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i 251) #M RXYRIGEXYP PSG HMRYRXVY 1 (32).

8I\XYP RSWXVY TVI^MRX, E#EHEV, YR GEVEGXIV SVMKMREP, GEVI M GSRJIV YR PSG WTIGMEP TVMRXVI XVEXEQIRXIPI #EQERMGI HIWGVMWI HI SFMGIM. %GIWXIE 'MR HI XVIM XMTYVM, GEVI HIEPXJIP RY WI I\GPYH VIGMTVSG: 3I G SVKERYP WEY QIQFVYP FSPREZ WYRX 3^MGI#XI TYWI R GEY^ TVMRXV-S QERMTYPEVI WEY WYKIVI, GEVI EVI GE WGST I\XVEKIVIE GEY^IM FSPMM, R KIRIVEP YR WTMR, YR GVMWXEP, S TER, TI GEVI S JEG W ETEV PE QSQIRXYP STSVXYR (%QIVMGE XVSTMGEP, %YWXVEPME, %PEWOE); 3I G, E#E GYQ WI TVSGIHIE^ PE EVEYGERM, XVEXEQIRXYP WI GIRXVIE^ R NYVYP YRIM PYTXI WMQYPEXI, GEVI WI H R GSPMF, ETSM WYF GIVYP PMFIV, QTSXVMZE WTMVMXIPSV HYRXSEVI; 3I, R WJV#MX, G S3GMERXYP, GE, HI I\IQTPY, PE REZELS, TVSRYR' MRGERXE'MM #M TVIWGVMI STIVE'MM (MRWXEPEVIE FSPREZYPYM TI HMJIVMXIPI TV'M EPI YRIM TMGXYVM I\IGYXEXI TI WSP, GY RMWMTYVM #M TSPIRYVM GSPSVEXI) E GVSV PIKXYV HMVIGX GY XYPFYVEVIE WTIGMEP GI XVIFYMI ZMRHIGEX RY TSEXI 3 WIWM^EX. 3V, R XSEXI EGIWXI GE^YVM, QIXSHE XIVETIYXMG (HIWTVI GEVI WI #XMI G IWXI EHIWISVM I3GEGI) IWXI KVIY MRXIVTVIXEFMP: EXYRGM GRH EXEG HMVIGX TEVXIE ZXQEX, IE IWXI HI S GSRGVIXMXYHMRI TVIE KVSWSPER (R KIRIVEP R#IPXSVMI GYVEX) TIRXVY GE W M WI VIGYRSEWG S ZEPSEVI MRXVMRWIG, MEV EXYRGM GRH GSRWX R VITIXEVIE YRYM VMXYEP EHIWISVM JSEVXI EFWXVEGX, MRGMHIR'E IM EWYTVE FIPMM RY TSEXI 3 R'IPIEW. %V 3 GSQSH W RI HIFEVEWQ HI EGIWXI HM3GYPX'M, HIGPEVRH G IWXI ZSVFE HI XVEXEQIRXI TWMLSPSKMGI. %GIWX XIVQIR ZE VQRI RW PMTWMX HI WIRW EXXE XMQT GMX RY ZE 3 HI3RMX QSHYP R GEVI VITVI^IRXVM TWMLSPSKMGI HIXIVQMREXI WYRX MRZSGEXI TIRXVY E GSQFEXI XYPFYVVM 3^MSPSKMGI, HI EWIQIRIE FMRI HI3RMXI. 3V, XI\XYP TI GEVI P-EQ EREPM^EX EHYGI 0 GSRXVMFY'MI I\GIT'MSREP PE VI^SPZEVIE TVSFPIQIM. )P GSRWXMXYMI S QIHMGE'MI TYV TWMLSPSKMG, RXVYGX #EQERYP RY EXMRKI GSVTYP FSPREZIM #M RY-M EHQMRMWXVIE^ RMGM YR PIEG; R EGIPE#M XMQT RW IP TYRI HMVIGX #M I\TPMGMX R GEY^ WXEVIE TEXSPSKMG #M WIHMYP IM: EQ WTYRI QEM GY-VRH G MRGERXE'ME GSRWXMXYMI S QERMTYPEVI TWMLSPSKMG E SVKERYPYM FSPREZ #M G HI PE EGIEWX QERMTYPEVI WI E#XIETX ZMRHIGEVIE. 7 RGITIQ TVMR E WXEFMPM VIEPMXEXIE #M GEVEGXIVMWXMGMPI EGIWXIM QERMTYPVM, YVQRH GE ETSM W GIVGIXQ GEVI TSX -M WGSTYP #M I3GEGMXEXIE IM. 