Chapter #23.1 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes 1. President Ulysses S.

. Grants administration was riddled with corruption. Grant himself was clean, but many others were not and Grant was unwilling to fire them. 2. The political parties fell into the trap of serving themselves more than the people. Their top priority was to get their party reelected. As a result, little actually got done in the government. 3. Tensions rose over race and ethnicity. When the U.S. Army pulled out of the South as part of the Compromise of 1877, Reconstruction was over and southern blacks were left to fend for themselves. Also, anti-Chinese sentiment ran high and the Chinese were actually banned from immigration. Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast A cartoonist who sought out to destroyed Boss Tweed. Soon Thomas was able to convict Tweed and he died in jail. Roscoe Conkling A senator who led the Stalwart Faction of the Republican Party. James G. Blaine A congressman from Maine who became the champion and leader of the half-breed faction of the Republican Party.______________________________ Samuel Tilden A New York prosecutor who became famous for convicting Tweed in his scandal.______________________ Charles J. Guiteau Assassinated President Garfield and tried to plead insane but was found guilty and hanged._______________________________________________________________ Gilded Age The name Mark Twain used for his book and the was also the name for a period of time. During this time inflation, speculation, over expansion, and loose business all happened._______________________________________________________ Bloody-Shirt A strategy in which people revisit gory memories of the civil war in order to gain votes.__________________________________________ Tweed Ring A club of corrupt politicians who sought to take money from New York and ended up

getting 200 million dollars. _____________ Credit Mobilier Scandal A scam where the Union Pacific Railroad pretended to be a company in order to get more money to pocket. They hired themselves to get high inflation. Whiskey Ring A scam where officials did not count some barrels of whiskey avoiding the tax on them and pocketing the excessive. Bland-Allison Act It required US treasury to buy certain amount of silver coins and be used in the currency. The Act overrode Hayes and became a law. Half-Breed A Republican Political Machine led by James Blaine. They strove for Republican Ideals. __ Compromise of 1877 Lists of promises at the end of the reconstruction era. First removed military from south, second appoint democrats to cabinet. Thirdly money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi River. Civil Service Reform A change in how jobs were given such as being based on performance and not connections. Pendleton Act Similar to Civil Service is required merit in order to get a job and not connections either. "Billion Dollar" Congress A milestone for Congress in their new limits of government spending for the good of the country.

Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt 1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win? Ulysses S. Grant was seen as having the right material needed to be president. Though he lacked political experience he still had the strength to lead the country to peace. Grant won because his opponent Horatio Seymour lost his votes for not backing green back money. Also Grant used the technique of Bloody Shirt which reminded people of the Civil War.

The Era of Good Stealings Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden 2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain. The quote is talking about the stench of corruption and deceit. Two of these deceitful men were Jim Fisk and Jay Gould. They tried to rob the gold market and tried to get the president in on it. Another man is Boss Tweed who took all the money from New York of about 200 million. Though he was brought down by Thomas Nast a cartoonist. The stench of evil smells quite strong. A Carnival of Corruption Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap 3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration. First was the Credit Mobilier Scandal where Union Pacific Railroad under fake name received money. In order to stay quite they bribed officials in the government. Another was the Whiskey Ring where William Belknap undercounted the number of whiskey barrels in order to pocket the excess money. Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Softmoney, Bland-Allison Act 5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency? People wanted more greenbacks because they believed more money printed would help the economy. The panic of 1873 caused all of this because people were spending nonexistent money. The use of greenbacks will increase inflation and be able to get rid of debts this was called soft money. The people also wanted hard money and the crime of 73 occurred where a demand of silver was wanted. The people against this did not want inflation but rather deflation. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, HalfBreeds, James G. Blaine 6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues? During the Gilded Age the two parties even though they agreed on many matters were very competitive with one another. Each side demanded totally loyalty from their members. The republicans had their Grand Army of the Republic to back them. Though there internal wars among the party. A faction emerged called the Stalwarts led by Roscoe Conkling. Another faction was the Half-Breeds led by James G. Blaine. The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876

Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden 7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt? Both Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden came from parties that wanted total control of the government. The problem of the election was who should count the votes. If the senate counted if Republicans would win if house counted Democrats would win. There was so much corruption going on nobody knew who actually won. The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), 8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans? With no president the Compromise of 1877 was passed making Hayes president but allowing all military occupation to be moved from the south. At first the electoral count act was passed but it was unequal so the compromise was passed. This though left the African Americans to fend for themselves against their former masters. Though the black were supposedly protected the Civil Rights cases made them unconstitutional losing power. Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nations economy would be built. 2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by Social Darwinism where the strong win in business. 3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the little mans interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul. 4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective). Chapter #24: Identifications Government Subsidies Money or land that was given to Railroad companies in order to expand their network.______________________________________________________________ Transcontinental Railroad A railroad system that connected the west from the east. It helps transportation to be moved safe, faster, and easier. Though it took land away from Natives which caused

disputes throughout the building of the tracks.________________________________________________________________ Cornelius Vanderbilt A maker of a railroad empire where he was known to crush his competition in order profit more. Jay Gould One of the many masters of rapacity. Jay boomed and busted stocks from 5 different railroad companies for over 30 years._________________________ Interstate Commerce Commission Instigated by the Interstate Commerce Act its job was to enforce the prohibition of rebates and pools and required railroad to publish their rates openly.______ Vertical Integration A method in which all methods of operation of creating steel would be under one organization. This would allow that organization to profit from all parts from creating to distribution._________________ Horizontal Integration Another method headed by Rockefeller in which companies would join forces in order to create a monopoly. Trusts The integration of rivaling companies to create a monopoly. J.P. Morgan A business man who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He was a man who believed money was not bad unless put in the wrong hands.___ Sherman Anti-Trust Act The first law to be passed that restricted monopolies. It was created to have fairer competition in the business world. Though it did not work as many lawyers found loopholes it served more as a front._ Yellow Dog Contracts AN agreement by employees that would not join labor unions. Blacklists A list in which fellow employees put down a name they knew who was in a labor union. Haymarket Square incident A labor protest that got out of control and resulted in a bomb going off which killed several people including several police officers.

Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Know: Land grants 1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads? Advantages of giving land grants to railroads were that they were able to set up rails all over the USA. Disadvantage though was the railroad companies were taking advantage of it and were hoarding the land and reaping profit. Spanning the Continent with Rails Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford 2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built. The first ever transcontinental railroad was the Union Pacific that went from Omaha, Nebraska, and California. Depending on how many tracks were built is how much land was given to the company. After the civil war railroad building began to go in full steam. Working these rails and also fighting in the civil war were Irish Paddies. Coming from the west to help with the building were the Central Pacific Railroad. The railroad was finally done in 1869. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill 3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans. Railroads could help out Americans more than it hurt them. James J. Hill creator of The Great Northern believed this and used his train to give out strong bulls to farmers around. Though railroads could hurt as farmers failed to find land because of the railroad that would pass over. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars 4. What technological improvements helped railroads? The welding and expansion of old eastern networks helped improve the railroad. This man name Cornelius Vanderbilt thought of this idea. Other improvement was the steel rail which made railroads safer and stronger. Another was air brake and Pullman palace cars which served as hotels room for passengers. Revolution by Railways Know: Time Zones 5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole? Railroads help create the biggest domestic market for materials and manufactured goods. It also helps create major cities and move immigrants across the nation. The biggest effect was the established time zones in America to help keep railroads on time and safe. Another effect was the creation of millionaires around America. Wrongdoing in Railroading

Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools 6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of? Some wrongdoing for example Jay Gould would take and hoard stocks from different Railroad companies and he did it for over 30 years. One method of wrongdoing was the stocker watering where railroad companies sold bonds and stocker over what it was actually worth. Another of their schemes was bribing judges and officials so they could get their way. To keep their power railroad companies would join forces in a pool to divide business in an area and share the loot. Government Bridles the Iron Horse Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission 7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation? The Interstate Commerce was an important piece of legislation as it was seen by the people. It help establish the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce these laws as by the Wabash case said that states couldnt deal with interstate commerce. Though the interstate act was just a front it did not actually change anything just prevented things from becoming worse. Miracles of Mechanization Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison 8. What factors made industrial expansion possible? It was made possible by liquid capital being abundant and natural resources. Such as the Mesabi Range what would become the empire for steel. Other factors were Alexander Graham Bell who created the first telephones that would spread across the nation. Another factor was the creation by Thomas Edison he created the light bulb, phonograph, and moving pictures. The Trust Titan Emerges Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate 9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits? One method created by Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and J.P Morgan was to put the whole operation of creating steel under one organization. This way it improves efficiency and they reap rewards from all parts of the making. This kind of method was called vertical integration. Other methods less effective were the horizontal integration which meant making alliances with other companies. Final methods were the most brutal as companies took each other down from the inside this became to be called interlocking directorate. The Supremacy of Steel Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process 10. Why was steel so important for industrialization?

