Jessie Zhao Period: 1 Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast U.S. illustrator and cartoonist in the "Gilded Age.

" Horace Greely American newspaper editor, a founder of the i!eral "epu!lican Part#, a reformer, and a politician. $is %ew &or' (ri!une was America)s most influential newspaper from the 1*+,s to the 1*-,s and "esta!lished his reputation as the greatest editor of his da#." Roscoe Conkling A politician from %ew &or' who ser.ed !oth as a mem!er of the United States $ouse of "epresentati.es and the U.S. Senate. $e was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the "epu!lican Part# and the last person to refuse a U.S. Supreme /ourt appointment after he had alread# !een confirmed !# the U.S. Senate. James G. laine A U.S. "epresentati.e, Spea'er of the United States $ouse of "epresentati.es, U.S. Senator from 0aine, two1time Secretar# of State. $e was nominated for president in 1**+, !ut lost a close race to 2emocrat Gro.er /le.eland. !am"el Tilden 2emocratic candidate for presidenc# in 1*-3 won popular .ote !ut was one .ote short in electoral college, as compromise the repu!lican candidate 4$a#es5 !ecame president if troops were withdrawn from South ending the "econstruction era Charles J. G"itea" Shot President Grafield in the !ac' in a 6ashington railroad station. Allegedl# committed this crime so that Arthur, a stalwart, would !ecome President. $is attorne#s used a plea of insanit#, !ut failed and he was hung for murder. After this e.ent politics !egan to get cleaned up with things li'e the Pendelton Act. Hard or !o"nd #oney (he metallic or specie dollar is 'nown as hard mone#. 7t was e8tremel# important during the late 1*3,)s and earl# 1*-,)s, especiall# during the Panic of 1*-9. 7t was in opposition with "green!ac's" or "folding mone#." (he issuing of the "green!ac's" was o.erdone and the .alue depreciated causing inflation and the Panic of 1*-9. "$ard1mone#" ad.ocates loo'ed for the complete disappearance of the "folding mone#." Gilded $ge A name for the late 1*,,s, coined !# 0ar' (wain to descri!e the tremendous increase in wealth caused !# the industrial age and the ostentatious lifest#les it allowed the .er# rich. (he great industrial success of the U.S. and the fa!ulous lifest#les of the wealth# hid the man# social pro!lems of the time, including a high po.ert# rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the go.ernment.

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 loody%!hirt "epu!lican campaign tactic that !lamed the 2emocrats for the /i.il 6ar: it was used successfull# in campaigns from 1*3* to 1*-3 to 'eep 2emocrats out of pu!lic office, especiall# the presidenc#. T&eed Ring An American politician most nota!le for !eing the "!oss" of (amman# $all, the 2emocratic Part# political machine that pla#ed a ma;or role in the politics of 1<th centur# %ew &or' /it# and State. At the height of his influence,he was the third1largest landowner in %ew &or' /it#, a director of the =rie "ailwa#, the (enth %ational >an', and the %ew1&or' Printing /ompan#, as well as proprietor of the 0etropolitan $otel. Credit #o'ilier !candal A ;oint1stoc' compan# organi?ed in 1*39 and reorgani?ed in 1*3- to !uild the Union Pacific "ailroad. 7t was in.ol.ed in a scandal in 1*-@ in which high go.ernment officials were accused of accepting !ri!es. (hiskey Ring 2uring the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whis'e# and using their offices to a.oid pa#ing the ta8es on it, cheating the treasur# out of millions of dollars. Res"mption $ct 7t pledged the withdrawal of green!ac's from circulation and the redemption of all paper mone# in gold Crime of )*3 through the coinage act of 1*-9, the US ended the minting of sil.er dollars and placed the countr# on the gold standard. this was attac'ed !# those who supported an inflationar# monetar# polic#, particularl# farmers and !elie.ed in the unlimited coinage of sil.er land%$llison $ct (he >land1Allison Act was an 1*-* act of /ongress reAuiring the U.S. (reasur# to !u# a certain amount of sil.er and put it into circulation as sil.er dollars. Betoed !# President "utherford >. $a#es, the /ongress o.errode $a#es) .eto on Ce!ruar# @*, 1*-* to enact the law. Half% reed A half1!reed was a repu!lican political machine, headed !# James G. >lane c1*3<. (he half1 !reeds pushed repu!lican ideals and were almost a separate group that e8isted within the part#. Compromise of +,** Also 'nown as the /orrupt >argain, refers to a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1*-3 U.S. Presidential election and ended /ongressional 4""adical"5 "econstruction. (hrough it, "epu!lican "utherford >. $a#es was awarded the 6hite $ouse o.er 2emocrat Samuel J. (ilden on the understanding that $a#es would remo.e the federal

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 troops that were propping up "epu!lican state go.ernments in South /arolina, Clorida and ouisiana. Ci-il !er-ice Reform i!eral "epu!licans held a national con.ention in /incinnati in 1*-@. Platform demanded this t#pe of reform and condemned the "epu!licans) Southern polic#. %ominated "$orace Greele#" for President. .endleton $ct 1**9 law that created a /i.il Ser.ice /ommission and stated that federal emplo#ees could not !e reAuired to contri!ute to campaign funds nor !e fired for political reasons / illion 0ollar/ Congress $arrison authori?ed America)s first forest reser.e in &ellowstone, 6#oming, the same #ear: its la.ish spending and, for this reason, it incited drastic re.ersals in pu!lic support that led to /le.eland)s reelection in 1*<@. Dther important legislation passed into law !# the /ongress included the Sherman Antitrust Act, which prohi!ited !usiness com!inations that restricted trade: and the Sherman Sil.er Purchase Act, which reAuired the U.S. go.ernment to mint sil.er. Chapter #23.+ G"ided Reading 1"estions (he ">lood# Shirt" =lects Grant Enow: Ul#sses S. Grant, Dhio 7dea, "epudiation, $oratio Se#mour, >lood# Shirt 1 6as General Grant good presidential materialF 6h# did he winF General Grant was not good presidential material !ut he won !ecause of his militar# accomplishments 4ci.il war hero5. "epu!licans wanted a war hero to continue militar# reconstruction in the South. (he =ra of Good Stealings Enow: Jim Cis', Ja# Gould, >lac' Crida#, >oss (weed, Graft, (homas %ast, Samuel J. (ilden @. "(he 0an in the 0oon...had to hold his nose when passing o.er America." =8plain. 2escri!ed the corruptGfetid nature of scam ridden finance and !ri!er# politics in the post1war era. A /arni.al of /orruption Enow: /redit 0o!ilier, 6his'e# "ing, 6illiam >el'nap 9. 2escri!e two ma;or scandals that directl# in.ol.ed the Grant administration. Jim Cis' and Ja# Gould tried to con.ince 4!ri!e5 Grant to stop (reasur# selling of gold to increase the prices of gold, !ut treasur# did an#wa#. (he (weed ring, led !# >oss (weed, ruled %& and !ri!ed se.eral go.ernment officials to continue crime.