'SRWXEXQ QEM RXM GY YMQMVI G MRGERXE'ME, EP GVIM WYFMIGX IWXI S PYTXE HVEQEXMG RXVI WTMVMXIPI FMRIZSMXSEVI #M GIPI VYJGXSEVI TIRXVY VIGYGIVMVIE YRYM WY4IX, GSRWEGV YR PSG JSEVXI VIWXVRW EG'MYRMM TVSTVMY-^MWI: HMR STXWTVI^IGI TEKMRM HI XI\X, XYVRMVYP SGYT QEM TY'MR HIGX YRE, MEV RXVIZIHIVIE GY 1YY 4YOPMT EFME HSY. 4VIPMQMREVMMPI WYRX, HMQTSXVMZ, JSEVXI HI^ZSPXEXI #M HIWGVMIVIE TVIKXMVMPSV, E IGLMTEQIRXYPYM TIRXVY RYGLY, E MXMRIVEVYPYM #M E TS^M'MMPSV IWXI XVEXEX GY S QEVI FSK'MI E HIXEPMMPSV. %WXJIP IWXI HIWGVMW PE RGITYX ZM^MXE QSE#IM PE #EQER: GSRZIVWE'ME FSPREZIM GY QSE#E, ETSM E EGIWXIME GY #EQERYP IWXI VITVSHYW HI HSY SVM, HISEVIGI 3IGEVI MRXIVPSGYXSV VITIX I\EGX JVE^E GIPYMPEPX, REMRXI HI E-M VWTYRHI: &SPREZE WTYRI QSE#IM: RXV-EHIZV, WYRX QFVGEX GY ZI#QRXYP GEPH EP FSPMM; 1SE#E VWTYRHI FSPREZIM: 8Y I#XM, RXV-EHIZV, QFVGEX GY ZI#QRXYP GEPH EP FSPMM, E#E XI-EQ EY^MX #M IY (1-2). 7I TSEXI WYW'MRI 1 G EGIWX TVSGIHIY WXMPMWXMG IWXI GYVIRX PE MRHMIRMM GYRE #M G IP WI I\TPMG TVMR RIGIWMXEXIE, TIRXVY TSTSEVI PMQMXEXI PE XVEHM'ME

SVEP, HI E 3\E I\EGX R QIQSVMI GI E JSWX WTYW. "M, XSXY#M, IP WI ETPMG EMGM RY RYQEM GYZMRXIPSV, GM #M HIQIVWYVMPSV: 1SE#E JEGI S VEMX TVMR GSPMF; QSE#E GEYX QVKIPI; QSE#E JEGI S VEMX; QSE#E TYRI YR TMGMSV REMRXIE GIPYMPEPX; QSE#E EXMRKI TQRXYP GY TMGMSVYP; QSE#E TYRI GIPPEPX TMGMSV REMRXI; QSE#E HIWGLMHI Y#E GSPMFIM WEPI; Y#E GSPMFIM WEPI WGV'MI; QSE#E MIWI. (7-14). %GIEWX HIWGVMIVI QMRY'MSEW E YRIM MI#MVM WI VITIX PE WSWMVIE PE #EQER, PE RETSMIVIE PE FSPREZ, PE TPIGEVIE #EQERYPYM #M PE WSWMVIE EGIWXYME; #M YRISVM EGIIE#M HIWGVMIVI IWXI VITIXEX R HSY VITVM^I R EGIME#M XIVQIRM (3739 #M 45-47 VITVSHYG 33-35). 8VEXEQIRXYP RGITI, E#EHEV, TVMRXV-YR MWXSVMG EP IZIRMQIRXIPSV GEVI P-EY TVIGIHEX #M YRIPI EWTIGXI GEVI EV TYXIE W TEV WIGYRHEVI (MRXVVM #M MI#MVM) WYRX XVEXEXI GY QEVI PY\ HI EQRYRXI, GE #M GYQ EV MM JSWX 3PQEXI GY RGIXMRMXSVYP. %GIEWX XILRMG WI VIKWI#XI R RXVIK XI\XYP, HEV RMGMIVM RY IWXI EXX HI WMWXIQEXMG ETPMGEX GE PE RGITYX #M TIRXVY E HIWGVMI MRGMHIRXI HI MRXIVIW VIXVSWTIGXMZ. 8SXYP WI TIXVIGI GE #M GYQ S3GMERXYP EV RGIVGE W SF'MR GE FSPREZE, E GVIM EXIR'MI JE' HI JETXIPI VIEPI IWXI, JV RHSMEP, WG^YX #M WIRWMFMPMXEXIE I\EGIVFEX R YVQE WYJIVMR'IM, W VIXVMEWG R QSH JSEVXI TVIGMW #M JSEVXI MRXIRW WMXYE'ME MRM'MEP #M W TIVGIET QMRXEP GIPI QEM QMGM HIXEPMM EPI IM. RXVEHIZV, EGIEWX WMXYE'MI MRXVSHYGI S WIVMI HI IZIRMQIRXI EP GVSV XIEXVY TVIWYTYW P ZSV GSRWXMXYM GSVTYP #M SVKERIPI MRXIVRI EPI FSPREZIM. 