Curs 14

Reprezentarea cunoaterii. Reele semantice

Reele semantice descriptive

adecvate reprezentrii cunoaterii statice se descriu:
entiti, n ierarhia de la general spre specific relaii ntre entiti

dou niveluri:
conceptual (intensiv): concepte (tipuri) referenial (extensiv): instane ale conceptelor

Reele semantice descriptive

O lume obiectual:
Cub2 Cub1 Cilindru

Taxonomie:
obiect-fizic corp-geometric

cub

cilindru

Reeaua semantic conceptual

Cub1

Cub2

Cilindru1

Reeaua semantic referenial

Reelele semantice descriptive permit reprezentarea economic

Proprietile:
explicite la nivelul conceptual implicite (motenite) la nivelul referenial

Interogri:
care este nchiderea tranzitiv a relaiilor taxonomice ISA ale unui nod din reea? ce valoare este ataat prin relaia semantic R nodului n? care este valoarea regsit prin navigare n reea n lungul lanului de relaii R1 Rn, plecnd din nodul n? care este calea de relaii semantice ce se poate stabili ntre dou noduri n1 i n2?
4

Interogri ntr-o reea semantic

mas

are-mas e-fcut-din obiect-fizic 2500 volum are-vol corp-geometric 1000 are-nlime dimensiune are-raz fier lemn are-dens 0.8 are-dens 2.4 are-dens material densitate

are-mas

are-latur

cub

cilindru e-fcut-din Reeaua semantic conceptual Reeaua semantic referenial

are-vol

Cub1

Cub2

Cilindru1 e-fcut-din e-fcut-din

10 3

are-nlime are-raz

Demoni
Proceduri care...
nu se apeleaz se activeaz singure cnd anumite condiii pe care ei sunt pregtii s le sesizeze sunt ndeplinite

Strile unui demon:

adormit disponibil (idle) activ

Tranziiile demonilor
proces extern

la ndeplinirea condiiei proprii

ADORMIT

TREAZ

ACTIV

proces extern

la terminare

Demoni ntr-o reea semantic

computeVolCylinder computeMass
mas

computeVolCube

are-vol (demon) aremas obiect-fizic aremas(demon ) e-fcut-din are-dens

are-vol (demon)

material

densitate

2500

volum are-vol corp-geometric fier lemn are-dens 0.8 2.4

1000
are-nlime dimensiune are-raz

are-dens

are-mas

are-latur

cub

cilindru e-fcut-din Reeaua semantic conceptual Reeaua semantic referenial

are-vol

Cub1

Cub2

Cilindru1 e-fcut-din e-fcut-din

10 3

are-nlime are-raz

Demonul ComputeMass
procedure ComputeMass(x) begin ; afl densitatea lui x: ?Cx: x ISA Cx ?R1*: Cx R1* densitate ?y1: x R1* y1 ; afl volumul lui x: ?R2*: Cx R2* volum ?y2: x R2* y2 ; calculeaz masa ca densitate * volum: return y1 * y2; end

m=*V

Activarea demonilor (demonul nu se activeaz)

computeMass
mas

Care este masa lui Cub1? ?CCub1: Cub1 ISA CCub1 CCub1 = cub ?R*: CCub1 R* mas R* = are-mas ?y: Cub1 are-mas y y = 2500

are-mas

aremas(demon ) e-fcut-din are-dens

obiect-fizic 2500 volum are-vol corp-geometric fier

material

densitate

are-dens lemn 0.8 2.4

1000
are-nlime dimensiune are-raz

are-dens

are-mas

are-latur

cub

cilindru e-fcut-din Reeaua semantic conceptual Reeaua semantic referenial

are-vol

Cub1

Cub2

Cilindru1 e-fcut-din e-fcut-din

10 3

are-nlime are-raz

10

Demonul devine ACTIV

Care este masa lui Cub2? ?CCub2: Cub2 ISA CCub2 CCub2 = cub ?R*: CCub2 R* mas R* = are-mas ?y: Cub2 are-mas y nil ACTIV demonul din vrful relaiei are-mas
are-dens densitate

