Homemade Circuit Designs Just For You

Homemade Circuit Designs Just for You
This site is dedicated and open to all electronic hobbyists and professionals. Here you can post queries, have discussions and also publish your own homemade circuit ideas...

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Readers are advised to proceed with the construction of the presented circuits only after understanding the concepts from the core. Not adhering to this can lead to failures and frustrations.
Friday, January 20, 2012

Simple Hobby Electronic Circuits
Posted by hitman A few of the interesting and useful hobby electronic circuit diagrams already published in this blog have been selected and compiled here for quick reference and understanding.
Simple Touch Sensitive Switch Circuit
We all know about this little versatile chip which finds its way in almost all useful electronic circuits, yes our very own IC 555. The following circuit is no exception, it's a sensitive touch switch circuit using the IC 555. Here the IC is configured as an monostable multivibrator, in this mode the IC activates its output momentarily by producing a logic high in response to a trigger at its input pin#2. The momentary activation time period of the output depends on the value of C1 and the setting of VR1. When the touch switch is touched pin#2 is pulled to a lower logic potential which may be less than 1/3 of Vcc. This instantly reverts the output situation from low to high activating the connected relay driver stage. This in turn switches ON the load attached with the relay contacts but only for the time until C1 gets fully discharged.
Simple Triac Dimmer Circuit The circuit of a simple triac light dimmer shown below can be used for dimming incandescent lamps directly from AC mains. The circuit is very easy to construct and uses very few components. The pot is used for controlling the load power or the intensity of the light. The
circuit can be also used for controlling ceiling fan speeds.
Simple Audio Power Amplifier Circuit The circuit illustrated here is probably the simplest form of an audio power amplifier. Though the circuit is very crude by its specs yetis able to amplify an audio input up to a powerful 4 watts in a 8 Ohm speaker.The transistor is a 2N3055 is used as a switch for inducing voltages in response to the input signals into one half winding of the transformer. The back emf generated across the winding of the transformer is effectively dumped over the speaker generating the required amplifications. The transistor needs to be mounted on a suitable heatsink.
Simple Water Level Alarm Circuit Just a couple of transistors are enough for implementing a simple water level alarm circuit and used for getting a warning signal when the water level inside a tank nears the overflowing level. The two transistors are configured as a high gain, high sensitive switch, which also is capable of generating a tone when the shown terminals get bridged through the terminals coming in contact with the water inside the tank. The water offers just about the right resistance value across the specified points of the circuit for initiating high pitched tone or the desired warning alarm.
Simple Temperature Detector Circuit A very simple temperature indicator circuit can be built using the circuit shown in the diagram. A generally purpose small signal transistor is used here as the sensor and another active device in the form of a1N4148 diode is used for providing a reference level to the sensing operation.The heat source which is to be measured is place in contact with the transistor while the diode is held at a relatively constant ambient temperature level. As per the setting of the preset P1, if the threshold is crossed by the introduced heat source, the transistor begins to conduct substantially, illuminating the LED and indicating the generation the heat beyond a particular set limit.
Parts List for the above simple transistor hobby circuit R1 = 1K, R2 = 2K2, D1 = 1N4148, P1 = 300 Ohms, T1 = BC547 LED = RED 5mm 100 Watt Transistor Based Inverter Circuit
Inverters are devices which have important applications where normal electric supply is not available or difficult to obtain through conventional routes. The simple 100 watt inverter circuit shown here can be built and used for powering many electrical appliances like, lights, soldering iron, heater, fan etc. The whole circuit mainly involves transistors and therefore becomes easier to construct and implement. Parts List R1, R4 = 330 Ohms, R2, R3 = 39K, R5, R6 = 100 Ohms, 1watt, C1, C2 = 0.47uF, D1, D2 = 1N5402 T1, T2 = BC547, T3, T4 = TIP127, T5, T6 = 2N3055, Transformer = 9-0-9V, 10Amp, 220V or 120V 100 Watt Transistor Power Amplifier Circuit
This circuit of a transistor power amplifier is outstanding with its performance and is able to provide a thumping 100 watts of pure music output. As can be seen in the diagram it utilizes mainly transistors for the implementations and a handful of other inexpensive passive components like resistors and capacitors. The required input is not more than 1 V, which gets amplified 200,000 times at the output. Please refer the article below for the parts list: http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.com/2012/01/how-to-make-hi-fi-100-wattamplifier.html Simple Automatic Emergency Lamp Circuit
This simple emergency lamp circuit uses very components and yet is able to provide some useful
service. The shown device is able to switch ON automatically when mains power fails, illuminating all the connected LEDs.As soon as power is restored, the LEDs shut off automatically and the connected starts charging through the built in power supply. The circuit employs a transformerless power supply for initiating the explained automatic actions and also for trickle charging the connected battery. Parts List for the above CIRCUIT DIAGRAM R1 = 220K, R2 = 10K, D1, D2, D3 = 1N4007, Z1 = 15V 1watt, zener diode, C2 = 100uF/25V LEDs = white, high bright type. Automatic Day Night Light Switch Circuit
This simple transistor circuit can be used for monitoring the dawn and dusk conditions and for switching lights in response to the varying conditions. Thus the circuit can be used for switching ON the connected lights when night sets in and switch it OFF during day break. The threshold tripping point may be set by adjusting the 10K preset. The capacitors are 100uF/25V, the transistors are ordinaryBC547, and the diodes are 1N4007. Electronic Candle Circuit
This is a simple hobby project and exhibits all the properties of a conventional wax type candle. Here the LED is used in place of the candle flame, which illuminates as soon as the mains power fails and shuts off automatically when the power is restored. So it also performs the function of an emergency lamp. The connected battery is used for powering the candlelight and it is charged continuously when the unit is not being used and powered through the mains supply. An interesting puff off feature is also included so tatthe candle light may be switched OFF whenever desired through a puff of airinto the attached mic which acts as the air vibration sensor. Simple Emergency Flashlight Circuit
This circuit may be used as an automatic emergency lamp when theres no power or when mains power fails during night times. As shown in the diagram, the circuit utilizes a cheap incandescent flashlight bulb for the required illumination. As long as the input supply from the mains transformer is present the transistor remains switched OFF and so does the lamp. However the moment the mains power fails, the transistor conducts and switches ON the battery power to the bulb, instantly illuminating it brightly.
The battery is trickle charged for so long as the mainspower remains connected to the circuit. Parts List R1 = 22 Ohms, R2 = 1K, D1 = 1N4007, T1 = 8550, Lamp = 3V flashlight bulb. Transformer = 0-3V, 500 mA, Battery = 3V, penlight 1.5 V cells (2nos. in series) Music operated Dancing Light Circuit
This circuit may be used for transforming music into dancing light patterns. The operation of the circuit is very simple, the music input is fed to the bases of the shown transistor array, each of them are configured to conduct at a specific voltage level in the incrementing order from the top to the bottom transistor. Thus the uppermost transistor conducts with the input music is at the minimum volume level and the subsequent transistor starts to conduct in sequence as per the volume or the pitch of the music. Each transistor is rigged with individual lamps which light up in response to the music levels in a chasing dancing light pattern. Parts List All the base presets are = 10K,
All the collector resistors are 470 Ohms, All the diodes are = 1N4148, All NPN transistors are = BC547, The single PNP transistor is = BC557, All the triacs are = BT136, The input capacitor = 0.22uF/25V non polar. Simple Clap Switch Circuit
The interesting clap switch circuit shown here can be used in stairways and passages for illuminating the premise momentarily through clap sound. The circuit is basically a sound sensor circuit with an enclosed amplifier stage. The clap sound or any similar sound is detected by the mic and converted into minute electrical pulses. These electrical pulses are suitably amplified by the subsequent transistor stage. The Darlington stage shown at the output is the timer stage which switches in response to the above sound interaction and illuminate the connected LEDs for some period of time defined by the 220K resistor and the two39 K resistors. After the time lapses the LEDs are switched off automatically and the circuit returns to its original state until the next clap sound is detected. The parts list is given in the circuit diagram itself. A Simple ELCB Circuit
The circuit shown here can be used for detecting earth leakage conditions and for implementing the required shutting off the mains power supply. Unlike usual configurations, here the ground to the circuit and the relay is acquired from the earthing line itself. Also since the input coil is also referenced to the common earthing ground, the entire functioning becomes compatible and accurate. On sensing a possible current leakage at the input, the transistors come into action and switch the relays appropriately. The two relay have their individual specific roles to play. One relay detects and switches OFF when theres current leakage through an appliances body, while the other relay is wired up to sense the presence of a the earthing line and switches OFF the mains as soon a wrong or weak earthing line is detected. Parts List R1 = 33K, R2 = 4K7, R3 = 10K, R4 = 220 Ohms, R5 = 1K, R6 = 1M, C1 = 0.22uF, C2, C3, C4 = 100uF/25V C5 = 105/400V All diodes = 1N4007, Relay = 12V, 400 Ohms T1, T2 = BC547, T3 = BC557, L1 = output transformer as used in radio push pull amplifierstage Simple LED Flasher
A very simple LED flasher circuit is illustrated in the diagram. The transistors and the corresponding parts are connected in the standard astable multivibrator mode, which forces the circuit to oscillate the moment power is applied. The LEDs connected at the collector of the transistors start flashing alternately in wig wag manner. The LEDs shown in the diagram are connected in series and parallel, so that many numbers of LEDs can be accommodated in the configuration. The pots P1 and P2 may be adjusted for getting different interesting flashing patterns with the LEDs. Parts List R1, R2 = 1K, P1,P2 = 100K pots, C1, C2 = 33uF/25V, T1, T2 = BC547, Resistors connected with each LED series = 470 Ohms LEDs are 5mm type, color as per choice. Simple Wireless Microphone Circuit
Anything spoken into the mic of the presented circuit cab be clearly picked up and reproduced by any standard FM radio, within a range of 30meters of distance. The circuit is very simple and just requires ther shown components to be assembled and connected with each other as depicted in the diagram. The coil L1 consists of 5 turns of 1mm super enameled copper wire, having a diameter of around 0.6 cm. Parts List R1 = 4K7, R2 = 82K, R3 = 1K, C1 = 10pF, C2, C3 = 27pF, C4 = 0.001uF, C5 = 0.22uF, T1 = BC547 40 LED Emergency Light Circuit
The shown design of a 40 LED emergency light is driven usingan ordinary transistor/transformer inverter circuit. The transistor and the respective winding of th transformer are configured as a high frequency oscillator stage. The oscillations induce a high voltage across the winding of the transformer. The stepped-up voltage at the output is directly used to drive the LED which are all connected in series for getting the desired balance and the illumination. Parts List R1 = 470 Ohms, VR1 = 47K, C1, C2 = 1uF/25V TR1 = 0-6V, 500mA, Battery = 6V, 2AH, LEDs = high bright white, 40 nos. Simple Transistor Latch Circuit
If you are looking for a circuit which can be used to latch the output in response to an input signal, then this circuit can be used for the intended purpose very effectively and also very cheaply. A momentary input trigger is applied to the base of T1,which switches it for a fraction of a second depending upon the length of the applied signal. The conduction of T1 immediately switches T2 and the connected relay. However at the very instant a feedback voltage also appears at the base of T1 via R3 from the collector of T2. This feed back voltage instantly latches the circuit and keeps the relay activated even after the trigger from the input is removed. Parts List R1, R3 = 100k, R2, R4 = 10K, C1 = 1uF/25V D1 = 1N4148, T1 = BC547, T2 = BC557 Relay = 12V, SPDT
Simple LED Music Light Circuit
In one of the previous sections we studied a simple music light show circuit using mains operated incandescent lamps, the present design incorporate LEDs for similar intended light show generation. As can be seen in the figure, the transistors are all wired up in sequencing array. The music signal varying with pitch and amplitude is applied at the base of the buffer amplifier PNP transistor. The amplified music is then fed across the whole array where the respective transistor receive the inputs with incrementing pitch or the volume levels and go on switching in the corresponding manner from start to finish, producing an interesting LED light sequencing pattern. This light exactly varies its length according to the pitch or the volume of the fed music signal. Parts list is provided in the diagram.
A Simple 2-Pin Automobile Indicator Lamp Flasher Circuit with Buzzer
If you want to make a flasher unit for you motorbike then this circuit is just for you. This simple turn signal flasher circuit can be easily built and installed in any two wheelers for the desired actions. The circuit employs just two 2-pins instead of 3 as found in other flasher circuits. Once installed, the circuit will faithfully flash the side indicator lights whenever the intended function is switched ON. The circuit also incorporates an optional buzzer circuit which can be also included for getting a beeping sound in response to the flashing of the lamps. Parts List R1, R2, R3 = 10K R4= 33K T1 = D1351, T2 = BC547, T3 = BC557, C1, C2 = 33uF.25V L1 = Buzzer Coil Simple Relay Motorbike Flasher Circuit
In the above section we discussed a simple three transistor based flasher circuit; here we study another similar design, however here we incorporate a relay for the switching actions of the lamps. The circuit looks pretty straightforward and employs hardly anything substantial and yet performs the expected functions wonderfully well. Just build it and wire it in your mo-bike for witnessing the intended functions... Parts List R1 = 1K, R2 = 4K7, T1 = BC557, C1 = 100uF/25V, C2 = 1000uF/25V Relay = 12V, 400 Ohms D1 = 1N4007
Simple Door Bell Timer, with Adjustable Timing Facility
Yes this simple transistor circuit can be used as a home door bell and its ON time can be set as preferred by the user, meaning if you wanted that the sound of the bell to remain switched ON for a particular period of time, you could easily do it just by adjusting the given pot. The actual tune is derived from the IC UM66 and the associated components, while all the included transistors along with the relay are configured for producing the time delay for keeping the music switched ON. Parts List R1, R2, R4, R5 = 1K VR1 = 100K, D1, D2 = 1N4007, C1, C2 = 100uF/25 T1, T3 = BC547, T2 = BC557 Z1 = 3V/400mW Transformer = 0-12V/500mA, S1 = Bell Push IC = UM66 Timer Circuit with Independent On and OFF Delay Adjust Facility
The circuit can be used for generating delays at a desired rate. The On time of the relay can be controlled by adjusting the Pot VR1 while the pot VR2 may be used to decide after how long the relay responds once theinput trigger is fed by the switch S1. The parts list is enclosed inside the diagram. Simple High and Low Mains Voltage Cut Off Circuit
Are you having problems with your input Mains supply? Thats common problem associated with our input mains AC line, where a high and a low voltage conditions are quite frequently encountered by us. The simple circuit shown here can be built and installed in you house electrical board for getting a 24/7 safety from the possible dangerous AC voltage conditions. The circuit keeps the relay and the wired appliances as long as the mains input stays within a safe tolerable level and switches the load OFF the moment a dangerous or unfavorable voltage condition is sensed by the circuit.
Parts List R1, R2 = 1K, P1, P2 = 10K Preset, T1, T2 = BC547B, C1 = 100uF/25V, D1 = 1N4007 RL1 = 12V, SPDT, TR1 = 0-12V, 500mA 0 40 V, 0 4 Amp Continuously Variable Power SupplyCircuit
This unique work bench circuit utilizes only a few inexpensive transistors and yet delivers some truly useful features. The feature includes continuously variable voltage from zero to the maximum transformer voltage and current variable from zero to the maximum applied input level. The output of this power supply is also over load protected. The pot P1 is used for setting the maximum current while the pot P2 is used for varying the output voltage level up to the desired levels. Parts List R1 = 1K2, R2 = 100 Ohms, R3 = 470 Ohms, R4 = Evaluate using Ohms law. R5 = 1K8, R6 = 4k7, R7 = 68 Ohms,
R8 = 1k8, T1 = 2N3055, T2, T3 = BC 547B, D1 = 1N4007, D2, D3, D4, D5 = 1N5408, C1, C2 = 2200uF/50V, Tr1 = 0 35 Volts, 3 Amp Simple Crystal Tester Circuit
When it comes to frequency generating circuits or rather precise oscillator circuits, crystals become a crucial part, especially because they play an important role for generating and maintaining accurate frequency rates of the particular circuit. However these devices are prone to many defects and are normally difficult to check through conventional DMM units. The shown circuit can be used for checking all types of crystals instantly. The circuit itself is a small transistor oscillator circuit which starts oscillating when a good crystal is introduced across the indicated points in the circuit. If the crystal is a good one, the bulb lights up showing the relevant results and if theres any defect in the attached crystal, the bulb remains switched OFF. Simple Current Limiter Circuit Using two transistors
In many critical applications, circuits are required to maintain a strict controlled magnitude of current through them of at their outputs. The proposed circuit is exactly meant for carrying out the discussed function. The lower transistor is the main output transistor which operates the output vulnerable load and by itself is unable to control the current through it. The introduction of the upper transistor makes it sure that the base of the lower transistor is allowed to conduct as long as the current output is within the specified limits. In case the current tends to cross the limits, the upper transistor conducts and switches OFF the lower transistor inhibiting any further passage of the exceeded current limit. The threshold current may be fixed by R which is calculated with the shown formula.
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Simple Hobby Electronic Circuits at Friday, January 20, 2012 Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook Reactions: 217 comments:
1. UtsavJuly 4, 2012 at 10:07 PM Could you tell what is the value of R7 and R8 in the 100 Watt Transistor Based Inverter Circuit? Please answer. Reply Replies
1. SwagatamJuly 6, 2012 at 10:41 AM 22 Ohms, 5watt.........
2.
HECANETDecember 5, 2012 at 9:20 AM Good job man. Keep the flags flying. One little observation though, the 100 Watts amplifier seems to be missing a few key resistors. Look at the bases of T10 and T14 and confirm that is exactly what you intended. T14 for instance, the base and emitter are both tied to the negative rail. Similarly, T10 has its base and emitter tied to the positive rail. This configuration is a diode configuration and the circuit will hardly work as an amplifier (being the final stages of the amplifier). I believe you need some resistors there.
3. SwagatamDecember 5, 2012 at 6:18 PM Thanks very much! I Appreciate your interest. Actually The circuit was taken from elecktor electronics magazine and also has been tested by me practically. My prototype worked exceptionally well, so I am a little confused....
4. tech. eduardJuly 26, 2013 at 5:55 PM Yah i w8 your refly because need for my project what the value of R7and R8 in the 100watt transistor base inverter circuit
5. tech. eduardJuly 26, 2013 at 6:00 PM Hi what is the value of R7 andR8 in 100 watt transistor base inverter circuit
6. tech. eduardJuly 26, 2013 at 6:01 PM Hi
7.
tech. eduardJuly 26, 2013 at 6:14 PM Hi
8. tech. eduardJuly 26, 2013 at 6:50 PM What volts of capacitor in the transistor inverter Reply
2. savyasachiJuly 24, 2012 at 1:59 AM Hi swagatam.., I need a water level detecting circuit which turn off a relay and the circuit itself when the plastic water tank gets full of water. Reply Replies
1. SwagatamJuly 24, 2012 at 9:33 PM Hi Vinod, Yes we can easily make it by doing a little modification in the circuit shown in the above post. I'll try to post the idea soon.
2. tech. eduardAugust 6, 2013 at 7:43 PM Hi good ev sir swagatam what volt of capacitor 0.47uf in 100 watt transistor base inverter
Reply
3. ppAugust 5, 2012 at 6:28 PM Hello..Swagatam.. 40 LED Emergency Light Circuit, How can we add auto cut off Batt. charger circuit and the stepdown transformer 6-0-6 V 500mA it's need to be connected other way round..??? Reply Replies
1. SwagatamAugust 5, 2012 at 8:23 PM Hi PP, You will need a separate transformer/rectifier circuit for charging the battery. A low battery cut-off will require another circuit, I will try address a suitable low voltage battery cut off circuit soon through one of my articles.
2. ppAugust 7, 2012 at 8:47 PM Hello..Swagatam, 40 LED Emergency Light Circuit Thanks for Quick reply..of my query you've replied for first part, The Transformer 0-6v 500mA is connected for LED's to be lit..how much AC Voltage all LED's will get...and backup will be of how much time??? If you are updating the above mention circuit....Please !!! I would like to give it a try... Regards
3. ppAugust 7, 2012 at 8:50 PM
...and what is the value of R2???
4. ppAugust 7, 2012 at 8:53 PM ...and value of T1..Is it purposely not mention the value of some parts???
5. SwagatamAugust 7, 2012 at 10:28 PM PP, please refer to the following article: http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2011/12/how-to-makeefficient-led-emergency.html Regards Reply
4. Javed AnjumAugust 7, 2012 at 8:29 PM Hi Swagatam, All Simple and useful Circuits.. Thanks a lot, God Bless you. MJA Reply Replies
1. SwagatamAugust 7, 2012 at 10:20 PM
You are welcome Javed! Reply
5. ppAugust 10, 2012 at 8:14 PM Hello Swagatam.. Thank you for kind & quick replies.. Actually in 40 LED emergency Light..the value of T1 and R2 is not mentioned... and I would like this emergency light should be ineffective during day time to save battery power, as I have 12V batt., in the diagram 6V Batt is used...will this same circuit work on 12V Batt. I request you to please do needful modification particularly in this circuit diagram...so I can start with it... Regards, Reply Replies
1. SwagatamAugust 11, 2012 at 7:33 AM Hi PP, I'll design a new circuit with all these specs soon and inform you when it's posted. Regards.
2. SwagatamAugust 12, 2012 at 10:28 AM Hello PP, Please check your circuit here: http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2012/08/led-emergency-lightcircuit-with.html
Regards.
3. bepvAugust 14, 2012 at 6:13 AM 0 40 V, 0 4 Amp Continuously Variable Power SupplyCircuit R4 PLEASE
4. SwagatamAugust 14, 2012 at 11:56 AM R4 = 0.1 Ohms, 5watts, for 4 amps max. Reply
6. AnonymousAugust 17, 2012 at 9:31 PM REALLY GOOD CIRCUITS Reply Replies
1. SwagatamAugust 18, 2012 at 8:03 AM Thank you! Reply
7. SamSeptember 2, 2012 at 12:10 AM really cool circuits for a budding hobbyist :D
Reply Replies
1. SwagatamSeptember 2, 2012 at 8:39 AM My pleasure.... Reply
8. HararionSeptember 20, 2012 at 2:00 AM hello i need the current limiter circuit to operate a sensitive pendulum circuit, so i need some advice with the current limiter circuit 1) the value of the brown-orange resistor 2) the reference of the transistors 3) this circuit can be used to limit a current in a single AA battery? is to power up a small electronic pendulum circuit, this was originally designed to work with a 2V solar cell, but when i connect a single AA battery, the circuit is saturated then the pendulum stops moving... any help could be appreciated. Reply Replies
1. SwagatamSeptember 20, 2012 at 12:50 PM Hello, thanks for inquiring, however without seeing the application details it will be difficult for me to assess the correct circuit for it, so if you can give me all the technical details about your needs then probably I can help....
Reply
9. AnonymousOctober 8, 2012 at 5:51 PM hello swagatam, please update the site with the 5km FM trasmitter and reciver. Reply Replies
1. SwagatamOctober 8, 2012 at 9:23 PM Hello friend, I'll surely do it someday, for the time being you may refer the following link: http://electronics-diy.com/tx500.php Reply
10. AnonymousOctober 15, 2012 at 12:51 AM Hello swagatam, what software are you using in drawing your schematic diagrams in electronics? where can i download it? By the way, I'm Jeff, my hobby is building simple and useful electronic circuits. thanks! Reply Replies
1. SwagatamOctober 15, 2012 at 9:38 AM Hello Jeff, Welcome to my blog!
I don't use any software, I do it on corel-draw.
Regards. Reply
11.
VINAY HOctober 19, 2012 at 5:06 PM Hi, Sawagatam, I need circuit digram for 3 Volts SMPS Reply Replies
1. SwagatamOctober 19, 2012 at 6:02 PM Hi Vinay, You may try the circuit shown in the following link: http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2012/03/how-to-make-simple12-v-1-amp-switch.html Adjust the value of the shown resistor for getting 3V. Reply
12. AnonymousOctober 19, 2012 at 8:44 PM Hi swagatam, i do not understand the mechanism through which the circuits operate,although i repaired some faulty things but only through component testing with only 40% of success not knowing what is actually going on in the circuit.Can you please help me to suggest things so that i may learn electronics in detail. thanking you. sahil sehrayi Reply Replies
1.
SwagatamOctober 20, 2012 at 9:00 AM Hi Sahil, I'll try my best to help you in the field.... Reply
13. charu jainOctober 27, 2012 at 10:50 PM Hi. If in automatic day night light switch circuit, number of lights increases, do the value of any of the component changes? n can u please explain how the circuit works? Reply Replies
1. SwagatamOctober 28, 2012 at 8:33 AM Hi, The circuit utilizes a relay whose contacts have no direct connection with the circuit, so the number of lights will not affect the circuit in anyway, you may use any number of lights, but the wattsge shouldn't exceed the max relay contact rating... Reply