7I ZE XVIGI HIGM HI PE VIEPMXEXIE GIE QEM FEREP PE QMX, HI PE YRMZIVWYP 3^MG PE YRMZIVWYP 3^MSPSKMG, HI PE PYQIE I\XIVMSEV PE GSVTYP MRXIVMSV. -EV QMXYP, HIWJ#YVR-HY-WI R GSVTYP MRXIVMSV, ZE XVIFYM W TWXVI^I EGIIE#M ZMZEGMXEXI, EGIPE#M GEVEGXIV HI I\TIVMIR' XVMX, GVIME TVS3XRH HI WXEVIE TEXSPSKMG #M TVMRXV-S XILRMG SFWIHERX ETVSTVMEX C. #EQERYP M ZE 3 MQTYW GSRHM'MMPI. 'IPI ^IGI TEKMRM GEVI YVQIE^ TVI^MRX, RXV-YR VMXQ TVIGMTMXEX, S SWGMPE'MI HMR GI R GI QEM VETMH RXVI XIQIPI QMXMGI #M XIQIPI 3^MSPSKMGI, GE #M GYQ EV 3 ZSVFE HI E EFSPM R WTMVMXYP FSPREZIM HISWIFMVIE HMRXVI IPI #M HI E JEGI MQTSWMFMP HMJIVIR'MIVIE EXVMFYXIPSV PSV VIWTIGXMZI. 9RSV MQEKMRM EPI JIQIMM RXMRWI R LEQEGYP IM WEY R TS^M'ME SFWXIXVMGEP MRHMKIR, GY KIRYRGLMM HITVXE'M #M RXSEVW WTVI VWVMX, KI-QRH, TMIV^RH WRKI, GY ZYPZE HMPEXEX #M XVIQY-VRH (84-92, 123-124, 134-135, 152158, 173, 177-178, 202-204), PI YVQIE^ ETIPYVM RSQMREPI EHVIWEXI WTMVMXIPSV: EGIPIE EPI FYXYVMPSV EPGSSPMGI, ZYMXYPYM, ETIPSV, THYVMPSV #M GLMEV, GE S QVXYVMI TVI'MSEW E TPEWXMGMX'MM QMXYPYM, PE GIP EP ZETSVYPYM EVKMRXMY EP SQYPYM EPF (187). 8IQIPI WI RXPRIWG: GE #M FSPREZE, RYGLY TMGYV, #MVSMIWG HI WRKI #M HYVIVMPI FSPREZIM MEY TVSTSV'MM GSWQMGI: %PFYP IM 'IWYX HMRYRXVY WI RXMRHI TR R EHRGYP TQRXYPYM., TR R EHRGYP TQRXYPYM, I\WYHE'MMPI IM JSVQIE^ S FPXSEG, XSXYP GE WRKIMI, XSXYP VS#Y (89, 92). R EGIPE#M XMQT, 3IGEVI WTMVMX, EXYRGM GRH ETEVI, IWXI SFMIGXYP YRIM HIWGVMIVM EXIRXI #M IGLMTEQIRXYP QEKMG TI GEVI P TVMQI#XI HI PE "EQER IWXI EQTPY HIXEPMEX: QVKIPI RIKVI, QVKIPI HI GYPSEVIE JSGYPYM, QVKIPI HI GYPSVM RGLMWI, QVKIPI VSXYRHI, SEWI HI NEKYEV, SEWI VSXYRNMXI, SEWI HI PE KX #M QYPXI EPXI SEWI, GSPMIVI HI EVKMRX, SEWI HI XEXYY, SEWI EPI TWVMM OIVOIXXSPM, SEWI HI GMSGRMXSEVI ZIVHI, SEWI HI 231

JGYX 4YMIVI, QVKIPI HI EVKMRX (104-118); ETSM QSFMPM^EVIE KIRIVEP VIRGITI, GE #M GYQ EGIWXI KEVER'MM EV 3 RG MRWY3GMIRXI #M XSEXI JSV'IPI, GYRSWGYXI #M RIGYRSWGYXI EPI FSPREZIM, EV XVIFYM W 3I EHYREXI TIRXVY MRZE^MI (119- 229). R QTV'ME QMXYVMPSV RW, SEQIRMM WYRX EXX HI TY'MR RIKPMNIR'M, RIX TIRIXVE'ME R ZEKMR, HI#M QMXMG, IWXI TVSTYW FSPREZIM R XIVQIRM GSRGVI'M #M GYRSWGY'M. (IEPXJIP, R HSY VRHYVM, QYY RWIEQR HMVIGX YXIVYP, MEV RY TVMRGMTMYP WTMVMXYEP GEVI HMVMNIE^ EGXMZMXEXIE EGIWXYME (QYY EP FSPREZIM, 204, 453)1. %MGM RIPIKER-MM WYRX GIM GEVI, TIRXVY E WI MRXVSHYGI TI HVYQYP PYM 1YY, EWYQ ETEVIR'E #M WMQYPIE^ QM#GEVIE TIRMWYPYM R IVIG'MI: 4PVMMPI RIPIKER-MPSV WXVPYGIWG, TPVMMPI RIPIKER-MPSV HIZMR EPFI; RIPIKER-MM HIZMR TPE'M #M NS#M (#), GE RM#XI ZVYVM, HVIT'M HI XSX; RIPIKER-MM RGIT E 3 RKVS^MXSVM (#), RIPIKER-MM HIZMR RKVS^MXSVM HI XSX (#); TIRXVY WEPZEVIE PYM RMKETYVFEPIPI EP FSPREZIM (230"M QEM NSW: 2IPIKER-MM QIVK PIKRRHY-WI WTVI TEVXIE HI WYW E LEQEGYPYM, QIVK R WYW, GE RYWYTERI (239) 2. 