DIT Medicine in Society 1 Case-control studies -take a group of people with bad *outcome*, take a group of similar people

witho ut the bad *outcome*, and compare each other to see what risk factors caused the m to have that bad *outcome* -case - group with disease -control - group without disease but similar to case in everything else -observation (not experimental) cuz you're just observing what's happening -retrospective (not prospective) cuz looking back at what risk factors are assoc iated (not causal) with the disease -odds ratio - odds that someone with the risk factor of smoking will get lung ca ncer divided by odds that someone without the risk factor of smoking will get lu ng cancer (case divided by control?) Cohort study -take a group of people with *risk factors*, take a group of similar people with out *risk factors*, and compare each other to see what outcomes occur -observation -retrospective or prospective -relative risk - exposed divided by unexposed Cross sectional study -looks at a group at one point in time (e.g. how many people have COPD at one po int in time e.g. jan 1, 2012) -these studies can tell you prevalence -but these studies can't tell you incidence, and can't tell you if disease is in creasing/decreasing in prevalence, and can't tell you how risk factors and outco mes are related -observational -not retrospective nor prospective since only looking at one point in time Twin concordance study