computeVolCylinder computeMass
mas

computeVolCube

are-vol (demon) are-mas aremas(demon ) e-fcut-din obiect-fizic

are-vol (demon)

material

2500

volum are-vol corp-geometric fier lemn are-dens 0.8 2.4

1000
are-nlime dimensiune are-raz

are-dens

are-mas

are-latur

cub

cilindru e-fcut-din Reeaua semantic conceptual Reeaua semantic referenial

are-vol

Cub1

Cub2

Cilindru1 e-fcut-din e-fcut-din

10 3

are-nlime are-raz

11

Demonul ComputeMass e activ!

cub2 procedure ComputeMass(x) m=*V begin ; afl densitatea lui x: ?Cx: x ISA Cx Cx = cub ?R1*: Cx R1* densitate R1* = e-fcut-din are-dens ?y1: x R1* y1 y1 = cub2 e-fcut-din are-dens = 0.8 ; afl volumul lui x: ?R2*: Cx R2* volum R2* = are-vol ?y2: x R2* y2 y2: cub2 are-vol y2 y2 = 1000 ; calculeaz masa ca densitate * volum: return y1 * y2; return 0.8 * 1000 end

Demoni ntr-o reea semantic

computeVolCylinder computeMass
mas

computeVolCube

are-vol (demon) aremas obiect-fizic aremas(demon ) e-fcut-din

are-vol (demon)

Care este masa cilindrului 1? ?CCilindru1: Cilindru1 ISA CCilindru1 CCilindru1 = cilindru ?R*: cilindru R* mas R* = are-mas ?y: Cilindru1 are-mas y nil ACTIV demonul computeMass(cilindru1)
are-dens densitate

material

2500

volum are-vol corp-geometric fier lemn are-dens 0.8 2.4

1000
are-nlime dimensiune are-raz

are-dens

are-mas

are-latur

cub

cilindru e-fcut-din Reeaua semantic conceptual Reeaua semantic referenial

are-vol

Cub1

Cub2

Cilindru1 e-fcut-din e-fcut-din

10 3

are-nlime are-raz

13

Demonul ComputeMass e activ!

Cilindru1 procedure ComputeMass(x) m=*V begin ; afl densitatea lui x: ?Cx: x ISA Cx Cx = cilindru ?R1*: Cx R1* densitate R1* = e-fcut-din are-dens ?y1: x R1* y1 y1 = Cilindru1 e-fcut-din are-dens = ; afl volumul lui x: 2.4 ?R2*: Cx R2* volum R *: Cilindru R * volum R * = are-vol 2 2 2 ?y2: x R2* y2 y2: Cilindru1 are-vol y2 nil ... ; calculeaz masa ca densitate * volum: return y1 * y2; return 0.8 * 1000 = 800 end

Demonul devine ACTIV

computeVolCylinder computeMass
mas

computeVolCube

are-vol (demon) are-mas aremas(demon ) e-fcut-din obiect-fizic are-dens

are-vol (demon)

material

densitate

2500

volum are-vol corp-geometric fier lemn are-dens 0.8 2.4

1000
are-nlime dimensiune are-raz

are-dens

are-mas

are-latur

cub

cilindru e-fcut-din Reeaua semantic conceptual Reeaua semantic referenial

are-vol

Cub1

Cub2

Cilindru1 e-fcut-din e-fcut-din

10 3

are-nlime are-raz

15

Demonul ComputeVolCylinder e activ!

V=* r2 *H
Cilindru1

procedure ComputeVolCylinder(x) begin ; afl raza bazei lui x: ?r: x are-raz r 3 ; afl nlimea lui x: ?h: x are-nlime h 10 ; calculeaz volumul: return 3.14 * r * r * h; return 3.14 * 3 * 3 * 10 = 282.6 end

Demonul ComputeMass e activ!

