, we are asking the committee to approve are going to ask the proposal. phases out 13. Over the next five years the government will phase out income taxes. will be phasing out 49. Put the verbs between brackets into present or future, indefinite or perfect: 1. Well go out when the weather (get) warmer. 2. Ill begin the lesson as soon as Jack (stop) talking. 3. His father will not lend him any more money until he (learn) not to waste it. 4. See that it is clean before you (touch) it. 5. As soon as you (buy) the book Ill borrow it from you. 6. The radio (be) fixed by the time you get back. 7. You (not forget) to lock up before you go out, will you? 8. As soon as the ship (reach) port, its cargo will be unloaded. 9. I (do) a lot of work by the time she wakes up. 10. Dont count your chickens before they (be) hatched. 50. Use future or present, simple, perfect, or continuous: 1. We (go) to the nountains for our next holiday. Roy (be pleased) to see us again. 2. When you (be) twenty-one In June, and I (have) a wonderful twenty-first birthday party. There (be) champagne, caviare and dancing. We (have) the time out life!. 3. Hugh is very good at his work; he (earn) a high salary when he (be) thirty. 4. I (think) of you every day while you (be) away. 5. I hope you (feel) better when I next (see) you. 6. Mr. Timms has applied for a job in Indonesia. This time next year he (teach) English there if he (get) the job. 7. We (have) a long journey tomorrow; We (drive) all day. 8. I still (go) my homework when my room-mate (come) home from the faculty. 9. This time tomorrow I (bathe) in the sea if the water (be) warm enough. 10. Mary (fly) to Cluj tomorrow. She (send) her family a telegram as soon as she (arrive). 11. By the end of the month the new factory (commission). 12. I (read) the paper while I (have) lunch. 13. How much he (save) by the end of this year?. 14. By 1999 John (write) a lot of novels. 15. I just (begin) reading one of his novels. It (be) a very long book and I (have) only time to read some pages a day. I (not think) I (be able to) finish it by Sunday, or by the time he (ask) it back from me. 51. Look through this extract from the conversation between a Young Entrepreneur (YE) and a Small Business Adviser (SBA). Part 1 Fill the gaps (a-h) with appropriate words and phrases from the box below to express plans, intentions and wishes: plan intend mean think want

wish be going to be looking to set out to SBA: How much money (a) you to borrow? YE: I (b) of a sum around USD 5,000. SBA: What (c) you to do with this money? YE: I (d) to start a small catering business and to buy new seasonal inventory. SBA: What type of loan(e) you to take out? YE: I(f) of a short-term lean; three months, I suppose. SBA: Fine.(g) you to pledge any security in support of your application? YE: Yes, I (h) of your accepting the line on the equipment Im planning to buy. Part 2 Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form to express future conditions. SBA: This is a possibility. On the other hand, if you open a business start-up account with our bank, therell be more advantages for you. YE: Could you be more specific, please? SBA: Well, if you open a start-up account, there (be) a preferential rate of interest, below our normale rate. YE: It sounds great! SBA: If you (be) aware of all these factors and (understand) their workings, youll certainly avoid the pitfalls awaiting those who are less cautious. Above all, remember the golden rule: Plan carefully, right from the start; any other time is too late. Ye: I know theres a risk in everything. But, if you (not take) risks, there (be) no gain. SBA: Right you are. And our bank believes in small entrepreneurs like you with enterprising spirit and realistic business plans. YE: Thank you. SBA: OK then, if you (bring) the modified business plan by Tuesday this week, I (get) the forms prepared and sent to you with our confimation letter by Monday. 52. Translate into English, paying attention to the verb forms used to express future time: A. 1. i voi telefona imediat ce voi ajunge la Londra. 2. Cnd vei sosi, m vei gsi lucrnd la raport. 3. Vom atepta aici pn se va ntoarce Paul. El se va ntoarce seara trziu. 4. Dac Dan o s m invite, probabil c o s m duc la petrecere. 5. Nu tiu dac voi pleca sptmna viitoare, sau dac o s mai stau o

sptmn n Bucureti. 6. Anul viitor pe vremea aceasta vom locui ntr-un apartament nou. Ne mutm n ianuarie. 7. E prea devreme. Prietenii notri vor fi nc la mas cnd vom ajunge acolo. 8. Cnd va absolvi Adrian facultatea, va fi studiat aici patru ani. 9. Peste o lun se vor mplini 10 ani de cnd lucrez n aceast fabric. 10. Ct voi tri nu voi uita anii de studenie.
B. Dac i-ai ntreba azi pe oameni de ce folosesc telefonul pentru a comunica cu prietenii lor, ori de ce deschid televizorul ca s se distreze sau s afle tiri, s-ar uita la voi ca i cum ai fi nebuni. Nu considerm telefonul, televizorul sau automobilul ca fiind ceva neobinuit. Acestea au devenit o parte att de integrant a vieii, nct nu mai sunt remarcate sau comentate.

n acelai fel, n zece ani, majoritatea americanilor i a multor altora de pe tot globul nu vor mai remarca Web-ul. Va fi un simplu reflex s operezi Web-ul pentru tiri, educaie, divertisment i comunicare, exact aa cum astzi este att de firesc s ridici receptorul ca s vorbeti cu cineva ori c comanzi ceva dintr-un catalog. Exist un interes extraordinar pentru Web. Cu toate acestea, este nc la nceputuri. Tehnologia i viteza de rspuns sunt pe cale de a face un salt important. Aceasta va face ca oamenii s considere Web-ul ca parte din viaa lor cotidian. n cele din urm, toate crile de vizit ale oamenilor de afaceri vor specifica o adres pentru e-mail. Fiecare avocat, fiecare doctor i fiecare firm mare sau mic vor fi conectai. Unde o s gsim timpul pentru Web? De fapt, n unele cazuri, oamenii vor economisi timp, pentru c Web-ul va face ca orice aciune s fie mai eficient ca n trecut. Cum ar fi, de exemplu, s obii informaii despre o achiziie important. Aceasta se poate foarte uor afla pe Web, nc de astzi. n alte cazuri, oamenii vor folosi timpul petrecut acum citind ziarul sau uitndu-se la televizor pentru a gsi informaii sau divertisment pe ecranul computerului. Acest lucru va deveni evident n 1998. Americanii, mai ales cei tineri, vor sta mai puin timp n faa televizorului dect n faa computerului. n viitor, vom putea nu numai s batem pe tastatur, ci i s introducem verbal n computer cereri de informaii, iar dac ne va interesa viteza unor chip-uri, rspunsul care ne va parveni se va referi la computere, i nu la cips-uri de cartofi. Web-ul va fi n 2008 tot att de obinuit ca i automobilul. Poate chiar mai curnd. (Supliment Capital, 18 dec.1997) Final tense review 53. Match these utterances to numbers on the time flowchart below taking into account only the predicates underlined. Give reasons for your choice. a. Our order LZ-456 hasnt arrived yet. b.1. We were meeting the Japanese delegation on Monday, but there was a change of plans and they had to go to Switerland first; b.2. so were seeing them on Wednesday instead. c. Have you seen the revised contract? d. Im afraid I cant see you next week because Ill be attending a training course. e. Did you go to Italy last year? f. After youve worked with us for six months, well renegotiate your pay. g. After Id worked with them for a year, I decided to ask for a promotion. h. Weve been doing business with them for many years now. i. Business is good. j. When his car broke down, he was driving to Geneva for a conference. k. When his car broke down, he had been driving for two hours. l. I live in Bucharest. m. I also lived in Bradford for three years long ago. n.1. By the time we graduate do you think n.2. well have learnt everything we need to know about international trade? o. They said theyd spend the weekend in London. p. Did you ask them what hotel theyd booked in? r. I didnt know you wanted to meet them. Time flowchart

4 1 THE PRESENT 5 seen from the present seen from the past 6 2 THE PAST 789 3 THE FUTURE 10 11 seen from the past seen from the present seen from the future seen from the past seen from the present seen from the future (adapted from Discover English, by Rod Bolitho and Brian Tomlinson, Heinemann 1995) 54. Use the verbs in brackets in the right tense: 1. The tourists arrived at London Airport early on Monday morning. They (leave) Bucharest on Sunday night. They (spend) a fortnight in Romania and (see) all the sights. After they (show) their passports to the official and (pass) through the customs they (get) on the bus and (go) to the terminal. 2. I saw Mr.Green yesterday, driving my old car. I (sell) it to him three months before and he (pay) me half the price. But he still (owe) me 125. When I (see) him in my car, I (tell) myself that I (do) a foolish thing, selling it to a man like Mr.Green. 3. I left home one morning at eight oclock, (jump) on a bus, and (sit) down. The conductor (ask) for the fare. I (put) my hand in my pocket for the money, but it (be) empty. I (forget) my money. I (leave) it on the table in the living-room. I (have) to get off the bus and go home again. I (be) half an hour late at the office that morning. I never (be) late before. 4. Lilly will fly back to Rome next July after she (take) a degree in Economics at the Academy of Economic Studies in Bucharest. Her parents (meet) her at the airport. She (not see) them for four years. They (feel) very proud of her when she (tell)

them that she (pass) all her examinations with high marks. She (be) happy to be home again, for sometimes she (feel) lonely in Bucharest, away from her family and friends, although she (make) lots of friends in Romania. 5. An American tourist was boasting to a Kerryman about the fact that the Americans just (put) a man on the moon: That (be) nothing (say) the Kerryman, we (have) plans to land a man on the Sun. That (be) crazy, (say) the American, he (burn) before he (get) within a million miles of the sun: We (think) of that, too; (say) the Kerryman, we (send) him a night. 55. This is a description of Jane. Read it carefully. Then write the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. e.g.: Jane (be) a newspaper reporter. You write: is 1. Jane (be) born in Watford. 2. In other words she (come) from Watford. 3. For the past two years she (have) a job with a newspaper there. 4. From 1968 to 1991 she (go) to Manchester University. 5. Ever since she (leave) university she has wanted a job in television. 6. So now she (think) of giving up his job with the newspaper. 7. In fact, at this very moment she (have) an interview with a television director. 8. The director (need) a young television reporter. 9. The interview (start) half an hour ago. 10. In other words she and Jim (talk) for half an hour. 56. Complete each sentence with the right verbal form selected from the four alternatives given below it. 1. This is the first time that we the Tower of London. a. visited c. are visiting b. have visited d. visit 2. We here since Monday. a. are c. shall be b. had been d. have been 3. Ill wait here until you your work. a. will finish c. will have finished b. have finished d. finish 4. As soon as the book is published, I it. a. will buy c. will have bought b. have bought d. buy 5. By next october I the piano for one year. a. have learnt c. will learn b. have been learning d. will have been learning 6. Mike, youre back again at last! We you for ages! a. didnt see c. havent been seeing b. havent seen d. cant see 7. Would you please give him this note the moment he a. arrives c. will have arrived b. has arrived d. will arrive 8. It was the second time she in love that year.

a. fell c. had fallen b. was falling d. had been falling 9. I a wonderful dream when the alarm clock off at 7 oclock in the morning. a. had, went c. was having, went b. was having, had gone d. had dreamt, went 10. We softball for a few minutes when I and my ankle. a. had been playing, tripped, twisted c. had played, tripped, twisted b. were playing, tripped, twisted d. had been playing, had tripped, had twisted 57. Read this letter of application and underline the right form of the predicates in brackets; make any other necessary changes: Dear Sir, I (look for / am looking for) currently work in York and (wonder / was wondering) whether you might have any vacancies. I (enclose / am enclosing) my CV. I would like to point out that I (have / have had) considerable experience as a Social Organiser in several well-known hotels and (can / will be able to) give you the names of referees if you should require them. I (am / am being) available for an interview during the coming month. In the hope that you (will consider / will be concidering) my application favourably, I (look/have been looking) forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, 58. You would like a job with the London Import-Export Co. Ltd. in London for a year or two. Write asking if they can offer you a post. Use these notes and deal with each in a separate sentence. Pay particular attention to the use of tense forms. 1. name when and where born 2. education different schools how long 3. present job what is it how long 4. English past five years better and better 5. but important come to England practise everything learned 6. other languages French and Italian hope-useful 7. consider come England ever since school 8. not necessary same job in English firm English (language) important 9. friend suggested London Import-Export Co.Ltd. worked there two years 10. application form, please 59. You are going to interview people who have applied for the vacancies advertised by your company, or students applying for scholarships abroad. Work in pairs to prepare questions so that you can fill in this form: Personal data: - name - birth - permanent address - current address Education: - postgraduate - higher education - high school

Qualifications: Languages: Work experience: Family Interests, hobbies Reasons for applying Expectations from the job / scholarship Hopes and intentions for the future Others You may start your questions with the following words. What ? When ? Where ? How ? How long did you? How long have you ? How many ? Why ? Do you ? Have you? Model: When / Where were you born? 60. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian prezent into English (see Time and Tense Chart and ex.18A) 1. Ce faci duminic? - M gndesc s plec puin la munte. Dei mi place alpinismul, n ultimul timp sunt att de ocupat c reuesc cu greu s ies din Bucureti. - Dac am timp, vin i eu cu tine, vrei? 2. Ce fac n Sala de Consiliu colegii notri? - Discut un nou proiect; l discut de peste patru ore, cred c sunt pe terminate. 3. Ieri am aflat c dna Popa pred tiinele comunicrii. - Nu tiam c este profesoar. - A, este profesoar din 1990, de cnd a absolvit facultatea. 4. Imediat ce termini de lucrat la calculator, te rog s-mi spui c am i eu nevoie de el. 5. Michael mi-a spus c nu poate veni cu noi; o ateapt pe Diana i este puin ngrijorat, deoarece o ateapt de o or, iar ea nu obinuiete s ntrzie. 6. De cnd tii limba chinez? - N-a putea spune c o tiu, abia o nv de cteva sptmni. 7. Crezi c are loc edina Consiliului de Administraie sau iar se amn? - O amn ntr-una, din pcate. 8. Cine nu tie c apa fierbe la 1000C i nghea la 00C? 61. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian perfect compus into English (see ex. 19. A). 1. a. Ai ncercat n ultimul timp s vorbii numai englezete? b. Da, asear, dar a fost foarte greu. 2. a. Am avut mult de lucru astzi.