8ILRMGE VIGMXVMM YVQVI#XI, E#EHEV, W VIWXMXYMI S I\TIVMIR' VIEP, R GEVI QMXYP WI QYP'YQI#XI W WYFWXMXYMI TI TVSXEKSRM#XM. %GI#XME TXVYRH R SVM3GMYP REXYVEP #M RI TYXIQ MQEKMRE G, HYT XSEX EGIEWX TVIKXMVI TWMLSPSPMG. FSPREZE M WMQXI TXVYR^RH IPIGXMZ. 2Y RYQEM G M WMQXI, HEV IM PYQMRIE^ TIRXVY IM R#M#M, JV RHSMEP, #M TIRXVY E-#M KWM GEPIE, HEV #M TIRXVY IE, TIRXVY E-M JEGI GPEV #M EGGIWMFMP KRHMVMM GSR#XMIRXI WIHMYP WIR^E'MMPSV MRIJEFMPI #M HYVIVSEWI HVYQYP TI GEVI WI TVIKXIWG W-1 TEVGYVK. 2IPIKER-MM MRXVSHYG S ZM^MYRI FYR R FSPREZ, RIPIKER-MM HIWGLMH SGLM PYQMRS#M R FSPREZ. (T. 238). "M EGIEWX ZM^MYRI GEVI PYQMRIE^, GE W TEVEJVE^Q S JSVQYP HMR XI\X, PI TIVQMXI W HIXEPMI^I YR MXMRIVEV GSQTPMGEX, EREXSQMI QMXMG ZIVMXEFMP, GEVI GSVIWTYRHI QEM TY'MR WXVYGXYVMM VIEPI E SVKERIPSV KIRMXEPI, GMX YRYM WSM HI KISKVE3I EJIGXMZ, MHIRXM3GRH 3IGEVI TYRGX HI VI^MWXIR' #M 3IGEVI HYVIVI EGYX: 2IPIKER-MM TSVRIWG PE HVYQ, RIPIKER-MM QIVK R #MV HI-E PYRKYP TSXIGMM PYM 1YY, XSX EXX HI HITEVXI GE 1YRXIPI HI .SW; RIP, IXG. XSX EXX HI HITEVXI GE 1YRXIPI 7GYVX; RIP. IXG. XSX EXX HI HITEVXI GE 1YRXIPI 0YRK; RIP. IXG. XSX EXX HI HITEVXI GE =EPE 4SOYRE =EPE (RIXVEHYW); RIP. IXG. XSX EXX HI HITEVXI GE =EPE %OO[EXEPPIOYR =EPE (MHIQ); RIP. IXG. XSX EXX HI HITEVXI GE =EPE -PEQMWYMOYR =EPE (MHIQ); RIP. IXG. TR R GIRXVYP 1YRXIPYM 2IXIH; RIPIKERb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

YR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI HIWXYP HI KIRIVEP TIRXVY E PI JEGI ZEPEFMPI HMRGSPS HI HSQIRMYP PMQMXEX TIRXVY GEVI MRM'MEA PI GSRGITYWI. +SPHWXIMR SFWIVZ G RIGIWMXEXIE HI E TVSGIHE R 3IGEVI GE^ PE YR WXYHMY HIXEPMEX EXVEKI HYT WMRI GE S GSRWIGMR' VIWXVRKIVIE RYQVYPYM HI GE^YVM GEVI ZSV TYXIE 3 PYEXI R GSRWMHIVEVI R EGIWX JIP. 2Y VMWGQ SEVI EXYRGM XE RI 3\Q PE GE^YVM TVIE WTIGMEPI, TIRXVY GE TI FE^E PSV VIWXVRW W TYXIQ JSVQYPE GSRGPY^MM ZEPEFMPI TIRXVY XSEXI GIPIPEPXI# )P VWTYRHI (1951, T. 25): %GIEWX SFMIG'MI WYFETVIGME^ 348 GSQTPIX WMXYE'ME VIEP: QEM RXM, EGYQYPEVIE HI JETXI GLMEV JSEVXI RYQIVSEWI RY WIVZI#XI PE RMQMG HEG IPI EY JSWX WXEFMPMXI RXV-YR QSH MQTIVJIGX, RY GSRHYGI RMGMSHEX PE GYRSE#XIVIE PYGVYVMPSV E#E GYQ WI TIXVIG R EGXYEPMXEXI. 'E^YVMPI XVIFYMI W 3I EWXJIP EPIWI, RIX W TIVQMX IPEFSVEVIE YRSV NYHIG'M HIGMWMZI. (EV EXYRGM GIIE GI ZE 3 WXEFMPMX TIRXVY YR GE^ ZE 3 ZEPEFMP #M TIRXVY GIPIPEPXI. 