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 (he i!eral "epu!lican "e.olt of 1*-@ Enow: i!eral "epu!licans, $orace Greele# +. 6h# did i!eral "epu!licans nominate $orace Greele# for the presidenc# in 1*-@F 6h# was he a less than ideal candidateF (he# were disgusted !# militar# reconstruction under Grant admin: he wasn)t an ideal candidate !ecause he had insulted the 2emocratic part# 2epression and 2emands for 7nflation Enow: Panic of 1*-9, Green!ac's, $ard1mone#, /rime of )-9, /ontraction, Soft1mone#, >land1Allison Act H. 6h# did some people want green!ac's and sil.er dollarsF 6h# did others oppose these 'inds of currenc#F 2e!tors supported green!ac'sGsil.er !ecause the# would cause inflation and ma'e de!t easier to pa#, and miners who had struc' sil.er wanted sil.er. /reditors opposed them and supported deflationar# policies that would ma'e the credits more profita!le to them. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Enow: Gilded Age, Grand Arm# of the "epu!lic, Stalwarts, "oscoe /on'ling, $alf1>reeds, James G. >laine 3. 6h# was there such fierce competition !etween 2emocrats and "epu!licans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issuesF Cierce competition can !e attri!uted to sectionalism, old ci.il war ri.alr#, and differences in moral opinion 4often traced to differences in religion5. (he $a#es1(ilden Standoff, 1*-3 Enow: "utherford >. $a#es, Samuel J. (ilden -. 6h# were the results of the 1*-3 election in dou!tF 7n the election, (ilden won the popular .ote, !ut was 1 .ote sh# from winning in the =lectoral /ollege. (he determining electoral .otes would come from three states, ouisiana, South /arolina, and Clorida who had each sent two sets of !allots to /ongress, one with the 2emocrats .ictorious and the other with the "epu!licans .ictorious: there was no winner in these states. 7t was necessar# to find the true political part# winner of the states, although it was un'nown who would ;udge the winner of the states !ecause the president of the Senate was a "epu!lican and the Spea'er of the $ouse was a 2emocrat. (he /ompromise of 1*-- and the =nd of "econstruction Enow: /ompromise of 1*--, =lectoral /ount Act, 2a.id 2a.is, /i.il "ights /ases 41**95, *. $ow did the end of "econstruction affect African1AmericansF =nded racial eAualit#, allowed the passing of Jim /row laws, !lac's disenfranchised

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 Chapter #22.+

The Great West Big Picture Themes

1. %ati.e Americans out 6est faced two options: agree to settle on a reser.ation or fight the U.S. Arm# as Ihostiles.J Some chose reser.ations, others to fight, !ut all were cleared out. . Chapter #22.+ Identifications Sitting Bull Dne of the leaders of the Siou8 tri!e. $e was a medicine man " as wil# as he was influential." $e !ecame a prominent 7ndian leader during the Siou8 6as from 1*-311*--. (he well1armed warriors at first pro.ed to !e a superior force. 2uring /uster)s ast Stand in 1*-3, he was " ma'ing medicine" while another 7ndian, /ra?# $orse, led the Siou8. 6hen more whites arri.ed at the >attle of ittle >ig $orn, Sitting >ull and the other Siou8 we forced into /anada. George A. Custer 2isco.ered gold in >lac' $ills of South 2a'ota, his se.enth ca.alr# di.ision was decimated !# the Siou8 at the !attle of ittle >ig $orn Chief Joseph $e was chief of the %e? Perce 7ndians of 7daho. People wanting gold trespassed on their !ea.er ri.er. (o a.oid war, and sa.e his people he tried retreating to /anada with his people. (he# were cornered 9, miles from safet# and he surrendered in 1*--. !io"3 (ars lasted from 1*-311*--. (hese were spectacular clashes !etween the Siou8 7ndians and white men. (he# were spurred !# gold1greed# miners rushing into Siou8 land. (he white men were !rea'ing their treat# with the 7ndians. (he Siou8 7ndians were led !# Sitting >ull and the# were pushed !# /uster)s forces. /uster led these forces until he was 'illed at the !attle at ittle >ighorn. 0an# of the 7ndian were finall# forced into /anada, where the# were forced !# star.ation to surrender. Ghost 0ance A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the #oung !ra.es to fight. 7t was crushed at the >attle of 6ounded Enee after spreading to the 2a'ota Siou8. (his led to the 2awes Se.eralt# Act of 1**-. (his act tried to reform 7ndian tri!es and turn them into "white" citi?ens. 7t did little good Dawes Severalty Act >ill that promised 7ndians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. (he !ill was resisted, ineffecti.e, and disastrous to 7ndian tri!es Battle of Wounded Knee A group of white /hristian reformist tried to !ring /hristian !eliefs on to the 7ndians. Cearing the Ghost 2ance American troops were called to go with the reformist. 6hile camped outside of an 7ndian reser.ation a gun was fired and the troops stormed the reser.ation 'illing 7ndian men women and children.

Jessie Zhao Period: 1

Chapter # 22.+ G"ided Reading 1"estions (he /lash of /ultures on the Plain Enow: 7ndian (erritor#, Siou8, Great Siou8 "eser.ation, (enth /a.alr# 1. 2escri!e the effect of westward e8pansion on %ati.e Americans. %ati.e Americans were pushed further west, or 'illed !# the whites. (he# were effected !# disease and the wars. =.entuall# pushed into 7ndian "eser.es, and man# changed their life st#le the the Siou8 to !e more nomadic. 0an# were forced to con.ert and su!mit to the white st#le of li.ing and morals and religion. "eceding %ati.e Americans Enow: George Armstrong /uster, >o?eman (rail, Sitting >ull, >attle of ittle >ig $orn, /hief Joseph, Geronimo @. $ow was the 6est "wonF" ># e8terminating 1 as a deli!erate act of state polic# 1 most of the %ati.e American population and stealing their land. >ellowing $erds of >ison Enow: >uffalo >ill /od# 9. $ow were the >uffalo reduced from 1H million to less than a thousandF After the /i.il 6ar, o.er 1H million !ison gra?ed the western plains. ># 1**H, fewer than 1,,, were left after the !ison had !een slaughtered for their tongues, hides, or for amusement. >oth whites and nati.es were using the !uffalo for a source of food and other things. (he =nd of the (rail Enow: $elen $unt Jac'son, Ghost 2ance, >attle of 6ounded Enee, 2awes Act, /arlisle 7ndian School, 7ndian "eorgani?ation Act +. 6hat did the go.ernment do to tr# to assimilate %ati.e AmericansF (he 2awes Se.eralt# Act of 1**- dissol.ed man# tri!es as legal entities, wiped out tri!al ownership of land, and set up indi.idual 7ndian famil# heads with 13, free acres. 7f the 7ndians !eha.ed li'e "good white settlers" then the# would get full title to their holdings as well as citi?enship. (he 2awes Act attempted to assimilate the 7ndians with the white men. (he 2awes Act remained the !asis of the go.ernment)s official 7ndian polic# until the 7ndian "eorgani?ation Act of 1<9+.7n 1*-<, the go.ernment funded the /arlisle 7ndian School in Penns#l.ania.