b. Am avut mult de lucru ieri. 3. a. Am exersat trei ore n dimineaa aceasta. b. Am exersat trei ore asear. 4. a. Maria a fost n Romnia cu muli ani n urm; b. Maria a fost n Romnia de mai multe ori. 5. a. Pn acum Maria a fost o student bun; b. Maria a fost o student bun anul trecut. 6. a. S-au uitat sear de sear la televizor sptmna trecut; b. S-au uitat la televizor sear de sear zilele acestea. 7. a. Tocmai ne-am ntors din excursie; b. Tocmai acum ne-am ntors din excursie. 8. a. Ct timp ai locuit aici? b. Ct timp ai locuit acolo nainte de a veni s stai cu noi? 9. a. L-ai ascultat pe Menuhin cntnd cnd a fost n Romnia? b. L-ai ascultat vreodat pe Menuhin? 10. a. Ai fost vreodat la British Museum? b. Da, am fost anul trecut, cnd am fost la Londra. 62. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian imperfect into English: 1. Dan citea o carte cnd am intrat noi n camer. 2. Dan citea mult n vacan. 3. Dan citea multe poveti cnd era mic. Acum citete doar romane istorice. 4. Dan citea o carte, apoi i-o povestea surorii mai mici. 5. Dan era acas de la ora 4. Citea de o or cnd i-am telefonat. 6. Dac vremea era urt, Dan citea o carte, dac era frumos, mergea la plimbare. 7. Nu citea cartea, dac nu o gsea interesant. 8. Cnd profesorul ne-a spus s ne oprim din scris, mai lucram nc la ultima problem; lucram la ea de vreo 20 de minute. 9. Ce fceai luna trecut pe vremea asta? - nvam pentru examene. 10. Sandra era ocupat cu mpachetatul pentru c urma s plece la mare a doua zi. Dac nu se grbea s plece atunci, o duceam eu cu maina peste o sptmn, cnd eram i eu liber. 11. Nu crezi c era mai bine s te fi dus la interviu? Poate primeai postul. 12. Era timpul s se fi ncheiat prima etap a privatizrii. 63. Translate the following letters into English: A. Domnilor, Conform comenzii noastre nr.L/345, am primit ieri de la d-voastr un lot de 100 mese, comandate din catalogul d-voastr de var nr.154. Dar, la despachetarea mrfii, am constatat c ni s-au trimis 100 mese mari din lemn de mahon, n loc de 100 mese mici din lemn de pin, aa cum cerusem noi. Avnd n vedere faptul c avem deja comenzi ferme pentru comanda respectiv i c majoritatea clienilor notri locuiesc n apartamente mici i au un venit mediu, este puin probabil c vom gsi aici pia de desfacere pentru mobilier voluminos, la preuri mult mai mari. V-am ruga, aadar, s expediai urgent lotul de 100 mese mici din lemn de pin i s ridicai marfa livrat greit.

Ateptm cu interes rspunsul d-voastr, cu ntoarcerea potei. Cu stim, . B. Stimate domnule Maiden, V scriu referitor la comanda dumneavoastr nr. CV 1154/d pe care ne-ai trimis-o n urm cu 4 sptmni. n acel moment am considerat c vom putea termina comanda nainte de data livrrii, 18 iunie, dar n aceast perioad am aflat c principalul nostru furnizor de crom a dat faliment. Aceasta nseamn c trebuie s gsim alt furnizor care s poat ndeplini toate contractele pe care trebuie s le ncheiem. Dup cum v putei da seama, aceasta necesit timp, dar suntem ncreztori c vom reui s obinem toate materialele, i s livrm mrfurile ctre clienii notrii, pn la mijlocul lunii viitoare. Toate articolele comandate au fost asamblate i necesit doar s fie finisate. Regretm aceast situaie neplcut asupra creia nu am avut nici un control i ne cerem scuze pentru problemele cauzate. Este de neles dac dorii s anulai comanda, dar accentum c vom putea onora livrarea pn luna viitoare i am aprecia dac ai rmne alturi de noi pn atunci. V rog s ne transmitei decizia dumneavoastr ct mai curnd posibil. V mulumim pentru nelegere. Cu stim, D. Panton Director executiv 64. Translate these exerpts from newspaper articles using all the tenses of the Indicative Mood. A. Fenomenul deja a nceput. Pentru alegeri, n Statele Unite, oamenii acceseaz Internetul ca s vad rezultatele imediat. Misiunea Pathfinder spre Marte i problemele ivite pe staia spaial Mir au atras milioane de oameni pe Web pentru a afla mai multe detalii de ultim or dect puteau afla din oricare alt surs. O astfel de schimbare ine adesea de generaii. n vreme ce oamenii n vrst trebuie s nvee ceva nou n afara experienei lor de zi cu zi, putii care cresc cu o nou tehnologie o iau drept fireasc. n mod special, campusurile universitare ofer ingredientele pentru a crea masa critic pentru o cultur pregtit pentru Web. n Statele unite exist azi peste 22 de milioane de aduli care folosesc Web-ul, dintre care cam jumtate acceseaz Internetul cel puin o dat pe zi. ntre timp, varietatea activitilor de pe Web crete cu o vitez uimitoare. Aproape c nu exist domeniu pentru care s nu gsim materiale interesante pe Web. Multe dintre aceste site-uri sunt accesate cu o frecven extraordinar. Vrei s cumperi un cel? S vinzi o aciune? Sau s comanzi un automobil? Folosete Internetul! Un mare avantaj al Web-ului este c ne permite s transferm informaii de pe hrtie pe reea. Mai multe state din SUA folosesc serios Web-ul. Poi solicita diferite permise sau licene comerciale. Unele state afieaz liste cu locuri de munc, nu doar din cadrul instituiilor de stat, ci din orice sector din statul respectiv. Cu timpul, cred, toate datele publicate de guverne i toate documentele pe hrtie vor fi transferate pe Internet. Comerul electronic se dezvolt i el, de la o lun la alta. Este greu de fcut o estimare, pentru c o mare parte a comerului electronic implic clieni i furnizori existeni, care doar transfer tranzaciile de pe hrtie pe Web. Acesta nu este nimic

nou. Microsoft, de exemplu, a achiziionat PC-uri de milioane de dolari, ce folosesc reeaua electronic n loc de documente de hrtie. Nu a fost o schimbare fundamental, ci doar o mbuntire a eficienei unui proces deja existent. B. Presa, ca de obicei, va da o interpretare greit. n primii ani ai deceniului, presa american a prevestit aproape cu isterie triumful Japoniei asupra firmelor americane, tocmai n perioada n care pieele din Tokio cunoteau falimente catastrofale. n urmtorii trei ani s-au publicat editoriale n care funcionarilor corporaiilor li se reproa brutalitatea fa de muncitori, reducerea dimensiunii firmelor i trecerea n omaj a unor angajai. Rezultatul nu a fost conform previziunilor, dezastruos, ci a nsemnat cea mai bun pia a forei de munc din istoria recent. Acum, atenie! Aceiai autori preamresc epoca unei noi paradigme n 1998 i n anii urmtori. Vechile adevruri economice sunt nlocuite cu o nou lume, tot mai prosper i permanent stabilit. Ai fost avertizai. C. Acesta va fi anul n care rile occidentale i vor ncerca puterile pentru a aduce nu prea recentele democraii est-europene la un punct de plecare. Pentru a depista aceast tendin, uitai-v la noul pas vioi al diplomailor occidentali n orae ca Praga i Varovia. A trecut mult vreme apte ani sau mai bine de cnd se simt att de importani. n primul rzboi rece, ambasadele lor din Europa de Est erau locuri captivante care fceau frme regulile comuniste prin strngerea de informaii secrete, ajutorul acordat dizidenilor i planuri puse la cale mpotriva celor ri. Dup schimbare, s-a aternut linitea. Acum ns, diplomaii lucreaz din nou pn noaptea trziu, avnd o sarcin diferit, dar nu mai puin solicitant: aducerea guvernelor din Europa postcomunist la nivelul standardelor occidentale. (Supliment Capital, 18 Decembrie, 1997)

SEQUENCE OF TENSES
1. Use the verbs in the main sentence in The Past Tense. Make all the necessary changes: 1. The captain says that every passenger will abandon the ship. 2. She anticipates that the waiter will pour the wine on her dress. 3. Father informs the guests that he will make coffee for everyone. 4. The employers announce the journalists that they have already settled the dispute. 5. The children answer that they have seen the cat stealing the meat. 6. The porter says that he has just heard a strange noise. 7. He is sure that he will sell all the merchandise by the end of the week. 8. Joan says that her friend has been complaining about the traffic. 9. Jane says that she hesitates to phone the police. 10. I answer him I will be there in time. 11. I know he is a very good driver. 12. I understand that the teacher confused your name with mine. 13. The farmers say that the frost has destroyed the buds. 14. He understands that I have been waiting for him too long. 15. The hospital officials consider that the disease will spread.

16. The weatherman considers that more snow is on the way. 17. It is sure that the employer will introduce a new salary scale. 18. I answer him I will be there in time. 19. He says that he has already spent his money. 20. I think that I will chop up the meat before frying it. 21. He imagines that the viewers will be watching his painting in silent admiration. 22. He states that he is responsible for all the crisis. 23. She is sure that she will have typed the novel by that day. 24. I remember I have been able to dive that time. 25. He is sure he has already given my books back. 26. They do not allow anybody inside as the show began 15 minutes ago. 27. The employees answer that they have been working for 6 months in that company. 28. It is clear they will do their best to finish the work in time. 29. He is angry as he has been waiting for her in the rain too long. 30. Our manager is sure that the strike will have stopped by midday. 31. She says she will be working for her test paper this time tomorrow. 32. She declares that she will be waiting for him up to the end of her life. 33. I think I have found out everything about her plans. 34. Grandma believes that the little boy is playing in the garden. 35. I know doctor Jespersen is a great practitioner. 36. She claims she has been ringing home, but the telephone is probably out of order. 37. I can see that she has quickly got accustomed to this new way of life. 38. The designer says that these styles can be adapted to suit individual tastes. 39. He thinks the weather is going to change for the better. 40. She replies that she has just bought her new dress. 41. She admits that she has been typing all day long. 2. Use the correct tense instead of the Infinitive in brackets 1. The dealer claimed that there (be) an acute shortage of goods. 2. He was angry that the police (refuse) to act without more evidence. 3. The court declared that the trial (be adjourn) until the following week. 4. The newspapers stated that the scientists (advance) a new theory to explain this strange phenomenon. 5. The president declared that the tax increases (affect) us all. 6. The manager said that (be advertise) for a new secretary. 7. He was sure that he never (get) his money back. 8. The manager asked me what the next item on the agenda (be). 9. She said that she (not answer) the phone as she (take a bath) at that moment. 10. When I got back home, all my family (watch) TV. 11. I (lie) in bed thinking about getting up when the telephone rang. 12. Half way to school, Andrew turned round and (go) back because he (forget) to turn the gas off. 13. We all knew she (have) a hard life, but she always (smile) 14. While I (talk) on the phone the children started fighting and (break) the window in their bedroom. 15. We didnt know that you (be) friends. 16. The whole family suddenly noticed that the little boy (miss). 17. We didnt believe that you (succeed) in selling the merchandise.

18. I heard that the manager (be) rather alarmed that you (plan) to leave the company. 19. I asked him what his intentions (be). 20. He explained me that he (be) sorry he (not telephone) us yet. 21. I heard with amazement that he (intend) to reconsider his opinion. 22. The technician asked me how long the TV set (be) out of order. 23. He denied that they (enjoy) themselves by looking at old photographs for 2 hours. 24. The Prime Minister announced that he (resign). 25. He told me that it (annoy) him when people (forget) to say thank you. 26. I realized that I (have) it in my pocket all along. 27. We were told that we (spend) our entire allocation for this year. 28. The doctor said that the diet (allow) grandma one glass of wine a day. 29. We all noticed that he (hint) to certain developments in his speech and we asked him what he really (mean). 30. We were sure that he (ignore) that bathing (be prohibited) there. 31. It was already known that tobacco (be taxed) in most countries along with alcohol. 32. We all knew that she always (love) gardening. 33. She (leave) already when I phoned her. 34. Im afraid that the job (become) more and difficult for him. 35. I asked him who (be) that pretty girl he (speak to) last night? 36. It was amazing that they (not phone) and they (not write) either for such a long time. 37. He was not the only one who (need) help. 38. They didnt believe that I (call) before they (do). 39. I couldnt imagine you (be) friends! 40. Grandma complained that the two children (keep quarreling) all day long. 3. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the correct tense. Pay attention to the exceptions to the rules of the sequence of tenses. 1. They all knew that atomic energy used in science (change) the world. 2. The doctor told me that the only cure for stress (consist) in learning to relax. 3. I was warned that she (be) a vengeful person. 4. They could never understand that only the law of supply and demand as well as competition (govern) the free-enterprise system. 5. They found out that in almost all countries the railway system (be run) by the state. 6. When he retired he (work) for forty five years. 7. When I got home I felt better. My mother (cook) all day and (warm the house). 8. By the time I was forty, I (teach) for 15 years. 9. When I came back into the office, the post already (arrive). 10. When you visit me next month, I almost (finish) my military service. 11. We already (have) lunch by the time you arrived. 12. The baby had no sooner eaten the cake then he felt sick. 13. My brother said that, according to the law he (join) the army next September. 14. I asked him when he (have) our car serviced. 15. When I phoned Tim he (not finish) his homework. 16. By the time we got to the theatre, the play already (begin). 17. The doctor didnt leave until the nurse (arrive). 18. Mrs. Smith left the supermarket after she (buy) everything she (need). 19. I had just entered the house and the telephone (ring).

20. The passengers had fastened their seat belts before the plane (take off). 21. Until I promissed him to teach him to ride his bicycle, the child (not want) to eat up his lunch. 22. When we entered the house we realized that the radio (be on) all day long. 23. It happened that I (know) him. 24. It was known that water (boil) at 1000C. 25. I had already begun reading the book when he (come). 26. I thought that old people (hate) living in a city. 27. I cant help (wonder) where he has disappeared. 28. Everyone knows that he (hate) sleeping with the windows closed. 29. I was sorry I (not remember) to bring the newspaper. 30. Mother was satisfied that her son (help) the old man to put his luggage in the car. 4. Translate into English: 1. Mama se ntreb dac fiul ei se simte chiar att de ru sau doar se preface c este bolnav. 2. Copilul l-a ntrebat dac a ncercat vreodat s scrie cu mna stng. 3. Sarah a dorit s tie dac fratele ei a ajuns cu bine n America. 4. Angajaii se ntrebau cui se vor plnge despre veniturile lor mici. 5. Mama m-a ntrebat dac mi-am terminat leciile. 6. Prietenii l-au ntrebat dac i plcea noua slujb. 7. Ateptm cu nerbdare s se ntoarc. 8. Bunicul mi-a spus c i place s petreac srbtorile cu nepoii. 9. Tata era att de cufundat n lectura ziarului nct nu m-a auzit intrnd n cas. 10. Copiii au spus c nu au auzit cnd mama i-a chemat n cas. 11. mi amintesc c i-am promis s-i scriu n fiecare zi. 12. Antrenorul, ct i medicul ne-au spus c e bine ca Tim s nvee s noate ct mai devreme. 13. Tata s-a lsat de fumat cnd s-a mbolnvit. 14. mi pare ru c am uitat s-i dau banii. 15. Copii nu l-au plcut pe profesor dei acesta se strduia din rsputeri. 5. Choose the correct form from among the two given in brackets. 1. He told me that his sister (has been married; had been married) three times. 2. When I met her she (has been working; had been working) for a year or two. 3. We lived in Bucharest until I (was; have been) sixteen. 4. The newspaper announced that they (discover; had discovered) a new fuel. 5. He said to his friend that Romania (changed, had changed) a lot since he first (had come; came) here. 6. She insisted on ringing the bell but there (was, has been) no answer. 7. We anticipated that demand (was, had been) likely to increase. 8. He was anxious for his family who (traveled, were travelling) abroad. 9. He said that I (will find; would find) him there at any hour of the day. 10. I noticed that he (left; was leaving) without speaking to anyone else. 11. He promised to be here at four oclock but (didnt turn up; would not turn up) until six. 12. The teacher specifies that what she (has said; was saying) applies only to some of us. 13. His opinion was that one (cant; couldnt) fully appreciate foreign literature when translated.