14. AshishOctober 29, 2012 at 1:15 AM sir if i use a voltage regulator ic which will provide me a constant 5 volt supply and if i connect two such ic then i will be geting 10 volt supply then without using any resistors how many leds can i connect there? and will there be any problem in such a cicuit? Reply
15. SwagatamOctober 29, 2012 at 9:17 AM No you cannot connect two 7805 ICs for getting 10V, you will have to use 7810 IC for that. You can connect 3 LEDs in series without using a resistor in a 10V supply. Reply Replies
1. AnonymousOctober 29, 2012 at 12:47 PM
can i use 23A005 ic for 20 volt productiona dn then connect 6 leds in it!!!
2. SwagatamOctober 29, 2012 at 2:04 PM 23A005 is NOT a voltage regulator IC, it's a transistor, so you cannot use it. Reply
16. AnonymousOctober 29, 2012 at 12:58 PM sir can i cnnect a number of leds parallel or series to each other in ac supply directly........... if yes hw many leds shall i use and series or parallel? Reply Replies
1. SwagatamOctober 29, 2012 at 2:06 PM Mains AC is never stable and involves high current, so you can't use LEDs directly on them, they will simply blow of with minor voltage fluctuations. Reply
17. AnonymousOctober 29, 2012 at 1:31 PM in that water level alarm wats the value of 0.1 ceramic capaeitor? is it 0.1 f or 0.1 microfarad Reply Replies
1. SwagatamOctober 29, 2012 at 2:20 PM 0.1uF (microFarad) Reply
18. AnonymousOctober 30, 2012 at 9:17 PM sir in the automatic emergency lamp circuit wats the value of c1 Reply Replies
1. SwagatamOctober 31, 2012 at 9:28 AM 0.68uF/400V
2. AnonymousOctober 31, 2012 at 10:31 AM thanks swagatam Reply
19. AnonymousOctober 31, 2012 at 7:43 AM wats the value of d4 and c1 in simple automatic emergency lamp Reply
Replies
1. SwagatamOctober 31, 2012 at 10:20 AM C1 = 474/400V(0.47uF/400V) All diodes are 1N4007
2. AnonymousOctober 31, 2012 at 10:31 AM thank u sir
3. AnonymousOctober 31, 2012 at 4:30 PM and the value of t1??
4. AnonymousOctober 31, 2012 at 4:33 PM can i replace the t1 and t2 with any other transistors in the water level alarm circuit ??
5. AnonymousOctober 31, 2012 at 5:25 PM sir i asked for that capacitor and the shop owner gave me a capacitor having a written on it as 474kw TL250vE is it corrrect?
6. SwagatamOctober 31, 2012 at 10:13 PM
BD140.....or you may also try 8550, 187, or 2N2907
7. SwagatamOctober 31, 2012 at 10:16 PM all diodes are 1n4007, C1 = 1000uF/25V
8. SwagatamOctober 31, 2012 at 10:22 PM what is the approximate size of the capacitor?? I am not able to guess from the written value.... Reply
20. AnonymousNovember 1, 2012 at 8:48 AM its about 1.5 cm *1 cm size... rectangle type.... Reply Replies
1. SwagatamNovember 1, 2012 at 9:58 AM I think they have provided you with the right part, try it.
2. AnonymousNovember 1, 2012 at 8:34 PM okk thanks
Reply
21. AnonymousNovember 1, 2012 at 8:57 AM so i can use a 1000 uF in place of c1?? and rest all equipments remain the same? in the simple automatic emergency lamp Reply Replies
1. SwagatamNovember 1, 2012 at 10:05 AM I think I am getting confused with the above questions....in LED emergency light circuit C1 = 474/400V or 684/400V and all the diodes are 1n4007
2. AnonymousNovember 1, 2012 at 8:35 PM okk okk i got u. Reply
22. Royal Raja TNovember 6, 2012 at 3:53 PM Hi sir can i know the value of C1 and D4 of Simple Automatic Emergency Lamp Circuit Reply Replies
1.
SwagatamNovember 6, 2012 at 7:16 PM Hi Raja, all diodes are 1N4007 and C1 = 0.47uF/400V Reply
23. Royal Raja TNovember 6, 2012 at 8:54 PM oh thankq i'll inform u wen i finish that project.... Reply
24. Royal Raja TNovember 9, 2012 at 7:29 PM hello sir i successfully done that light... thank u Reply Replies
1. SwagatamNovember 9, 2012 at 8:53 PM That's great....congrats. Reply
25. AnonymousNovember 9, 2012 at 10:10 PM sir in the simple automatic emergency lamp 1.sir which terminal of capactior c2 will be connected to diode d1?
2.which battery sal i use a 9 v 6F22 battery or a 6v 4.5 amp lead acid battery??
3.if i donot connect the ac supply will there be any problem? if no where sal i connect those two free ends Reply Replies
1. SwagatamNovember 10, 2012 at 9:30 AM longer lead of C2 will go to D1 use 9V battery only. If you do not connect AC, leave the ends free.
2. AnonymousNovember 10, 2012 at 10:42 PM if i use a 12volt battery??
3. SwagatamNovember 11, 2012 at 8:57 AM for 12v supply you will have to connect a 330 ohm resistor with each led string.
4. AnonymousNovember 11, 2012 at 12:42 PM thank u sir!!! i hav succesfully completed that circuit!!!
5. SwagatamNovember 11, 2012 at 4:01 PM That's great....!!!keep it up. Reply
26. Vinod KCNovember 13, 2012 at 10:29 PM Hi Swagat, Please post this 100w inverter circuit once again. Because this image is not clear. And i request you to post an inverter circuit with 12v 7Ah battery. Reply Replies
1. SwagatamNovember 14, 2012 at 8:37 AM Hi Vinod, Please refer to thid article: http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2012/07/simplest-and-best100-watt-inverter.html I have one inveter circuit posted using battery 7 AH, you can see it here: http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2012/09/mini-50-watt-mosfetinverter-circuit.html Reply
27. AnonymousNovember 22, 2012 at 5:43 PM
hi swagatam... iam making the project on temperature detector ..i want to know what source should i use for heating and is this circuit working or not??? Reply Replies
1. SwagatamNovember 22, 2012 at 8:14 PM You can use a 40 watt incandescent bulb as the heat source..........the circuit is perfect, it works.
2. AnonymousNovember 22, 2012 at 10:42 PM thanks... but there is a confusion ..the preset use in the circuit is connected with its all three terminals...and as far as i see only last or first two terminals connected in any circuit.. but in this ckt base is connected with middle one terminal of preset is it???
3. SwagatamNovember 23, 2012 at 9:13 AM It depends on the type of application, here all the three pins are required to be used, otherwise the circuit cannot be set properly. Reply
helloo sir.. can i use bc 547 in water alarm ?? Reply Replies
1. SwagatamNovember 23, 2012 at 6:36 PM for T1 it's OK but not for T2.... Reply
29. AnonymousNovember 23, 2012 at 10:42 PM then what model of bjt should i use for t2 because 8550 is not available in the market (near to me) Reply Replies
1. SwagatamNovember 24, 2012 at 8:49 AM You may use a 2N2907 or BEL187 Reply
30. AnonymousNovember 24, 2012 at 7:31 PM sir i have made water level circuit but when i touch the two wire which are inside the water only then it make sound and it happens in air also
i use the same component as given above can you tell me what is the issue? Reply Replies
1. SwagatamNovember 25, 2012 at 8:56 AM The circuit will not make any sound if the two wires are not in contact....there must be some leakage in the PCB, keep the capacitor external pin completely isolated from speaker wire. Reply
31. AnonymousNovember 25, 2012 at 12:10 PM the capacitor is already isolated but one modification i have done in the ckt is i used led(positive end with collector of t2 and negative with battery). and it illuminate as i connect the battery. Reply Replies
1. SwagatamNovember 25, 2012 at 2:34 PM Remove the LED and see what happens, by the way is the speaker producing a buzzing sound...? Reply
still getting same problem after removing LED and yes speaker producing buzzing sound Reply Replies
1. SwagatamNovember 25, 2012 at 8:14 PM If one end of the capacitor remains unconnected the circuit cannot oscillate and buzzing cannot happen, remove the capacitor entirely and now see if the speaker still buzzes or not. Reply
33. Bual, June VicNovember 30, 2012 at 7:28 PM Sir Swagatam! in clap switch is there any kind of mic use? or just electret? bcuz i try this circuit using electret but it is not working Reply Replies
1. SwagatamDecember 1, 2012 at 5:16 PM Hi Bual, Yes a condenser mic has been used at the input. You will need to connect a small coil also of may be 100 turns of 0.1 mm copper wire across the base of the PNP transistor and positive to make the circuit stable and failproof....
2.
AnonymousDecember 7, 2012 at 8:35 AM sir, gud morning i do the "simple LED music project" but it does'nt work.. i change the dc input to see if there is an output to my project but still the same,, what would i do? i really need your help...
3. SwagatamDecember 7, 2012 at 3:51 PM Apply music with loud volume and check the voltage at the collector of the first PNP transistor....it should be create peaks equal to the supply votage
4. AnonymousDecember 8, 2012 at 2:21 PM sir, its me.. the guy asking about the "simple LED music project".. can i used NPN on the first transistor? .. and can i add 5 led lights by making it parallel to each LED light?
5. SwagatamDecember 8, 2012 at 5:29 PM No an NPN transistor won't work for the input transistor. 4 LEDs can be added on each channel...
6. AnonymousDecember 25, 2012 at 7:14 AM Nice site sir Mr. .. Electronic circuits useful ... Congratulations case to you thank you very much for this wonderful work ...Do you find when you electronic circuit measuring humidity? Incubator eggs I want the circuit as easy as I want a metal detector circuit With you brother David from Algeria Me great honor to get to know you
Excuse mistakes because I am not the best English I relied on the Google translator to talk to you tda1558@yahoo.fr
7. Swagatam MajumdarDecember 25, 2012 at 2:39 PM Thanks very much David, You may refer to the following link which shows an easy relative humidity sensor circuit, you will have to replace the LED with a 0-10V voltmeter or any other suitable type for reading the results: http://www.gophoto.it/view.php?i=http://www.electronicdesign.com/files/29/168 4/figure_01.gif#.UNlsHuTCbTo Reply
34. Bual, June VicJanuary 13, 2013 at 9:45 AM Sir Swagatam in the dancing light circuit it is possible to change the bulb in to led? and remove the triac? Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 13, 2013 at 8:10 PM Hi Bual,
Yes it is possible, you may connect an LED with resistor across the transistor emitter diode and ground. Reply
35. AnonymousJanuary 17, 2013 at 9:53 PM HI mr swagatam!! a hav a question regarding the LED music light circuit, how and where can we input the music,,?? are the terminals for the speaker indicated in the diagram is for the jack of a cellphone device or something/?? please reply i need the project urgent!!! THANKS! Reply Replies
1.
Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 18, 2013 at 9:38 AM Yes a cell phone jack output can be used. Connect a 47 Ohms resistor in series with the emitter of the first music input transistor for safeguarding it against high pitched music. Reply
36. Abu-HafssJanuary 17, 2013 at 11:17 PM Hi Swagatam Please follow the link below to LTSpice schematic file, showing a flasher circuit: https://dl.dropbox.com/u/20969135/Flasher%20OK%20-%20B%20-%20Square.asc The simulation is working fine. Even it is working fine with FALSTAD's applet simulator. But when I assembled the components physically, I got constant voltage across "Rload". Can you please guide me, what could be the reason. Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 18, 2013 at 9:56 AM Hi Abu, I am not able to see any circuit in the given link.
2. Abu-HafssJanuary 18, 2013 at 10:55 AM Ah yes, you won't see the circuit there. You will get the netlist of the simulation. Simply go to the file menu and save it and then run it in LTSpice. Or for your convenience, the image of the circuit is attached here https://dl.dropbox.com/u/20969135/Flasher.png
3. Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 18, 2013 at 1:32 PM The circuit should oscillate, try adjusting the value of 470K resistor...use a 470 K pot instead with a 1K series resistor.. adjusting this might help to initiate the flashing action.
4. Abu-HafssJanuary 18, 2013 at 8:35 PM I have replaced 470K with 500K POT but no result. Only the light turns ON or OFF. Similar result when replaced 330K with 500K POT. :( Reply
37.
Abu-HafssJanuary 18, 2013 at 5:01 PM I tested the circuit with various configurations (different resistors and transistors) on LTSpice and Falstad's applet, the results were positive. One thing I noticed that the 2 transistors should be complimentary of each other. I mean, BC557+BC547 or 2N4403+2N4401 would work, BC557+2N4401 or 2N4403+BC547 would not work. Physically, I have tested with BC558+BC547. Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 19, 2013 at 10:13 AM If the circuit would work with complementary pairs it would work with non complementary pairs as well, as long as they are NPN/PNP.
There are many types of similar oscillator circuits on the net, you can try a different, more feasible type of configuration. Reply
38. AnonymousJanuary 18, 2013 at 8:09 PM hello swagatam majumdar, i need to build wireless intercom of range 15 meters. help me out. thank you Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 19, 2013 at 11:22 AM Presently I don't have one, i'll try to find it, and inform you.... Reply
39. AnonymousJanuary 19, 2013 at 4:58 PM hello swagatam, please what is the workind operation of Simple High and Low Mains Voltage Cut Off Circuit. what functions do the various component perform to carry out the operation. pleae i need your help
thank u Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 19, 2013 at 5:49 PM I have explained everything here: http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2011/12/simple-mains-acover-voltage-and-under.html Reply
40.
AnonymousJanuary 23, 2013 at 6:04 PM thank u v much Reply
41. Bual, June VicJanuary 24, 2013 at 8:13 PM Sir its me again in Simple LED Music Light Circuit what do you mean by 1k presets? is it a resistor? sorry sir for the disturbance sir im still a beginner Reply Replies
1.
Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 25, 2013 at 9:03 AM 1K preset is a variable resistor whose resistance can be varied by moving its mechanism.... see it here: http://evelta.com/image/cache/data/Other%20Components/1K%20ohm%20Preset %20(Variable%20Resistance)-700x700.jpg
2. Bual, June VicJanuary 25, 2013 at 5:23 PM is it possible to replace the presets? into a 1k potentiometer?
3.
Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 25, 2013 at 8:19 PM yes it's possible but it would find it hard to keep them stable.
4. Bual, June VicJanuary 25, 2013 at 8:21 PM 1k ohms resistor? possible or not?
5. Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 26, 2013 at 9:38 AM do it in this way....connect 1K for the first transistor, 2.2k for the second, 4.7k for the third, 5.6k for the fourth, 6.8k for the fifth and so on....
6. Bual, June VicJanuary 27, 2013 at 6:21 PM last question sir ! a trimmer is it possible? im very sorry bcuz im sooo annoying
7. Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 27, 2013 at 9:30 PM By trimmer do you mean a preset? trimmer normally is associated with a variable capacitor which will not work here.....only a variable resistor will work, or do as I have suggested in the earlier comment.
8. Bual, June VicFebruary 6, 2013 at 6:02 PM
sir to the speaker terminal. it requires audio jack it has a three terminal
9. Swagatam MajumdarFebruary 7, 2013 at 9:14 AM use the big terminal and one of the small terminals. Reply
42. Sumant devJanuary 28, 2013 at 7:51 PM sir, in your fm tx what will b the frequency on which it will transmit? Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 29, 2013 at 11:30 AM in the standard FM band reception range. Reply
43. Sumant devJanuary 29, 2013 at 5:19 PM sir ,one thing more i want 2 know that does this fm Tx require antenna or not ?if it requires then plz tell me location of it.Thanks Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 29, 2013 at 7:58 PM yes antenna is required, connect a small wire at the collector of the transistor. Reply
44. AnonymousFebruary 12, 2013 at 8:11 AM good day sir, for the Simple LED Music Light Circuit, what is the value of the PNP transistor?i used to do it but it only light the LED. .i used 1K preset. . Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarFebruary 12, 2013 at 11:22 AM you can use a BC557. Reply
45. AnonymousFebruary 12, 2013 at 12:40 PM SIR please tell me the details of following components in Simple Automatic Emergency Lamp Circuit.1. transistor 2. c1 3.watts of resistors. Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarFebruary 13, 2013 at 9:02 AM resistors are all 1/4watt, transistor = BD140, C1 = 0.68uF/400V Reply
46. AnonymousMarch 5, 2013 at 8:11 PM hi swagatam. nice diagrams.. but can u redraw the Simple LED Music Light Circuit with speaker on it?? please..
mail me pls sir.. cepada_aj@yahoo.com Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarMarch 6, 2013 at 3:02 PM It won't be feasible presently due to lack of time, but i'll try to do it soon in the near future Reply
47. AnonymousMarch 8, 2013 at 3:42 PM
SIR , CAN YOU DO ADDITIONAL IMPROVEMENTS, I MEAN ADD SOME ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS TO THE CIRCUIT "Simple Water Level Alarm Circuit", COZ WE ARE ASKED BY OUR INSTRUCTOR TO IMPROVE A CERTAIN CIRCUIT, THANKS IT WOULD BE SUCH A GREAT HELP IF YOU COULD DO IT FOR ME :) Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarMarch 8, 2013 at 4:36 PM I have many interesting water level controller circuits in this blog, just type "water level controller" in the search box, you will find all of them and will be able to choose the best one for you. Reply
48. AnonymousMarch 10, 2013 at 3:20 PM good day sir! i tried the music led circuit and it is only blinking! what am i supposed to do? Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarMarch 10, 2013 at 9:22 PM adjust the presets so that each subsequent led illuminates at rising levels of the music
2. AnonymousMarch 11, 2013 at 6:32 AM each presets ? or i will adjust all presets with the same value?
3. Swagatam MajumdarMarch 11, 2013 at 2:00 PM each preset a little differently..... Reply
49. ivan dela cruzMarch 19, 2013 at 1:29 PM
what capacitor did you use?a ceramic or an electrolytic? Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarMarch 19, 2013 at 8:48 PM electrolytic....
2. ivan dela cruzApril 18, 2013 at 9:54 PM good day swagatam i would like to as for the 100 Watt Transistor Based Inverter Circuit is the output a sine wave?
Reply
50. AZIZ JAMALIMarch 24, 2013 at 7:01 AM AZIZ.JAMALI@YAHOO.COM AZIZ U REHMAN GOOD CIRCUIT Reply
51. Zia-ur RehmanApril 11, 2013 at 4:50 PM Hi swagatm Pls tell me, which typr of transistors are used in "Timer Circuit with Independent On and OFF Delay Adjust Facility" Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarApril 12, 2013 at 7:49 AM Hi Zia, the transistor numbers are given in the diagram. Reply
52. arun kumarApril 23, 2013 at 5:03 PM hello ! bro Thanks for what you done for whole circuits i am an engineering student ..........i want a different project from all which can impress my teacher well...........to get max marks i need some more information .............
Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarApril 24, 2013 at 9:17 AM you may try this circuit http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2012/02/how-to-makesimplest-inverter-circuit.html Reply
53. ivan dela cruzApril 27, 2013 at 8:56 PM
hi swagatam, in the 100 Watt Transistor Based Inverter Circuit is the output a sine wave? Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarApril 28, 2013 at 9:06 AM Hi Ivan, it's square wave. Reply
54. ivan dela cruzMay 4, 2013 at 10:04 AM
thank you! another question swagatam, is the output of this inverter can reach 60Hz? Reply
55. Swagatam MajumdarMay 5, 2013 at 5:27 PM yes it can be done by setting the capacitor values appropriately. Reply
56. ivan dela cruzMay 7, 2013 at 8:13 PM what did you mean by setting the capacitor values appropriately?i will change the value of the capacitor the you gave in the parts list?what type of capacitor will i use?mylar?is the TIP there is an oscillator?
Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarMay 8, 2013 at 12:58 PM calculate the capacitors appropriately which would provide you 60Hz....refer to this link to know more: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/waveforms/astable.html
2. ivan dela cruzMay 14, 2013 at 7:58 PM
tnx swagatam, in the site that you've given, is it possible that we will not change the value of capacitor but rather change the value of resistor?by the way, what is the value of R7 and R8 in the circuit?
3. ivan dela cruzMay 14, 2013 at 8:12 PM excuse me sir swagatam, is the blue line in the 100w transistor based inverter is the positive?
4. Swagatam MajumdarMay 15, 2013 at 9:51 AM yes it's the positive line.
5. Swagatam MajumdarMay 15, 2013 at 9:14 PM transistor base resistors can be changed instead of the caps. R7, R8 = 22 ohm/ 5 watt
6. ivan dela cruzMay 17, 2013 at 5:34 PM what capacitor should we use?mylar or electrolytic?if electrolytic what is the positive and negative side their?
7. Swagatam MajumdarMay 18, 2013 at 9:13 AM mylar will do Reply
57. raju royMay 13, 2013 at 7:04 AM How to use TL2N2219A TRANSISTOR in Wireless Microphone Circuit. Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarMay 13, 2013 at 1:54 PM Google it... Reply
58. ruben3571May 13, 2013 at 11:13 AM i would like to know the value of P1 and P2 on 0-40 volts/0-4 amps adjustable power supply... thanks in advnce Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarMay 13, 2013 at 1:57 PM please refer to the following post: http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2012/01/how-to-makeversatile-variable-voltage.html Reply
59. AnonymousJune 1, 2013 at 11:39 AM Can U please let us know the values. Of capacitor c1 and diode d2 in the circuit simple emergency flashlight Reply
60. samshadnc007June 6, 2013 at 5:30 PM Hi Let i want to know about simple electronic circuit creating application for my windows 7 Reply
61. AnonymousJune 17, 2013 at 6:43 PM hi can you tell me how all the components work in simple automatic emergency lamp circuit? Reply
62. AnonymousJune 23, 2013 at 12:54 PM good day sir! do you have a fm transmitter circuit with a 30 to 60 meter range? Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarJune 23, 2013 at 7:57 PM search for "wireless speaker" in the search box, the relevant circuit will provide that much range.... Reply
63. tech. eduardJuly 26, 2013 at 7:02 PM Hi mr. / swagatam what is the volt of 0.47uf in the circuit 100 watt inverter Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarJuly 27, 2013 at 10:35 AM It's 50V.
2. tech. eduardAugust 6, 2013 at 7:58 PM Sir what polarity in R5and R6 negative or positve
3. Swagatam MajumdarAugust 7, 2013 at 9:07 AM R5 R6 are resistors and resistors don't have polarities.
4. tech. eduardAugust 7, 2013 at 3:20 PM I mean sir in 100 watt transistor base inverter what polaritie of 0.47uf cap. They can top to R5 and R6 . Positive/ negtive.? 2nd quiz. What type of transistor T4 ,T5 PNP or NPN they can buy.,if sold out to the market transistor # TIP 127 what transistor they.?
5. Swagatam MajumdarAugust 7, 2013 at 5:04 PM Please refer to this post, you will get a better picture of the design: http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2012/07/simplest-and-best100-watt-inverter.html 0.47 is a non polar cap. use BD680 in place of tip1237, they a PNP transistors. Reply
64. zenilyn dimapilisAugust 8, 2013 at 3:16 PM
,.good evening,sir! i just want to ask for help. i'm needing for a simple circuit that uses a sensor, which we can use in everyday living, yet the materials are affordable. hope you will respond! thanks in advance! :) Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarAugust 9, 2013 at 9:06 AM what kind of sensor are you looking for? Please provide more details about it.
2. zenilyn dimapilisAugust 10, 2013 at 4:11 PM
,.any sensor will do,sir! ahm, is there any "plastic materials sensor" sir? i just thought of a circuit which can separate wastes (biodegradable from nonbiodegradable)... is this possible? can you help me create a circuit like this? thankyou soooo much,sir! good day! :)
3. Swagatam MajumdarAugust 11, 2013 at 1:26 PM I am sorry, Such a circuit would be difficult to design at my level, because there's no sensing element available in the market specified for distinguishing biodegradable from non-biodegradable
4. Swagatam MajumdarAugust 11, 2013 at 1:26 PM you are welcome Zenilyn, keep posting. Reply
65. AnonymousSeptember 7, 2013 at 11:56 PM Hai sir I have a 6v 4.5ah lead acid battery.then what are the changes reqierd the automatic emergency light circuit Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarSeptember 8, 2013 at 9:48 AM Remove D3, D4 and connect the battery directly to the shown position, no changes would be required. Reply
66. AnonymousSeptember 8, 2013 at 11:02 PM Could someone post a battery eliminator circuit. I need to eliminate 2 AA cells which would be 3.0Vdc with clean DC power. It is in an audio circuit so no ripple. I suppose I could try a wall wart DC power supply, but I would want to make sure it is good clean DC so no ripple is injected as it is an RTA device.
Reply
67. shadabSeptember 17, 2013 at 8:11 PM hi I am Shadab , I think you remembered me. I have got a science congress in my school so, I was searching for non polluting batteries just like air battery, earth battery etc. Do you have any other type of battery or do you have any capacitor related project or circuit as battery. please please..........
thankx Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarSeptember 18, 2013 at 12:42 PM I am sorry, presently I do not have any info regarding such batteries. Reply
68. AnonymousSeptember 25, 2013 at 7:50 PM hello sir , i want circuit which can run a single DC motor in clockwise and anticlockwise direction......also i want to know which type of relay should be used in toy car for movt left and right...... Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarSeptember 26, 2013 at 8:24 PM It's not just about relay, it's much more complex, you can refer to this post: http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.in/2012/09/make-remotecontrolled-toy-car-circuit.html Reply
69. syphou sengSeptember 26, 2013 at 2:42 PM circuit good Reply
70. satSeptember 28, 2013 at 4:45 PM value of R2 missing in 40 LED EMERGENCY Light Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarSeptember 29, 2013 at 5:24 PM 10 ohms, 1/4 watt Reply
71. AnonymousOctober 5, 2013 at 3:10 PM in "Automatic Day Night Light Switch Circuit" please tell me the wattage of the resistors, thanks Reply Replies
1. Swagatam MajumdarOctober 6, 2013 at 8:24 PM 1/4watt CFR Reply
72. sidra masoodOctober 20, 2013 at 7:19 PM can i have working of emergency lamp ckt Reply
73.
sidra masoodOctober 20, 2013 at 7:20 PM can i ve working of emergency lamp ckt ? Reply
74. MohanOctober 28, 2013 at 12:38 PM Sir, what will be the wattage of resistor for 5 A maximum load current in the current control circuit ???? Will this circuit be able to handle such high load??? Reply Replies
1.
Swagatam MajumdarOctober 28, 2013 at 9:18 PM Hi Mohan, for which circuit? Reply Load more... Readers are requested not to include external links while commenting. For consulting a diagram, upload it on Google Drive and provide the link here. Links to this post Create a Link Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)
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Swagatam Majumdar I am an electronic hobbyist, a freelance electronic circuit designer, manufacturer...... I also run a blog http://homemadecircuitsandschematics.blogspot.com/ where you can see many innovative electronic circuit ideas, designed and developed by me, I take pleasure in helping new hobbyists to learn them.
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Thursday, November 17, 2011