0ining: Crom 2ishpan to Dre >rea'er Enow: Pi'e)s Pea', /omstoc' ode, Sil.er Senators H.. $ow did the disco.er# of precious metals affect the American 6estF

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 (he disco.er# of precious metals in the American 6est led to the increase in westerni?ed mo.ement, and also spurred a more industriali?ed societ# in the west. Gaps !etween political parties widened, as different parties had different .iews on the .alues of these precious metals, and the "American dream" !ecame more clear, as man# people !ecame prosperous from the metals. 0a'ers of America: (he Plains 7ndians 3. $ow was the cu1lture of the Plains 7ndians shaped !# white peopleF (he Plains 7ndians were nearl# wiped out !# white people. (he white settlers too' o.er the 7ndians) land and waged war on the 7ndians. >eef >onan?as and the ong 2ri.e Enow: ong 2ri.e, 6ild >ill $ic'o' -. 6h# was cattle ranching so profita!le in the 1*-,)sF 7t was the onl# solution to the pro!lem of not !eing a!le to get the cattle to the railroads. 7t was also .er# dangerous, and difficult. (he CarmersK Crontier Enow: $omestead Act, Great American 2esert, John 6esle# Powell, Joseph C. Glidden *. 2id the $omestead Act li.e up to its purpose of gi.ing small farmers a descent life on the plainsF %o, (he $omestead Act turned out to !e a cruel hoa8 !ecause the land gi.en to the settlers usuall# had terri!le soil and the weather included no precipitation. 0an# homesteaders were forced to gi.e their homesteads !ac' to the go.ernment. (he Car 6est /omes of Age Enow: >oomers, Sooners, 1*<,, Crederic' Jac'son (urner, &ellowstone <. 6hat were some milestones in the IclosingJ of the 6estF Some milestones in the "closing" of the 6est were that the population of the United States had e8ponentiall# increased, and man# nature1preser.ation steps were !eing ta'en, such as the founding of &ellowstone in 1*-@. (he Cading Crontier Enow: Crancis Par'man, George /atlin, Crederic "emington 1,. 6hat effects has the frontier had on the de.elopment of the United StatesF (he frontier was accounta!le for the opening of man# new opportunities for immigrants to !e successful, .ast, new areas of land to !e filled, and as such, a huge population increase. (he frontier, !ecause of its profita!ilit#, also promoted industriali?ation.

Chapter #245 Industry

Comes of Age Big Picture Themes

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 1. >efore the /i.il 6ar, railroads had !ecome important. After the war, railroads !oomed and were critical to the nation. "ailroads, along with steel, were to !e the s'eleton on which the nationKs econom# would !e !uilt. @. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time e.er. (#coons li'e /arnegie and "oc'efeller made fortunes. (his t#pe of wealth was championed !# ISocial 2arwinismJ where the strong win in !usiness. 9. Unfortunatel#, man# of the mega1industries, li'e railroads, grew at the e8pense of the Ilittle manKsJ interest. As !usinesses, the# were out to ma'e mone#, and the# did. >ut the wor'ing man cried foul. +. (o right these wrongs, the !eginnings of anti1trusts !egan 4to !ust the monopolies5 and organi?ed la!or got a ;umpstart 4although the# were still rather ineffecti.e5. Chapter #245 7dentifications Go-ernment !"'sidies 7t is 'nown as a su!.ention, a term of financial assistance paid to a !usiness or economic sector. Transcontinental Railroad /ompleted in 1*3< at Promontor#, Utah, it lin'ed the eastern railroad s#stem with /alifornia)s railroad s#stem, re.olutioni?ing transportation in the west, A railroad that stretches across a continent from coast to coast. (he (ranscontinental "ailroad made it so that it was easier to for mail and goods to tra.el faster and cheaper. 7t too' land awa# from %ati.e Americans and man# were 'illed in the earl# stages. Corneli"s 6ander'ilt created a railroad empire worth millions !# crushing competitors and ignoring protests from the pu!lic. !# the time of his death in 1*--, his companies controlled +,H,, miles of trac' and lin'ed %ew &or' /it# to the Great a'e "egion1 son continued the empire Jay Go"ld Dften regarded as the most unethical of the "o!!er >arons, he was in.ol.ed with (amman# $all and >oss (weed earl# in his career. After damaging his reputation in a gold speculation that instigated the panic of >lac' Crida# in 1*3<, he went on to gain control of western railroads and !# 1**@ had controlling interest in 1HL of the countr#)s trac's. Although mistrusted !# man# of his contemporaries, he was recogni?ed as a s'illed !usinessman. Interstate Commerce Commission prohi!ited re!ates and pools, reAuired railroads to pu!lish rates, for!ade discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for short haul than for a long one o.er the same line, Appro.ed on Ce!ruar# +, 1**- the 7nterstate /ommerce Act created an 7nterstate /ommerce /ommission to o.ersee the conduct of the railroad industr#. 6ith this act the railroads !ecame the first industr# su!;ect to Cederal regulation.

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 6ertical Integration a!sorption into a single firm of se.eral firms in.ol.ed in all aspects of a product)s manufacture from raw materials to distri!ution Hori7ontal Integration A techniAue used !# John 2. "oc'efeller. $ori?ontal integration is an act of ;oining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopol#. "oc'efeller was e8cellent with using this techniAue to monopoli?e certain mar'ets. 7t is responsi!le for the ma;orit# of his wealth. Tr"sts an economic method that had other companies assigns their stoc's to the !oard of trust who would manage them. (his made the head of the !oard, or the corporate leader wealth#, and at the same time 'illed off competitors not in the trust. (his method was usedGde.eloped !# "oc'efeller, and helped him !ecome e8tremel# wealth#. 7t was also used in creating monopolies. J... #organ >usiness man 1refinanced railroads during depression of 1*<9 1 !uilt inters#stem alliance !# !u#ing stoc' in competeing railroads 1 mar'eted US go.ernemnt securities on large scale !herman $nti%Tr"st $ct Cirst federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law !# $arrison and was e8tensi.el# used !# (heodore "oose.elt for trust1!usting. $owe.er, it was initiall# misused against la!or unions 8ello& 0og Contracts an agreement some companies forced wor'ers to ta'e that for!ade them from ;oining a union. (his was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their de.elopment. lacklists A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disli'ed !# !usiness. (he# were refused ;o!s and harassed !# unions and !usinesses. Haymarket !9"are incident 1,,,,,, wor'ers rioted in /hicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the wor'ers met and rallied in $a#mar'et SAuare to protest police !rutalit#. A !om! e8ploded, 'illing or in;uring man# of the police. (he /hicago wor'ers and the man who set the !om! were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti1immigrant feelings. Chapter #24 G"ided Reading 1"estions (he 7ron /olt >ecomes an 7ron $orse Enow: and grants

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 1. 6hat were the ad.antages and disad.antages of go.ernment su!sidies for the railroadsF