14. The coach told me that the club (was made; had made, made) an approach to a local business firm for sponsorship. 15. It is a sign of progress that cable TV (has been; is) around for some time now. 16. He was angry he (was aroused; had been aroused) from his nap by the doorbell. 17. It seemed he (felt, was feeling) ashamed of having done so little work. 18. The old woman was ashamed she (fell; had fallen) asleep during the sermon. 19. It is a historical fact the USA (has assimilated; assimilated; is assimilating) people from many different countries. 20. I noticed that the men (were assisting, have assisted) the police in their inquiries. 21. He declared that he (has never associated; had never associated) himself with political extremism. 22. She declared she (attempts; would attempt) to beat the world record. 23. He was afraid his new play (has attracted; would attract) o good deal of criticism 24. The weatherman claimed that it (has been; it was one) of the coldest autumns in years. 25. He complained that instead of making progress, his work (seems; seemed) to have come to a halt. 26. At the end of the year, the general manager declared that despite some failures our firm (has had; had had) quite a good year on balance. 27. At the beginning of the negotiation the members of the committee were sure that they (will reach; reached; would reach) an agreement. 28. The Prime Minister stated that the Governments main aim for the following year (will be; is; would be) to beat the inflation. 29. Mother said to her little doughter that such language (does not become; wouldnt become; didnt become) an educated child. 30. They said that they (would have accomplished; would accomplish) their work by the end of the week. 31. The boys made believe that they (were; would be) astronauts. 32. She confessed that she (had; has) no relatives besides an aged aunt. 33. She said she (was, would be) sorry, but her eyes betrayed her secret delight. 34. The Prime Minister declared that reducing the gap between the rich and the poor (is; was; would be) the main challenge facing the present government. 35. He told me that he (will see; see; would see) Mary in a few days time. 36. One of these days he will realize what a fool he (has been; he will be). 1. Traducei n limba englez: Urmare lrgirii negoului s-a trecut de la sistemul simplist al trocului la folosirea anumitor mrfuri ca msur a valorii, ca un echivalent general pentru restul produselor. Drept instrumente pentru efectuarea plilor au fost folosite de-a lungul timpului diferite produse ca vite, cereale, blnuri i unele obiecte cu valoare simbolic recunoscut, de pild pietrele deosebite sau scoici, ajungndu-se la o utilizare generalizat a metalelor care vor ncepe mai apoi s fie btute ca monede. Tbliele de lut gsite stau mrturie c mai nainte nc de legiferarea lsat de Hamurabi, templele din Babilon aveau o activitate ce poate fi asemuit n unele privine cu aceea a instituiilor bancare moderne. Aezmintele nchinate zeilor acumulaser mari bogii imobiliare ori mobiliare, aveau pmnturi, cirezi, ateliere, unelte, sclavi, depozite de cereale, stocuri de lingouri de metale preioase. Aceste avuii nu conteneau s fie sporite att prin munca sclavilor ct i prin mprumuturi cu dobnzi mari. Radu Negrea Banii i Puterea

7. Choose the appropriate verb and fill in the blanks in the correct form: The past century 1 one in which mankind 2 great pride. The world was of enormous ferocity and the cruelty and ignorance 3 in more regional skirmishes sometimes 4 us to question whether humanity 5 anything of value in the past 5,000 years. But perhaps that is a harsh judgement on a century that 6 remarkable progress in science and technology and 7 the vision, or the illusion, of a superior quality of life for a greater number of people. Vision or illusion 8 on the way in which men and women of perception and imagination 9 and use the ideas, tools and techniques now available to them for the greater good of all. The conditions 10 to make great strides forward in the perenial battle against ignorance and prejudice. But for this to happen the next century 11 the learning century, 100 years of the realizing of innate human potential. An alternative scenario, in which the powerful new technologies 12 to control us, or are used by the few to control the many 13 are acceptable option Start, depend, exist, tempt, not be, bring, understand, display, learn, create, not be, must be, scare.

IF CLAUSES
If clause 1. Replace the Infinitives in brackets by the correct tense. Give several variants whore possible: 1. We (play) basketball in the school yard if we (have) a longer break 2. If the weather (be) fine, we (leave) to the seaside. 3. If he (wake) up early in the morning he (can) catch the train. 4. I (speak) to him if I (see) him. 5. If I (win) the contest, it (be) a dream come true. 6. If he (have) his own car, he (drive) to his office every morning. 7. If she (not drop) her studies, she (get) a scholarship in Cambridge. 8. I (have to) dust off my French if we (move) to Paris. 9. If I (arrive) at the hospital at 8 oclock, I (go) on duty at 9. 10. I (speak) to him if I (know) him better. 11. She (not learn) 5 languages if she (not have) a gift for languages. 12. If the bus (arrive) earlier we (not catch) it. 13. I (speak) to him about that if I (see) him. 14. What he (do) if he (be) you? 15. Nobody (blame) you if you (not support) him. 16. If (there be) a staircase at either end of the corridor, the house (be used) by two separate families. 17. If you (not run) you (be) late. 18. If foreign aid (dry up), the situation (be desperate). 19. If you (not tell) me the truth, I (punish) you. 20. If there (be) any problem, I (contact) you. 2. Finish the following sentences: 1. If no new evidences emerge during the enquiry, . 2. If they didnt keep that animal in cage,

3. If he had not been encouraged by his parents, 4. If you had not been engaged to decorate the house, 5. The children wouldnt enjoy themselves so much playing in the water if 6. He wouldnt have got the job if 7. If many people were concerned about the pollution of the environment 8. If the fire-escape had not been at the back of the building 9. If the police establishes where he was at that time 10. If she goes to the cinema 11. They wouldnt have been able to evolve such a theory after many years of research if 12. If they were not patient, 13. If they had these repairs, holidays and other expenses reduced 14. He would have extended his visit if 15. If the burgler hadnt turned the corner and found himself face to face with a policeman, 16. If you fail the next examination, 17. If you need my help, 18. If anyone calls, 3. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the correct tense: 1. If you work hard you (come out) top. 2. She will get the First Prize if she (answer) all the questions. 3. If I find him at home the problem (be settled). 4. If he (be) ill he would have called for a doctor. 5. If he (come) back she will bring you up, for sure. 6. If the book (have) a large print, grandma would be able to read it. 7. If she (find out) the news she will be happy. 8. If they (be) elected, they would reform the economy. 9. If you (not see) it you wouldnt believe the increase of navigation through the canal. 10. She (answer) the letter if she knew their address. 11. I (come) to see you at once, if you have no objection. 12. If he didnt come to see her, how (can) he know his mother (be) ill? 13. If you had know him better, you (understand) him. 14. I would have bought it if I (have) the money. 15. What would you have done if you (be) in my place? 16. If you had take your medicine regularly you (recover) sooner. 17. We wouldnt submit the case to your attention if it (not be) a special one. 18. Money laundry wouldnt be possible if the legal framework (be) more severe. 19. If we divided the work between us we (finish) it earlier. 20. She wouldnt have felt betrayed if she (know) the truth. 21. If you (not change) your behavior, you wouldnt have been accepted here. 22. If she (be) really quite human, she wouldnt have understood and forgiven. 23. If the product (not be) so successful, its name wouldnt have become a household word. 24. He would have become more interested if he (read) the second part of the story too. 25. You would have gained a lot if you (watch) her working.

26. No new business would have flourished if the economic climate (not change). 4. Rephrase the following sentences using unless or provided (that) 1. If you do not come, it will be no fun. 2. They will receive the good news in due time if you post the letter today. 3. The manager will never receive you if you do not ask for an appointment before. 4. She would understand if you only explained it to her. 5. If we didnt have enough money, we should not be able to manage. 6. You will feel better if you give up smoking. 7. I wouldnt have attended the ceremony if I was not invited to. 8. I will speak to Mary again but only if she apologizes. 9. Children will be not admitted if they are not accompanied. 10. He will begin to eat again if he feels better. 11. The new champion will not keep himself fit if he doesnt run 5 miles a day at least. 12. He wouldnt betray our expectations if he gave us the money back. 13. Tom would have received the permission of his father if he had just good markes in the final exams. 14. Nobody will believe his claim to be innocent if the police does not establish his responsibility. 15. He will not be granted another loan if he doesnt clear the previous one. 16. She will speak to us for sure if she is in a good mood. 17. You may leave the table if you have finished your dinner. 18. We shall have fun in the trip if we have good weather. 19. He would have never broken his engagement if he had been told the truth. 20. They will agree to take part into the contest if they get better pay. 21. He wouldnt have complained to me if he hadnt been so desperate. 5. Complete the following sentences: 1. If I were you 2. If you came later 3. If you understood the situation in due time 4. If I knew how to handle the problem 5. If only you could imagine him riding a bicycle 6. If he took into consideration the tenor of the bill of exchange 7. If grandma felt well 8. She wouldnt have finished her work if she 9. There wouldnt be so many illegal immigrants if 10. What would be your opinion if I 11. If you poured the wine carefully 12. He would be out of hospital now if he 13. She wouldnt pretend illness as an excuse if 14. They wouldnt try to prove the truth if 6. React to the following statement using if only and write your own sentences: 1. I do not see my parents very often. 2. He cant swim. 3. If you called for a doctor earlier, we shouldnt have to call for an ambulance. 4. He worries too much. 5. She wont stop gossiping! 6. If the plane had taken off in time, it ought to have been here by now.

7. Flood water covered the fields. 8. Their argument has developed into a bitter quarrel. 9. She leads a double life! 7. Match these utterance (1-14) with their functions (A-C) grouped in three categories of conditional or hypothetical meaning. 1. Were you to change your mind, wed be glad to reopen negotiations. 2. If I had your address, Id have sent you a postcard. 3. If people didnt drive so fast, there wouldnt be so many fatal accidents. 4. There might never have been an accident if the road had been dry. 5. If we dont leave now, well miss the train. 6. If you came to London, youd probably be able to met your former colleagues. 7. If I were you, I wouldnt waste my time. 8. Unless they offer you a unit price of 13.00, Id advise you not to accept. 9. Youll be given the job provided the interview goes well. 10. Had you asked us, wed certainly have reconsidered our prices. 11. Please, contact us in case you have any queries. 12. They cant win the contract unless they make a better offer. 13. Were I to win a fortune on the lottery, Id stop working and Id start enjoying life for a change! 14. Suppose you were in my position, what would you do? IF clauses type 1 A. utterances express developments which are most likely to take place (now or in the future) if a condition is fulfilled; they speculate about possible conditions and their probable consequences; IF clauses type 2 B. utterances express improbable or impossible situation developments as they depend on conditions which are more unlikely to be fulfilled. IF clauses type 3 C. utterances express unreal or imaginary situations in the past; they speculate about past impossibilities. The first two have been done for you! Conditional Function Utterance No. A (Type 1) 5 B. (Type 2) 6 C. (Type 3) 8. Read this conversation between a secretary and her boss and put the verbs in brackets in their right form: Miss C.: I (like) to see you about something personal. Mr.B.: Well, come in, Miss C. You (care) to sit down? Miss C: Thank you, you see, I (go) to get married next month and Mr. B.: Get married! Congratulations! Miss C: Thank you, but Im afraid it means that I (ought to) give in my notice. I (like) to leave at the end of the month. Mr.B.: Realy? I (be) very sorry to hear that. I wish you (be able) to go on working here. Miss C.: I (stay) if Bill, thats my fianc, werent a Canadian. Mr.B.: Whats that got to do with it? Miss C.: Well, Bill often (say) hed earn far more if he (be) back in Canada.

Mr.B.: Oh, I see. What he (do) for a living, by the way? Miss C: He (be) a chartered accountant. Mr.B.: But chartered accountants (be) well paid here. How much he (earn) then, if I may ask? Miss C: 60 a week. Mr.B: Well, that (be) very poor for a C.A. You (ought to) tell him hed get far more if he (come) and (work) for us. Miss C. Well er you see Mr.B.: I mean Im sure if I (be) a young C.A. and if my salary (be) that low, Id want to go to Canada, too. Where does he work, by the way? Miss C.: Er as a matter of fact, he works here, in your company, Mr.B. Hes in the Finance Department! 9. Complete sentence b so that it means exactly the same as sentence a. 1. a. We got in from work late, thats why we didnt come to your party. b. If we , wed 2. a. Provided that you leave a forwarding address, well be able to contact you. b. Unless you , we shant 3. a. Unless you save some money, youll never be able to start a business. b. Provided 4. a. He forgot to put his watch on, thats why he was late for the job interview. b. Had , he wouldnt 5. a. Of course the businesses have been doing better lately: the country is wealthier than until ten year ago! b. The businesses wouldnt be 6. a. The buyer isnt entitled to a refund because he hasnt returned the good within 10 days. b. If the buyer had , hed 7. a. In the event of loss, youll have to get a certificate from the police. b. Should any loss 8. a. They dont pay their workers well, so they cant attract good workers. b. If they , theyd be able to 9. a. We didnt renew to contract because they refused to accept our proposals. b. We would 10. a. Well survive, but first well have to invest in new plant. b. Well on condition that 10. Imagine that you and a friend were talking about past and present impossibilities, speculating about the future, such as: Your friend: Can this be a real diamond? It costs only 1. You: I dont think so. If it were a real diamond, it would cost much more than that. 1. Are those people really English? They speak with an Italian accent. 2. Do you think that man really has a lot of money? His clothes are so shabby. 3. Does that French student really want to learn English? He talks French all the time. 4. Is this meat really fresh? It has a strange smell. 5. Has she really learned typing? Look how many mistakes shes making and how slowly shes typing! 6. Do you think well make it on time to the exam? Shall we take the tube or just walk to the faculty?