Steel was used for everything from skyscrapers to coal barrels. The creation of capital good instead of consumer good was called heavy industry. Also America became one of the 3 competitors in dishing out steel. This was because of the new method the Bessemer process which created cheap steel. Also America contained minerals that allow us to create steel such as coal and ore. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose Know: Kerosene 12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy? He became wealthy through employment as and founding of the Standard Oil Company which kerosene was now a big seller during that time. He also became wealthy from his methods of eliminating the competition and the middleman. John was merciless and did what he had to win the game of survival. The Gospel of Wealth Know: Social Darwinism 13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth? They justified it by saying it was all given by God to them. That if they were wealthy that means they were destined to heaven. Others though thought of is as survival as a kind of social Darwinism which is only some will make it to upper levels of society. They also justified it by saying that got here by their own hard work others who were lower were too lazy to do anything. Government Tackles the Trust Evil Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act 14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts? One method was the Sherman Anti-trust act which forbade combinations in trade. Though this act did nothing as there were loopholes and did not distinguish a good or bad trade. Another method was to be used by the Supreme Court in court to decide sentences. This method did not work out either. The South in the Age of Industry 15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing? The southerners got along quite well not as good as the north but better. Some areas that took off were the cigarette industry and tobacco consumption. Rates in the south were even as moving goods were expensive but the rates for materials were cheap. In the south cotton mills began to grow which greatly help the south. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America 16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans.

The positive effects were better standard of living and more jobs for incoming immigrants. Women gained jobs in the business world as secretary and clerical jobs. Jobs change from self-employment to earning wages in a factory. Some negative effects were old ways of life were dying way as dawn to dusk working became obsolete. Other negative effects were the increased differences between classes. As rich earned much higher wages the poor were earning scrap. As jobs became wage earning one wrong move could lead to unemployment. In Unions There is Strength Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town 17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"? The conditions or large organizations where the worker insignificant in the whole stream of things. A worker could not face the company but the company could easily get rid of the employee. If there were riots the company would hire scabs which were mobs that beat down the riots. Other methods were not allowing employees to work as in a lock out. Other methods were signing yellow dog contracts that promised not to join labor unions. If they knew any employee that did their name would go on the black list. Labor Limps Along Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor 18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor. The similarities between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor were that they both wanted 8 hour workdays. Also they accepted almost everyone into their group except for certain working people. The differences between these groups were NLU desired conflicts to be handled by a mediator. The KL wanted workers to be as one and pool money and resources together. The NLU started off publicly and was destroyed by the depression. The KL riding off the NLU went into secrecy to avoid any threats. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor Know: Haymarket Square 19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor? Some factors were the failed strikes of May Day in 1886. Other factors were the tension that was building up in overthrowing the government which would lead to bloody Haymarket square. Authorities rushed to rioters in order to try to subdue them without harm though a bomb went off killing many people and officers. This episode toppled the Knights of labor as they were seen working with anarchists. Final destruction was the desertion of skilled craft unionists. The AF of L to the Fore Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop 20. How was the AFL different from previous unions?

The American Federation of Labor created by Samuel Gompers was different in that it was a self-governing national union in which no individual could join. Other differences were the desired for trade agreements which meant a closed shop to anyone who was not a member of the union. Also the AFL was only made up of skilled workers and non- skilled were not allowed. Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly 21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas? The knights during this time were revolutionary in their ideas. They desired to unite all workers not matter race, gender, ethnicity, or skill. Mother Jones began her career in Illinois in the coalfields make life easier. They knights spoke of equableness among men and women. Though they like other during this time did not show equableness to all like immigrants. Terence Powderly who would become the Grand Master would reshape the ideals of traditions and institutes. Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight 22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America? Though many people did not go from poor to rich many did improve their status by and their economic status. This was due to the greater social mobility which dampened the need for class tension. In America ethnicity also affected how one would rise in their status. As Jewish people tended to rise faster than others such as Italian and Irish. Some believe other ways that class was split into two social mobility was greatly improved during the industrial America. Chapter #25: America Moves to the City Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (anti-immigrant feelings). 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacksWashington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. 4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl.

Chapter #25 Identifications

Florence Kelley Florence Kelley was a womens suffrage reformer. She became famous for campaigning for womens rights and the prohibition of child labor.