(he railroads would often sell the land and ma'e mone# off the land that was paid for !# citi?ens 4their ta8 mone# goes to the go.ernment, which ga.e the land grants5. (he# also withheld land from other users until the# figured out where their trac's would la#. A !enefit was that railroad companies were a!le to e8pand further west. Granting land was a "cheap" wa# to su!sidi?e a much1desired transportation s#stem, !ecause it a.oided new ta8es for direct cash grants. Spanning the /ontinent with "ails Enow: Union Pacific, /entral Pacific, Paddies, eland Stanford @. 2escri!e how the first transcontinental railroad was !uilt. (he /entral Pacific "ailroad /ompan# started !uilding in Sacramento and continued east across the Sierra %e.ada, while a second compan#, the Union Pacific "ailroad, !uilt westward from the 0issouri "i.er, near the 7daho1%e!ras'a !order 4Dmaha5. (he two lines of trac' met in the middle. >inding the /ountr# with "ailroad (ies Enow: (he Great %orthern, James J. $ill 9. =8plain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans. Americans would !e connected across the countr#, which would help tra.el time, the a!ilit# to connect with different t#pes of people, and allow people to get produce and meats from different parts of the countr# 4due to the decreased tra.el time5. People could also !egin to mo.e west. (rade with Asia increased. $owe.er, railroad construction was laced with scandal and corruption, which hurt Americans financiall# 4e8. /redit 0o!ilier5. Also, the wor' was .er# dangerous, and man# people were 'illed on the ;o!. 7n addition, railroads created man# millionaires who could control the pu!lic and place large ta8es on farmers. "ailroad /onsolidation and 0echani?ation Enow: /ornelius Bander!ilt, Pullman /ars +. 6hat technological impro.ements helped railroadsF 0ore efficient and economical steel rails, standard gauge of trac' 4which reduced need for numerous car changes5, the 6estinghouse air !ra'e which increased safet#, and other safet# de.ices li'e the telegraph. "e.olution !# "ailwa#s Enow: (ime Zones H. 6hat effects did the railroads ha.e on America as a wholeF "ailroads created a huge domestic mar'et for raw materials and manufactured goods and spurred industriali?ation and ur!ani?ation: stimulated mining and agriculture: too' farmers to land and goods to people: started cities, created more millionaires, dro.e creation of time ?ones. 6rongdoing in "ailroading Enow: Ja# Gould, Stoc' 6atering, Pools

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 3. 6hat wrongdoing were railroads guilt# ofF

Stoc' watering 4which ena!led railroad stoc' promoters to inflate their claims a!out a gi.en line)s assets and profita!ilit# and sell stoc's and !onds in e8cess of the railroad)s actual .alue5 as well as other corruption such as !ri!er#. Go.ernment >ridles the 7ron $orse Enow: 6a!ash, 7nterstate /ommerce /ommission -. 6as the 7nterstate /ommerce Act an important piece of legislationF &es, it prohi!ited re!ates and pools and reAuired the railroads to pu!lish their rates openl#. 0ost important, it set up the 7nterstate /ommerce /ommission to administer and enforce the new legislation. 0iracles of 0echani?ation Enow: 0esa!i "ange, Ale8ander Graham >ell, (homas =dison *. 6hat factors made industrial e8pansion possi!leF A!undant liAuid capital, natural resources li'e oil and coal, cheap la!or in immigrant population, and easier transportation of raw materials and goods than's to railroads. (he (rust (itan =merges Enow: Andrew /arnegie, John 2. "oc'efeller, J.P. 0organ, Bertical 7ntegration, $ori?ontal 7ntegration, (rust, 7nterloc'ing 2irectorate <. $ow did !usinesses organi?e to tr# to ma8imi?e profitsF Used hori?ontal integration 4all#ing with competitors to monopoli?e a mar'et5, trusts 4consolidations of formerl# competing companies) stoc's into a single enterprise large enough to dri.e out remaining competitors5, and interloc'ing directorates 4placing officers of a larger competitor on the .arious !oards of directors of competitors5. (he Supremac# of Steel Enow: $ea.# 7ndustr#, /apital Goods, /onsumer Goods, >essemer Process 1,. 6h# was steel so important for industriali?ationF (he metal ultimatel# held together the new ci.ili?ation, from s'#scrapers to coal scuttles, while pro.iding it with food, shelter, and transportation. Steel ma'ing, nota!l# rails for railroads, t#pified the dominance of "hea.# industr#," which concentrated on ma'ing "capital goods," as distinct from the production of "consumer goods" such as clothes and shoes. (he production of steel also !ecame a ma;or mar'et. /arnegie and Dther Sultans of Steel Enow: Andrew /arnegie, J.P. 0organ 11. >riefl# descri!e the careers of Andrew /arnegie and J.P. 0organ. After accumulating some capital, /arnegie entered the steel !usiness. ># 1<,, he was producing one1fourth of the nation)s >essemer steel. 0organ made a legendar# reputation for himself !# financing the reorgani?ation of railroads, insurance companies, and !an's 4!an'er)s !an'er5. /arnegie, loo'ing to sell his !usiness, !artered with 0organ until the# finall# came to the

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 agreement of +,, million dollars. 0organ went on to !u# other !usinesses and de.elop the first 1.+ !illion dollar !usiness. "oc'efeller Grows an American >eaut# "ose Enow: Eerosene 1@. $ow was John 2. "oc'efeller a!le to !ecome so wealth#F ># ruthlessl# emplo#ing hori?ontal integration and trusts to near1monopoli?e the oil industr# with his Standard Dil /ompan# of Dhio. (he Gospel of 6ealth Enow: Social 2arwinism 19. $ow did the wealth# ;ustif# their wealthF Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth (the rich were meant to be rich, and had worked hard to achieve it, so they deserved it). Go.ernment (ac'les the (rust =.il Enow: Sherman Anti1(rust Act 1+. 6hat two methods were tried !# those who opposed the trustsF a!or unions and stri'es. (he South in the Age of 7ndustr# 1H. $ow successful were Southerners at industriali?ingF (heir success was limited 4often !# %ortherner industrialists5 !ut the# found some success with the inno.ation of the machine made cigarette. (he 7mpact of the %ew 7ndustrial "e.olution on America 13. 2escri!e the positi.e and negati.e effects of the industrial re.olution on wor'ing Americans. (he nation of farmers and independent producers was !ecoming a nation of wage earners. 7ndustriali?ation ga.e women more independence. >rought corruption in econom# and politics, widened class di.ides, connected nation more than e.er, increased ur!ani?ation 4and poor conditions in those ur!an areas5. 7n Unions (here is Strength Enow: Sca!s, oc'1out, &ellow1dog /ontract, >lac' ist, /ompan# (own 1-. 6hat conditions e8isted in America that led Ja# Gould to sa#, "7 can hire one half of the wor'ing class to 'ill the other half"F Jo! securit# was so low, wor'ers were so easil# replaced, people were alwa#s searching for and tr#ing to 'eep their ;o!s to support themsel.es and their families so stri'es were usuall# ineffecti.e and often detrimental to the stri'ers. a!or imps Along Enow: %ational a!or Union, Enights of a!or 1*. =8plain the similarities and differences !etween the %ational a!or Union and the Enights of a!or.

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 (he %ational a!or Union S'illed included uns'illed and farmers !ut e8cluded the /hinese: the# didn)t tr# .er# hard to aid women and !lac's. (he Enights were created in 1*3< as a secret societ# and sought to include all wor'ers, !arred onl# "nonproducers:" !road goals included economic and social reform, codes for safet# and health: the# frowned upon industrial warfare and wanted an * hour wor' da#. Unhorsing the Enights of a!or Enow: $a#mar'et SAuare 1<. 6hat factors led to the decline of the Enights of a!orF (he# !ecame in.ol.ed in man# failing 0a# 2a# stri'es in 1**3. 7n /hicago the# were accidentall# in.ol.ed with anarchists when the $a#mar'et SAuare >om! occured in con;unction with a Enights of a!or stri'e. Another fatal handicap of the Enights was their inclusion of !oth s'illed and uns'illed wor'ers. (he AC of to the Core Enow: American Cederation of a!or, Samuel Gompers, /losed Shop @,. $ow was the AC different from pre.ious unionsF ed !# Samuel Gompers: an alliance of s'illed wor'ers in craft unions: concentrated on !rea1and1!utter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and !etter wor'ing conditions. 0a'ers of America: (he Enights of a!or Enow: 0other Jones, (erence Powderl# @1. 6ere the Enights conser.ati.e or re.olutionar# in their ideasF (he Enights were conser.ati.es in their ideas. Bar#ing Biewpoints: 7ndustriali?ation: >oon or >light @@. (o what degree is it possi!le for common people to impro.e their status in industrial AmericaF Cor a common person to impro.e their status in industrial America was difficult unless the person was e8tremel# luc'# !ut e.en then, man# immigrants had low wages and were loo'ed down on societ#. Chapter #2:5 America

Moves to the City Big Picture

Themes
1. /ities grew !ecause factories grew. (he 7ndustrial "e.olution 'ic'ed into gear in America in the late 1*,,s and factories needed wor'ers, so people floc'ed to the cities.