7. Did you have a good time on your back-to-nature holiday? Fun? It rained every day, it was very cold and windy 8. Why didnt you return sooner, then? Because, to crown it all, when we wanted to leave after two miserable days, the car broke down! We looked for a mechanic, but there wasnt any around. 9. Why didnt you phone a garage? There was just one telephone in that godforsaken place and it didnt work! 10. I need some more information about their advertising services. Do you think I should phone them? 11. Mixed Conditionals A. Use your imagination to finish the following sentences with present results: e.g. If we hadnt brought a map with us, wed still be looking for the chalet. 1. If Id won the lottery yesterday, 2. If wed saved all our money for the last few years, 3. If I hadnt had such a good education, 4. If you had taken my advice last year, 5. Had the customer refused to accept the goods, B. Here are some facts, speculate about them as in the example given at exercise A. 1. Jack passed all his exams in winter, so he is taking a long vacation in June. If 2. The supplier failed to deliver on time, so a penalty clause will be applied. If 3. Since they didnt take their lawyers advice, they are in a very tight spot now. Provided 4. Our company has made little profit, so it will have to reduce the final dividend, which will greatly displease our shareholders. On condition 5. You dont know Harry at all, otherwise you wouldnt have talked like that about him. If 12. Make the following more polite by adding a politeness marker such as will/would or can/could and making some minor changes if necessary: 1. Phone me if you need more information on the titles listed in the catalogue. 2. If you deliver the goods on time, well place our next order immediately.. 3. If you drive me to the station, I can catch the 8:30 train. 4. If you should see Mike, give him this message. 5. If they called round tomorrow, we could discuss the final draft then. 6. We would appreciate it if you sent us your summer catalogue by DHL. 7. We would be very grateful if you collected the wrong goods as soon as possible. 8. Wed be willing to give you a 10% discount if you paid in sterling. 9. We want to buy 1,000 computers from you if you give us your best terms . 10. If you fill in this form, well have your luggage sent up to your room.. 13. Make comments or give advice to one of your friends based on the following situations. Use either IF I WERE YOU or IF I HAD BEEN YOU, as appropriate: Your friend: 1. bought an expensive new suit which fell to pieces after three days. 2. is thinking of climbing Mount Everest alone. 3. wants to drive across the Sahara desert in midsummer. 4. is on holiday and has spent too much money in nightclubs; now he cant afford to pay his hotel bill.

5. ate some oysters in the Millosa Restaurant, which is not very clean. He is now ill and you are visiting him. 6. would like to buy a car which you have also seen; you think that it would be a waste of money even for 200,000,000 lei. 7. paid 400,000,000 for the car despite your advice-it broke down ten minutes after he had bought it. 8. was stopped by the police for driving too fast through the middle of Bucharest. 9. arrived from the country one weekend expecting to be able to stay with you; he hadnt sent a letter and you had gone away. 10. is thinking of learning Latin; you think French or Spanish would be more useful. 14. Use your imagination and knowledge of the world to make up chain stories with at least 2 conditional clauses in them, based on the following situations: A. Imagine what (would / could / might) (not) happen if B. Imagine what (could / might) (not) have happened if C. Decide what you (would / could / might / ought to) if D. Decide what you (would / could / might) have done if 1. You have won 1.000.000 at lottery. 2. Your parents have bought you a car. 3. You turn the corner and came face to face with an old colleague whom you havent seen for ages. 4. You are looking for funding for your new small business venture. The Bank will give you a very advantageous start-up loan if you put in a fourth of the necessary money. You have only a tenth of it, but you also have a very rich uncle. 5. You are looking for a house to buy. You find a beautiful one, quite cheap, but people say its haunted. 6. At a formal party, a friend introduces you to some guests, she says many things about you which arent quite true, but sound very impressive. 7. You are negotiating a very important new contract for your company. Your foreign counterpart makes it clear to you that he will expect you to give him a handsome bride if you want your company to be selected. 8. Your friend / partner / husband / wife keeps a diary that no one is allowed to see. It is always kept under lock and key, but one day you see it on the table. 9. The police are about to take your car away because it was parked illegally. One of the policemen seems to hint that he would let you off if you gave him a bribe of 100,000 lei. 10. You are in a hotel lobby. You see an elderly lady carrying two heavy bags approach the door. You open the door for her and she gives you a tip, evidently mistaking you for the hotel doorman. 11. Your deskmate and good friend is cheating at the maths exam. Youve seen her once before doing it. 12. Your guest begins telling you a joke youve heard before. 13. Your boss praizes you for an excellent idea and gives you a pay rise; however, it isnt your idea. 14. You see a boy finding a wallet in the street and putting it stealthy in his pocket. 15. Once you saw a fight in the street, there was no one around and you fled. 16. During the last elections, one of the candidates was speaking on TV about his / her childhood. As youd been at the same school, you realized that that he was telling lots

of lies, but kept quiet. 17. Yesterday evening you went to your favorite restaurant and had sea food. After that you were very sick and you thought it was food poisoning, so you decided to sue the restaurant. 18. Three years ago you were made redundant; you spent all your unemployment benefit on a car as you intended to make your living as a taxi-driver, but the car was stolen after 1 month. 15. Two managers are discussing for and against investing in more capital equipment. Here are their reasons: For Against More equipment More goods Lower price Bigger sales More profit Greater dividends Happier shareholders More equipment Bigger premises Higher overheads Cash flow problems Production difficulties Delay in delivery Complaints from customers Write down (or role-play) their discussion using conditionals. You may come with more arguments. 16. Your friend has been offered a job with a large tourist company specialized in rural tourism. He has his own small business in Bucharest. He is 32 yours old his wife teaches part-time at the American School; his son is going to school in autumn. He has made a comparative chart to show you the advantages of working for the tourist company your role is to point out the benefits of his present position. Bring at least six arguments each. Example: Friend: If I took this job, I (d would (nt) / could (nt) / might (nt) / would (nt)) be able to / have to . You: (Yes, but) if you didnt, Present job Rural tourism 1. Salary 5.000.000 lei / month 17.000.000 lei / month 2. Job responsibility a. (number of staff) b. (budgeted turnover) 6 40,000,000 lei 24 500,000,000 lei 3. Pension --- 70% company 30% employee

4. Private health insurance No Yes 5. Prospects Fair Excellent 6. Holidays 5 weeks / year 4 weeks / year 7. Transport 5 minutes (walk) 30 minutes (tube + bus) 8. Cost of living X lei X lei + 5% 17. Translate into English: 1. Am gndit un gnd. Dar gndul pe care l-am gndit nu era gndul pe care am crezut c l gndesc. Dac gndul pe care am crezut c l gndesc ar fi fost gndul pe care l-am gndit, nu m-a fi gndit att de mult. 2. Heinrich Heine: Dac romanii ar fi fost obligai s nvee latina, n-ar mai fi avut niciodat timp s cucereasc lumea. 3. Byron: Ce bine ar fi s-i explice explicaia, dar tiu dac ar explica-o ne-ar ncurca i mai ru. 4. Profesorul: Te-a ruga s scrii mai clar. Billy: Dac a scrie mai clar ai ncepe s-mi corectai greelile i mi-ai scdea nota. 5. Cltorind prin Anglia cu muli ani n urm o americanc intr ntr-un compartiment de fumtori unde se afl un englez care fuma pip. Dac vzu c englezul nu se oprete din fumat americanca ncepu s tueasc n aa fel nct s-I dea englezului de neles, c o deranjeaz fumul. n cele din urm, vznd c englezul nu o bag de loc n seam i nu-i stinge pipa, americanca i zise: Dac ai fi gentleman nu ai mai fuma cnd este i o doamn n compartiment. Dac ai fi o doamn adevrat, i-o ntoarse englezul, nu ai sta ntr-un compartiment pentru fumtori. Suprat, americanca i rspunse: Dac ai fi soul meu, i-a da otrav. Englezul o privi o clip i apoi i zise: Dac a fi soul tu, chiar a lua otrava. 6. Profesorul: Dac ar trebui s pregtii cina pentru ase persoane i ai avea doar 5 cartofi, cum i-ai mpri n mod egal ntre cei ase? Saddie: I-a face pireu. 7. Lui Einstein i se puse urmtoarea ntrebare: Cum ai proceda dac vi s-ar da 15 minute n care s rezolvai o problem de care ar depinde ntreaga dumneavoastr via? Einstein rspunse: Dac a avea 15 minute pentru rezolvarea acestei probleme, 10 minute le-a petrece gndindu-m la ea, n 4 minute a rezolva-o i ntr-un minut a pune-o pe hrtie. 8. Blaise Pascal a spus: Dac toi oamenii ar ti ce spune unul despre cellalt, n-ar mai exista nici mcar patru prieteni pe lume. - Dar cine a spus c, dac n-ar fi fost Blaise Pascal, omul nu ar fi o trestie gnditoare?! 9. Profesorul: i acum d-le Jones, presupunnd c ai fi chemat s ngrijeti un pacient care a nghiit o moned, ce metod ai folosi? Tnrul student n medicin: A trimite dup un preot, domnule. tia scot banul de la oricine. 10. n atelierul unui artist, o vizitatoare se entuziasma n faa unei picturi: Ce talent original exclam ea, tare-a dori s pot lua aceste culori magnifice cu mine. Vi se va mplini dorina, zise pictorul, v-ai aezat chiar pe paleta mea. 11. - i-ar fi cheltuit averea ntr-un an, dac n-ar fi fost soia lui.

- i ea cum l-a mpiedicat? - I-a cheltuit-o singur. 12. Dac-ar fi dup mine, a interzice folosirea lui dac. Prea se face caz de el: DAC am avea mai muli bani, DAC a avea o slujb mai bun, DAC am avea o main ca cea a vecinului nostru din America, DAC ne-am putea permite s mergem n Grecia la var, DAC ai fi mai atent, DAC mi-ar surde norocul, DAC ai ctiga la loterie , DAC, dac, dac! Dac oamenii n-ar mai visa n-am mai avea nevoie de DAC!

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

1. Change the following sentences from direct into indirect speech: a) 1. What day is it? (I asked) 2. Who is that woman in black? (I asked my fiance) 3. It is still snowing. (The weather report I was reading said). 4. The repairs will cost 1 ml. $ (The investor told me). 5. Is your sister coming to see us this weekend? (I asked). 6. He wont pass his exams. (I bet Jane 10$ yesterday that). 7. Dont work yourself to death! (my sister advised me). 8. The judge will decide the case tomorrow (Jane rang and told me). 9. Im not coming with you and that is final! (Mary declared). 10. I intend to spend my declining years in the country-side (grandma said). 11. Deeds are better than words when people need help. (She said) 12. The causes of your disease are deep-seated. (The doctor said). 13. It is hard to define what has changed between us (I told my husband). 14. I defy you to prove I have cheated. (I told him). 15. He considers that the end of the article must be deleted. (I asked the editor why) 16. I admired his delicate handling of the situation as he was conducting the negotiations (I confessed her). 17. Does this new aircraft make tremendous demands on the pilot? (The specialists asked) 18. I depend on the train being on time. (he admitted). 19. The machine will not sell well because of the poor design (the retailer said). 20. We shall have to design a new curriculum for the third year (the newly elected dean said) 21. That was a clever little gadget (They thought) 22. Try to keep clear of trouble! (The lawyer instructed his client). 23. I wish I knew what they were really driving at! (She admitted). 24. Our new product has edged all its competitors out of the market (The General Manager declared). 25. The conference will bring about greater international cooperation (The PrimeMinister considered). b) He asked: 1. Where did you find this ugly dress? 2. When do you prefer to go shopping?

3. What is the shortest way to the Post Office? 4. What have you read lately? 5. How long will it take me to reach your place? 6. Didnt you know that their discussion turned into a bitter quarrel? 7. Where are you going to spend your week-end? 8. How many dishes have you cooked today? 9. Why did you refuse to go into details about this plan? 10. Shall I direct the letter to his business address, or to his home address? 11. Is the meeting on Tuesday or on Wednesday? 12. Should I tell that to the police? 13. How can I get the dirt off the walls? 14. Shall I count on what Peter says? I know he is a liar! 15. How much money do you usually spend weekly? 16. For how long has the weather been so cold? 17. Where shall I be staying to night? 18. Which airport does the plane leave from? c) He said: 1. His future has not been determined yet but he may study medicine. 2. I detest people complaining. 3. There has been a further devaluation of the dollar. 4. A lot will depend on how she responds to the challenge. 5. Theyve rejected our proposal, so its back to the drawing-board. 6. The music festival is a new enterprise which we hope will become an annual event. 7. He runs for faster than his brother. 8. His paintings were deliberately flat, it was a part of his style. 9. I cannot forgive myself for not seeing my mother before I left. 10. Some dancing would ginger up the party. 11. Given goodwill on both sides I am sure we can reach agreement. 12. She disappeared and was never heard of again.

PASSIVE VOICE
1. Transform the following sentences using passive constructions. (In the following cases, the direct object of the active clause becomes a subject in the passive one). Omit the byphrase when appropriate: 1. They must finish the work today. 2. He has found your bag. 3. I will invite my friends to a party. 4. Someone has found the missing child. 5. We asked Jane to play the piano for us. 6. A specialist will repair my radio-set. 7. His coworkers must do something for him. 8. His parents have brought up the child very badly. 9. Nobody has made any mistakes. 10. People play football all over the world. 11. My friend bought a beautiful art album. 12. She asked me to join her on the trip. 13. I read newspapers every day. 14. You must iron this dress tonight. 15. The noise frightened me. 16. Somebody will meet the visitors at the station. 17. They saw me while crossing the street. 18. We will pick flowers in the forest tomorrow.