Smart Trailing Socket
Mains sockets switched automatically by a Control Socket, Up to 1000W switched power This circuit consists of a Trailing Socket (also called Extension or Distribution Socket) or similar device where two, three or more sockets (depending on the box dimensions and on constructor's needs) will be powered only when a current flows in the Control Socket. For example: if an electric drill is connected to the Control Socket, the Switched Sockets will be powered each time the electric drill is running. In this case, a lamp could be connected to a Switched Socket and will illuminate when the drill is operating. Another example: a desk lamp could be connected to the Control Socket and a PC, a Monitor and a Printer could be connected to the Switched Sockets and will be running after the lamp is switched on. Switching off the lamp, all the above mentioned appliances will be automatically switched off. A further application is the control of a High Fidelity chain, plugging the Power Amplifier in the Control Socket and - for example - CD Player, Tape Recorder, and Tuner in the Switched Sockets. Usually, trailing sockets are placed to the rear of the appliances, often in places not easily reachable, so, even if the socket has a switch, it is much easier to switch on and off the High Fidelity chain from the main amplifier itself. The same consideration is valid for computermonitor-printer chains etc. Nevertheless, in this case, the use of a table lamp plugged in the Control Socket is almost mandatory, as explained below. In fact, this very sensitive circuit works fine when appliances having full breaking switches like lamps, drills, most power amplifiers, old radios, old TV sets, fans, almost all electrical household appliances etc. are plugged in the Control Socket. This is because these devices have a switch that fully excludes the internal circuitry from the mains. Unfortunately, in modern devices like computers, monitors, CD players, recent radios and TV sets (usually powered by means of internal "switching" supplies), the power switch does not completely isolate the internal circuitry from the mains, as transient suppressors and other components remain on circuit. This causes a very small current to flow across the sensing circuitry, but sufficient to trigger the output Triac. Therefore, the switched devices will remain always on, no matter if the control appliance is on or off. This could also happen when devices connected to the mains by means of plug-in power supply adapters are used as control appliances, due to their lack of a mains switch. In spite of this restriction, the circuit can be still useful, due to the high number and variety of devices allowing impeccable performance when they are plugged in the Control Socket.
Parts: R1,R2_________100R 1/2W Resistors C1____________100nF 630V Polyester Capacitor D1 to D6_____1N5408 1000V 3A Diodes (See Notes) D7__________TIC225M 600V 8A Sensitive Gate Triac (See Notes) A commercial trailing socket to be modified or a self-made box with several sockets. Circuit operation: Six back-to-back power diodes are connected in series to the Control Socket. The current drawn by the device plugged into this socket when in the on state, flowing through the diode chain, causes a voltage drop of about 2V. This voltage, limited by R1, drives the Gate of the Triac D7 which, in turn, will switch the output sockets. C1 and R2 form a so called "Snubber network", helping to eliminate switching transients generated by inductive loads. Notes:

The circuit is sufficiently small to be embedded into some types of commercial trailing sockets, or a box with a number of sockets can be made at will. The diode types suggested in the Parts List for D1 to D6 will allow an appliance of up to about 500W power to be plugged in the Control Socket. Use BY550-800 diodes for up to 800 - 1000W. For less demanding appliances, 1N4007 diodes will allow up to 200W power. The Triac type suggested in the Parts List for D7 will allow a total power available to the Switched Sockets of more than 1000W. If you intend to drive loads of more than 500W total, please use a suitable heatsink. Wanting to drive less powerful loads, you can use for D7 a TIC216M (up to 800 1000W) or a TIC206M (up to 500 - 600W). Warning! The device is connected to 230Vac mains, so some parts in the circuit board are subjected to lethal potential! Avoid touching the circuit when the mains cord is plugged in!
Mini Portable Guitar Amplifier
Can be fitted into a packet of cigarettes, Also suitable as Fuzz-box This small amplifier was intended to be used in conjunction with an electric guitar to do some low power monitoring, mainly for practice, either via an incorporated small loudspeaker or headphones. The complete circuit, loudspeaker, batteries, input and output jacks can be encased in a small box having the dimensions of a packet of cigarettes, or it could be fitted also into a real packet of cigarettes like some ready-made units available on the market. This design can be used in three different ways: 1. Loudspeaker amplifier: when powered by a 9V alkaline battery it can deliver about 1.5W peak output power to the incorporated loudspeaker. 2. Headphone amplifier or low power loudspeaker amplifier: when powered by a 3V battery (2x1.5V cells) it can drive any headphone set type at a satisfactory output power level or deliver to the incorporated loudspeaker about 60mW of output power. This configuration is useful for saving battery costs. 3. Fuzz-box: when powered by a 3V battery (2x1.5V cells) and having its output connected to a guitar amplifier input the circuit will behave as a good Fuzz-box, showing an output square wave with marked rounded corners, typical of valve-circuits output when driven into saturation.
Parts: R1______________22K 1/4W Resistor C1______________10F 25V Electrolytic Capacitor C2_____________100nF 63V Polyester or Ceramic Capacitor C3_____________220F 25V Electrolytic Capacitor IC1__________TDA7052 Audio power amplifier IC J1,J2__________6.3mm Stereo Jack sockets (switched) SPKR___________8 Ohm Loudspeaker (See Notes) B1________________9V PP3 Battery or 3V Battery (2 x 1.5V AA, AAA Cells in series etc.) Clip for PP3 Battery or socket for 2 x 1.5V AA or AAA Cells Notes:
For the sake of simplicity and compactness, this unit employs a dual bridge IC amplifier and a few other parts. For the same reason no volume or tone controls are provided as it is supposed that the controls already existing on the electric guitar will serve satisfactorily to the purpose. No power switch is used: the battery voltage will be applied to the circuit when the input plug will be inserted in the input jack socket J1. For this purpose be sure that the input plug is a common 1/4 inch guitar mono jack plug and J1 is a 1/4 inch stereo jack socket. The output jack socket J2 must be a switched stereo type. The changeover switching is arranged in such a way that, when a common headphones stereo jack plug is inserted into the socket, the loudspeaker will be disabled and the mono output signal will drive both the headsets in series, allowing full headphone reproduction. When used as a Fuzz-box output, a mono jack plug must be inserted into J2. If the amplifier is intended to be encased in a packet of cigarettes, standard loudspeaker diameter should be 57 or 50mm.
Technical data: Max output power: 1.5W @ 9V supply - 8 Ohm load; 60mW @ 3V supply - 8 Ohm load Frequency response: Flat from 20Hz to 20kHz Total harmonic distortion @ 100mW output: 0.2% Max input voltage @ 3V supply: 8mV RMS Minimum input voltage for Fuzz-box operation: 18mV RMS @ 3V supply Current consumption @ 400mW and 9V supply: 200mA Current consumption @ 250mW and 9V supply: 150mA Current consumption @ 60mW and 3V supply: 80mA Quiescent current consumption: 6mA @ 9V, 4mA @ 3V supply Fuzz-box current consumption: 3mA @ 3V supply
22 Watt Car Subwoofer Amplifier

22W into 4 Ohm power amplifier, Variable Low Pass Frequency: 70 - 150Hz This unit is intended to be connected to an existing car stereo amplifier, adding the often required extra "punch" to the music by driving a subwoofer. As very low frequencies are omnidirectional, a single amplifier is necessary to drive this dedicated loudspeaker. The power amplifier used is a good and cheap BTL (Bridge Tied Load) 13 pin IC made by Philips (now NXP Semiconductors) requiring a very low parts count and capable of delivering about 22W into a 4 Ohm load at the standard car battery voltage of 14.4V.
Parts: P1_____________10K Log Potentiometer P2_____________22K Dual gang Linear Potentiometer R1,R4___________1K 1/4W Resistors R2,R3,R5,R6____10K 1/4W Resistors R7,R8_________100K 1/4W Resistors R9,R10,R13_____47K 1/4W Resistors R11,R12________15K 1/4W Resistors R14,R15,R17____47K 1/4W Resistors R16_____________6K8 1/4W Resistor R18_____________1K5 1/4W Resistor C1,C2,C3,C6_____47 25V Electrolytic Capacitors C4,C5__________68nF 63V Polyester Capacitors C7_____________33nF 63V Polyester Capacitor C8,C9_________220F 25V Electrolytic Capacitors C10___________470nF 63V Polyester Capacitor C11___________100nF 63V Polyester Capacitor C12__________2200F 25V Electrolytic Capacitor D1______________LED any color and type Q1,Q2_________BC547 45V 100mA NPN Transistors IC1___________TL072 Dual BIFET Op-Amp IC2_________TDA1516BQ 24W BTL Car Radio Power Amplifier IC SW1____________DPDT toggle or slide Switch SW2____________SPST toggle or slide Switch capable of withstanding a current of at least 3A J1,J2__________RCA audio input sockets
SPKR___________4 Ohm Woofer or two 8 Ohm Woofers wired in parallel Circuit description:The stereo signals coming from the line outputs of the car radio amplifier are mixed at the input and, after the Level Control, the signal enters the buffer IC1A and can be phase reversed by means of SW1. This control can be useful to allow the subwoofer to be in phase with the loudspeakers of the existing car radio. Then, a 12dB/octave variable frequency Low Pass filter built around IC1B, Q1 and related components follows, allowing to adjust precisely the low pass frequency from 70 to 150Hz. Q2, R17 and C9 form a simple dc voltage stabilizer for the input and filter circuitry, useful to avoid positive rail interaction from the power amplifier to low level sections. Notes:

IC2 must be mounted on a suitable finned heatsink Due to the long time constant set by R17 and C9 in the dc voltage stabilizer, the whole amplifier will become fully operative about 15 - 30 sec. after switch-on.
Technical data: Output power (1KHz sinewave): 22W RMS into 4 Ohms at 14.4V supply Sensitivity: 250mV input for full output Frequency response: 20Hz to 70Hz -3dB with the cursor of P2 fully rotated towards R12 20Hz to 150Hz -3dB with the cursor of P2 fully rotated towards R11 Total harmonic distortion: 17W RMS: 0.5% 22W RMS: 10%
High-Voltage Regulator With Short Circuit Protection

There are many circuits for low voltage regulators. For higher voltages, such as supplies for valve circuits, the situation is different. Thats why we decided to design this simple regulator that can cope with these voltages. This circuit is obviously well suited for use in combination with the quad power supply for the hybrid amp, published elsewhere in this issue. The actual regulator consists of just three transistors. A fourth has been added for the current limiting function. The circuit is a positive series regulator, using a pnp transistor (T2) to keep the voltage drop as low as possible. The operation of the circuit is very straightforward. When the output voltage drops, T4 pulls the emitter of T3 lower. This drives T2 harder, which causes the output voltage to rise again. R4 restricts the base current of T2. C1 and C2 have been added to improve the stability of the circuit. These are connected in series so that the voltage across each capacitor at switch-on or during a
short circuit doesnt become too large. You should use capacitors rated for at least 100 V for C1C3. D1 protects T2 against negative voltages that may occur when the input is short-circuited or when large capacitors are connected to the output. We use two zener diodes of 39 V connected in series for the reference voltage, giving 78 V to the base of T3. Because R6 is equal to R7 the output voltage will be twice as large, which is about 155 V. T4 acts as a buffer for potential divider R6/R7, which means we can use higher values for these resistors and that the voltage is not affected by the base current of T2 (this current is about the same as the emitter current of T3). This is obviously not a temperature compensated circuit, but for this purpose it is good enough.
The current limiting section built around T1 couldnt be simpler. When the output current rises above 30 mA the voltage across R1 causes T1 to conduct. T1 then limits the base-emitter voltage of T2. R2 is required to protect T1 against extremely fast peak voltages across R1. R3 is needed to start the regulator. Without R3 there wouldnt be a voltage at the output and hence there wouldnt be a base current in T2. R3 lets T2 conduct a little bit, which is sufficient for the regulator to reach its intended state. During normal operation with a voltage drop of 15 V across T2 and a current of about 30 mA there is no need for extra cooling of T2. The junction temperature is then 70 C, which means you can burn your fingers if youre not careful! The lower the input voltage is, the more current
can be supplied by this regulator. This current is determined by the SOAR (Safe Operation ARea) of T2. During a short circuit and an input voltage of 140 V the current is about 30 mA and T2 certainly requires a heatsink of at least 10 K/W in those conditions. To increase the output voltage you should use a larger value for R6. If you want to use a higher reference voltage, you should replace T4 with a MJE350. If you only ever need to draw a few milli-amps there is no need to include T4 and R4. The potential divider (R6/R7) can then be connected directly to the emitter of T3. The ripple suppression of the circuit is about 50dB. The quiescent current is 2.5 mA and for small currents the dropout voltage is only 1.5V.
Sunday, May 30, 2010
Multi-Color HD LED
Most PC enclosures provide only a single LED to indicate hard disk access, with the LED being connected to the motherboard via a two-pin connector. However, this LED only works with IDE drives, and if a SCSI disk controller is fitted, its activity will not be visibly noticeable. This small circuit remedies that problem using a multicolour LED. The activity LED for the IDE interface is usually driven by a connected device via one or more open-collector stages.
It illuminates if either of the two possible IDE drives is activated. The shared series resistor limits the current and also provides short-circuit protection. Even if the LED is shorted out due to faulty wiring, the current is restricted to a safe level. An obvious solution would be to have the IDE and SCSI disks drive a shared dual LED, but unfortunately the current flows from the positive supply line through a series resistor, the LED and a transistor to ground. The dual LED would thus have to have a common anode, but no such device exists. All known multicolor LEDs have a common cathode lead. That means they cannot be connected directly, but were not that easily defeated. Only a small additional circuit is needed to allow the LED to be driven by the different interfaces. In this circuit, each of the drive signals from the two
controllers is fed to an optocoupler, which acts nearly the same as the original LED.
The somewhat lower voltage drop of the infrared LED results in a somewhat greater current, but theres hardly any need to worry about overloading. The optocouplers eliminate the problems with the different voltages. On the output side, a Darlington transistor consisting of the phototransistor and a BC547 drives the multicolour LED. The 10-k resistor (whose value of is not critical) provides secure cut-off of the driver transistor. The base of the phototransistor in the CNY17 is left open. The series resistors for the individual LED elements are dimensioned using the standard formula. It may be necessary to adjust their values slightly, depending on the relative brightness levels. The circuit can also operated from the +12-V line of the power supply if the values of the series resistors for the LEDs are suitably modified.
If necessary, a third optocoupler stage can be added to allow a three-colour LED (red, green and blue) to be driven. The circuit board has been designed to be so small that the components can be fitted in a few minutes and everything can be suspended from the LED in the PC enclosure. A drop of hot-melt glue will prevent the circuit board from becoming dislodged due to vibration. The supply voltage reaches the circuit via a normal small drive connector, to make it easy to obtain the necessary plug. Otherwise, you can also use ordinary solder pins. COMPONENTS LIST Resistors: R1,R3 = 10k R2,R4 = 560R Semiconductors: D1 = Dual LED with 3 pins IC1,IC2 = CNY17-2 T1,T2 = BC547B Miscellaneous: K1 = 4-way SIL connector Small disk drive connector for PCB mounting, or solder pins (see text)
Wednesday, May 26, 2010
Alternative Halogen Power Supply

Readers who do not care to modify the power supply of an old PC into a suitable halogen power source (see our April 2006 issue), may find the present design a welcome alternative. The circuit does not need any changes to the power supply. It allows the halogen lamps to be initially powered from the 5V rail of the supply via RE2, so that they are preheated. Subsequently, they are powered from the 12-V rail via RE1, while at the same time the 5-V rail is disconnected.
This ensures that the current surge through the lamps is so small that the protection in the power supply does not react. Operation of the circuit is as follows. As soon as the PC supply provides power, IC1.B drives T1 into conduction and RE2 closes. The potential at the non-inverting input of IC1.B is 6 V, while that at the inverting input rises from 0 V. Lamp LA1 is then connected to the 5-V rail.
After a short span of time, the voltage across C1 has risen to a value where IC1.B changes over, whereupon T1 is cut off. At the same time, IC1.A drives T2 into conduction. The circuit is then decoupled from the 5-V rail and connected to the 12-V terminal. The 5-V rail in the PC power supply is protected against spikes on the 12-V line by D1. Diode D2 protects IC1 against overvoltage on its inputs should the 12-V rail fail. Resistors R4 and R5 limit the base currents of the transistors. D3 and D4 are quenching diodes. The time during which lamp LA1 is powered by 5 V is preset with potentiometer P1. The maximum time span is about 0.33 s and the minimum 3.3 ms. The latter is perhaps rather short, but it also depends to some extent on the type of power supply used. Some experimentation may be worthwhile!
Quad Power Supply For Hybrid Amplifier
This power supply was designed for use with the Simple hybrid amp published elsewhere in this issue. It is of course suitable for use in other applications as well. Weve used a cascade generator for the 170 V, a switch mode supply for the 16 V, a series regulator for the 12 V and a separate transformer for the 6.3 V filament supply. Weve chosen an LT1074CT (IC1) for the regulator, which means that the circuit can be built with relatively standard components and will have a high efficiency. The power loss is less with this device compared to a linear voltage regulator. This allows us to use a higher transformer voltage and a smaller cascade section to generate the 170 V (which is required for the SRPP stage in the amplifier). The lower input current also results in smaller losses in the bridge rectifier (D1 to D4). A standard 12 V regulator (IC2) turns the 16 V into a stabilised voltage for the buffer stage. When an ECC83 (12AX7) is used in the hybrid amp we could use this 12 V to power the filaments in the valve as well, although we really need 12.6 V. The current taken by the valve is about 150 mA, which means that the 12 V regulator needs to be fitted with a heatsink. This can be a small version of an SK129 heatsink from Fischer (38.1 mm, 6.5 K/W). To increase the voltage by 0.6 V weve added diode D7 to the ground connection of the regulator. If an output voltage of 12 V is required you should close JP1, which shorts D7. IC1 and D5 require a little more cooling and for this the 63.5 mm version of the SK129 will suffice (4.5 K/W). Both components can be mounted on opposite sides of the heatsink. You have to make sure that they are electrically isolated from each other and the heatsink! You should take a look at the website of Linear Technology (www.linear.com) and take note of the layout recommendations regarding the use of an LT1074. You can use standard chokes for L1 and L2, rated at 5 A. If you want to remove more of the residual 100 kHz switching frequency you could always add an extra LC filter at the output.
The diodes in the bridge rectifier are B10100s. These are Schottky rectifiers, which have a low forward voltage drop (only 0.7 to 0.8 V at 10 A). We have chosen diodes with a reverse voltage rating of 100 V so we have the option of using an LT1074HVCT instead. This can work with an input voltage of up to 60 V, which means we could use a 40 VAC transformer. The same cascade circuit can then easily generate 220 VDC. The standard LT1074CT can cope with up to 45 V, so were using IC1 fairly close to the limits of its specifications in this circuit. A cascade circuit generates the HT supply for the valve. It would also have been possible to use a separate transformer with a bridge rectifier and smoothing capacitor to generate this voltage. But then wed have to find a 4.5 VA transformer with a 40 V secondary and connect it the wrong way round. As this isnt exactly a standard transformer we dropped that idea. The source for the cascade generator is now an 80VA transformer. The capacitors in the cascade circuit have higher values than are strictly necessary. This makes it easier to calculate the expected output voltage. In our case this is 4 x 30 x v2V for
the no-load voltage, which comes to nearly 170V. L3 and C22 filter out any HF interference coming from IC1. When the cascade supplied 20mA the output voltage dropped to 140 V. At heavier loads we recommend that you use a smaller cascade circuit and a higher transformer voltage (and also use an LT1074HVCT because of the higher input voltage). The filament voltage for the valve is generated by a 4.5 VA transformer, which in practice had an output a bit above 6 V and therefore came closer to the required 6.3 V. Another solution is to use a special transformer or a stabilized 6.3VDC supply. Any of these will work, so its down to your own preference which of these youll use. It is in principle possible to use the supply for two channels. However, if you use the ECC88 in the amplifier you may find its necessary to use a separate cascade generator for each channel.
Tuesday, May 25, 2010
Paraphase Tone Controller

As opposed to the widespread Baxandall circuit (dating back to 1952!) a paraphrase tone control supplies a straight frequency response as long as the bass and treble controls are in the same position. This unique property makes the paraphase configuration of interest if only treble or bass needs to be adjusted - it is not possible to adjust both at the same time! Essentially, its the difference in setting of the tone controls that determines the slope of the frequency response, and the degree of bass/treble correction. The circuit is simplicity itself, based on two networks C1-C2-C3/R9-R10-R11 and C5-C6-C7/R12-R13-R14.
The first is for the high frequencies (treble) response, the second, for the low frequencies (bass). The roll-off points have been selected, in combination with C4 and C8, for the sum of the two output signals to re-appear with a straight frequency response again at the output. Roughly equal output levels from the networks are ensured by R6 = 7.15 k and R8 = 6.80 k. However, the operating principle requires the input signals to the two networks to be in anti-phase. For best
operation the networks are driven by two buffers providing some extra gain.
The gain of IC1.D is slightly higher than that of IC1.C to ensure the overall response curve remains as flat as possible at equal settings of the tone controls. Because each network introduces a loss of about 1.72 (times), IC1.D and IC1.C first amplify the signal. The gain is set at about 8 (times) allowing input signal levels up to 1 V to pass the circuit at maximum gain and distortionfree. The gain also compensates the attenuation if you prefer to keep the tone controls at the mid positions for a straight response.
To audio fans, the circuit is rewarding to experiment with, especially in respect of the crossover point of the two networks. R3 and R4 determine the control range, which may be increased
(within limits) by using lower resistor values here. The values shown ensure a tone control range of about 20 dB. IC1.B buffers the summed signal across R15. C9 removes any DC-offset voltage and R16 protects the output buffer from the effects of too high capacitive loads. R17, finally, keeps the output at 0 V. The choice of the quad opamp is relatively uncritical. Here the unassuming TL074 is used but you may even apply rail to rail opamps as long as they are stable at unity gain. Also, watch the supply voltage range. A simple circuit board was designed for the project. Linear-law potentiometers may be fitted directly onto the board. Two boards are required for a stereo application. The relevant connections on the boards are then wired to a stereo control potentiometer. Specification:

Current consumption (no signal) 8 mA Max. input signal 1 Veff (at max. gain) Gain at 20 Hz +13.1 dB max. 6.9 dB min. at 20 kHz +12.2 dB max. 7.6 dB min Gain (controls at mid position) 2.38 x Distortion (1 Veff, 1 kHz) 0.002% (B = 22kHz) 0.005% (B = 80 kHz)
COMPONENTS LIST Resistors R1-R4 = 10k R5,R7 = 1k R6 = 7k15 R8 = 6k80 R9,R10,R11 = 8k2 R12,R13,R14 = 2k2 R15 = 1M R16 = 100R R17 = 100k P1,P2 = 100k preset or chassismount control potentiometer, linear law Capacitors C1,C2,C3 = 47nF MKT, lead pitch 5mm C4 = 68nF MKT, lead pitch 5mm C5,C6,C7 = 10nF MKT, lead pitch 5mm C8,C10,C11 = 100nF MKT, lead pitch 5mm C9 = 2F2 MKT, lead pitch 5mm or 7.5mm Semiconductors IC1 = TL074 Miscellaneous K1,K2 = line socket, PCB mount, e.g. T-709G (Monacor/Monarch)
Hybrid Headphone Amplifier