4Y'MRM WYRX IXRSPSKMM GEVI EV EGGITXE W-#M EWYQI EGIEWX GSRGPY^MI. 8SXY#M GIVGIXEVIE WXVYGXYVEPMWX EV 3 ^EHEVRMG HEG RY EQ 3 TI HITPMR GSR#XMIR'M HI HMPIQE PYM +SPHWXIMR: 3I E WXYHME GE^YVM RYQIVSEWI RXV-YR QSH RXSXHIEYRE WYTIV3GMEP #M JV YR VI^YPXEX MQTSVXERX, 3I E RI PMQMXE R QSH LSXVX PE EREPM^E ETVSJYRHEX E YRYM QMG RYQV HI GE^YVM #M E HSZIHM EWXJIP G R GIPI HMR YVQ S I\TIVMIR' FMRI JGYX EVI ZEPSEVIE YRIM HIQSRWXVE'MM. 'YQ WI I\TPMG EXE#EQIRXYP YRYM RYQV EXX HI QEVI HI IXRSPSKM JE' HI QIXSHE GSQTEVEXMZ# 2Y GYQZE #M EMGM IM GSRJYRH XILRMGMPI TSXVMZMXI TIRXVY GSRWXVYG'ME #M WXYHMYP QSHIPIPSV QIGERMGI #M E GIPSV WXEXMWXMGI# 4S^M'ME PYM (YVOLIMQ #M E PYM +SPHWXIMR IWXI MRI\TYKREFMP R GIIE GI TVMZI#XI TI GIPI HMRXM: IWXI, HMQTSXVMZ, IZMHIRX G RY WI TSEXI IPEFSVE YR QSHIP WXEXMWXMG JV WXEXMWXMGM, GY EPXI GYZMRXI JV E EGYQYPE YR RYQV JSEVXI QEVI HI JETXI. (EV GLMEV R EGIWX GE^ QIXSHE RY TSEXI 3 RYQMX GSQTEVEXMZ: JETXIPI EGYQYPEXI RY ZSV EZIE ZEPSEVI HIGX HEG 'MR XSEXI HI EGIPE#M XMT. 7I VIZMRI QIVIY PE EGIIE#M ST'MYRI, GEVI GSRWX R E WXYHME JYRHEQIRXEP YR GE^ #M WMRKYVE HISWIFMVI GSRWX R QSHYP HI HIGYTEVI E GE^YPYM, EPI GVYM IPIQIRXI GSRWXMXYXMZI ZSV 3 (R JYRG'MI HI XMTEVYP EHSTXEX) PE WGEVE QSHIPYPYM TVSMIGXEX WEY PE S WGEV HMJIVMX. %Q RGIVGEX TR EGYQ W IPYGMHQ GXIE GLIWXMYRM HI TVMRGMTMY GEVI TVMZIWG REXYVE RW#M E RS'MYRMM HI WXVYGXYV WSGMEP. %WXJIP HI:MRI QEM Y#SV WE WI TVSGIHI^I PE YR MRZIRXEV EP TVMRGMTEPIPSV XMTYVM HI GIVGIXEVI #M W 7+ HMWGYXI YRIPI VI^YPXEXI. --. 1SVJSPSKMI WSGMEP WEY WXVYGXYVM HI KVYT R EGIEWX E HSYE WIG'MYRI, XIVQIRYP HI KVYT RY HIWIQRIE^ KVYTYP WSGMEP, GM, R WIRW QEM KIRIVEP, QSHYP R GEVI JIRSQIRIPI WRX' KVYTEXI RXVI IPI. 4I HI EPX TEVXI, HMR TVMQE WIG'MYRI E PYGVVMM HI JE' VI^YPX G GIVGIXVMPI WXVYGXYVEPI EY GE SFMIGX WXYHMYP VIPE'MMPSV WSGMEPI GY ENYXSVYP QSHIPIPSV. 3V, IWXI MQTSWMFMP HI E GSRGITI VIPE'MMPI WSGMEPI R EJEVE YRYM QIHMY GSQYR GEVI PI WIVZI#XI GE WMWXIQ HI VIJIVMR'. 7TE'MYP #M XMQTYP WYRX HSY WMWXIQI HI VIJIVMR' GEVI TIVQMX E GSRWMHIVE VIPE'MMPI WSGMEPI QTVIYR WEY M^SPEX. %GIWXI HMQIRWMYRM HI WTE'MY #M HI XMQT RY GSMRGMH GY EGIPIE TI GEVI PI JSPSWIWG GIPIPEPXI #XMMR'I. )PI GSRWXEY RXV-YR WTE'MY WSGMEP #M RXV-YR XMQT WSGMEP, GIIE GI RWIEQR GE IPI RY EY EPXI TVSTVMIX'M HIGX EGIPIE EPI