19. My sister eats too many cakes. 20. This child reads a lot of books. 21. They finally reached an agreement. 2. Rewrite these sentences using the passive voice: (In the following cases, transitive verbs are used which admit of two passive constructions): 1. The doctor prescribed some pills to the patient. 2. They gave me a nice present. 3. The policeman showed us the way. 4. I lent him two of my books. 5. I teach them English. 6. The jury awarded the Romanian film director the Great Prize. 7. The guide showed the museum to the tourists. 8. They will give me a reward. 9. My friend doesnt always tell me the truth. 10. The teacher asked me a difficult question. 3. Turn into passive the following sentences with verb + preposition / adverb combinations: 1. They didnt look after the children properly. 2. Fog held up the trains. 3. We called for the doctor. 4. Her story didnt take them in. 5. Burglars broke into the house. 6. In this office, they insist on punctuality. 7. They took down the poster. 8. He hasnt slept in his bed. 9. Every one looked up to him. 10. Someone will call for the parcel later. 11. You must hand in the report by Monday. 12. Dont speak until someone speaks to you. 4. Turn the following questions into the passive: 1. Has no one ever made it clear how one operated the machine? 2. What should one do in such a case? 3. Has someone made all the necessary arrangements? 4. Does someone clean all the rooms regularly? 5. How can we bring about the desired result? 6. Will someone tell him the details? 7. Has someone mended that chair yet? 8. Havent they told you to be here at 6 oclock? 9. Did the noise frighten you? 10. Shall I write the letter in ink? 11. Has anybody ever taught you how to behave? 5. Rewrite the sentences in the active voice. Provide subjects where necessary: 1. No reason was given for his odd behaviour. 2. This play will be forgotten in a few years time. 3. These books mustnt be taken away. 4. English is spoken all over the world. 5. This painting is admired by all the visitors of the museum. 6. This house has been built out of stone and cement. 7. A reception was held in his honour. 8. The student will be told where to sit. 9. In some countries, women still havent been granted the same rights as men. 10. I was recommended a very good doctor. 11. I was told the truth about what had happened. 12. The climber was finally discovered by the rescue party. 13. My work would have been finished long ago if I hadnt been interrupted by my colleagues. 14. I was told that a meeting would be held the next day. 15. He was shocked by the terrible sight of the accident. 16. The question was fully debated during the symposium. 17. The new washing machines were turned out at the rate of fifty a day. 18. He hates being made fun of. 19. His request was turned down. 20. I was given to understand that my services would be called on if needed. 6. Answer the questions using a passive construction in a complete sentence: 1. What might a man be recommended if he is overworked? 2. What should a sick man be given? 3. What must a customs officer be shown before one is permitted to enter a foreign country? 4. What opportunity would you like to be offered? 5. What do you most enjoy being taught in the faculty? 6. What do you prefer being given as a birthday present? 7. How do you like to be spoken to? 8. What would

you most dislike being told? 9. What subjects do you like being asked to talk about? 7. Translate into English: 1. Generaii de studeni sunt pregtii n institutele de nvmnt superior din Romnia. 2. Urmeaz s se introduc treptat limita de vitez. 3. Nu se permite fumatul n aceast sal. 4. n acest hotel se vorbesc limbi strine. 5. Ni s-a cerut s artm biletele. 6. Se raporteaz c a avut loc un accident pe osea. 7. Ni s-au spus lucruri foarte interesante la conferin. 8. i se va spune ce trebuie s faci. 9. Toate ziarele au comentat evenimentul. 10. Cursul profesorului a fost ascultat cu atenie de ctre toi studenii. 11. Aceast informaie trebuie tratat confidenial. 12. Decolarea avionului a fost ntrziat din cauza ceii. 13. Mrfurile v vor fi trimise ct mai curnd posibil. 14. Ar trebui s I se spun c modul lui de a se comporta deranjeaz pe cei din jur. 15. Cnd a ajuns acas, i-a dat seama c I se furase portofelul. 16. Sensurile cuvintelor noi trebuie cutate n dicionar. 17. Acest timbru nu a fost bine lipit pe plic. 18. Ni se vor da instruciuni detaliate n privina referatului. 19. A trebuit ca podul s fie nchis pentru reparaii. 20. Nu s-a auzit nimic de el de cnd a plecat la Constana. 21. America a fost descoperit la sfritul secolului XV. 22. Se construiesc multe blocuri noi n cartierul nostru. 23. Nu sunt obinuit s fiu tratat n felul acesta. 24. Nu se poate ca secretul s fi fost cunoscut.

MODAL VERBS
1. Rewrite these sentences using must: 1. He is probably older than he looks. 2. It is probably very pleasant to live in a mountain resort. 3. This is probably the best Romanian film of the year . 4. Considering its being in great demand, it is probably a very good product.5. He probably came home very early. 6. She is probably a very good doctor. 7. So many people are speaking about it that it is probably a very good book. 8. It probably took a long time to make this translation. 9. He probably thinks I am wrong. 10. You probably left your umbrella in the shop. 2. Rewrite these sentences using may: 1. Dont wait; it is possible for her to be very late. 2. I have bought his latest book; perhaps it is a good one. 3. Take your umbrella; perhaps it will rain . 4. It is possible that I come home early. 5. She didnt speak to you because, I think, she is angry with you. 6. A good knowledge of English is likely to help you a lot in your career. 7. It is possible that he was right but I dont think so. 8. Perhaps he has done the exercise correctly but I doubt it. 9. Perhaps she has returned the book to you and you have lent it to someone else.. 10. It is possible that someone stole the missing object. 11. Perhaps she was out when you rang. 3. Fill in the blanks with can or cant: 1. Man travel through space now. 2. He reach the moon and walk there. 3. He even drive on its surface. 4. But one still breathe without extra oxygen and you certainly stay there very long. 5. When we fly there as easily as we fly to other countries of the earth, holidays will be very different.

4. Fill in the blanks, using could and couldnt: I had a terrible dream last night. I open the door because it was locked. Althought I tried to shout, I . I hear people laughing outside, but although I banged on the door, they hear me. Through the smoke I see a window, but when I tried to reach it I move. I feel myself getting hottter and hotter and I breathe. Suddenly I woke up. No wonder I was hot and breathe. My cat was sitting on top of my face 5. Give two negative answers to each of the following questions. Explain the difference: 1. Must I go now?. 2. Need I come very early tomorrow?. 3. Must he write a composition for tomorrows class? 4. Must he take this medicine twice a day?. 5. Must I type this text? 6. Need I explain everything to you? 7. Must I be in by ten oclock? 8.Need you take such things in earnest? 9. Need you always lie like that? 10. Need he stay at the office until 6 oclock today? 6. Use must not or need not to fill the spaces in the following sentences: 1. Visitors walk on the grass. 2. You take an umbrella. 3. You return the books earlier than 2 weeks. 4. You drive fast; there is a speed limit here. 5. You water the flowers; it will rain soon. 6. We leave so early; we can take a taxi up to the station. 7. You smoke in this room. 8. You talk to other candidates during the exam. 9. We miss this train. The next one is only due after five hours. 10. One travel on a bus without a ticket. 11. One buy a ticket for a slow train in advance. 12. You think the others to be less intelligent than yourself. 13. You take this medicine, it will do you harm. 7. Fill in the blanks with must, mustnt or neednt: Its as easy as boiling an egg But boiling an egg is difficult. The egg come straight from the refrigerator because it will be too cold. And it be fresh. It certainly be cracked. Some people say the water be boiling but others say it be cold. You put the egg into the water gently to stop it cracking. You time it carefully although you have a stopwatch and you watch it the whole time. Enjoy your egg! 8. Fill in the blanks with should or would: 1. You not go to bed so late at night. 2. you help me solve this problem? 3. I hurry up in order not to miss the train. 4. You invite John to the party, too. 5. When I was a child, my mother read me stories. 6. My grandmother sit for hours watching TV. 7. you be so kind and pass me the salt, please? 8. You have told me the truth from the very beginning. 9. He always makes mistakes because he never take my advice. 10. You not eat so many sweets if you dont want to be fat. 11. You not expect everybody to obey you. 12. John looks pale; he take a weeks holiday. 9. Fill in the blanks with shall or will: 1. He read for hours on end. 2. you sit down, please? 3. This be Johns house. 4. You do this whether you like it or not. 5. If you win the contest, you have a nice present. 6. Go to sleep, I promise you not be disturbed. 7. He often come to play chess with my brother. 8. She write an article for this periodical every week. 9. This letter is full of mistakes; you re-type it. 10. He always does what he. 11. This radio not work. 12. You stop making this noise right away. 13. you correct my translation, please? 14 you tell me the truth for once?

10. Turn the following sentences into the future, using the model verb substitutes: 1. He can swim very well. 2. I must go soon. 3. You may leave earlier today. 4. She can lend you that book. 5. The child may have another cake. 6. You may not smoke here. 7. I can translate ten pages a day. 8. He may not come in wearing dirty boots. 9. Can you help me? 10. I must look up the words in the dictionary. 11. Jane can type very quickly. 12. She can play the piano well. 13. I must send her a birthday card. 14. We must speak to him about it. 15. I must learn English. 16. You may not speak to your mother like that. 17. He must study this subject seriously. 18. She can read and write at the age of five. 19. Everybody may borrow books from this library. 20. You must not wait long. 11. Turn the sentences from exercise (10) into the past tense, using modal verb substitutes were necessary 12. Give the following sentences a past meaning using the perfect infinitive: 1. John must be ill. 2. It cant be too late. 3. It might rain. 4. He must be delayed at the office. 5. You might write to me more often. 6. You should visit your sick friend in hospital. 7. He ought to tell me the truth. 8. You might change your mind about that. 9. He may be at home. 10. He should go to the lectures every day. 11. It cant be easy to learn Chinese. 12. You cant be very pleased with this piece of news. 13. You might pay more attention to your work. 14. You neednt do this. 15. You cant see a bear in this part of the country. 16. I cant be very pleased when receiving such news. 17. I neednt buy milk; there is plenty in the fridge 18. He must be in the garden at this time of the day. 19. It must be difficult to climb this mountain. 20. You shouldnt go to bed so late, thats why you are always tired. 13. Insert didnt need to or neednt have, according to the meaning: 1. I. (answer) the questions, which was very convenient. 2. I (answer) the questions, which would have saved me a lot of trouble 3. I (buy) a new map of London as my friend lent me one. 4. You (say) anything about it as I knew the truth anyway. 5. You (lend) him so many books; he will never read them all. 6. We (wait) too long; he was back soon. 7. I (see) him for that; I wrote him a letter. 8.You (wake) me so early today, it is Sunday. 9. You (wait) for me, I could have found the way by myself.. 10. The student (write) such a long composition because the teacher wont have time to read it all. 14. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences by using must, cant or neednt with the perfect infinitive: 1. It (rain) here; the road is dry. 2. I havent got my bag with me; I (leave) it on the bus. 3. The child (leave) home; I locked the door and took the key with me. 4. You (see) Ann yesterday. She is in the mountains. 5. You (lend) him so many books; he will never read them all. 6. John (do) such a shing; he is a nice boy. 7. I didnt hear the phone; I (be) in the garden. 8. He (swim) across the Danube; he is a very poor swimmer. 9. You (lend) him your text/book. He has one of his own. 10. You (call) for the doctor. I am all right now. 11. He (be) at home, the light was on in his room. 12. It (take) you a long time to knit the dress. 13. You (be) stung by a bee. 14. It (be) too late when you arrived home because I wasnt asleep yet. 15. Make polite requests with will or would to get the following answers, as in the given example:Wife: Get me a drink of water, will you, dear?

Husband: Certainly. Would you prefer it iced? 1. Customer: ? Shop/assistant: Certainly, sir. Which brand of cigarettes do you prefer? 2. Policeman: ? Driver: Yes, of course, I will show you my driving-licence. 3. Mother: ? Son: Of course. Shall I fetch you the red pen or the blue one? 4. Teacher: ? Student: Do you want to see my grammar exercise or my composition? 5. Girl: ? Friend: Of course I can lend you any of my books. 16. Make up a dialogue between a shop/assistant and customer intending to buy a pair of shoes, inserting all the modal verb suiting the context. 17. Translate into English: 1. Toi studenii pot i trebuie s fac aceast lucrare. 2. Va trebui s m ajui mai mult astzi. 3. Sunt sigur c vei putea gsi timp s faci aceasta. 4. Mi-a spus mama c pot s ntrzii dup ora 10. Mi s-a permis s dau referatul mine n loc de astzi. 6. tiam s cnt la pian cnd eram copil. 7. Nu tiu s not. 8. Ai putea smi telefonezi mai des. 9. Ai fi putut s-mi scrii cnd ai fost n Anglia. 10. Ar trebui ca toi copiii s fac treburi n cas. 11. Ar fi trebuit s citesc bibliografia pentru acest seminar. 12. Toat lumea va fi prezent la edin. 13. Va trebui s plec peste o jumtate de or. 14. Nu trebuie s-i cari singur valizele n gar, poi s iei un crucior. 15. Trebuie s-mi schimb pantofii cnd intru n cas pentru c sunt plini de noroi. 16. E nevoie s urcm pn la Cota 1400 pe jos? Nu, putem lua autobuzul sau telefericul. 17. Nu a fost nevoie s-i telefonez Ioanei pentru c urma s vin la mine peste o jumtate de or. 18. Nu era nevoie s-mi faci cafea, am but deja dou astzi. 19. Nu era nevoie s spui mulumesc cnd ai aflat ora exact la numrul 958, ntruct informaia era nregistrat pe band. 20. Nu se poate s fi plouat aici. oseaua e uscat. 21. Nu te mai luda; orice student ar fi putut face aceast lucrare. 22. Nu se poate ca profesorul s fi fost mulumit cu acest rspuns. 23. Probabil c eram la facultate cnd m-ai cutat. 24. Cnd eram elev, obinuiam s citesc cte o carte pe zi. 25. Am cerut s vorbesc cu directorul, dar acesta nu a vrut s vin la telefon. Ar fi trebuit s insist. 26. Niciodat nu vrei s m asculi. De aceea intri n ncurcturi. 27. Du-te s vezi filmul; s-ar putea si plac. 28. Nu se poate ca Shakespeare s fi scris aceast pies, ntruct evenimentele menionate aici s-au petrecut dup moartea lui. 29. De ce ai vorbit att de tare? S-ar fi putut s te aud cineva. 30. i promit c vei avea cartea mine. 31. Nu se poate s fi gsit ua deschis. O ncuiasem chiar eu.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

1. Change the verbs in the subordinate clause into the Subjunctive Mood, by using the verbTO WISH in the main clause, according to the models: (Make all the necessary changes): A. Model: a) I dont think he is in town at present.

b) I wish he were in town at present. 1. I regret you dont take this into account. 2 It is a pity he is always so busy. 3. They live near a park. 4. He is sorry I dont take his offer seriously. 5. I cant get the book you told me about. 6. It is a pity she does not speak English. 7. I regret the students dont study more. B. Model: a) My sister did not know that her friend was coming. b) My sister wished she had known that her friend was coming. 1. We regret that he did not drive very carefully. 2 He says that it is a pity we did not book for that performance. 3. I regret Mr. X did not sign the contract. 4. He is sorry Georgiana didnt accept her friends advice. 5. We all regret he failed in his examination. 6. It is a pity he mentioned that story. 7. Our colleague is sorry that he was not free yesterday morning. 2. Comment on the use of would + infinitive in object clauses after the verb TO WISH 1. I wish he would take some exercise. 2. We wish she wouldnt complain so often. 3. I wish you would get up early. 4. I certainly wish you would do it! 5. He wishes they would understant him better.6. Mother wishes her son would learn to swim. 7. We wish they would keep quiet. 8. The teacher wishes the student would read the excerpt aloud. 9. I wish they would notice our improvement. 3. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form: present subjunctive, perfect subjunctive or would + infinitive: 1. We had a very good time at the party and I wish you (to be) with us. 2. I wish (to listen) more carefully to your teacher. 4. I wished she (to post) the letter for me. 5. He wishes his mother (to be) there now to help him. 6.Doesnt your teacher wish you (to improve) your pronunciation? 7. I didnt like the film yesterday and I wish I (not to stay) up to the end. 8. Mary wished she (not to be ill) during the holiday. 9. Dont your friends wish you (to go) on the trip with them? 10. The children wished they (to be allowed) to swim in the lake. 11. I wish you (to pay) more attention to your spelling in the future. 4. Complete the following sentences using Id rather you and the Subjunctive Mood of the verbs given below. Use each verb only once. (We use this structure when we prefer someone else to do / not to do something) stay; not turn on; come; not tell; phone. 1. Shall I come and pay you a visit tomorrow? today, because I am busy tomorrow. 2. Of course you could go if you want to, but a bit longer. 3. I could phone to your parents if you wish, but them. 4. I think this is a secret, so, please, anybody. 5. Ive got a bad head ache, the radio if you dont mind? 5. Translate the following sentences into English using the set phrases: had better; had rather; would rather; would better; would sooner: 1. Ai face bine s-i vorbeti n loc de a pstra tcerea ntr-o asemenea situaie. 2. A prefera s nu plec n excursie dect s te las singur acas. 3. Ai vrea s nu ajung la timp la spectacol? 4. Fratele tu ar prefera s-l nsoeti n cltoria sa. 5. Fiul su ar prefera s se joace dect s nvee. 6. Ar face mai bine s nceteze cu zgomotul. 7. A prefera s petrecem acest sfrit de sptmn la munte. 8. Dei eti bolnav ar fi mai bine s deschizi fereastra i s aeriseti camera dect s stai n aer nchis. 9. A prefera s vii cu mine la Londra pentru discuii cu partenerul nostru.