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 @. Pro!lems arose as cities !oomed. (he pro!lems included: e8ploitation of immigrant la!orers, poorGunhealth# wor' conditions, o.er1crowdedness and sanitation pro!lems, corrupton, and Inati.ismJ 4anti1immigrant feelings5. 9. >oo'er (. 6ashington M 6.=.>. 2u>ois were the top !lac' leaders. (he# disagreed on how to help !lac'sN6ashington encouraged !lac's to o!tain a practical s'ill at a trade school, 2u>ois encouraged !lac's to stud# an#thing the# wished, e.en academic su!;ects. +. (he roles of women !egan to change, if onl# slightl#. 0ore women wor'ed, though most were still at home. (he Inew womanJ was ideali?ed !# the althletic, outgoing IGi!son Girl.J Chapter #2: Identifications Florence Kelley woman who wor'ed at the $ull $ouse: successfull# lo!!ied in 1*<9 for an 7llinois antisweatshop law that protected women wor'ers and prohi!ited child la!or: lifelong !attler for the welfare of women, children, !lac's, and consumers: later mo.ed to the $enr# Street Settlement in %ew &or' and ser.ed for three decades as general secretar# of the %ational /onsumers eaguea ary Ba!er "ddy founded the /hurch of /hrist, Scientist in 1*-< and was the author of its fundamental doctrinal te8t!oo', Science and $ealth with Ee# to the Scriptures Willia# Ja#es as a pioneering American ps#chologist and philosopher. $e wrote influential !oo's on the #oung science of ps#cholog#, educational ps#cholog#, ps#cholog# of religious e8perience and m#sticism, and the philosoph# of pragmatism $enry George $e was a ;ournalist1author and an original thin'er. he saw po.ert# at its worst in 7ndia and wrote the classic Progress and Po.ert#. this !oo' in 1*-< !ro'e into the !est1seller lists. he !elie.ed that the pressure of a growing population with a fi8ed suppl# of land pushed up propert# .alues. $oratio Alger a popular writer of the Post1/i.il 6ar time period. $e was a Puritan %ew =nglander who wrote more than a hundred .olumes of ;u.enile fiction during his career: the famous "rags to riches" theme. ar! %wain $e was America)s most popular author, !ut also renowned platform lecturer. $e li.ed from 1*9H to 1<1,. Used "romantic" t#pe literature with comed# to entertain his audiences. 7n 1*-9 along with the help of /harles 2udle# 6arner he wrote (he Gilded Age. (his is wh# the time

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 period is called the "Gilded Age". (he greatest contri!ution he made to American literature was the wa# he captured the frontier realism and humor through the dialect his characters use. &ativis# a philosoph# in which #ou hate immigrants and ha.e much patriotism 'hilanthropy 6ith the wealth of this time period, pri.ate organi?ations were formed from single indi.idual wealth# persons and would !ecome some of the largest foundations in the world, the# would help the people and foreign nations. Social Gospel the religious doctrines preached !# those who !elie.ed that the churches should directl# address economic and social pro!lems Settle#ent $ouse a house where immigrants came to li.e upon entering the U.S. At these pla.es, instruction was gi.en in =nglish and how to get a ;o!, among other things. (he first one was the $ull $ouse, which was opened !# Jane Addams in /hicago in 1**<. (hese centers were usuall# run !# educated middle class women. (he# !ecame centers for reform in the women)s and la!or mo.ements. Wo#en(s Christian %e#perance )nion women)s organi?ation founded !# reformer Crances 6illard and others to oppose alcohol consumption "ighteenth A#end#ent did awa# with all iAuor, ma'ing it illegal. Chapter #2:5 Identifications (he Ur!an Crontier Enow: ouis Sulli.an, 6al'ing /ities, 2epartment Stores, (enements 1. 6hat factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1*,,)sF 7ndustrial ;o!s drew people off their farms and into factor# centers: Dther AttractionsOglitter of cit# lights, electricit#, indoor plum!ing, telephones, engineering mar.els. (he perfection of the s'#scraper allowed more li.ing space on less land. (he %ew 7mmigration @. $ow were the new immigrants different from the old immigrantsF (he %ew 7mmigrants came from southern and eastern =urope 4instead of western =urope5: the# included 7talians, Slo.a's, /roats, Gree's, and Poles: man# worshipped in orthodo8 churches or s#nagogues. (he# were largel# poor and illiterate, not used to democrac#. Southern =urope Uprooted 9. 6h# did the new immigrants come to America in such large num!ersF

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 (he# left their nati.e countries !ecause =urope seemed to ha.e no room for them, !ecause America seemed so promising, and !ecause the# sought religious freedom. 0a'ers of America: (he 7talians Enow: >irds of Passage, padron +. $ow did 7talian immigrants li.e their li.es in AmericaF (he# clustered in tightl# 'nit ur!an communities and wor'ed as industrial la!orers. "eactions to the %ew 7mmigration Enow: Political >osses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, $ull $ouse, Settlement houses, illian 6ald, Clorence Eelle# H. $ow did political !osses help immigrantsF (he# traded ;o!s and ser.ices for .otes. (he# often found housing for immigrants, ga.e them food and clothing, and helped set up schools, par's, and hospitals in ethnic communities. %arrowing the 6elcome 0at Enow: %ati.ists, Anglo1Sa8on, American Protecti.e Association, Statue of i!ert# 3. 7n 1**3, what was ironic a!out the words inscri!ed on the !ase of the Statue of i!ert#F (heir welcoming ideal contradicted the recent federal laws which !loc'ed the /hinese and undesira!les 4such as criminals and paupers5 from the nation. /hurches /onfront the Ur!an /hallenge Enow: 2wight #man 0ood#, /ardinal Gi!!ons, Sal.ation Arm#, 0ar# >a'er =dd#, &0/A -. 6hat role did religion pla# in helping the ur!an poorF /hristian socialism pric'ed the consciences of the middle class for future reform, cit# programs li'e &0/A helped need#. /atholic leaders emplo#ed growing influence to assist reform mo.ements. 2arwin 2isrupts the /hurches Enow: /harles 2arwin, Drigin of the Species, Cundamentalists, 0odernists, /olonel "o!ert G. 7ngersoll, *. 6hat effect did the theor# of e.olution ha.e on /hristian churchesF /harles 2arwins theor# on e.olution created man# rifts in the church. 0odernist clerg#men were thrown out of office and un!elief was promoted. (he ust for earning Enow: %ormal Schools, Eindergarten, /hautauAua < 6hat ad.ances too' place in education in the #ears following the /i.il 6arF Cree te8t!oo's !eing pro.ided !# ta8pa#ers, teacher1training schools e8panded, 'indergartens gained support, %ew 7mmigration !rought .ast new strength to pri.ate /atholic parochial schoolspu!lic schools howe.er e8cluded millions of adults11Ppartiall# remedied !# the /hautauAua mo.ement:organi?ers achie.ed success through nationwide pu!lic lectures, e8tensi.e courses of home stud# >oo'er (. 6ashington and =ducation for >lac' People