Potentially, headphone listening can be technically superior since room reflections are eliminated and the intimate contact between transducer and ear mean that only tiny amounts of power are required. The small power requirement means that transducers can be operated at a small fraction of their full excursion capabilities thus reducing THD and other non-linear distortions. This design of a dedicated headphones amplifier is potentially controversial in that it has unity voltage gain and employs valves and transistors in the same design. Normal headphones have an impedance of 32R per channel. The usual standard line output of 775 mV to which all quality equipment aspires will generate a power of U2 / R = 0.7752 / 32 = 18 mW per channel across a headphone of this impedance. An examination of available headphones at well known high street emporiums revealed that the sensitivity varied from 96 dB to 103db/mW! So, in practice the circuit will only require unity gain to reach deafening levels. As a unity gain design is required it is quite possible to employ a low distortion output stage. The obvious choice is an emitter follower. This has nearly unity gain combined with a large amount of local feedback. Unfortunately the output impedance of an emitter follower is dependent upon the source impedance. With a volume control, or even with different signal sources this will vary and could produce small but audible changes in sound quality. To prevent this, the output stage is driven by a cathode follower,based around an ECC82 valve (US equivalent: 12AU7). This device, as opposed to a transistor configuration, enables the output stage to be driven with a constant value, low impedance. In other words, the signal from the low impedance point is used to drive the high impedance of the output stage, a situation which promotes low overall THD. At the modest output powers required of the circuit, the only sensible choice is a Class A circuit. In this case the much vaunted single-ended output stage is employed and that comprises of T3 and constant current source T1-T2.
The constant current is set by the Vbe voltage of T1 applied across R5 With its value of 22R, the current is set at 27 mA. T3 is used in the emitter follower mode with high input impedance and low output impedance. Indeed the main problem of using a valve at low voltages is that its fairly difficult to get any real current drain. In order to prevent distortion the output stage shouldnt be allowed to load the valve. This is down to the choice of output device. A BC517 is used for T3 because of its high current gain, 30,000 at 2 mA! Since we have a low impedance output stage, the load may be capacitively coupled via C4. Some purists may baulk at the idea of using an electrolytic for this job but he fact remains that distortion generated by capacitive coupling is at least two orders of magnitude lower than transformer coupling. The rest of the circuitry is used to condition the various voltages used by the circuit. In order to obtain a linear output the valve grid needs to be biased at half the supply voltage. This is the function of the voltage divider R4 and R2. Input signals are coupled into the circuit via C1 and R1. R1, connected between the voltage divider and V1s grid defines the input impedance of the circuit. C1 has sufficiently large a value to ensure response down to 2 Hz. Although the circuit does a good job of rejecting line noise on its own due to the high impedance of V1s anode and T3s collector current, it needs a little help to obtain a silent background in the absence of signal. The help is in the form of the capacitance multiplier circuit built around T5. Another BC517 is used here to avoid loading of the filter comprising R7 and C5. In principle the capacitance of C5 is multiplied by the gain of T5.
In practice the smooth dc applied to T5s base appears at low impedance at its emitter. An important added advantage is that the supply voltage is applied slowly on powering up. This is of course due to the time taken to fully charge C5 via R7. No trace of hum or ripple can be seen here on the scope. C2 is used to ensure stability at RF. The DC supply is also used to run the valve heater. The ECC82 has an advantage here in that its heater can be connected for operate from 12.6 V. To run it T4 is used as a series pass element. Base voltage is obtained from the emitter of T5. T4 has very low output impedance, about 160 mR and this helps to prevent extraneous signals being picked up from the heater wiring. Connecting the transistor base to C5 also lets the valve heater warm up gently. A couple of volts only are lost across T4 and although the device runs warm it doesnt require a heat-sink.
IR Music Transmitter and Reciever

Using this circuit, audio musical notes can be generated and heard up to a distance of 10 metres. The circuit can be divided into two parts: IR music transmitter and receiver. The IR music transmitter works off a 9V battery, while the IR music receiver works off regulated 9V to 12V. First diagram shows the circuit of the IR music transmitter. It uses popular melody generator IC UM66 (IC1) that can continuously generate musical tones. Transmitter circuit diagram:
The output of IC1 is fed to the IR driver stage (built across the transistors T1 and T2) to get the maximum range. Here the red LED (LED1) flickers according to the musical tones generated by UM66 IC, indicating modulation. IR LED2 and LED3 are infrared transmitting LEDs. For maximum sound transmission these should be oriented towards IR photo-transistor L14F1 (T3). The IR music receiver uses popular op-amp IC A741 and audio-frequency amplifier IC LM386 along with photo-transistor L14F1 and some discrete components (second diagram).
The melody generated by IC UM66 is transmitted through IR LEDs, received by phototransistor ceived by phototransistor T3 and fed to pin 2 of IC A741 (IC2). Its gain can be varied using potmeter VR1. The output of IC A741 is fed to IC LM386 (IC3) via capacitor C5 and potmeter VR2. The melody produced is heard through the receivers loudspeaker. Potmeter VR2 is used to control the volume of loudspeaker LS1 (8-ohm, 1W). Switching off the power supply stops melody generation.
Automatic Light Controller Using 7806

Voltage regulator ICs (78xx series) provide a steady output voltage, as against a widely fluctuating input supply, when the common terminal is grounded. Any voltage about zero volt (ground) connected in the common terminal is added to the output voltage. That means the increase in the common terminal voltage is reflected at the output. On the other hand, if the common terminal is disconnected from the ground, the full input voltage is available at the output. This characteristic is utilised in the present circuit. When the common terminal is connected to the ground,the regulator output is equivalent to the rated voltage, and as soon as the terminal is disconnected from the ground, the output increases up to the input voltage. The common terminal is controlled by a transistor, which works as a switch on the terminal. For automatic control of light, a light-dependent resistor (LDR1) is connected to the base of the transistor. In this way, the voltage regulator is able to operate a light bulb automatically as per the ambient light. To derive the power supply for the circuit, the 50Hz, 230V AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver a secondary output of 12V, 250 mA. The secondary output of the transformer is applied to a bridge rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4, filtered by capacitor C1 and fed to the input terminal of the regulator (IC1). The common terminal (pin 2) of IC1 is connected to the ground line of the circuit through transistor BC557 (T1). The transistor is biased by R2, R3, VR1 and LDR1.
The grounding of IC1 is controlled by transistor T1, while light is sensed by LDR1. Using preset VR1, you can adjust the light-sensing level of transistor T1. The output of IC1 is fed to the base of transistor T2 (through resistor R4 and zener diode ZD1) and relay RL1. LED1 connected across the positive and ground supply lines acts as a power-on indicator. Normally, the resistance of LDR1 is low during daytime and high during nighttime. During daytime, when light falls on LDR1, pnp transistor T1 conducts. The common terminal of IC1 connects to the ground and IC1 outputs 6V. As a result, transistor T2 does not conduct and the relay remains de-energised. The light bulb remains off as the mains connection is not completed through the relay contacts. During nighttime, when no light falls on LDR1, it offers a high resistance at the base junction of transistor T1. So the bias is greatly reduced and T1 doesnt conduct. Effectively, this removes the common terminal of IC1 from ground and it directs the full input DC to the output. Transistor T2 conducts and the relay energises to light up the bulb as mains connection completes through the relay contacts. As LDR1 is in parallel to VR1+R3 combination, it effectively applies only half of the total resistance of the network formed by R3, VR1 and LDR1 to the junction at T1 in total darkness. In bright light, it greatly reduces the total effective resistance at the junction. The circui t is simple and can be assembled on a small general-purpose PCB. Use a heat-sink for IC1. Make sure that LDR1 and the light bulb are well separated. The circuit can be used for streetlights, tubelights or any other home electrical lighting system that needs to be automated.
Infrared Fire-Cracker Igniter

Firecrackers are normally ignited by using a matchstick or a candle. You have to run away quickly after igniting the fuse of the firecracker. This method of igniting firecracker is unsafe, because the danger of the firecracker bursting before you reach a safe distance is always there.
The device described here uses remote control, usually used with TV receivers or CD players, to burst the fire-cracker. Thus the firecracker can be ignited from a safe distance using the circuit described below in conjunction with the remote control. In the diagram shown here, normally the output of IC1 is low and green LED2 is on and the red LED3 off. This indicates that the circuit is ready for use. When any key on the remote control is pressed, output pin 3 of IRX1 (IR receiver module TSOP1738) goes low. This output is connected to pin 2 of IC1 via LED1 and resistor R4 to trigger the monostable operation of IC1. The output of IC1 remains high for a period equal to 1.1R2C2. With the values of the components given in the circuit diagram here, the period works out to 3.5 seconds approximately.
This activates relay RL1 and red LED3 glows and green LED2 turns off. On state of red LED3 indicates that the firecracker is about to burst. R7 is a small part of the element of an electric heater (220V, 1000W), which is kept away from the electronic circuit and connected to the relay contacts through a thick electric cable. The resistance value of short length of the heater element (R7) is 3 to 3.5 ohms. A current of around 4 amperes flows through it when connected to a 12V battery. Flow of 4A current through R7 for 3.5 seconds makes it red hot, which ignites the firecracker. The circuit is powered by a 12V, 7AH battery. IC2 provides about 9V for the operation of the circuit. The circuit should be housed in a metallic cabinet to prevent it from being damaged by bursting of the firecracker. The IR receiver and the two LEDs should be fixed on the front panel of the cabinet. Wiring and relay used in the circuit should be chosen such that they are able to carry more than 5 amperes of current.
Electronic Torricelli Barometer
Although it does not have the same charm as real mercury barometers with long glass tubes on pieces of carved and polished wood, the Torricelli barometer discussed here is a functional equivalent and electronic replica of the Torricelli barometer. Actually, rather than displaying the atmospheric pressure on the traditional digital displays, we preferred to reproduce the general look of this respected predecessor of electronic barometers. The mercury tube is, of course, replaced by a simple LED scale which, if not as beautiful, is still less toxic for the environment in case of breakage. As indicated on the drawing, the pressure sensor utilized is a Motorola MPX2200AP. This circuit is adapted for measuring absolute pressure and has a range well suited for atmospheric pressure. Without entering too deep into the technical details, such sensors deliver an output of voltage proportional not only to the measured pressure but, unfortunately, to their supply voltage as well. Hence they must be powered from a stable voltage which is ensured here by the use of IC1. Since the output of the MPX2200 is differential and at a very low level, we had to resort to the use of four operational amplifiers IC4.A to IC4.D, contained in one LM324, to obtain levels that can be processed easily. As long as potentiometer P1 is adjusted correctly, this group of operational amplifiers delivers a voltage of 1 volt per atmospheric pressure of 1,000 hPa to the LM3914.
Since the atmospheric pressure will be within the range 950 to 1040 hPa at sea level, we need to make an expanded-scale voltmeter with this LM3914 in order to better exploit the 10 LEDs that it can control. That is the role of resistors R7 and R8 which artificially raise the minimum voltage value the chip is capable of measuring. Consequently, we can calibrate our LED scale
with one LED per 10 hPa and thus benefit from a measurement range which extends from 950 hPa to 1040 hPa. In principle, you should not have a need to go beyond that in either direction. The circuit may be conveniently powered from a 9-volt battery but only if used very occasionally. Since this is usually not the case for a barometer, we advise you to use a mains adaptor instead supplying approximately 9 volts. Calibration basically entails adjusting the potentiometer P1 to light the LED corresponding to the atmospheric pressure of your location at the time. Compare with an existing barometer or, even better, telephone the closest weather station. They will be happy to give you the information. After Evangelista Torricelli, 1608-1647, Italian physician who proved the existence of atmospheric pressure and invented the mercury barometer.
Telephone Ringer
If you are lucky enough to have a big house, a large garden, and small children, this project just might interest you. Its actually a telephone ringer capable of making any mains-powered device work from the ringer of your fixed line. With it, you will be able to control a high-powered siren or horn, as you like, in order to relay and amplify the low-level sound of your telephone (making it audible in a big house or in a large garden)! Alternatively, you can make a lamp light (or an indicator light) and so create a silent ringer (helpful when small children are napping). The other interesting part of this simple and inexpensive project is that it doesnt require a power supply, contrary to similar items on sales in the shops. Before examining the drawing and understanding the principle involved, it is important to know that the ringer voltage on a fixed telephone line is pretty high. Since Europe and the EU Commission have not yet interfered, the exact value of this voltage and its frequency varies according to the country, but thats not important here. The line carries direct current whether unoccupied or occupied. Moreover, no more than a few hundred mAs needs to be stolen from an unoccupied telephone line to make the PSTN exchange believe the line is occupied. Therefore, capacitor C1 has the dual role of insulating this project with respect to direct current present on the line while unoccupied, or while occupied, while also allowing the ringer current to pass. The latter is rectified by D1 and clipped by D2 which makes about 6 V DC available to the C2 terminals when a ringer signal is present.
This voltage lights LED D3 which only serves as a visual indicator of proper operation as does the LED contained in IC1. This is a high-power photo triac with zero crossing detection from the mains, which allows it to switch the load it controls without generating even the lowest level of noise. This component, that we might just as well call a solid-state relay, was selected because it is comes in the form of a package similar to a TO220, a little bigger, and equipped with four pins. The pinout will not cause confusion because the symbols shown on our diagram are engraved or printed on the packaging. Since this circuit is not yet very common, we need to mention that its available from the Conrad Electronics website (www1.uk.conrad.com). For the purpose of safe operation, the circuit is protected by a GeMOV on the mains side, called Varistor, VDR or SiOV depending on the manufacturer. The model indicated here is generally available. The load will be limited to 2 A, considering the model selected for IC1, which is more than sufficient for the application planned here. Finally, since a number of components in this circuit are connected directly to the mains power supply, the assembly should be placed in a completely insulated housing for obvious safety reasons.
Mobile Bug Detector

This handy, pocket-size mobile transmission detector can sense the presence of an activated mobile phone from a distance of one-and-a-half metres. So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and unauthorised video transmission. The circuit can detect both the incoming and outgoing calls, SMS and video transmission even if the mobile phone is kept in the silent mode. The moment the bug detects RF transmission signal from an activated mobile phone, it starts sounding a beep alarm and the LED blinks. The alarm continues until the signal transmission ceases. An ordinary RF detector using tuned LC circuits is not suitable for detecting signals in the GHz frequency band used in mobile phones. The transmission frequency of mobile phones ranges from 0.9 to 3 GHz with a wavelength of 3.3 to 10 cm. So a circuit detecting gigahertz signals is required for a mobile bug.
Here the circuit uses a 0.22F disk capacitor (C3) to capture the RF signals from the mobile phone. The lead length of the capacitor is fixed as 18 mm with a spacing of 8 mm between the leads to get the desired frequency. The disk capacitor along with the leads acts as a small gigahertz loop antenna to collect the RF signals from the mobile phone. Op-amp IC CA3130 (IC1) is used in the circuit as a current-to-voltage converter with capacitor C3 connected between its inverting and non-inverting inputs. It is a CMOS version using gate-protected p-channel MOSFET transistors in the input to provide very high input impedance, very low input current and very high speed of performance. The output CMOS transistor is capable of swinging the output voltage to within 10 mV of either supply voltage terminal. Capacitor C3 in conjunction with the lead inductance acts as a transmission line that intercepts the signals from the mobile phone. This capacitor creates a field, stores energy and transfers the stored energy in the form of minute current to the inputs of IC1.
This will upset the balanced input of IC1 and convert the current into the corresponding output voltage. Capacitor C4 along with high-value resistor R1 keeps the non-inverting input stable for easy swing of the output to high state. Resistor R2 provides the discharge path for capacitor C4. Feedback resistor R3 makes the inverting input high when the output becomes high. Capacitor C5 (47pF) is connected across strobe (pin 8) and null inputs (pin 1) of IC1 for phase compensation and gain control to optimize the frequency response. When the mobile phone signal is detected by C3, the output of IC1 becomes high and low alternately according to the frequency of the signal as indicated by LED1. This triggers monostable timer IC2 through capacitor C7. Capacitor C6 maintains the base bias of transistor T1 for fast switching action. The low-value timing components R6 and C9 produce very short time delay to avoid audio nuisance. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB as compact as possible and enclose in a small box like junk mobile case. As mentioned earlier, capacitor C3 should have a lead length of 18 mm with lead spacing of 8 mm. Carefully solder the capacitor in standing position with equal spacing of the leads. The response can be optimized by trimming the lead length of C3 for the desired frequency. You may
use a short telescopic type antenna. Use the miniature 12V battery of a remote control and a small buzzer to make the gadget pocket-size. The unit will give the warning indication if someone uses mobile phone within a radius of 1.5 meters.
Earth Fault Indicator