6. Apply the use of the Subjunctive Mood in the following sentences for the verbs in brackets: 1. It is necessary that he (to be) told his colleagues opinion. 2. Isnt it time you (to stop) playing? 3. It is proper that you (to make up your mind) whether you come or stay. 4. It is possible that he (to turn over) a new leaf in his life. 5. It is high time that you (to have) grown up. 6. It is wrong that he (not to know) these spelling rules. 7. It is right that you (to begin) preparing for your autumn exams. 8. It is essential that you (to have) a heart to heart talk. 9. In the rush of things it was a pity that he (to have forgotten) to thank her for her kindnes. 7. Put the verbs in brackets in their correct form paying attention to the presence of as if / as though / than if / rather than / even if / even though / whoever: 1. The student speaks English as if he (to be) a real Englishman. 2. Mother used to treat her daughter as though she (to be) a little girl. 3. With us he feels much happier than if (to stay) at his house. 4. I should like to hear some good music rather then (to listen) to this talk. 5. It looks as though nobody (to know) the truth. 6. We should go and visit him even if it (to rain). 7. She was fond of the little girl as though she (to be) her own sister. 8. Even though (to come) earlier, he would have missed her. 9. Whoever he (to be) the president was not at the office to anyone. 10. In their house he felt as he (to be) one of their family. 8. Complete the following pairs of sentences supplying suitable conditions to the if-clauses: Work in teams. 1. She would soon set matters right if she 2. She would have soon set matters right if she 1. You would like them if you 2. You would have liked them if you 1. I should be obliged to you if you 2. I should have been obliged to you if you 1. She would see to everything if she 2. She would have seen to everything if she 1. George would post the letter if you 2. George would have posted the letter if you 1. I am sure he would do it if you 2. I am sure he would have done it if you 9. Translate into English paying attention to the use of the Subjunctive Mood. (Present Subjunctive or Perfect Subjunctive): 1. Ce bine ar fi s putem ncheia contractul n curnd. 2. Ce bine ar fi fost s fi venit reprezentantul firmei ieri la discuii! 3. Mi-a dori s fiu n locul tu, director executiv al firmei. 4. Oricum ar fi vremea, eu tot plec la negocieri. 5. Orice s-ar ntmpla, nu m rzgndesc n privina acestei clauze. 6. Prietena mea i-ar fi dorit s fie economist. 7. M ntoiesc c ar fi la serviciu la aceast or. 8. Dac acest lucru este adevrat, e un om detept. 9. S vin cineva aici s ne explice situaia! 10. Este de dorit ca membrii acestui club s participe regulat la dscuii. 11. Nu voiam s-o las s plece ca s nu se rtceasc pe drum. 12.i era team s nu o prind furtuna. 13. Ai face mai bine s-o nsoeti. 14. Se uita mereu spre u, ca i cnd ar fi ateptat s vin cineva. 15. Este timpul s plecm la gar. 16. Dac a gsi un loc la fereastr, cltoria ar fi o adevrat plcere. 17. Chiar dac ar fi aa cum spui tu, situaia tot nu ar fi uoar. 10. Replace the Subjunctive used in the sentences given below by the Subjunctive Equivalent

may (might) + Infinitive: 1. Long be she happy! 2. We are afraid that she miss the bus at this time. 3. I hope they arrive to-night. 4. He closed the shutters so that the light did not come in. 5. However hard it rain, we shall have to leave. 6. She lookd as if she cried. 7. It was possible they were at home. 8. I hoped my family were right. 9. Whatever the cause be, you have no right to be angry with them. 10. It was likely he had come in time. 11. I wish you stayed with us for ever. 12. They sent all the documents by air mail so that they were received before the arrival of the shipping. 11. Replace the Subjunctive used in the sentences given below by the Subjunctive Equivalent should + Infinitive: 1. Dont speak like that lest he be angry. 2. We dare not move for fear the child wake up. 3. Being ill I suggested they go on the trip without me. 4. The company sent orders that the cheques be paid. 5. It is natural that the peoples want to live in peace. 6. It is impossible that the plane arrive in time under such circumstances. 7. There is no reason why they speak like that. 8. I shall speak my mind even though they were angry with me. 9. However hard the work be, he will never give up. 10. It is desirable you make up your mind. 12. Finish the following sentences using a Subjunctive or a Subjunctive Equivalent: 1. It is necessary that they 2. It was likely that 3. Why is it so important that she ? 4. Isnt it strange that he ? 5. It is possible that the students 6. We suggest that 7. Tomorrow we shall start early lest 8. The students gave their papers to the teacher so that he 9. I prefer travelling by car however tiring the journey 10. She would understand the situation if she 13. Choose one of the two Subjunctive Equivalents in brackets: 1. Send a cable so that they (may//should) know about your arrival tomorrow. 2. I suggest that the students (may/should) try this new method. 3. It is possible that he (may/should) go at this hour. 4. However much we (may/should) admire his activity, we cant overlook such a mistake. 5. I am putting down my suggestions so that they (may/should) act accordingly. 6. This is a short note lest I (may/should) forget about the date. 7. We all are glad that you (may/should) be there. 8. Its probable that this team (may/should) win the competition. 9. Nobody could understand why he (might/should) behave like that. 10. Mother wished that her son (might/should) get a high mark. 11. She was looking as if something unexpected (might/should) happen. 12. It was out of question that she (might/should) be able to walk there, in her poor condition. 14. Use the Subjunctive Mood or a Subjunctive Equivalent for the Infinitives in brackets: 1. I suggest that the text (to be translated) first into Romanian. 2. We doubt if the football team (to be) here by now. 3. It is necessary that the question (to be settled) immediately. 4. He insisted that the request (to be) accepted. 5. A notice was posted that all books (to be returned) to the university library by October 1. 6. Long (to, live) he! 7. It is very annoying that you (to forget) to bring my things back. 8. John wishes he (to be) an economist. 9. He feared lest he (to be) misunderstood in his actions. 10. Suppose he (to come) and (to inquire) into the matter! 11. It is time you (to make up) your mind whether you are going to become an engineer or an economist. 12. In case of illness, it is more important that you (to be told) the truth, rather than (to be kept) in ignorance. 13. It was very curious that you (to take) that view. 14. All happiness (to attend) you! 15. If you

(to go to the theatre) last night, I am sure you would have enjoyed the play. 16. It is difficult to say why (to refuse) to join us on this trip. 17. We hope that she (to recover) soon. 18. He knew the place as if he (to be born) there. 19. One of you (to go) and (to fetch) some chalk. 20. She is in a hurry so that she (to catch) the last bus tonight. 15. Translate into English using the Subjunctive Mood or a Subjunctive Equivalent: 1. Colegii cer ca linitea s fie meninut n timpul lucrului. 2. S-a propus s se aplice un nou procedeu tehnic. 3. S trii muli ani! 4. Se temea s nu fac vreo greeal de ortografie. 5. Fie cum doreti! 6. Este neobinuit ca vremea s fie att de rece n octombrie. 7. A fi dorit ca el s nu fi fost att de neglijent n realizarea acestui raport. 8. Ai face mai bine s ncerci s-i vorbeti personal. 9. Orict de dificil ar fi textul, m voi strdui s-l traduc. 10 Unul dintre voi s citeasc referatul. 11. Este posibil ca prietenii ti s fie nc acolo ateptndu-te. 12. Regret ca tu s spui aa ceva. 13. A dori s stai jos. 14. De-a ti mcar cum s rezolv situaia! 16. Change the following sentences using if only; work in pairs. Comment upon the meaning of the respective sentences. Ex: I wish I had a car (I do not have a car) If only I had a car. 1. I wish she were not so bad to me. 2. She wishes she could play the piano. 3. We wished we knew Marys address. 4. I wish you would be quiet as Im trying to do my homework. 5. He wishes you would stop complaining. 6. We wish he wouldnt leave his paper lying all over the desks. 7. I wish Id visited the museum yesterday. 8. He feels sick; he wishes he hadnt walk in rain so long. 9. We wish you had explain the situation to us.

THE GERUND
1. Translate into Romanian pointing out the gerunds in each sentence and show their function: a) Avoid making mistakes in your composition. 2. He admitted having done wrong. 3. She delayed answering my complaint. 4. He denied knowing anything about the plan of his friends. 5. This room needs dusting. 6. Their house wants repairing. 7. He finished reading the novel. b) He was fined for crossing when the red light was on. 2. Owing to his starting late he couldnt be in time for the flight for which he had booked a seat. 3. He didnt write his examination paper because of his being late. c) On arriving they called us up. 2. After having received your letter well be able to look into the matter. 3. Think before speaking. d) He succeeded in convincing us he was right. 2. We insisted on going there immediately. 3. I relied on receiving a correct answer. 4. I look forward to hearing from you soon. 5. I thought of replying at once. 6. I prevented them from doing such a thing. e) She was angry at his laughing at her. 2. I was fond of reading fiction. 3. I was surprised at hearing such news. 4. What is worth doing is worth doing well.

f) There was no hope of succeeding in our attempt. 2. The Importance of Being Earnest is a play by Oscar Wilde. 3. Youll have your chance of saying what you think. 4. There was a possibility of getting better results. 2. Translate into English using gerunds wherever possible: 1. Citirea crilor de beletristic este un lucru plcut i interesant. 2. Este util s citeti cri noi. 3. A citi cri este o ocupaie util. 4. Inteniona s plece mai devreme. 5. ncet s mai citeasc. 6. A reuit s gseasc soluia problemei. 7. mi place s cltoresc. 8. Ploaia l-a mpiedicat s ajung la timp. 9. Nu avea nici o obiecie ca el s mai rmn cteva zile. 10. Nu avea intenia de a te jigni. 11. Cu toate c era tnr, cunotea meseria sa foarte bine. 12. Datorit faptului c ai plecat mai devreme, ai prins trenul. 13. Problema a fost dat spre a fi rezolvat. 14. i-au petrecut ziua certndu-se. 15. Te supr dac fumez aici? 16. N-am nimic mpotriv ca el s lucreze n aceast camer. 17. mi place s citesc seara. 3. Translate into English, using set phrases such as: It is no use; it is no good; it is worth (while), cant help; cant stand (cant bear): 1. Nu are rost s plngi dup laptele vrsat. 2. Aceast carte merit s fie citit. 3. Nu are rost s cumperi aceti pantofi, cci nu sunt msura ta. 4. Nu m pot abine s rd cnd l aud cum se flete. 5. Merit osteneala s te duci s vezi aceast expoziie. 6. Nu poate s suporte s se rd de el. 4. Complete the following sentences using gerunds: Model: a) I stopped I stopped talking. 1. I postponed 2. He hates 3. They suggested 4. Would you mind 5. Excuse 6. We deferred Model: b) He expressed his disappointment at He expressed his disappointment at having been cheated. 1. Im in the habit of 2. Whats your reason for 3. He showed surprise at 4. I had the pleasure of 5. Fancy the idea of 6. A friend put him in the way of 7. His habit of Model: c) He was accused of He was accused of having broken the laws. 1. Im engaged in 2. She objected to 3. We have devoted our attention to 4. They have succeeded in 5. He felt like 6. He complained of 7. Thank you for 8. They aimed at 9. They abstained from 10. In the classroom, I refrain from Model: d) Im proud of Im proud of having such good results in my examinations. 1. They were afraid of 2. Im capable of 3. We are fond of 4. They were tired of 4. Translate into English using a) the Genitive with the Gerund construction: 1. mi place c el spune asta. 2. Nu am nimic mpotriv ca ea s fumeze aici. 3. Ei i displcea ca el s fumeze igri din foi. 4. El apreciaz foarte mult participarea Mariei la discuie. 5. Contez pe faptul c m va ajuta s rezolvm chestiunea. b) the Accusative with the Gerund 1. Ea apreciaz (faptul) c ei colaboreaz n aceste probleme dificile. 2. Te superi

dac iau cu mprumut aceste cri? 3. Ploaia a mpiedicat plecarea mea. 4. M-am gndit ca el s mearg nentrziat acolo. 6. Replace the subordinate clauses by gerunds: 1. I insist that he should help us in the present circumstances. 2. I remember that I have read this book. 3. He admitted that he had made a mistake. 4. He objected that we should leave so soon. 5. We are keen that you should come and see us. 6. I prefer that you should make up your mind at once. 7. I decided that I should reply at once.

VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONS
1. Combine two sentences into one, using the Accusative with the Infinitive: Model: I saw him. 2. He left the room. I saw him leave the room. 1. a) I hear him. b) He speaks in the next room. 2. a) I watched them. b) They played football. 3. a) We saw them. b) They danced in the hall. 4. a) I helped my friend. b) He solved some exercises in mathematics. 5. a) I expected you. b) You came by car. 6. a) I noticed the sea. b) It grew rough. 2. Use the for + Infinitive construction according to the model: Model: The task is quite easy. He can perform it. The task is quite easy for him to perform. 1. They shouted. They asked us to stop. 2. This a new bag. You can wear it with your blue dress. 3. We are sorry. You have to leave so soon. 4. Here is an armchair. You may sit down in it. 5. I bought a book. You can read it during the holidays. 6. Thursday is a good day. George leaves on Thursday. 3. Substitute the verb paying attention to the use of the Accusative with Infinitive construction: Mind the use of long or short infinitives: Model: I saw him work hard. noticed I noticed him work hard. watched I watched him work hard. expected I expected him to work hard. made I made him work hard. wish I wish him to work hard. 1. He wished us to come again. made expected saw heard watched liked 2. I dislike them to quarrel about it.

made heard expected hated wished let wanted 3. She made me leave the room. wished saw expected let invited wanted heard 4. I mean you to do it. expect let shall see shall watch heard made forbade wished advise 4. Translate into English using the Accusative with the Infinitive construction: 1. Vreau ca tu s faci asta. 2. Declar c noi nu putem rezolva aceast problem. 3. M faci s rd. 4. Vrei s m ajui s duc acest bagaj la gar? 5. A admis c tirea e adevrat. 6. Voia s-i mprumut o sum de bani. 7. Ce te-a fcut s ntrzii? 8. M-au invitat s vin mine la ei. 9. L-am vzut cznd. 10. L-am auzit cntnd. 5. Change the following into Nominative with the Infinitive constructions: Model: I expect him to come early. He is expected to come early. 1. It happened that he is leaving. 2. I know him to be a good student. 3. He sees that we are coming. 4. We hear that he is singing. 5. I noticed that he was learning hard. 6. It proved that the boy was very good at foreign languages. 7. It is sure that he will arrive in time. 8. It is likely that theyll be here at noon. 9. It is said that the bankers of today descend from the goldsmiths. 6. Translate into English using Nominative with the Infinitive constructions: 1. Se crede c ei sunt vinovai pentru cele ntmplate. 2. Se tie c el este cel mai bun din toi. 3. Se ateapt ca noi s obinem rezultate foarte bune. 4. S-a ntmplat ca noi s putem s-i ajutm. 5. Prea c are vreo 30 de ani. 6. S-a

dovedit c avea dreptate. 7. Li s-a cerut s plece. 8. S-a crezut c vor reui. 9. Se anun c vremea este favorabil. 10. A fost auzit repetnd aceste cuvinte de mai multe ori. 11. Au fost vzui plecnd dimineaa. 7. Change the following according to the model, to obtain an absolute participial construction: a) He learned very much. He got tired. Learning very much, he got tired. b) He had lost his pencil. Having lost his pencil, he had to buy a new one. He had to buy a new one. 1. She had finished her book. She went to the library to borrow a new one. 2. They have received the letter. They wrote an answer. 3. They got an inquiry. They sent the offer. 4. They did not obtain an order. They drew up a follow-up letter. 5. He drove very fast. He arrived in time. 6. He heard a noise. He rushed to the place from where the noise came. 7. We expect them. So we stayed home the whole day. 8. We saw the child. We were very glad. 8. Translate the following sentences into Romanian and point out the participial constructions: 1. They could hear him reading aloud in the adjoining room. 2. We saw them leaving the house. 3. We watched them preparing the cookies. 4. I found him sleeping. 5. I got my hair cut. 6. I had my shoes mended. 7. I felt the raindrops pouring down along my face. 8. They were seen running away. 9. She was heard crying. 10. They were left quarrelling. 11. We were kept waiting. 9. Translate into English using the construction Accusative with the Participle: 1. L-am vzut fumnd cnd se pregtea s intre n sala de examen. 2. L-am auzit cntnd ieri dimineaa. 3. L-am gsit citind un roman interesant. 4. M-a urmrit traversnd strada pe culoarea roie a semaforului i m-a amendat. 5. Simea lacrimile umplndu-i ochii la gndul nereuitei. 6. Trebuie s-mi dau hainele la curat. 7. Trebuie s m tund. 8. Nu ne face s ateptm aa de mult. 9. Am auzit lng mine pe cineva ipnd.

THE ADVERB
1. Choose the correct form from those given in brackets: - (near, nearly) 1. They resemble each other. 2. The book is at hand. 3. She fainted. - (hard, hardly) 1. I could understand what he was saying. 2. He tried and finally found the right solution. - (short, shortly) 1. They will .. return from their holidays. 2. Our supplies ran 3. The chairman cut the proceedings. - (direct, directly) 1. The bus goes there 2. Go to him and tell him about it. 3. Come in - (late, lately) 1. I think hell be

2. Have spoken to him ? - (right, rightly) 1. Turn to the and then go straight on. 2. He went to the end of the street. 3. You have acted 4. It serves him 2. Make sentences with adverbs of manner: Model: He is a good student. He learns well. 1. He is a careful reader of English books. 2. The rooms have poor furniture. 3. She is a fast typist. 4. He spoke in a loud voice. 5. He gave us correct answers. 6. They sent a prompt reply to our letter. 7. His answer was clear and concise. The correspondent must use a courteous tone in his letters. 9. His greeting was respectful. 3. Add an adverb of time to each of the following sentences (either an adverb of indefinite time or frequency or an adverb of definite time): Examples: - He is reading a novel. - He is reading a novel now. - He wrote a reply to the letter. - He wrote a reply to the letter yesterday. - He has asked some questions. - He has often/seldom asked some questions. - He had arrived. - He had arrived before. 1. It is cold. 2. They have run fast. 3. I went to the theatre and saw an interesting performance. 4. They will attend the lectures. 5. We had opened the window. 6. Mary plays the piano. 7. She has performed a well known tune. 8. She will spend her holidays at the seaside. 9. We spent our holidays in a mountain resort. 10. Have you been to the Danube Delta? 4. Find the right place for the adverbs in the following sentences: 1. I have not answered her letter (yet). 2. They have failed in the exams. (seldom). 3. Have you been to theatre performances (often)? 4. We have met there (never). 5. You have received a prompt reply from them (usually). 6. They have found someone suitable (already). 7. George is late for school (never). 8. Mr.Smith travels to London by car (always). 9. John Brown goes shopping (every week). 10. He bought a new car (last month). 11. He called on us (two days ago). 12. He had left the office (an hour before). 5. Use the following adverbs in different degrees of comparison in sentences of your own: -well, fast, high, easily, far, little, slowly. Example: - hard - He works harder than you. - He works as hard as you. - He does not work as hard as you. - He works the hardest of you all. 6. Put the adverbs in the right place: a) 1. Father talked to her (kindly). 2. He speaks English (fluently). 3. He watched the children play (silently). 4. They wrote the homework given by the teacher (carefully). 5. I know English (very well). 6. He liked our house (very much). 7. I agree to the terms of the contract (fully). 8. It is cold (too). 9. We have anything to say on this (scarcely). b) 1. He is due to arrive (early, tomorrow). 2. He will come (here, next week). 3.

They arrived (there, yesterday evening). 4. He left Bucharest (at night, late). 5. She will work (gladly, tomorrow, there). 6. They return (home, always, willingly). 7. Use still, yet or already: 1. Are you here? 2. He has left home, but he hasnt arrived at my office 3. He is there. 4. They havent answered 5. We havent received the advice of dispatch , but we hope the goods are on their way to us. 8. Translate into English: 1. Am mers i mai departe i am acceptat ideea lui. 2. Am mers mai departe dect tine n excursia de sptmna trecut. 3. El tie mai puin dect tine, iar fratele lui tie cel mai puin dintre voi toi i trebuie s lucreze srguincios ca s poat s se prezinte la examen. 4. Ne plcea tot mai puin felul n care i ndeplinea obligaiile sale. 5. Cu ct mergem mai iute, cu att vom ajunge mai departe. 6. n cele din urm el gsi soluia cea mai bun. 7. Cel mai trziu mine vom expedia marfa comandat de clienii notri. 8. Mi-ai dat mai puin de lucru ca de obicei. 9. Add enough to the following sentences: 1. He is tall to reach where the things are. 2. I have money to pay the bill. 3. He is old to decide for himself. 4. It is cold to make a fire inside. 5. They have time to think it over. 10. Replace each group of underlined words by an adverb given at the end of the exercise: 1. Although unwilling to do it, he had to be rude in his answer. 2. Certain natural substances can be obtained by artificial means. 3. He was known to have worked with unremitting effort. 4. He had always worked with care and thoroughness. 5. They were waiting for the answer with anxious fear. 6. His point of view seemed correct but from the opposite point of view he was wrong. - apprehensibely, conversely, conscientiously, sythetically, reluctantly, tirelessly. 11. Translate into English, paying attention to the different ways in which the Romanian adverb mai is expressed in English: 1. Ce i-a mai spus? 2. Mai d-mi o can de ceai. 3. Cel mai bun lucru e s atepi. 4. Mai niciodat nu m-a crezut pe mine. 5. Acest rspuns e i mai prost. 6. Mai stm cteva minute. 12. Translate, using some compound adverbs from the list given below. 1. n zilele noastre tiina a realizat progrese enorme. 2. A gsit metodele prin care s obin rezultatul dorit. 3. A semnat i prin aceasta a confirmat primirea coletului. 4. Prile contractante vor fi denumite mai jos n acest document vnztorul i cumprtorul. 5. Care sunt metalele din care se fac bijuteriile? 6. Orice acord la care se va ajunge de acum ncolo trebuie s fie conform cu nelegerile anterioare. - hereafter, hereinafter, nowadays, thereby, whereby, whereof. 13. Replace the underlined adverbial phrases by simple adverbs and make any necessary changes: 1. At last he won the prize. 2. In the long run he proved he was right. 3. Little by little he persuaded us to support him. 4. He lives a long way off. 5. They parted for good. 6. At that time the things were not clear. 7. You are wrong, to a large extent. 8. From time to time we paid them a visit. 9. I lived in this place some years ago. 10. He has been absent in recent times, on account of his illness.

THE ADVERB
1. Choose the correct form from those given in brackets: - (near, nearly) 1. They resemble each other. 2. The book is at hand. 3. She fainted. - (hard, hardly) 1. I could understand what he was saying. 2. He tried and finally found the right solution. - (short, shortly) 1. They will .. return from their holidays. 2. Our supplies ran 3. The chairman cut the proceedings. - (direct, directly) 1. The bus goes there 2. Go to him and tell him about it. 3. Come in - (late, lately) 1. I think hell be 2. Have spoken to him ? - (right, rightly) 1. Turn to the and then go straight on. 2. He went to the end of the street. 3. You have acted 4. It serves him 2. Make sentences with adverbs of manner: Model: He is a good student. He learns well. 1. He is a careful reader of English books. 2. The rooms have poor furniture. 3. She is a fast typist. 4. He spoke in a loud voice. 5. He gave us correct answers. 6. They sent a prompt reply to our letter. 7. His answer was clear and concise. The correspondent must use a courteous tone in his letters. 9. His greeting was respectful. 3. Add an adverb of time to each of the following sentences (either an adverb of indefinite time or frequency or an adverb of definite time): Examples: - He is reading a novel. - He is reading a novel now. - He wrote a reply to the letter. - He wrote a reply to the letter yesterday. - He has asked some questions. - He has often/seldom asked some questions. - He had arrived. - He had arrived before. 1. It is cold. 2. They have run fast. 3. I went to the theatre and saw an interesting performance. 4. They will attend the lectures. 5. We had opened the window. 6. Mary plays the piano. 7. She has performed a well known tune. 8. She will spend her holidays at the seaside. 9. We spent our holidays in a mountain resort. 10. Have you been to the Danube Delta? 4. Find the right place for the adverbs in the following sentences: 1. I have not answered her letter (yet). 2. They have failed in the exams. (seldom). 3. Have you been to theatre performances (often)? 4. We have met there (never). 5. You have received a prompt reply from them (usually). 6. They have found someone suitable (already). 7. George is late for school (never). 8. Mr.Smith

travels to London by car (always). 9. John Brown goes shopping (every week). 10. He bought a new car (last month). 11. He called on us (two days ago). 12. He had left the office (an hour before). 5. Use the following adverbs in different degrees of comparison in sentences of your own: -well, fast, high, easily, far, little, slowly. Example: - hard - He works harder than you. - He works as hard as you. - He does not work as hard as you. - He works the hardest of you all. 6. Put the adverbs in the right place: a) 1. Father talked to her (kindly). 2. He speaks English (fluently). 3. He watched the children play (silently). 4. They wrote the homework given by the teacher (carefully). 5. I know English (very well). 6. He liked our house (very much). 7. I agree to the terms of the contract (fully). 8. It is cold (too). 9. We have anything to say on this (scarcely). b) 1. He is due to arrive (early, tomorrow). 2. He will come (here, next week). 3. They arrived (there, yesterday evening). 4. He left Bucharest (at night, late). 5. She will work (gladly, tomorrow, there). 6. They return (home, always, willingly). 7. Use still, yet or already: 1. Are you here? 2. He has left home, but he hasnt arrived at my office 3. He is there. 4. They havent answered 5. We havent received the advice of dispatch , but we hope the goods are on their way to us. 8. Translate into English: 1. Am mers i mai departe i am acceptat ideea lui. 2. Am mers mai departe dect tine n excursia de sptmna trecut. 3. El tie mai puin dect tine, iar fratele lui tie cel mai puin dintre voi toi i trebuie s lucreze srguincios ca s poat s se prezinte la examen. 4. Ne plcea tot mai puin felul n care i ndeplinea obligaiile sale. 5. Cu ct mergem mai iute, cu att vom ajunge mai departe. 6. n cele din urm el gsi soluia cea mai bun. 7. Cel mai trziu mine vom expedia marfa comandat de clienii notri. 8. Mi-ai dat mai puin de lucru ca de obicei. 9. Add enough to the following sentences: 1. He is tall to reach where the things are. 2. I have money to pay the bill. 3. He is old to decide for himself. 4. It is cold to make a fire inside. 5. They have time to think it over. 10. Replace each group of underlined words by an adverb given at the end of the exercise: 1. Although unwilling to do it, he had to be rude in his answer. 2. Certain natural substances can be obtained by artificial means. 3. He was known to have worked with unremitting effort. 4. He had always worked with care and thoroughness. 5. They were waiting for the answer with anxious fear. 6. His point of view seemed correct but from the opposite point of view he was wrong. - apprehensibely, conversely, conscientiously, sythetically, reluctantly, tirelessly. 11. Translate into English, paying attention to the different ways in which the Romanian adverb mai is expressed in English: 1. Ce i-a mai spus? 2. Mai d-mi o can de ceai. 3. Cel mai bun lucru e s atepi. 4. Mai niciodat nu m-a crezut pe mine. 5. Acest rspuns e i mai

prost. 6. Mai stm cteva minute. 12. Translate, using some compound adverbs from the list given below. 1. n zilele noastre tiina a realizat progrese enorme. 2. A gsit metodele prin care s obin rezultatul dorit. 3. A semnat i prin aceasta a confirmat primirea coletului. 4. Prile contractante vor fi denumite mai jos n acest document vnztorul i cumprtorul. 5. Care sunt metalele din care se fac bijuteriile? 6. Orice acord la care se va ajunge de acum ncolo trebuie s fie conform cu nelegerile anterioare. - hereafter, hereinafter, nowadays, thereby, whereby, whereof. 13. Replace the underlined adverbial phrases by simple adverbs and make any necessary changes: 1. At last he won the prize. 2. In the long run he proved he was right. 3. Little by little he persuaded us to support him. 4. He lives a long way off. 5. They parted for good. 6. At that time the things were not clear. 7. You are wrong, to a large extent. 8. From time to time we paid them a visit. 9. I lived in this place some years ago. 10. He has been absent in recent times, on account of his illness.