Mark Twain Mark Twain was a famous American author. His real name was Samuel Clemens. He became famous for his books such as Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Nativism Nativism was the belief that the original Americans should take precedence over the immigrants from Europe. The Americans that were born in America were resentful of the immigrants from Europe that took their jobs. Philanthropy Philanthropy is the title given to people who love people. This means that they were very good at talking to crowds. They were charismatic people who could earn the support of their followers. Social Gospel Social Gospel was the belief from the Churches that the churches should face the massive social problems in America. The Churches wanted reform in America. Settlement House A settlement house was a house that was dedicated to helping people in need. A famous example of a settlement house was the Hull House, which housed orphans. Women's Christian Temperance Union The Womens Christian Temperance Union was a famous group that fought for the prohibition of alcohol. They blamed alcohol on keeping their families poor. Eighteenth Amendment The Eighteenth Amendment was an amendment that prohibited alcohol. This amendment was a major success for the temperance movement. However, this amendment was later taken back.

Chapter #25: Identifications The Urban Frontier Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements 1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's? Innovative people such as Louis Sullivan, who created the steel structure used to make skyscrapers, helped to make cities more populous on a smaller amount of space. Also, with the creation of the electric trolleys, the cities evolved from Walking Cities to larger

megalopolises. Department stores attracted many workers and people to shop there. Tenements in high buildings made it possible for many people to live in a small area. The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants? The New immigrants were not used to the lifestyle of America. They were not used to a representative government and were also not accustomed to the ability to raise their social status. Many of them also had different religions and religious practices. They clustered together in cities, forming their own small communities. Many Americans felt that they would not be able to assimilate into the American lifestyle. Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers? There were too many people in Europe. The farmers left their farms for the city, creating a massive army of people looking for jobs. Many settled in the cities, but some kept going to America. They did not just head to America. They also headed for South America and Canada. Also, many Americans were advertising about America in Europe to get more workers to their factories. Reactions to the New Immigration Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley 5. How did political bosses help immigrants? Political Bosses gave the immigrants jobs and housing until they could fend for themselves. Other people such as Jane Addams helped others by setting up housing such as the Hull House. These settlement houses were meant to take in orphans or immigrants who needed help. Another person named Florence Kelley campaigned for womens rights and the prohibition of child labor. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA 6. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor? Religion helped shape the way people looked at their lives. Cardinal Gibbons was an immensely popular member of the Roman Catholic Church. He helped convert many people to Roman Catholicism. Mary Baker Eddy established the Church of Christ to get people to behave more morally. The YMCA was established to help people everywhere. They often gave out free soup to the homeless. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 7. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Booker T. Washington accepted the racial inequality in order to provide economic success to the blacks. He believed that they could gain their equality after they had gained their

economic independence. He was chosen to be a professor at the famous Tuskegee Institute. His methods were called Accomodationist because they acquiesced to the segregation from the whites. On the other hand, W.E.B. Du Bois wanted immediate racial equality for the blacks. He was the first black ever to get a degree from Harvard. The Appeal of the Press Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism 8. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content? The ability to produce newspaper inexpensively changed their content by letting them publish interesting stories, rather than real news. Joseph Pulitzer, with his Yellow Journalism, competed with William Randolph Hearst to try and grab the attention of as many people as they could. They were prone to publish stories about scandals and other human-interest stories. Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 9. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement? Women were once again trying to procure their right to vote. Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote a book called Women and Economics to encourage others to take up the womens suffrage movement. New leaders of the womens suffrage movement such as Carrie Chapman Catt replaced Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. The new leaders worked to make the National Women Suffrage Association. They were finally granted the right to vote by the state of Wyoming. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton 10. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's? Women were involved in the Womens Christian Temperance Union. They blamed alcohol for keeping families poor. Others such as Carrie Nation took a much more violent route. Carrie Nation violently used a hatchet to smash saloons and alcohol bottles. The AntiSaloon League made many protests against alcohol, forming slogans such as Vote for the Cold Water, Boys. The 18th Amendment was finally passed to prohibit alcohol. This Amendment was only temporary, however. Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes 1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as hostiles. Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. .

Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull The only Indian Chief to score a large victory over the whites at the battle of Little Bighorn George A. Custer He was a white general who suffered a terrible defeat when he led his troops against chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. Chief Joseph Chief Joseph was an Indian chief who was forced to surrender his breakaway band of several hundred Indians after being goaded into a fight by the authorities. Sioux Wars The Sioux Wars were a series of battles which pitted the White soldiers against the Native American Indians, and resulted in the extermination of the Natives. Ghost Dance The Ghost Dance was a cult that represented the Natives spiritual revival, but was quickly stamped out by the white man at the Battle of Wounded Knee. Dawes Severalty Act These were series of acts which dissolved many of the cultures and customs of the Indians in favor of a more civilized white lifestyle. Battle of Wounded Knee A massive battle between the Natives and the whites which erupted as a result of the desire to stamp out the Ghost Dance cult.

Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions The Clash of Cultures on the Plain Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry 1. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans. The western expansion of many whites effectively interrupted and destroyed the Native American culture. In an effort to expand over Indian territories, the whites forced huge Indian tribes such as the Sioux into determined Indian Territories, such as the Great Sioux Reservation. Here, they were provided with empty promises of supplies and nourishment. Those who opposed these orders or did not follow them peacefully were dealt with easily through brute force by the authorities. The whites were also guilty of destroying an Indian ritualistic way of life by eradicating all the buffalo in the west. Receding Native Americans

Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo 2. How was the West "won?" The West was won mainly through unnecessary bloodshed and military conflicts. In order to truly display their strength, white men would heartlessly murder Natives on sight. Military Generals such as George Armstrong Custer led charges in which hundreds of Indians were murdered on sight. Indian resistance was led mainly through chiefs such as Sitting Bull, Geronimo, and Chief Joseph. In some cases, Indian efforts prevailed, such as their victory over the Bozeman Trail. However, they were eventually all unsuccessful in their attempts to save their land, as they were perilously outmatched against the whites. Bellowing Herds of Bison Know: Buffalo Bill Cody 3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand? Many of these buffalo were killed as a source of food from many of the railroad workers. The railroad project had very high demands in terms of workers and food, and many of these soldiers required a nutritional source. Many workers, such as Buffalo Bill Cody, massacred thousands of these buffalo for their needs. Many whites also saw buffalo as an economic opportunity, and murdered them in huge quantities for their profitable hides and tongues. The End of the Trail Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act 4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans? In an attempt to gain sympathy from white citizens, Helen Hunt Jackson wrote about the struggles of the Native Americans. They wanted to help the Natives by assimilating them into white culture, and even had governmental approval to do so. The government outlawed all Native cultural practices, and new cults such as the Ghost Dance were immediately stamped out with force, evident in the Battle of Wounded Knee. These new Dawes Acts were imminent on suppressing Native American culture, and also raised new schools such as the Carlisle Indian School in order to properly raise Indian children. Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators 5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West? The discovery of precious metals led to the rush of many miners and fortune seekers to the west. Many had high hopes of striking it rich, often arriving in signs that stated Pikes Peak or Bust. However, many were unsuccessful in their attempts at finding gold. Yet another discovery in Comstock Lode led to another gold rush, but the gold there, as well as in many other locations, quickly ran out, leaving many ghost towns in its wake. The mining of silver was greatly encouraged by Silver Senators, who represented the thinly peopled acreage states of the west. Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people?

Many of the long practiced cultures and religions were effectively destroyed by the invasion of the whites. The harsh Indian reservations beat and battered many Indian traditions to the brink of extinction, along with the Indian population as well. These traditions were replaced by the white belief of civilizing the Indians, and eradicated any previous Indian cultures as a result. Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok 7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's? During the 1870s the demand for beef rose to incredible heights, and therefore raised a demand for cattle ranching as well. However, although much of the supply was held in Texas, the only means for transporting this was the railroad system in Kansas. This resulted in many cattle ranchers herding many hundreds of cattle at once on this long drive from Texas to Kansas. This was also a time period home to many bandits, such as the notorious Wild Bill Hickok. The Farmers Frontier Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden 8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains? Despite its intent, the Homestead Act did not give small farmers a decent life on the plains. Although the land gave 160 acres of land to farmers, this land was useless and unable to be farmed upon due to the lack of nutrition in the land, as observed by John Wesley Powell. This land was eventually dubbed as the Great American Desert due to its lack of nutrition and its poor quality. The Far West Comes of Age Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone 9. What were some milestones in the closing of the West? The West experienced a huge growth in population from the 1870s to the 1890s. This time period also experienced a huge admittance of states into the nation, including the Dakotas, Utah, Wyoming, Montana, Washington, and Idaho. The land formerly occupied by the Indians was also made available for settlers, and many Sooners who crossed illegally had to be properly dealt with. When Oklahoma territory was eventually open to settling, many settlers dubbed as Boomers marched in to claim their lands. The Fading Frontier Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington 10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States? After the frontier was closed for the first time, Americans began to realize that the land they lived on was not inexhaustible. The government began to establish newly set national parks, such as Yellowstone, in an attempt to preserve these lands. Frederick Jackson Turner also wrote The Significance of the Frontier in American History, inspired by such events. The frontier also attracted the talents of men such as Francis Parkman, George Catlin, and Frederic Remington, to paint beautiful landscapes of the western frontier.