The security of many electrical devices depends today on the availability of an earthed mains outlet. We should remember that these are connected to the frame or to the metal housing of the equipment and so it routes to the protective earth (PE) connections. In this setup, mains voltage, however small, will cause the differential circuit breaker to trip. The circuit breaker is part of any modern electrical installation. This type of security device may however become defective due to common corrosion as we have seen many times on various older household devices, as well as on construction sites. Actually, since these devices are frequently in wet conditions, the screw and/or lug used to connect the earth wire to the device frame corrodes gradually and ends up breaking or causing a faulty contact. The remedy is then worse than the problem because the user, thinking that he/she is protected by earth, does not take special precautions and risks his/her life. However, all thats needed is an extremely simple system to automatically detect any break in the earth connection; so simple that we ask ourselves why it is not already included as part of all factory production for appliances that carry any such risk, as we have discussed above. We propose it as a project for you to build using this schematic. The live wire (L) of the mains power supply is connected to diode D1 which ensures simple half-wave rectification which is sufficient for our use. The current which is available is limited to a very low value by resistor R2. If the appliance earth connection to which our circuit is installed is efficient, this current is directed to earth via resistor R1 and the rest of the circuit is inactive due to insufficient power. If the earth connection is disconnected, the current supplied by D1 and R2 charges up capacitor C1.
When the voltage at the terminals of the capacitor reaches about 60 volts, neon indicator light La1 is turned on and emits a flashing light which discharges capacitor C1 at the same time. This phenomenon is reproduced indefinitely as long as the earth connection has not been restored, and the neon light continues to flash to attract attention in case of danger. Building the project is not particularly difficult but, since it is a project aimed at human safety, we must take the maximum of precautions concerning the choice of components utilised. Therefore, C1 must have an operating voltage of at least 160 volts while R2 must be a 0.5-watt resistor, not for reasons of power dissipation, but in order to maintain the voltage. The neon light can be any type, possibly used, or it may be part of an indicator light to make it easier to attach to the protected appliance. In the second case, we must obviously get rid of its series resistor which would prevent proper operation here. During installation of the circuit in the appliance to be protected, we should also clearly mark Live (L) and Neutral (N) (for example, seek Live with a simple screwdriver) because inverting these two wires at this point will disable proper operation. The final point, which is self-evident considering the principle used here: the earth connection for our setup must be hooked up to the frame of the appliance to be protected at a different point than where the normal earth wire is connected.
LED Phototherapy Unit

It is widely thought that light can be therapeutic for the human skin and soul. Light at the correct wavelength may also be effective against depression and allergies. There is a wide range of products on the market, at prices from a few tens of pounds to a hundred pounds or so, which are presented as universal remedies for dust allergies or hay fever. If we look at these devices in more detail, we find that their operation is relatively simple to explain. Common to all the devices is that they emit intense red light with a wavelength of 660 nm. Some biophysicists claim that light of this wavelength can have a positive effect on the human body and can initiate healing processes. This so-called phototherapy is a treatment which is claimed to have an effect against allergic reactions in the body, since it acts against free oxygen radicals and strengthens the immune system, reducing inflammation of the mucous membrane. Since this treatment does not take the form of a medicine, but rather the form of visible light, there is no risk of side-effects. There has been scientific research showing that this therapy does not work in every case, but success rates as high as 72 % have been reported. Since it may not be possible to obtain these devices under the NHS or under private medical insurance, our thoughts naturally turn to do-it-yourself. For the enclosure we decided to use an old nasal hair trimmer.
These can be obtained new for a few pounds, or you may have an old one that can be recycled. The choice of enclosure also dictates the choice of battery: the unit contains a holder for an AAsize cell. The circuit must therefore not only be very compact (there is little spare room in the enclosure), it must also be able to drive a high-brightness red LED from a voltage between 1 V and around 1.6 V. Here again we can indulge in a little recycling: we can re-use the circuit from a Mini Project by Burkhard Kainka for driving a white LED, published in Elektor Electronics in June 2002. In this circuit the inductive voltage pulse is limited by the LED itself, ensuring that the output voltage will automatically match the forward voltage of the LED. The circuit is suitable as it stands for driving a high-brightness 660 nm red LED to make a do-it-yourself phototherapy unit. In view of the small number of components, the circuit can be assembled by soldering them together directly or by using a small piece of stripboard. The circuit can operate from a wide range of voltages, and so we can use either an alkaline AA cell or an AA-size NiMH rechargeable cell with a voltage of 1.2 V. The current consumption of the circuit is about 20 mA. Assuming the circuit has been built correctly, the red LED should light brightly as soon as power is applied. Five to ten minutes use in each nostril every day should be sufficient to obtain noticeable benefit after two weeks of treatment.
Long-Range IR Transmitter
Most of the IR remotes work reliably within a range of 5 metres. The circuit complexity increases if you design the IR transmitter for reliable operation over a longer range, say, 10 metres. To double the range from 5 metres to 10 metres, you need to increase the transmitted power four times. If you wish to real i se a highly directional IR beam (very narrow beam), you can suitably use an IR laser pointer as the IR signal source. The laser pointer is readily available in the market. However, with a very narrow beam from the laser pointer, you have to take extra care, lest a small jerk to the gadget may change the beam
orientation and cause loss of contact. Here is a simple circuit that will give you a pretty long range. It uses three infrared transmitting LEDs (IR1 through IR3) in series to increase the radiated power. Further, to increase the directivity and so also the power density, you may assemble the IR LEDs inside the reflector of a torch. For increasing the circuit efficiency, a MOSFET (BS170) has been used, which acts as a switch and thus reif a transistor were used. To avoid any dip during its on/off operations, a 100F reservoir capacitor C2 is used across the battery supply. Its advantage will be more obvious when the IR transmitter is powered by ordinary batteries.
Capacitor C2 supplies extra charge during switching on operations. As the MOSFET exhibits large capacitance across gate-source terminals, a special drive arrangement has been made using npn-pnp Darl ington pair of BC547 and BC557 (as emitter followers), to avoid distortion of the gate drive input. Data (CMOS-compatible) to be transmitted is used for modulating the 38 kHz frequency generated by CD4047 (IC1). However, in the circuit shown here, tactile switch S1 has been used for modulating and transmitting the IR signal. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB. Use switch S2 for power on/off control. Commercially available IR receiver modules (e.g., TSOP1738) could be used for efficient reception of the transmitted IR signals.
Opamp VHF FM Transmitter

ICs that in the past were far too expensive for the hobbyist tend to be more favourably priced these days. An example of this is the AD8099 from Analog Devices. This opamp is available for only a few pounds. The AD8099 is a very fast opamp (1600 V/ms) and has high-impedance
inputs with low input capacitance. The bandwidth of the opamp is so large that at 100 MHz it still has a gain of nearly 40. This means that this opamp can be used to create an RC oscillator. The circuit presented here realises that. The circuit has a few striking characteristics. Firstly, unlike normal oscillators that contain transistors this one does not have any inductors. Secondly, there is no need for a varicap diode to do the FM modulation. The opamp is configured as a Schmitt trigger with only a small amount of hysteresis. The output is fed back via an RC circuit. In this way, the trimmer capacitor is continually being charged and discharged when the voltage reaches the hysteresis threshold. The output continually toggles as a consequence. This results in a square wave output voltage. With a 10-pF trimmer capacitor the frequency can be adjusted into the VHF FM broadcast band 88-108 MHz). The frequency of the oscillator is stable enough for this. The output voltage is about 6 Vpp at a power supply voltage of 9 V. The transmitter power amounts to about 50 mW at a load of 50R. This is about 20 times as much as the average oscillator with a transistor. With a short antenna of about 10 cm, the range is more than sufficient to use the circuit in the home as a test transmitter.
Because the output signal is not free from harmonics the use of an outdoor antenna is not recommended. This requires an additional filter/adapter at the output (you could use a pi-filter for this). The FM modulation is achieved by modulating the hysteresis, which influences the oscillator frequency. An audio signal of about 20 mVpp is sufficient for a reasonable output amplitude. The package for the opamp is an 8-pin SOIC (provided you use the version with he
RD8 suffix). The distance between the pins on this package is 1/20 inch 1.27 mm). This is still quite easy to solder with descent tools. If SMD parts are used for the other components as well then the circuit can be made very small. If necessary, a single transistor can be added to the circuit to act as microphone amplifier. The power supply voltage may not be higher than 12 V, because the IC cannot withstand that. The current consumption at 9 V is only 15 mA. As with all free-running oscillator circuits, the output frequency of this specimen is also sensitive to variations of the power supply voltage. For optimum stability, a power supply voltage regulator is essential. As an additional design tip for this circuit, we show an application as VCO for, for example, a PLL circuit. When the trimmer capacitor is replaced with a varicap diode, the frequency range can be greater than that of an LC oscillator. Thats because with an LC-oscillator the range is proportional to the square root of the capacitance ratio. With an RC oscillator the range is equal to the entire capacitance ratio. For example: with a capacitance ratio of 1:9, an LC oscillator can be tuned over a range of 1:3. With an RC oscillator this is 1:9. For the second tip, we note that the circuit can provide sufficient power to drive a diode mixer (such as a SBL-1) directly. This type of mixer requires a local oscillator signal with a power from 5 to 10 mW and as already noted, this oscillator can deliver 50 mW. A simple attenuator with a couple of resistors is sufficient in this case to adapt the two to each other.
Power MOSFET Bridge Rectifier

The losses in a bridge rectifier can easily become significant when low voltages are being rectified. The voltage drop across the bridge is a good 1.5 V, which is a hefty 25% with an input voltage of 6V. The loss can be reduced by around 50% by using Schottky diodes, but it would naturally be even nicer to reduce it to practically zero. Thats possible with a synchronous rectifier. What that means is using an active switching system instead of a passive bridge rectifier. The principle is simple: whenever the instantaneous value of the input AC voltage is greater than the rectified output voltage, a MOSFET is switched on to allow current to flow from the input to the output. As we want to have a full-wave rectifier, we need four FETs instead of four diodes, just as in a bridge rectifier. R1R4 form a voltage divider for the rectified voltage, and R5R8 do the same for the AC input voltage. As soon as the input voltage is a bit higher than the rectified voltage, IC1d switches on MOSFET T3. Just as in a normal bridge rectifier, the MOSFET diagonally opposite T3 must also be switched on at the same time. Thats taken care of by IC1b. The polarity of the AC voltage is reversed during the next half-wave, so IC1c and IC1a switch on T4 and T1, respectively. As you can see, the voltage dividers are not fully symmetrical. The input voltage is reduced slightly to cause a slight delay in switching on the FETs. That is better than switching them on too soon, which
would increase the losses.
Be sure to use 1% resistors for the dividers, or (if you can get them) even 0.1% resistors. The control circuit around the TL084 is powered from the rectified voltage, so an auxiliary supply is not necessary. Naturally, that raises the question of how that can work. At the beginning, there wont be any voltage, so the rectifier wont work and there never will be any voltage... Fortunately, we have a bit of luck here. Due to their internal structures, all FETs have internal diodes, which are shown in dashed outline here for clarity. They allow the circuit to start up (with losses). Theres not much that has to be said about the choice of FETs its not critical. You can use whatever you can put your hands on, but bear in
mind that the loss depends on the internal resistance. Nowadays, a value of 20 to 50 mW is quite common. Such FETs can handle currents on the order of 50 A. That sounds like a lot, but an average current of 5 A can easily result in peak currents of 50 A in the FETs. The IRFZ48N (55 V @ 64 A, 16 mW) specified by the author is no longer made, but you might still be able to buy it, or you can use a different type. For instance, the IRF4905 can handle 55 V @ 74 A and has an internal resistance of 20 mR. At voltages above 6 V, it is recommended to increase the value of the 8.2-kR resistors, for example to 15 kR for 9V or 22 kR for 12 V.
On/Off Infrared Remote Control

Most homes today have at least a few infrared remote controls, whether they be for the television, the video recorder, the stereo, etc. Despite that fact, who among us has not cursed the light that remained lit after we just sat down in a comfortable chair to watch a good film? This project proposes to solve that problem thanks to its original approach. In fact, it is for a common on/off switch for infrared remote controls, but what differentiates it from the commercial products is the fact that it is capable of working with any remote control. Therefore, the first one you find allows you to turn off the light and enjoy your movie in the best possible conditions. The infrared receiver part of our project is entrusted to an integrated receiver (Sony SBX 1620-52) which has the advantage of costing less than the components required to make the same function. After being inverted by T1, the pulses delivered by this receiver trigger IC2a, which is nothing other than a D flip-flop configured in monostable mode by feeding back its output Q on its reset input via R4 and C3. The pulse that is produced on the output Q of IC.2A makes IC.2B change state, which has the effect of turning on or turning off the LED contained in IC3.
This circuit is an opto triac with zero-crossing detection which allows our setup to accomplish switching without noise. It actually triggers the triac T2 in the anode where the load to be controlled is found. The selected model allows us to switch up to 3 amperes but nothing should stop you from using a more powerful triac if this model turns out to be insufficient for your use. In order to reduce its size and total cost, the circuit is powered directly from the mains using capacitor C5 which must be a class X or X2 model rated at 230 volts AC. This type of capacitor, called self-healing, is the only type we should use today for power supplies that are connected to ground. Traditional capacitors, rated at 400 volts, do not really have sufficient safety guarantees in this area. Considering the fact that the setup is connected directly to the mains, it must be mounted in a completely insulated housing. A power outlet model works very well and can easily be used to inter-space between the grounded wall outlet and that of the remote control device. Based on this principle, this setup reacts to any infrared signal and, as we said before, this makes it compatible with any remote control. On the other hand, it has a small disadvantage which is that sometimes it might react to the normal utilization of one of these, which could be undesirable. To avoid that, we advise you to mask the infrared receiver window as much as possible so that it is necessary to point the remote control in its direction in order to activate it.
Multi-Tone Siren
This multi-tone siren is useful for burglar alarms, reverse horns, etc. It produces five different audio tones and is much more ear-catching than a single-tone siren. The circuit is built around popular CMOS oscillator-cum-divider IC 4060 and small audio amplifier LM386. IC 4060 is used as the mult-itone generator. A 100H inductor is used at the input of IC 4060. So it oscillates within the range of about 5MHz RF. IC 4060 itself divides RF signals into AF and ultrasonic ranges. Audio signals of different frequencies are available at pins 1, 2, 3, 13 and 15 of IC 4060 (IC1).
These multi-frequency signals are mixed and fed to the audio amplifier built around IC LM386. The output of IC2 is fed to the speaker through capacitor C9. If you want louder sound, use power amplifier TBA810 or TDA1010. Only five outputs of IC1 are used here as the other five outputs (pins 4 through 7 and 14) produce ultrasonic signals, which are not audible. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet. Regulated 6V-12V (or a battery) can be used to power the circuit.
IR Remote Control Tester