SOME PROBLEMS OF SYNTAX

I. INVERSION 1. Paraphrase these sentences using the following negative restrictive adverbs: - no sooner than; hardly (scarcely) when; only after - ; not only but also; only when - ; never; seldon; in vain. Models: No sooner, had we reached the hotel than it began pouring. Scarcely hat I turned round the corner when I bumped into an old friend of mine. Hardly had I reached the station when the train started. Only after I returned home did I notice how soaked my shoes were. Only when I opened the window could I hear the song of the birds. 1. I read only a few pages of the novel and the end was clear to me. 2. He left the house and forgot all about the shopping list. 3. He entered the office and immediately the phone rang. 4. I have never seen anything like the landing on the moon. 5. We got home when it began to rain. 6. There had never been such a rainy day. 7. The mountains had never seemed so near to his house. 8. He promised to help us and placed all his textbooks at our disposal. 9. He had got up when the dog entered the room. 10. He made many blunders before he realized that he should have given more consideration to his friends advice. 2. Finish these sentences using the given phrases: 1. Hardly when 2. All the sooner 3. Never again 4. Not only those present but 5. No sooner than 6. So quickly 7. Not only but also 8. Neither for my sake nor for your sake 9. Little did 10. Only then 3. Put the negative or restrictive adverbs at the head of the sentences: 1. I had scarcely time to turn off the light. 2. We kenw little about that gifted painter. 3. I had hardly typed the letter when the manager asked for it. 4. She had no sooner opened the window than a gust of wind scattered my papers on the

floor. 5. All her efforts to persuade them were in vain. 6. They were no sooner under shelter than it began to rain. 7. I learned the happy news only upon her arrival. 8. He had scarcely entered the room when he saw the beautiful roses on his desk. 9 I pointed out in vain that it was useles to leave so early. II. AGREEMENT BETWEEN SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 1. Use the correct form of the infinitive in brackets: (Note: a/ Most compound subjects joined by and are plural and take plural verbs; b/ singular subjects joined by or or nor are singular and take singular verbs; c/ when two subjects, one of which is singular and the other is plural, are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the nearer word): 1. John and George (to tease) my brother about being too shy. 2. Either my sister or my friend (to accompany) my little brother to doctor. 3. Neither the magazine nor the yearbook (to belong) to me. 4. Every Sunday its either Tom or his sister that (to dust) the room. 5. Neither Tom nor Mary (to turn off) the TV set. 6. Dan and Vlad (to be) reliable friends. 7. Either John or his wife (to be) entertain the guests. 9. His warmest admirer and severest critic (to be) his eldest brother. 10. If they both or he alone (to wish) to eat apple pie I will bake one. 2. Choose the correct form of the verbs in brackets: 1. Nobody in my team (has, have) ever dreamt of such a success. 2. Everyone in my office (help, helps) the new clerk. 3. (Does, do) either of you know anything about her latest book? 4. Everybody (was, were) congratulating him. 5. Neither the doctor nor the nurse (is, are) here on Sunday. 6. None of them (likes, like) onion soup. 7. (Is, are) anyone interested in taking up this subject? 8. Each of us (do, does) (ones) best to learn business correspondence. 9. Neither of the bookshops (is, are) open on Saturday afternoon. 10. Somebody (is, are) getting on my nerves. 3. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form: 1. Phonetics (to improve) our pronunciation. 2. In the course of this fortnight a score of similar folders (to be) forwarded to our business partner. 3. The Straits of Dover (to be) not far from the French coast. 4. Measles (to be) catching disease mostly frequent with infants. 5. Mechanics (to seem) to be the only branch of physics he likes best. 6. Semantics (to be) a branch of philology concerned with the meanings of words. 7. Statistics of educational improvements in this country (to show) the impact of learning on the masses. 8. Economics (to be) of an utmost importance in modern society. 9. Physics (to comprise) a group of sciences dealing with matter and energy. 10. My family (to be) early risers. 11. The audience (to cheer) the singer. 12. Here (to be) the latest news. 13. The luggage (to be + Present Perfect) sent already. 14. the scissors belong to you? 4. Translate into English: 1. Vetile sunt foarte bune. 2. Cletele este pe masa din buctrie 3. Familia mea nu pleac la munte anul acesta, pentru c fratele meu mai mare d examen de admitere la facultate. 4. Echipa de dansuri a facultii noastre s-a situat pe primul loc la concurs. 5. Schimbul de dup amiaz ncepe lucrul la ora 14. 6. Grupa noastr pregtete un recital de poezie. 7. Informaiile lui sunt totdeauna utile pentru organizarea unor reuite excursii prin ar. 8. Sfaturile prinilor se dovedesc deosebit de valoroase. 9. Grupul de strini care ne-a vizitat ara este foarte impresionat de frumuseea peisajului romnesc. 10. Majoritatea

economitilor tiu dou limbi strine. 11. Asociaia studenilor se intereseaz de rezultatele fiecrui student n parte. III. THE OBJECT 1. Change the position of the direct object: Model: Grandmother read the story to the children. Grandmother read the children the story. 1. We offered a birthday present to our sister. 2. He gave the book to me. 3. Did he return the books to the librarian? 4. Dan threw the ball to his friend. 5. They gave the vacuumcleaner to the young couple. 6. The old man wrote a letter to his sister. 7. We sent a birthday card to John. 8. She handed the newspaper to the person sitting near him. 9. John sent some flowers to his wife. 10. The guide showed the new districts to the tourists. 11. I gave the tickets to my aunt. 12. He showed the prize to his friends. 13. Did Mary lend his sister the book? 14. They sent the circular to all their partners. 15. The student gave the professor the right answer. 16. John told me the whole truth yesterday. 2. Use the following verbs both with direct and indirect object: - to buy, to give, to hand, to lend, to mail, to offer, to own, to pay, to read, to sell, to send, to show, to teach, to throw, to write, to tell. 3. Insert the preposition to where necessary: 1. Dictate him this inquiry for goods. 2. The officer showed the tourists the way to the Village Museum. 3. We must show the old great consideration. 4. They offered me some interesting books. 5. Can you lend me your bike? 6. The secretary handed the requested files the manager. 7. They showed their latest product the client. 8. They sent him the next stand. 9. Give these screw-drivers the foreman. 10. which of these two men did you give the book? 11. I gave the manuscript the secretary and not the typist. 12. Send the registered letters the post-office. 13. He can prove this everybody any moment. 14. They sent ker a basket of beautiful carnations. 15. Describe us all the particulars of the car. 16. Explain him how to use it. 17. He did not suggest them that they should send the order within three days. 18. She introduced her friend her parents. IV. THE RELATIVE CLAUSE 1. Complete the following defining relative clauses using a relative pronoun where necessary: 1. The man is sitting at that desk is our new manager. 2. This is the boy photo was awarded the gold medal. 3. I asked the secretary you rang up yesterday to send us all the details about the new product. 4. The actress usually plays that part is ill. 5. The fruit you bought yesterday were very fresh. 6. The book you want is out of print. 7. Have some of the cakes my mother made this morning! 8. Whats the name of the boy has just left? 9. Is that man you lent the money to? 10. The picture they are looking at was painted by a famous artist. 11. The girl you see in front of the garden is Johns sister. 12. The men waved to us was my cousin. 2. Insert the appropriate relative pronouns in the following non-defining relative clauses: 1. My aunt went to Braov two days ago, arrives back tonight. 2. The client called on us yesterday has left for Paris. 3. The London plane is due at six, is late today. 4. Your friend name I can never remember, rang just now. 5. My

friend Tom, to I wrote a letter yesterday, is coming back next week. 6. The phone from Jassy ought to be here at 11 a.m., will be two hours late. 7. My radio-set, has been out of order for weeks, is now mended. 8. Your brother I happened to meet yesterday, has became a handsome boy. 9. Chess is a very old game, is difficult to play. 3. Combine the following sentences by means of relative clauses: 1. Here is the girl; you met her yesterday. 2. Mr. Ionescu has just moved in. He lives next door to us. 3. Bring me the book. I left it on the table, the table stands against the wall. 4. Dont miss the show. So much has been written about it. 5. Is that Johns flower garden? You pointed it out to me yesterday. 6. Last week I visited the town. The great poet used to live there. 7. I met your sister yesterday. You introduced me to her last week. 8. The matter has been settled. You were talking about it last night. 9. The contract was concluded. It is very important for both firms. 10. The order was put in hand. They insisted so much about it. 4. Translate into English: 1. Nu am gsit dosarul pe care-l cutam ieri. 2. Sonata pe care ai ascultat-o este compus de marele nostru compozitor George Enescu. 3. Vasul de porelan care este aezat n faa acestor cri este creaia artitilor din Sighioara. 4. Rochia pe care am cumprat-o ieri mi place foarte mult. 5. Acesta este noul cartier despre care Maria mi-a vorbit cu atta entuziasm. 6. Produsele romneti expuse la TIB s-au bucurat de aprecierea unanim a participanilor. 7. Filmul romnesc pe care lai vzut ieri a fost premiat la un festival internaional. 8. Cartea pe care i-am dat-o o am de la fratele meu. 9. Studentul pe care i l-am artat este cel mai bun matematician din grupa noastr. 10. Bilanul pe care l-am ncheiat ieri oglindete realizrile ntreprinderii noastre. V. THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE 1. Point out the adverbial clauses of manner, comparison, degree, result and concession and translate them into Romanian: 1. You should speak Spanish as he does. 2. You read as if you were an artist. 3. That problem is much more difficult than you thought. 4. The sooner you send the order, the sooner you will get the goods. 5. He was speaking very quietly so that it was difficult to hear what he said. 6. This painting is not so (as) cheap as you think. 7. The boy ran so fast that his friend could not catch him. 8. Would you be so kind as to ring him up? 9. He explained it as clearly as he could. 10. The weather was wet and cold for a month, as it often can be in his village in early spring. 11. He always treated us as if we were his grandchildren. 12. Though he tried hard, he was not successful. 13. No matter whether you like it or not, I shall buy that little painting. 14. For all that he seems so bad-tempered, I still think he had a very kind nature. 15. Though no swimmer, little John splashed about happily in the sea. 16. I enjoyed that journey though we travelled slowly, though it was cold, though it rained cats and dogs. 2. Supply adverbial clauses of time, manner, cause, comparison, concession or an attributive clause introduced by as: 1. I must work hard. 2. I have a great many extra business letters to type. 3. they are still there. 4. , he bid as farewell. 5. , please ring up the manager. 6. To man a canoe you must have such an oar 7. he gave it to his younger brother. 8. That problem was not such a difficult one 9. I like poetry almost as

much 10. we have to leave very early. 11. as to please everyone. 12. I shall help you 13. I worked as hard 3. Complete the following sentences supplying adverbial clauses of: a) place 1. Begin to read where 2. We saw her where 3. Put it back where 4. I will not forget to take it with me wherever 5. I will go where b) time 1. I shall not leave before 2. What are you going to do after 3. Ring me up as soon as 4. Dont speak after 5. Ill wash up the dishes while 6. Let me know when 7. You can stay as long as 8. Wait till (until) 9. Youll find the way all right once 10. After he left the room. 11. I saw him as 12. She hasnt been there since c) cause 1. As it is easy to find his house. 2. Since Ill do my best to send it in due time. 3. I cant agree to it because 4. As I think I can deliver the whole lot. 5. We must leave now for 6. Since lets have a look at it first. 7. As youd better lead the way. 8. I cant go because d) result 1. The book is not mine, so 2. I was so happy that 3. You speak so fast that 4. It was so cold that 5. It is so interesting that 6. The product was so good that e) comparison or manner 1. John speaks English as 2. The more you read, the more 3. He did it as well as 4. It is not so new as 5. The longer we walked the more 6. The more the better. 7. The weather was not so cold as 8. She looked very excited as if 9. They knew the place as though 10. You look younger than f) concession 1. Although we shall leave early. 2. Even though I should not have bought it. 3. No matter how we shall do our best to solve it. 4. I shall not do it though 5. We shall try to join the team too although 6. Tired as he went on entertaining his guests. 7. Though they went by car. VI. WORD ORDER 1. Rearrange the following words in order to form correct sentences: 1. You when him see did? 2. Books read does English he? 3. Exercises must all the students do. 4. Door at somebody the was there. 5. Break the for bell ringing is the. 6. Fir.tree the was there an house old near. 7. So I tall very is and my am brother. 8. Coat here your is! 9. Here bus our goes! 10. Yet has not he left. 11. The letter he has sent already. 12. He soup this cook spoilt. 13. They very much still it like. 14. Film interesting an such I seen never have. 15. Basket-ball you are you play the taller the better. 16. I read the letter my brother to. 17. Nearly missed they the train. 18. I agree quite you with. 19. He knows him hardly. 20. Even try didnt you. 21. The film I enjoyed yesterday. 22. She news listened to I carefully. 23. Well the girl the piano played. 24. Games played yesterday in their room the children quitly. 25. Quietly the door he opened. 26. Immediately he left. 27. A tree in the corner of the garden he planted. 28. Before lunch the letter in his office quickly he typed. 30. This morning a book I from the library borrowed. 31. We at

house stay on Sundays. 32. There a lot of people are in the public gardens. 33. The little boy an apple this morning ate greedily in the kitchen. 34. Draws she beautifully. 35. Music like I very much. 36. A new school built they in our village last year. 37. The match at four oclock ended. 38. She a better from brother her week last received. 39. Lately your sister I seen havent. 40. Material this of made silk will be use of. 41. Was held the conference last year in Bucharest.