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i-i GLMEV HIWTVI EFWXVEG'MM HI KVEHYP EP HSMPIE: IP RGITI TVMR M^SPEVIE SVKERM^VMM WSGMEPI HI EPXI EWTIGXI EPI GYPXYVMM #M YRISVM E WMWXIQIPSV HI RVYHMVI HI SVKERM^EVIE WSGMEP; ETSM IP HIGYTIE^ R QSH EVFMXVEV SVKERM^EVIE WSGMEP (WEY WMWXIQYP HI RVYHMVI) R TV'M #M R FYG'M HYT TVMRGMTMM MRWTMVEXI HI GEXIKSVMMPI XVEHM'MSREPI EPI XISVMIM IXRSPSKMGI, QEM GYVRH HIGX HI EREPM^E VIEP E 3IGVYM KVYT. R EGIWXI GSRHM'MM, VIGSRWXVYG'ME WE MWXSVMG VQRI MHISPSKMG: IE GSRWX R EFWXVEKIVIE IPIQIRXIPSV GSQYRI R 3IGEVI WXEHMY TIRXVY E HI3RM WXEHMYP MQIHMEX ERXIVMSV #M E#E QEM HITEVXI. )WXI GPEV G S EWIQIRIE QIXSH RY TSEXI ENYRKI HIGX PE YR WMRKYV VI^YPXEX: JSVQIPI GIPI QEM TY'MR HMJIVIR'MEXI ZSV ETVIE GE 3MRH GIPI QEM ZIGLM, MEV JSVQIPSV GSQTPI\I PM WI ZSV EXVMFYM TS^M'MM HMR GI R GI QEM VIGIRXI, R JYRG'MI HI GSQTPI\MXEXIE PSV. ) GE #M GYQ EQ TPEWE GEPYP QSHIVR

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

4VMXGLEVH (1940). 0S[MG E TVIGM^EX R QSH YXMP GXIZE GEXIKSVMM JYRHEQIRXEPI: GPEWI WSGMEPI, WSHEPMX'M, WXEX. % HSYE QIXSH EV GSRWXE R GSVIPEVIE JIRSQIRIPSV GEVI 'MR HI RMZIPYP HINE M^SPEX, EHMG JIRSQIRIPI HI RVYHMVI, #M EGIPIE GEVI 'MR HI RMZIPYP MQIHMEX WYTIVMSV R QWYVE R GEVI TSX 3 PIKEXI RXVI IPI. 7I TYR HIGM HSY TVSFPIQI: 1) TSX SEVI WXVYGXYVMPI FE^EXI TI RVYHMVI W QERMJIWXI HI PE WMRI TVSTVMIX'M HMREQMGI# 2) R GI QSH VIEG'MSRIE^ YRIPI EWYTVE EPXSVE WXVYGXYVMPI HI GSQYRMGE'MI #M WXVYGXYVMPI HI WYFSVHSREVI# 4VMQE TVSFPIQ IWXI EGIIE E IHYGE'MIM: RXV-EHIZV, RXV-YR QSQIRX HIXIVQMREX, 3IGEVI KIRIVE'MI WI E4 RXV-S VIPE'MI HI WYFSVHSREVI WEY HI HSQMREVI GY GIE GEVI S TVIGIH WEY GY GIE GEVI S YVQIE^. -R EGIWX JIP EY TVIJIVEX W TYR TVSFPIQE 1EVKEVIX 1IEH #M EP'MM. 1EM I\MWX #M S QSHEPMXEXI HI E TVSGIHE QEM XISVIXMG, GEVI GSRWX R GIVGIXEVIE GSVIPE'MMPSV HMRXVI ERYQMXI TS^M'MM (WXEXMGI) R WXVYGXYVE HI RVYHMVI (VIHYW PE XIVQMRSPSKME IM) #M GSRHYMXIPI (HMREQMGI) GSVIWTYR^XSEVI, E#E GYQ WI I\TVMQ IPI R HVITXYVM, HEXSVMM #M SFPMKE'MM, TI HI S TEVXI, #M, TI HI EPX TEVXI, R TVMZMPIKMM, TVSLMFM'MM IXG. 4IRXVY 6EHIM M2I-&VS[R, S GSVIWTSRHIR' XIVQIR GY XIVQIR IWXI ZIVM3GEFMP RXVI GIIE GI W-EV TYXIE RYQM WMWXIQYP HI EXMXYHMRM #M WMWXIQYP HI HIRYQMVM. *MIGEVI XIVQIR HI RVYHMVI EV GSVIWTYRHI YRIM GSRHYMXI TVIWGVMWI, TS^MXMZ WEY RIKEXMZ, #M 3IGEVI GSRHYMX HMJIVIR'MEP EV 3 GSRSXEX HI YR XIVQIR. %P'MM EY WYW'MRYX G S EWIQIRIE GSVIWTSRHIR' RY IWXI ZIVM3GEFMP R TVEGXMG WEY G IE RY HIT#I#XI RMGMSHEX RMZIPYP YRIM ETVS\MQE'MM HIWXYP HI KVSWSPERI. )Y EQ TVSTYW S MRXIVTVIXEVI HMJIVMX, FE^EX TI S VIPE'MI HMEPIGXMG RXVI EXMXYHMRM #M HIRYQMVM. 