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 Enow: >oo'er (. 6ashington, (us'egee 7nstitute, Accomodationist, George 6ashington /ar.er, 6.=.>. 2u >ois, %AA/P 1,. =8plain the differences in !elief !etween >oo'er (. 6ashington and 6.=.>. 2u >ois. 6ashington)s self1help approach to sol.ing the nation)s racial pro!lems was la!eled "accommodationist" !ecause it stopped short of directl# challenging white supremac#, instead promoting practical education and economic independence. 2u >ois demanded complete and immediate eAualit# for !lac's in societ#, econom#, and life. (he $allowed $alls of 7.# Enow: Bassar, $oward, 0orrill Act, and Grant /olleges, $atch Act 11. 6hat factors allowed the num!er of college students to dramaticall# increaseF 7n the #ears after the /i.il 6ar, college enrollment dramaticall# increased due to land grants that allowed the de.elopment of multipurpose institutions with programs characteristic of the leading twentieth1centur# uni.ersities 4electi.e approach5 throughout the countr#. Plus philanthrop# (he 0arch of the 0ind Enow: 6illiam James 1@. 2escri!e some of the intellectual achie.ements of the late 1*,,Ks. Ad.ances in pu!lic health and increased philosoph# and ps#cholog# 46illiam James5. =lecti.e selection of courses in higher education. (he Appeal of the Press Enow: Joseph Pulit?er, 6illiam "andolph $earst, &ellow Journalism 19. $ow did the a!ilit# to produce newspapers ine8pensi.el# change their contentF /heaper newspapers meant appealing to the masses who could now afford them: content !ecame riddled with se8, scandal, rumor, and human1interest. Apostles of "eform Enow: =dwin . God'in, $enr# George, =dward >ellam# 1+. $ow did writers in the 1*-,)s and 1**,)s tr# to address the pro!lems of their timeF 7n maga?ines, newspapers, and no.els, writers promoted social reform, ci.il1ser.ice reform, honest#, and economic growth. Postwar 6riting Enow: 2ime no.els, $oratio Alger, 6alt 6hitman, =mil# 2ic'inson 1H. 2id the trends in writing after the /i.il 6ar ma'e it a good period for literatureF =8plain. (he literature post1/i.il war had fantastic historical conte8t that made it real and effecti.e.

iterar# andmar's Enow: Eate /hopin, 0ar' (wain, >ret $arte, 6illiam 2ean $owells, Stephen /rane, $enr# James, Jac' ondon, Cran' %orris, Paul aurence 2un!ar, /harles 6. /hestnut, (heodore 2reiser. 13 6hat did man# writers in the late 1*,,)s ha.e in commonF

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 6riters such as 0ar' (wain, Stephen /rane, >ret $arte, 6illiam 2ean, $owells and /hopin !egan relating their literar# wor' to some of the realism of an industrial societ#. (he %ew 0oralit# Enow: Bictoria 6oodhull, Anthon# /omstoc' 1-. 6hat e.idence demonstrated a !attle raging o.er se8ual moralit#F (he antics of the 6oodhull sisters and Anthon# /omstoc' e8posed to da#light the !attle going on in late1nineteenth1centur# America o.er se8ual attitudes and the place of women. Camilies and 6omen in the /it# Enow: /harlotte Per'ins Gilman, =li?a!eth /ad# Stanton, Susan >. Anthon#, /arrie /hapman /att, %ational 6omen Suffrage Association, 7da >. 6ells 1*. 6hat changes were occurring in the women)s rights mo.ementF %ewest leader /arrie /hapman /att stressed the desira!ilit# of gi.ing women the .ote if the# were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homema'ers and mothers in the increasingl# pu!lic world of the cit#. 6omen had special responsi!ilit# for the health of the famil# and the education of children, the argument ran. Dn the farm, women could discharge these responsi!ilities in the separate sphere of the isolated homestead. >ut in the cit#, the# needed a .oice on !oards of pu!lic health, police commissions, and school !oards. ># thus lin'ing the !allot to a traditional definition of women)s role, suffragists registered encouraging gains as the new centur# opened. Prohi!ition of Alcohol and Social Progress Enow: 6omen)s /hristian (emperance Union, /arrie %ation, Anti1Saloon eague, 1*th Amendment, /lara >arton 1<. 6hat social causes were women 4and man# men5 in.ol.ed in the late 1*,,)sF 6omen)s suffrage, temperanceGprohi!ition, animal protection. Artistic (riumphs Enow: James 6histler, John Singer Sargent, 0ar# /assatt, George 7nness, (homas =a'ins, 6inslow $omer, Augustus Saint1Gaudens, 0etropolitan Dpera $ouse, $enr# $. "ichardson, /olum!ian =8position @,. 6h# is this section titled "artistic triumphsF" (he reason wh# the section is titled this name is !ecause it descri!es all the performing arts successors who ha.e changed societ#. (he >usiness of Amusement Enow: Baude.ille, P.(. >arnum, >uffalo >ill /od#, Annie Da'le#, James %aismith @1. 6hat forms of recreation !ecame popular from 1*-, to 1<,,F >ase!all, foot!all, croAuet, !o8ing, !ic#cling, !as'et!all, 6ild 6est shows, circuses, minstrel shows.

Jessie Zhao Period: 1

Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes

Chapter #23.2 1. (he go.ernment did reach the !illion dollar le.el for the first time. (his was largel# due to militar# pension plans. (he plans were .er# popular and re.ealed the goal of the legislatorsN pass something that will get me reelected. @. Populism started. (his was a farmer and wor'er mo.ement that sought to clean up the go.ernment, !ring it !ac' to the people, and help the wor'ing man out. Chapter #23.2 Identifications James $. Garfield still deadloc'ed in the 1**, election, the Stalwarts and $alf1>reeds nominated this compromise "dar' horse" for president Chester $. $rth"r An American politician who ser.ed as the @1st President of the United States. $e was a mem!er of the "epu!lican Part# and wor'ed as a law#er !efore !ecoming the @,th Bice President under James Garfield. 6hile Garfield was mortall# wounded !# /harles J. Guiteau on Jul# @, 1**1, he did not die until Septem!er 1< of that #ear, at which time he was sworn in as president, ser.ing until 0arch +, 1**H. Charles J. G"itea" Shot President Grafield in the !ac' in a 6ashington railroad station. Allegedl# committed this crime so that Arthur, a stalwart, would !ecome President. $is attorne#s used a plea of insanit#, !ut failed and he was hung for murder. After this e.ent politics !egan to get cleaned up with things li'e the Pendelton Act. Gro-er Cle-eland was the @@nd and @+th President of the United States. /le.eland is the onl# president to ser.e two non1consecuti.e terms Res"mption $ct 7t pledged the withdrawal of green!ac's from circulation and the redemption of all paper mone# in gold Crime of )*3 through the coinage act of 1*-9, the US ended the minting of sil.er dollars and placed the countr# on the gold standard. this was attac'ed !# those who supported an inflationar# monetar# polic#, particularl# farmers and !elie.ed in the unlimited coinage of sil.er land%$llison $ct (he >land1Allison Act was an 1*-* act of /ongress reAuiring the U.S. (reasur# to !u# a certain amount of sil.er and put it into circulation as sil.er dollars. Betoed !# President