This small circuit is ideal for checking the basic operation of an infrared remote control unit. The circuit is based on the brilliantly simple idea of connecting a piezo buzzer directly to an IR receiver IC. This method is almost as simple as connecting a photodiode directly to the input of an oscilloscope, but has the advantage that no oscilloscope is needed: the compact unit is always ready to use and much easier to carry around than bulky test equipment.
Operation of the remote control is indicated by the buzzer making a chattering noise. The circuit is very sensitive and has a range of several meters. The TSOP1738 integrated IR receiver accepts, amplifies and demodulates the IR signal from the remote control, producing an output with a frequency of around 700 Hz. The piezo buzzer is connected to its output, rendering the signal audible. All the other components are simply concerned with producing a stable 5 V power supply from the 9V PP3-(6F22) type battery. Instead of the TSOP1738 similar devices from other manufacturers can be used, and of course carrier frequencies other than 38 kHz can be used. The circuit still works if there is a mismatch between the nominal carrier frequencies of the transmitter and receiver IC, but range is reduced. It is still, however, adequate for determining whether a remote control is producing an IR signal or not.
Fuse Saver
This circuit will be particularly useful to those hobbyists who use a breadboard to try out ideas and who also use a simple home-made DC power supply consisting of a transformer, rectifier, smoothing capacitor and protective fuse, that is, one without over current protection! In this circuit, the detecting element is resistor R6. Under normal conditions, its voltage drop is not high enough to switch on transistor T1. The value of R6 can be altered to give a different cut-off current, as determined by Ohms Law, if required. When a short circuit occurs in the load, the voltage rises rapidly and T1 starts to conduct. This draws in the relay, switching its contacts, which cuts off power to the external circuit, and instead powers the relay coil directly, latching it in this second state. The circuit remains in this state until the primary power supply is switched off. Capacitors C1 and C2 hold enough charge (via D3, D4 and D6, which prevent the charge from being lost to the rest of the circuit, whichever state it is in) to keep T1 switched on and power the
relay while it switches over, and R2 and R4 provide slow discharge paths. LEDs D1 (red) and D5 (green) indicate what state the circuit is in. Inductor L1 slows the inrush of current when the circuit is switched on, which would otherwise cut off the circuit immediately.
D2 and D7 provide the usual back-emf protection across the coils. In use, the input of the circuit is connected to the main transformer-rectifier-capacitor-fuse power supply via K1, and the output is connected to the (experimental) load via K2. Note that the input voltage must be a floating supply if Vout is grounded via the load, as Vin and Vout must not be connected together. Some consideration needs to be given to a number of components. First, the choice of relay Re1. For the prototype, this was obtained from Maplin, part number YX97F. This is has a coil resistance of 320 ?, which with R1 forms the collector load for T1. Its allowed pull-in voltage range is nominally 9 V to 19 V, which limits the input power supply voltage to between around 10 V to 30 V (DC only). R1 could be replaced by a wire link for operation at input voltages below 10 V, or increased in value, as determined by either the application of Ohms Law once more or trial and error, for an input voltage above 30 V.
Coil L1 was obtained from Farnell, part number 581-240. Finally, the protective fuse for the input power supply should be a slow-blow type; fast fuses will rupture before the relay has time to switch. Also note that this device is meant to save fuses, not replace them. A mains transformer must always be fused if it is not designed to run safely, i.e., without presenting a fire hazard, even if its output has a continuous short-circuit fault.
Protection For Telephone Line

A long time ago when telephones were so simple almost nothing could go amiss from an electrical point of view, Telecom operators installed surge protection on all telephone lines exposed to storm risks. Paradoxically, now that we are hooking up delicate and expensive equipment such as telephones filled with electronics, fax machines, (A)DSL modems, etc., this protection has disappeared. However, if you have the good fortune to live in the countryside in a building served by overhead telephone lines, theres an obvious risk of very high voltages being induced on the lines during thunderstorms. While we have lost count today of all of the modems, fax machines and other telephones that have been destroyed by a bolt of lightning, surprisingly you only have to invest a few pounds to get a remarkably efficient protection device like the one we are proposing here. During a storm, often with lightning striking near a telephone line, the line carries transient voltages up to several thousands of volts. Contrary to the HV section of television sets or electrical fences, on which practically no current is running, in the case of lighting striking current surges of thousand of amps are not uncommon. To protect oneself from such destructive pulses, traditional components are not powerful or fast enough. As you can see on our drawing, a (gas-filled) spark gap should be used. Such a component contains three electrodes, insulated from each other, in an airtight cylinder filled with rare gas. As long as the voltage present between the electrodes is below a certain threshold, the spark gap remains perfectly passive and presents an impedance of several hundreds of MW. On the other hand, when the voltage rises above this threshold, the gas is very rapidly ionized and the sparkgap suddenly becomes a full conductor to the point of being able to absorb colossal currents without being destroyed.
The one we are using here, whose size is of the same magnitude as an ordinary one watt resistor, can absorb a standardized 5,000 amps pulse lasting 8/20 ms! Since we are utilizing a threeelectrode spark gap, the voltage between the two wires of the line or between any wire and ground, cannot exceed the sparking voltage, which is about 250 volts here. Such protection could theoretically suffice but we preferred to add a second security device made with a VDR (GeMOV or SiOV depending on the manufacturer), which also limits the voltage between line wires to a maximum of 250 volts. Even if this value seems high to you, we should remember that all of the authorized telephone equipment, carrying the CE mark must be able to withstand it without damage. This is not always the case however with some low-end devices made in China, but thats an entirely different problem. Since pulses generated by lightning are very brief, the ground connection of our assembly must be as low-inductance as possible. It must therefore be short, and composed of heavy-duty wire (1.5 mm2 c.s.a. is the minimum). If not, the coil, composed of the ground connection, blocks the high frequency signal that constitutes the pulse and reduces the assemblys effectiveness to nothing. Finally, please note that this device obviously has no effect on the low frequency signals of telephones and fax machines and it does not disturb (A)DSL signals either.
Stepper Motor Controller

Stepper motors are available in several versions and sizes with a variety of operating voltages. The advantage of this general-purpose controller is that is can be used with a wide range of operating voltages, from approximately 5 V to 18 V. It can drive the motor with a peak voltage equal to half the supply voltage, so it can easily handle stepper motors designed for voltages between 2.5 V and 9 V. The circuit can also supply motor currents up to 3.5 A, which means it can be used to drive relatively large motors. The circuit is also short-circuit proof and has built-in over temperature protection. Two signals are required for driving a stepper motor. In logical terms, they constitute a Grey code, which means they are two square-wave signals with the same frequency but a constant phase difference of 90 degrees.
IC1 generates a square-wave signal with a frequency that can be set using potentiometer P1. This frequency determines the rpm of the stepper motor. The Grey code is generated by a decimal counter in the form of a 4017. Outputs Q0Q9 of the counter go high in succession in response to the rising edges of the clock signal. The Grey code can be generated from the outputs by using two OR gates, which are formed here using two diodes and a resistor for each gate, to produce the I and Q signals. Here I stands for in-phase and Q for quadrature, which means it has a 90-degree phase offset from the I signal. It is common practice to drive the windings of a stepper motor using a pair of push-pull circuits for each winding, which is called an H bridge. That makes it possible to reverse the direction of the current through each winding, which is necessary for proper operation of a bipolar motor (one whose windings do not have centre taps). Of course, it can also be used to properly drive a unipolar motor (with centre-tapped windings). Instead of using a push-pull circuit of this sort, here we decided to use audio amplifier ICs (type TDA2030), even though that may sound a bit strange. In functional terms, the TDA2030 is actually a sort of power opamp. It has a difference amplifier at the input and a push-pull driver stage at the output.
IC3, IC4 and IC5 are all of this type (which is economically priced). Here IC3 and IC4 are wired as comparators. Their non-inverting inputs are driven by the previously mentioned I and Q signals, with the inverting inputs set to a potential equal to half the supply voltage. That potential is supplied by the third TDA2030. The outputs of IC3 and IC4 thus track their non-inverting inputs, and each of them drives one motor winding.
The other ends of the windings are in turn connected to half the supply voltage, provided by IC5. As one end of each winding is connected to a square-wave signal that alternates between 0 V and a potential close to the supply voltage, while the other end is at half the supply voltage, a voltage equal to half the supply voltage is always applied to each winding, but it alternates in polarity according to the states of the I and Q signals. Thats exactly what we want for driving a bipolar stepper motor. The rpm can be varied using potentiometer P1, but the actual speed is different for each type of motor because it depends on the number of steps per revolution. The motor used in the prototype advanced by approximately 9 per step, and its speed could be adjusted over a range of approximately 2 to 10 seconds per revolution. In principle, any desired speed can be obtained by adjusting the value of C1, as long as the motor can handle it. The adjustment range of P1 can be increased by reducing the value of resistor R5. The adjustment range is 1:(1000 + R5)/R5, where R5 is given in k.If a stepper motor is switched off by removing the supply voltage from the circuit, its possible for the motor to continue turning a certain amount due to its own inertia or the mechanical load on the motor (flywheel effect). Its also possible for the position of the motor to disagree with the states of the I and Q signals when power is first applied to the circuit. As a result, the motor can sometimes get confused when starting up, with the result that it takes a step in the wrong direction before starting to move in direction defined by the drive signals. These effects can be avoided by adding the optional switch S1 and a 1-k resistor, which can then be used to start and stop the motor. When S1 is closed, the clock signal stops but IC2 retains its output levels at that moment, so the continuous currents through the motor windings magnetically lock the rotor in position. The TDA2030 has internal over temperature protection, so the output current will be reduced automatically if the IC becomes too hot. For that reason, it is recommended to fit IC3, IC4 and IC5 to a heat sink (possibly a shared heat sink) when a relatively high-power motor is used. The tab of the TO220 case is electrically bonded to the negative supply voltage pin, so the ICs can be attached to a shared heat sink without using insulating washers.
Monday, May 24, 2010
USB Powered Audio Power Amplifier

This circuit of multimedia speakers for PCs has single-chip-based design, low-voltage power supply, compatibility with USB power, easy heat-sinking, low cost, high flexibility and wide temperature tolerance. At the heart of the circuit is IC TDA2822M. This IC is, in fact, monolithic type in 8-lead mini DIP package. It is intended for use as a dual audio power amplifier in battery-powered sound players.
Specifications of TDA2822M are low quiescent current, low crossover distortion, supply voltage down to 1.8 volts and minimum output power of around 450 mW/channel with 4-ohm loudspeaker at 5V DC supply input. An ideal power amplifier can be simply defined as a circuit that can deliver audio power into external loads without generating significant signal distortion and without consuming excessive quiescent current. This circuit is powered by 5V DC supply available from the USB port of the PC. When power switch S1 is flipped to on position, 5V power supply is extended to the circuit and powerindicator red LED1 lights up instantly. Resistor R1 is a current surge limiter and capacitors C1 and C4 act as buffers. Working of the circuit is simple. Audio signals from the PC audio socket/headphone socket are fed to the amplifier circuit through components R2 and C2 (left channel), and R3 and C3 (right channel). Circuit diagram:
Potmeter VR1 works as the volume controller for left (L) channel and potmeter VR2 works for right (R) channel. Pin 7 of TDA2822M receives the left-channel sound signals and pin 6 receives the right-channel signals through VR1 and VR2, respectively. Ampl i f ied signals for driving the left and right loudspeakers are available at pins 1 and 3 of IC1, respectively. Components R5 and C8, and R6 and C10 form the traditional zobel network. Assemble the circuit on a medium-size, general-purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet. It is advisable to use a socket for IC TDA2822M. The external connections should be made using suitably screened wires for better result. Posted by abhilash at 11:09 AM No comments: Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook Home Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)
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Homemade Circuit Designs Just For You

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Friday, January 20, 2012

Simple Touch Sensitive Switch Circuit

circuit can be also used for controlling ceiling fan speeds.

Simple LED Music Light Circuit

A Simple 2-Pin Automobile Indicator Lamp Flasher Circuit with Buzzer

Simple Door Bell Timer, with Adjustable Timing Facility

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1. SwagatamJuly 6, 2012 at 10:41 AM 22 Ohms, 5watt.........

6. tech. eduardJuly 26, 2013 at 6:01 PM Hi

tech. eduardJuly 26, 2013 at 6:14 PM Hi

3. ppAugust 7, 2012 at 8:50 PM

...and what is the value of R2???

1. SwagatamAugust 7, 2012 at 10:20 PM

You are welcome Javed! Reply

6. AnonymousAugust 17, 2012 at 9:31 PM REALLY GOOD CIRCUITS Reply Replies

1. SwagatamAugust 18, 2012 at 8:03 AM Thank you! Reply

7. SamSeptember 2, 2012 at 12:10 AM really cool circuits for a budding hobbyist :D

1. SwagatamSeptember 2, 2012 at 8:39 AM My pleasure.... Reply

1. SwagatamOctober 15, 2012 at 9:38 AM Hello Jeff, Welcome to my blog!

I don't use any software, I do it on corel-draw.

1. AnonymousOctober 29, 2012 at 12:47 PM

1. SwagatamOctober 29, 2012 at 2:20 PM 0.1uF (microFarad) Reply

1. SwagatamOctober 31, 2012 at 9:28 AM 0.68uF/400V

2. AnonymousOctober 31, 2012 at 10:31 AM thanks swagatam Reply

1. SwagatamOctober 31, 2012 at 10:20 AM C1 = 474/400V(0.47uF/400V) All diodes are 1N4007

2. AnonymousOctober 31, 2012 at 10:31 AM thank u sir

3. AnonymousOctober 31, 2012 at 4:30 PM and the value of t1??

6. SwagatamOctober 31, 2012 at 10:13 PM

BD140.....or you may also try 8550, 187, or 2N2907

7. SwagatamOctober 31, 2012 at 10:16 PM all diodes are 1n4007, C1 = 1000uF/25V

2. AnonymousNovember 1, 2012 at 8:34 PM okk thanks

2. AnonymousNovember 1, 2012 at 8:35 PM okk okk i got u. Reply

1. SwagatamNovember 9, 2012 at 8:53 PM That's great....congrats. Reply

2. AnonymousNovember 10, 2012 at 10:42 PM if i use a 12volt battery??

5. SwagatamNovember 11, 2012 at 4:01 PM That's great....!!!keep it up. Reply

27. AnonymousNovember 22, 2012 at 5:43 PM

28. AnonymousNovember 23, 2012 at 5:53 PM

helloo sir.. can i use bc 547 in water alarm ?? Reply Replies

32. AnonymousNovember 25, 2012 at 6:16 PM

1. Swagatam MajumdarJanuary 13, 2013 at 8:10 PM Hi Bual,

thank u Reply Replies

AnonymousJanuary 23, 2013 at 6:04 PM thank u v much Reply

8. Bual, June VicFebruary 6, 2013 at 6:02 PM

mail me pls sir.. cepada_aj@yahoo.com Reply Replies

47. AnonymousMarch 8, 2013 at 3:42 PM

49. ivan dela cruzMarch 19, 2013 at 1:29 PM

what capacitor did you use?a ceramic or an electrolytic? Reply Replies

1. Swagatam MajumdarMarch 19, 2013 at 8:48 PM electrolytic....

53. ivan dela cruzApril 27, 2013 at 8:56 PM

54. ivan dela cruzMay 4, 2013 at 10:04 AM

2. ivan dela cruzMay 14, 2013 at 7:58 PM

7. Swagatam MajumdarMay 18, 2013 at 9:13 AM mylar will do Reply

1. Swagatam MajumdarMay 13, 2013 at 1:54 PM Google it... Reply

1. Swagatam MajumdarJuly 27, 2013 at 10:35 AM It's 50V.

64. zenilyn dimapilisAugust 8, 2013 at 3:16 PM

2. zenilyn dimapilisAugust 10, 2013 at 4:11 PM

thankx Reply Replies