'SRHYMXIPI HMJIVIR'MEPI RXVI VYHI XMRH W WI SVKERM^I^I HYT EGIPE#M QSHIP GE XIVQMRSPSKME, RW IPI GSRWXMXYMI #M YR QMNPSG HI VI^SPZEVI E HM3GYPX'MPSV #M HI HIT#MVI E GSRXVEHMG'MMPSV MRI-2'IRXI RW#M EGIWXIM XIVQMRSPSKMM. %WXJIP, VIKYPMPI HI GSRHYMX HMRXVI VYHI RXV-S WSGMIXEXI GEVI-GEVI EV RWIQRE S RGIVGEVI HI VI^SPZEVI E GSRXVEHMG'MMPSV GEVI HIGYVK HMR WMWXIQYP XIVQMRSPSKMG #M HMR VIKYPMPI HI EPMER'. R QWYVE R GEVI TVMQIPI XMRH W WI GSRWXMXYMI R WMWXIQ, ETEV RSM GSRXVEHMG'MM GEVI TVSZSEG S VISVKERM^EVI E XIVQMRSPSKMIM, WI VITIVGYXIE^ EWYTVE EXMXYHMRMPSV #M E#E QEM HITEVXI, R EJEVE VEVIPSV TIVMSEHI HI IGLMPMFVY, WGYVXI #M TVIGEVI 1. 3 EPX TVSFPIQ WI TYRI EXYRGM GRH WI MEY R GSRWMHIVEVI WSGMIX'M R GEVI RY WMWXIQYP HI RVYHMVI IWXI GIP GI HIXIVQMR EPMER'IPI QEXVMQSRMEPI HMRXVI IKEPM. RXV-EHIZV, GI WI RXQTP HEG TEVXIRIVMM WGLMQFYVMPSV QEXVMQSRMEPI WYRX KVYTYVM MIVEVLM^EXI, HI JETX WEY HI HVITX, HMR TYRGX HI ZIHIVI TSPMXMG WEY IGSRSQMG# 4VMZMRH WYF EGIWX YRKLM, WYRXIQ GSRHY#M W I\EXVMPEXIVEP EV 3 JYRG'MI HI 3PME'ME TEXVMPMRMEV, IM MRZSG GSVIPE'MM WXEXMWXMGI GEVI RY HIQSRWXVIE^ QEVI PYGVY. R VIEPMXEXI, WSGMIX'MPI GY 3PME'MI TEXVMPMRMEV WYRX QYPX QEM RYQIVSEWI HIGX GIPI GY 3PME'MI QEXVM-PQMEV; R TPYW, GWXSVME QEXVMPEXIVEP IWXI IE RW#M QEM JVIGZIRX HIGX GWXSVME TEXVMPEXIVEP. (IGM, HEG HMWXVMFY'ME W-EV JEGI PE RSVSG, EQ TYXIE W RI E#XITXQ GE RYQVYP WSGMIX'MPSV GEVEGXIVM^EXI TVMR EWSGME'ME: 3PME'MI TEXVMPMRMEV #M GWXSVMI QEXVMPEXIVEP, W 3I QEM VMHMGEX HIGX GIPIPEPXI, #M

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

SVHSREX. %GIWXI WXVYGXYVM HI SVHMRI., GSRGITYXI #M RY, XVMXI (" RY GSVIWTYRH HMVIGX RMGM YRIM VIEPMX'M SFMIGXMZI; WTVI HISWIFMVI HI GIPI HMRXM, IPI RY WYRX WYWGITXMFMPI HI YR GSRXVSP I\TIVMQIRXEP, RXVYGX ENYRK W WI TVIZEPI^I HI S I\TIVMIR' WTIGM3G GY GEVI HIEPXJIP WI GSRJYRH YRISVM. 7MRKYVYP GSRXVSP PE GEVI PI-EQ TYXIE WYTYRI WTVI E PI EREPM^E IWXI HIGM EGIPE EP SVHMRMPSV TVMQYPYM XMT, WEY EP SVHMRMPSV XVMXI. 3VHMRMPI GSRGITYXI GSVIWTYRH HSQIRMYPYM QMXYPYM #M EP VIPMKMIM. 2I TYXIQ RXVIFE HEG MHISPSKME TSPMXMG E YRSV WSGMIX'M GSRXIQTSVERI RY 'MRI #M IE HI EGIEWX GEXIKSVMI1. 9VQRHY-1 TI (YVOLIMQ, 6EHIPM2G-&VS[R & EVXEX G JETXIPI VIPMKMSEWI XVIFYMEY WXYHMEXI GE TEVXI MRXIKVERX E WXVYGXYVMM WSGMEPI. 