Cilindru1 procedure ComputeMass(x) m=*V begin ; afl densitatea lui x: ?Cx: x ISA Cx Cx = cilindru ?R1*: Cx R1* densitate R1* = e-fcut-din are-dens ?y1: x R1* y1 y1 = Cilindru1 e-fcut-din are-dens = ; afl volumul lui x: 2.4 ?R2*: Cx R2* volum R *: Cilindru R * volum R * = are-vol 2 2 2 ?y2: x R2* y2 y2: Cilindru1 are-vol y2 nil ... 282.6 ; calculeaz masa ca densitate * volum: return y1 * y2; return 2.4 * 282.6 = 678.24 end

Reele semantice evenimeniale

adecvate reprezentrii cunoaterii dinamice se descriu:
entiti i tipuri evenimente n care sunt angrenate entitile reguli de bun-sim secvene de evenimente

pot fi folosite la:

explicarea semnificaiei unor enunuri generarea de situaii specifice pentru verificarea unor condiii simularea comportamentului unor societi de ageni

Reprezentri evenimeniale
Ion a spat asear gradina cu hrleul.

persoan a spa grdin

hrle Ion

ISA

ISA hrle1

ISA AG

ISA OB grdina1

INSTR

ev1

TMP

asear

Reguli de modelare a lumii reale

persoan REC X obiect REC Y AG cause a scpa REC a cdea AG MOD repede X-obiect REC plausible a cdea a atinge Y-obiect

repede

dur ATR Y-obiect

MOD
a atinge AG ISA AG X-obiect a lovi REC Y-obiect X-obiect AG fragil ATR

UPON REC plausible a lovi REC a se sparge

REC

Y-lichid Z-object CONTAINS UPON REC X-container a se sparge cause ON

REC

Z-obiect ON
ON a se revrsa Y-lichid REC cause a se revrsa REC FROM

a fi ntins

Care sunt procesele care se dezvolt n mintea noastr cnd citim un text?

Maria a scpat oul din mn. Ea a curat apoi pardoseala.

t0
ev1 C

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan a scpa ISA Maria PART-OF mn-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 ISA lichid FROM REC ou-1 ATR CONTAINS AG ev1 ISA

Reguli de modelare a lumii reale

persoan REC X obiect REC Y AG cause a scpa REC a cdea AG MOD repede X-obiect REC plausible a cdea a atinge Y-obiect

repede

dur ATR Y-obiect

MOD
a atinge AG ISA AG X-obiect a lovi REC Y-obiect X-obiect AG fragil ATR

UPON REC plausible a lovi REC a se sparge

REC

Y-lichid Z-object CONTAINS UPON REC X-container a se sparge cause ON

REC

Z-obiect ON
ON a se revrsa Y-lichid REC cause a se revrsa REC FROM

a fi ntins

t0
ev1 C ev2

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan a cdea ISA ISA Maria ev2 PART-OF mn-1 ou-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 ISA lichid ATR CONTAINS REC

Reguli de modelare a lumii reale

persoan REC X obiect REC Y AG cause a scpa REC a cdea AG MOD repede X-obiect REC plausible a cdea a atinge Y-obiect

repede

dur ATR Y-obiect

MOD
a atinge AG ISA AG X-obiect a lovi REC Y-obiect X-obiect AG fragil ATR

UPON REC plausible a lovi REC a se sparge

REC

Y-lichid Z-object CONTAINS UPON REC X-container a se sparge cause ON

REC

Z-obiect ON
ON a se revrsa Y-lichid REC cause a se revrsa REC FROM

a fi ntins

t0
ev1 C ev2 ev3

t3

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan a atinge ISA ISA Maria ev3 PART-OF mn-1 ou-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 ISA ?? ATR CONTAINS REC AG REC X-obiect ISA MOD repede