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 "utherford >. $a#es, the /ongress o.errode $a#es) .eto on Ce!ruar# @*, 1*-* to enact the law. Half% reed A half1!reed was a repu!lican political machine, headed !# James G. >lane c1*3<. (he half1 !reeds pushed repu!lican ideals and were almost a separate group that e8isted within the part#. #"g&"mp "epu!lican political acti.ists who supported 2emocratic candidate Gro.er /le.eland in the United States presidential election of 1**+. (he# switched parties !ecause the# re;ected the financial corruption associated with "epu!lican candidate, James >laine. .endleton $ct of +,33 1**9 law that created a /i.il Ser.ice /ommission and stated that federal emplo#ees could not !e reAuired to contri!ute to campaign funds nor !e fired for political reasons Thomas . Reed Spea'er of the $ouse who hanged $ouse rules so there was no ma;orit# rule. (he minorit# fili!uster was o!solete which increased the speed of their progress. / illion 0ollar/ Congress $arrison authori?ed America)s first forest reser.e in &ellowstone, 6#oming, the same #ear: its la.ish spending and, for this reason, it incited drastic re.ersals in pu!lic support that led to /le.eland)s reelection in 1*<@. Dther important legislation passed into law !# the /ongress included the Sherman Antitrust Act, which prohi!ited !usiness com!inations that restricted trade: and the Sherman Sil.er Purchase Act, which reAuired the U.S. go.ernment to mint sil.er. .ension $ct Pension gi.en to all /i.il 6ar Beterans who had ser.ed for at least <, da#s and were una!le to wor'. Chapter #23.2 G"ided Reading 1"estions (he >irth of Jim /row in the Post1"econstruction South Enow: "edeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim /row laws, Plessy v. Ferguson 1. Anal#?e the data in the l#nching chart on page H19.

/lass /onflicts and =thnic /lashes Enow: Great "ailroad Stri'e of 1*--, 2enis Eearne#, /oolies, /hinese =8clusion Act @. 6hat was the significance of the Great "ailroad Stri'e of 1*--F A group of railroad wor'ers on the >altimore and Dhio "ailroad rose up and !egan to stri'e due to wage cuts. (his spread up and down the railroad line across the nation. "ailroad roadhouse

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 were torched. President "utherford >. $a#es sent in troops to stop the stri'e. 1,, people died in the stri'e Garfield and Arthur Enow: James A. Garfield, /harles J. Guiteau, /hester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1**9 9. 6hat new t#pe of corruption resulted from the Pendleton ActF (he ci.il1ser.ice reform forced politicians to gain support and funds from !ig1!usiness leaders 4marriage of politics and !ig !usiness5 (he >laine1/le.eland 0udslingers of 1**+ Enow: James G. >laine, (attooed man, 0ugwumps, Gro.er /le.eland, 0a, ma where)s m# paF, "um, "omanism and "e!ellion +. =8plain how character pla#ed a part in the presidential election of 1**+. 2emocrats unco.ered 0ulligan letters that re.ealed >laine to !e dishonest, while "epu!licans found out that /le.eland had had an affair and possi!l# and illegitimate child. >oth were arguing points of the respecti.e parties 4mudslinging5 IDld Gro.er" (a'es D.er H. Assess the following statement: "As president, Gro.er /le.eland go.erned as his pre.ious record as go.ernor indicated he would." $e had said though the people support the go.ernment the go.ernment should not support the people. .etoed act to pro.ide seed, wanted lower tariff. /le.eland >attles for a ower (ariff 3. 6hat were the reasons !ehind /le.eland)s stance in fa.or of lower tariffsF lower prices for consumers and less protection for monopolies, end to treasur# surplus (he >illion 2ollar /ongress Enow: (homas "eed, /i.il 6ar pensions, 0cEinle# (ariff Act of 1*<, -. =8plain wh# the tariff was detrimental to American farmers. 2isrupts the trading mar'et a!road for American farmers. 2ro.e up prices for farm eAuipment and decreased prices on American agricultural goods.

(he 2rum!eat of 2iscontent Enow: Populists *. 6hat was the most re.olutionar# aspect of the Populist platformF 2efend #our answer with e.idence.

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 An epidemic of nationwide stri'es in the summer of 1*<@ raised the prospect that the Populists could weld together angered farmers /le.eland and 2epression Enow: Gro.er /le.eland, 2epression or 1*<9, 6illiam Jennings >r#an, Sherman Sil.er Purchase Act <. 6hat could /le.eland ha.e done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoilF Eeep tariffs high, implement inflationar# policies 4sil.er currenc#Gpurchase5. /le.eland >reeds a >ac'lash Enow: 6ilson Gorman (ariff 1,. 7s the characteri?ation of the Gilded Age presidents as the Iforgetta!le presidentsJ a fair oneF =8plain. (hese presidents ultimatel# sent our econom# downhill and caused a lot of destruction with their greediness and ineptitude. (he# should !e forgotten or remem!ered for their infam#. Chapter #22.2 Agricultural

Revolution and Populism Big

Picture Themes
1. 0iners loo'ing for sil.er andGor gold fled to /olorado and %e.ada see'ing Auic' fortune. A few found it, the .ast ma;orit# didnKt. @. /attle !ecame 'ing in (e8as as cow!o#s dro.e herds north to the Eansas railroads and reaped Auic' mone#. 9. Carmers struggled out west due to se.eral pro!lems: weather, insects, high mortgage rates, high railroad shipping rates, and low prices for their crops. +. (he farmersK struggles led to the PeopleKs 4or Populist5 Part#. (his part# sought Icheap mone#J 4or sil.er mone#5 in order to create inflation and thus ma'e it easier to pa# off de!ts. Chapter #2252 Identifications Joseph F. Glidden 41*1911<,35A nati.e of %ew $ampshire, an 7llinois farmer when he de.eloped a commonplace product that would transform the 6est: !ar!ed wire. Ja#es B. Weaver $e held se.eral offices in 7owa !efore he adopted the cause of reform and was elected 41*-*5 to the U.S. $ouse of "epresentati.es on the Green!ac' part# tic'et. 7n 1**, he was the unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Green!ac' part#. 6ea.er continued to ad.ocate "soft1mone#" .iews. $e helped form the Carmers) AllianceNan agrarian reform mo.ementN and when that organi?ation !ecame the Populist Part#, 6ea.er ran 41*<@5 as its presidential candidate. Although defeated, he polled more than one million popular and @@ electoral .otes.