4IRXVY IP, VSPYP IXRSPSKYPYM IWXI HI E WXEFMPM GSVIPE'MM RXVI HMZIVWI XMTYVM HI VIPMKMM #M HMZIVWI XMTYVM HI SVKERM^VM WSGMEPI (1945). (EG WSGMSPSKME WE VIPMKMSEW WI WSPHIE^ R GIPI HMR YVQ TVMRXV-YR I#IG, EGIEWXE WI I\TPMG, TEVI-WI, TVMR HSY QSXMZI. -R TVMQYP VRH, IP E PIKEX GVIHMR'IPI #M VMXYEPYP HMVIGX HI WXVM EJIGXMZI. -R EP HSMPIE VRH, E ZVYX W SF'MR HMRXV-S HEX S I\TVIWMI KIRIVEP E VETSVXYPYM HMRXVI WSGMIXEXI #M VIPMKMI, R XMQT GI RSM EZIQ RIZSMI QEM EPIW HI WXYHMM GSRGVIXI GEVI W TIVQMX GSRWXVYMVIE YRSV WIVMM VIKYPEXI HI ZEVME'MM GSRGSQMXIRXI. (I EMGM E VI^YPXEX YR JIP HI HMWGVIHMXEVI, GEVI ETEW KVIY EWYTVE IXRSPSKMIM VIPMKMSEWI. 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, QMXYVMPI, VMXYEPYP #M GVIHMR'IPI VIPMKMSEWI EPGXYMIWG YR HSQIRMY JSEVXI TVSQM'XSV TIRXVY WXYHMMPI WXVYGXYVEPI #M, HI#M VEVI, GIVGIXVMPI VIGIRXI TEV E 3 HISWIFMX HI JIGYRHI. 6IGIRX, G'MZE EYXSVM EY RXVITVMRW YR WXYHMY EP WMWXIQIPSV VIPMKMSEWI GE ERWEQFPYVM WXVYGXYVEXI. 9RIPI PYGVVM QSRSKVE3GI, GYQ WYRX 8LI 6SEH SJ 0MJI ERH (IEML HI 4. 6EHMR (1"15) #M /YRETMTM, HI 6. 1. &IVRHX (1951), WI MRWTMV HMR EGIEWX GSRGIT'MI. %WXJIP W-E HIWGLMW GEPIE TIRXVY GIVGIXVM WMWXIQEXMGI, MEV YR I\IQTPY FYR R EGIWX WIRW RI IWXI SJIVMX HI PYGVEVIE 2EZELS 6IPMKMSR HI +. 6IMGLEVH (1950). 2Y ZSV 3 RIKPMNEXI RW HMR EGIWX QSXMZ EREPM^IPI HI HIXEPMY, EZRH GE SFMIGX IPIQIRXIPI TIVQERIRXI #M RITIVQERIRXI EPI VITVI^IRXVMPSV VIPMKMSEWI EPI YRIM TSTYPE'MM ERYQI TI S HYVEX HI XMQT VIPEXMZ WGYVX, E#E GYQ PI-E GSRGITYX 0S[MI. 4SEXI G EXYRGM ZSQ VIY#M W GSRWXVYMQ R IXGIT'MI EYXSVMXEV E SVHMRMM WSGMEPI (ZI^M R PIKXYV GY EGIWX WYFMIGX VWTYRWYP QIY HEX PYM +. +YVZMXGL, GET. <:- HMR ZSPYQYP HI 'EX). RSPSKME VIPMKMSEW EGIPI, QSHIPI PE WGEV QMG HIWXMREXI EREPM^IM GSQTEVEXMZI. HI ZEVME'MM GSRGSQMXIRXI. E#E GYQ WI MQTYR IPI R SVMGI GIVGIXEVI ZM^RH I\TPMGEVIE JETXIPSV WSGMEPI (2EHIM, 1952). %GIEWX QIXSH RY ZE TIVQMXI HIGX YR TVSKVIW PIRX; HEV IE ZE JYVRM^E GSRGPY^MM GEVI ZSV GSRXE TVMRXVI GIPI QEM FMRI JYRHEXI #M QEM GSRZMRKXSEVI HMR XSEXI TI GEVI PI TYXIQ WTIVE R QEXIVMI HI SVKERM^EVI WSGMEP. 2EHIM E HIQSRWXVEX HINE G RXVI MRWXMXY'ME #EQERMWQYPYM #M ERYQMXI EXMXYHMRM TWMLSPSKMGI GEVEGXIVMWXMGI WSGMIX'MPSV GSVIWTYR^XSEVI I\MWX S GSVIPE'MI (1946). 'SQTEVRH YRIPI HSGYQIRXI MRHS-IYVS-TIRI TVSZIRMRH HMR -WPERHE, HMR -VPERHE #M HMR 'EYGE^, +. (YQI^MP E VIY#MX W MRXIVTVIXI^I YR TIVWSREN QMXSPSKMG TR EXYRGM IRMKQEXMG, W TYR R GSVIPE'MI VSPYP #M QERMJIWXVMPI EGIWXYME GY YRIPI XVWXYVM EPI SVKERM^VMM WSGMEPI E TSTYPE'MMPSV WXYHMEXI (1948); ;MXXJSKIP #M +SPHJVERO EY M^SPEX YRIPI ZEVME'MM WIQRM3GEXMZI EPI ERYQMXSV XIQI QMXSPSKMGI

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