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 *liver $. Kelly Counded "(he Grange," helped impro.e the li.es of isolated farmers ary "li+a,eth -ease !ecame well 'nown during the earl# 1*<,)s for her actions as a spea'er for the populist part#. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memora!le speeches on !ehalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the mone#1gru!!ing go.ernment and encouraged farmers to spea' their discontent with the economic situation. Co#stoc! -ode 7n 1*H<, A great amount of gold and sil.er was disco.ered in %e.ada. (he "fift#1niners" rushed to %e.ada in their own hopes of getting rich, which caused %e.ada to !ecome a state. 7t pro.ided three electoral .otes for President incoln. -ong Drive too' place in the 1**,)s in the 6estern plain states 1 /attle ranchers needed a wa# to easil# transport their cattle to eastern cities 1 /ow!o#s would round up a lot of cattle and "dri.e" them to areas near railroad stations 1 0ost of these dri.es went from southern (e8as up to Eansas $o#estead Act (his law, passed in 1*3@, stated that a settler could acAuire up to 13, acres of land and pa# a minimal fee of Q9,.,, ;ust for li.ing on it for fi.e #ears and settling it. A settler could acAuire it for onl# si8 months and pa# Q1.@H an acre. (his was important !ecause pre.iousl# land was !eing sold for profit and now it was !asicall# !eing gi.en awa#. A!out half a million families too' ad.antage of this offer. Unfortunatel#, it was often too good to !e true and the land was ra.aged !# drought and hard to culti.ate. 'atrons of $us,andry (his organi?ation !etter 'nown as the Grange, was organi?ed in 1*3- !# Dli.er $. Eelle#: its o!;ecti.e was to enhance the li.es of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal acti.ities: the Grangers graduall# raised their goals from indi.idual self1impro.ement of the farmer) collecti.e plight Granger -aws 2uring the late 1*,,)s an organi?ation of farmers, called the Grange, stro.e to regulate railwa# rates and storage fees charged !# railroads, warehouses, and grain ele.ators through state legislation. (hese laws that were passed, !ut e.entuall# re.ersed, are referred to as the Granger aws. Far#ers( Alliance (his organi?ation replaced the %ational Grange as a support group for the nation)s farmers during the 1**,s. (his 'ind of organi?ation was politicall# acti.e in the 0idwest and South and was central to the founding of the Populist Part#.

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 'opulists A political part# formed in 1*<1 mostl# !# farmers M mem!ers of la!or unions who demanded go.ernment help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of sil.er 4more mone# to !e put in circulation5 Jaco, S. Co.ey 6ealth# Dhio Auarr# owner who marched on 6ashington in 1*<+, demanding that go.ernment relie.e unemplo#ment !# an inflationar# pu!lic wor's program. $is "/ommonwealth Arm#" was arrested for wal'ing on the grass of the capital. Willia#s Jennings Bryan leader of the 2emocrats in the /hicago con.ention of 1*<3 who was a supporter of free sil.er and won his audiences with !i!lical fer.or: ;o!less wor'ers and !an'rupt farmers resulted in >r#an)s assault on the gold standard stri'ing fear in man# hearts Bi#etallis# instating sli.er into the gold currenc#. Free Silver Carmers turned to sil.er !ecause the# hoped an increase in mone# suppl# would raise farm prices and the part#)s slim resources would !e fattened !# heft# contri!utions from sil.er1 mining interests: triggered a de!ate for the soul of the Populist Part# Depression of /012 (he Panic of 1*<9 was a serious economic depression during the Gilded age. (he panic was mar'ed !# the collapse of sha'# railroad financing which set off a series of !an' failures. (he Sherman Sil.er Purchase Act of 1*<,, along with the protectionist 0cEinle# (ariff of 1*<,, ha.e !een !lamed for the panic.

Cross of Gold Speech Gi.en !# >r#an on June 1*, 1*<3. $e said people must not !e "crucified on a cross of gold", referring to the "epu!lican proposal to eliminate sil.er coinage and adopt a strict gold standard. Chapter #22.2 G"ided Reading 1"estions (he Carm >ecomes a Cactor# Enow: 0ontgomer# 6ard, /om!ine 1. =8plain the statement, "(he ama?ing mechani?ation of agriculture in the postwar #ears was almost as stri'ing as the mechani?ation of industr#." $istorians generall# agree that the /i.il 6ar was the first modern war, meaning the first in which technolog# and industrial strength pla#ed a significant role.

Jessie Zhao Period: 1

2eflation 2ooms the 2e!tor Enow: 2eflation @. 6hat pro!lems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 1<th centur#F (he farmers of the 6est !ecame attached to the one1crop econom# 1 wheat or corn 1 and were in the same lot as the southern cotton farmers. (he price of their product was determined in a unprotected world mar'et !# the world output.7n 1*-,, the lac' of currenc# in circulation forced the price of crops to go down. (housands of farms had mortgages, with the mortgage rates rising e.er higher. Unhapp# Carmers 9. $ow did nature, go.ernment, and !usiness all harm farmersF (he good soil of the 6est was !ecoming poor, and floods added to the pro!lem of erosion. >eginning in the summer of 1**-, a series of droughts forced man# people to a!andon their farms and towns.Carmers were forced to sell their low1priced products in an unprotected world mar'et, while !u#ing high1priced manufactured goods in a tariff1protected home mar'et. (he Carmers (a'e (heir Stand Enow: (he Grange, /ooperati.es, Green!ac'1 a!or Part#, James >. 6ea.er +. $ow did the Grange attempt to help farmersF (he Grange in the late 1*,,)s helped farmers !# getting them organi?ed in relation to their crops. (he# helped the farmers figure out what the# needed to grow and when the# needed to grow certain things to get the !est prices.

Prelude to Populism Enow: (he CarmersK Alliance, 0ar# =li?a!eth ease H. 6hat steps did the CarmersK Alliance !elie.e would help farmersF (he Carmers) Alliance operated free mills and gins that small farmers could use. (he# !elie.ed in graduated income ta8es, su!1treasures1warehouses, and go.ernment ownership of railroads. /o8e#Ks Arm# and the Pullman Stri'e Enow: /o8e#Ks Arm#, =ugene B. 2e!s, Pullman Palace /ar /ompan# 3. 6h# did President /le.eland send in federal troops during the Pullman Stri'eF (he stri'e was !ro'en !# President /le.eland !ecause the railroad wor'ers had stopped the trains, harming commerce in the US. Golden 0cEinle# and Sli.er >r#an Enow: 0ar' $annah, 6illiam 0cEinle#, 6illiam Jennings >r#an, /ross of Gold speech

Jessie Zhao Period: 1 6as 6illiam 0cEinle# a strong presidential candidateF =8plain.

The 1896 victory of William McKinley ushered in a long eriod of !e u"lican dominance that #as accom anied "y diminishing voter artici ation in elections /lass /onflict: Plowholders .ersus >ondholders Enow: Courth Part# S#stem *. I(he free1sil.er election of 1*<3 was pro!a!l# the most significant since incolnKs .ictories in 1*3, and 1*3+.J =8plain. 7t was a significant election !ecause it is the first time the candidates were candid and after so man# #ears of forgetta!le presidents, this was the first election in a long time where a president is decent enough for the ;o! as the leader of the countr#. "epu!lican Standpattism =nthroned Enow: 2ingle# (ariff >ill <. 2id 0cEinle# possess the characteristics necessar# to !e an effecti.e presidentF %o, he did not posses enough mone# to fund the 2ingle# (raiff >ill. Bar#ing Biewpoints: 6as the 6est "eall# I6onJF Enow: Crederic' Jac'son (urner 1,. 6hich criticism of the (urner (hesis seems most .alidF =8plain (he idea that the American character was shaped onl# !# the western wilderness was wrong. Sure, the railroad e8pansions, cow!o# lifest#les, and precious metal rushes shaped the United States, !ut it didn)t entirel# define it. (he culture of the United States was also defined in the eastern cities, where man# centers of acti.ities occurred.