lichid

Reguli de modelare a lumii reale

persoan REC X obiect REC Y AG cause a scpa REC a cdea AG MOD repede X-obiect REC plausible a cdea a atinge Y-obiect

repede

dur ATR Y-obiect

MOD
a atinge AG ISA AG X-obiect a lovi REC Y-obiect X-obiect AG fragil ATR

UPON REC plausible a lovi REC a se sparge

REC

Y-lichid Z-object CONTAINS UPON REC X-container a se sparge cause ON

REC

Z-obiect ON
ON a se revrsa Y-lichid REC cause a se revrsa REC FROM

a fi ntins

Wordnet ca surs de cunoatere

t0
ev1 C ev2 ev3

t3

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan a lovi ISA ISA Maria ev3 PART-OF mn-1 ou-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 ISA lichid ?? ATR CONTAINS AG REC X-obiect ISA

Reguli de modelare a lumii reale

persoan REC X obiect REC Y AG cause a scpa REC a cdea AG MOD repede X-obiect REC plausible a cdea a atinge Y-obiect

repede

dur ATR Y-obiect

MOD
a atinge AG ISA AG X-obiect a lovi REC Y-obiect X-obiect AG fragil ATR

UPON REC plausible a lovi REC a se sparge

REC

Y-lichid Z-object CONTAINS UPON REC X-container a se sparge cause ON

REC

Z-obiect ON
ON a se revrsa Y-lichid REC cause a se revrsa REC FROM

a fi ntins

t0
ev1 C ev2 ev3

t3
ev4

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan a lovi ISA ISA Maria ev3 PART-OF mn-1 ou-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 ISA lichid ?? ATR CONTAINS AG REC X-obiect ISA UPON REC ISA se sparge

ev4

Reguli de modelare a lumii reale

persoan REC X obiect REC Y AG cause a scpa REC a cdea AG MOD repede X-obiect REC plausible a cdea a atinge Y-obiect

repede

dur ATR Y-obiect

MOD
a atinge AG ISA AG X-obiect a lovi REC Y-obiect X-obiect AG fragil ATR

UPON REC plausible a lovi REC a se sparge

REC

Y-lichid Z-object CONTAINS UPON REC X-container a se sparge cause ON

REC

Z-obiect ON
ON a se revrsa Y-lichid REC cause a se revrsa REC FROM

a fi ntins

t0
ev1 C ev2 ev3

t3
ev4 ev5

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan se revars ISA ISA Maria ev5 PART-OF mn-1 ou-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 ISA lichid ?? ATR CONTAINS X-obiect ISA FROM REC RECO N

Reguli de modelare a lumii reale

persoan REC X obiect REC Y AG cause a scpa REC a cdea AG MOD repede X-obiect REC plausible a cdea a atinge Y-obiect

repede

dur ATR Y-obiect

MOD
a atinge AG ISA AG X-obiect a lovi REC Y-obiect X-obiect AG fragil ATR

UPON REC plausible a lovi REC a se sparge

REC

Y-lichid Z-object CONTAINS UPON REC X-container a se sparge cause ON

REC

Z-obiect ON
ON a se revrsa Y-lichid REC cause a se revrsa REC FROM

a fi ntins

t0
ev1 C ev2 ev3

t3
ev4

t6
ev5 ev6

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan se revars ISA ISA Maria ev5 PART-OF mn-1 ou-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 ISA lichid ?? ATR CONTAINS X-obiect ISA FROM REC REC REC ON a fi ntins

ISA ev6

Reguli de modelare a proceselor cognitive

persoan lichid persoan ISA X-persoan X-persoan X-persoan AG plausible crede cura crede

ISA
X-persoan

ISA Y-lichid

AG OB vedea

REC

AG

AG

plausible
a fi ntins

ON HAS-PROP Z-obiect Z-obiect murdar

OB HAS-PROP Y-obiect Y-obiect

murdar

Reguli de modelare a proceselor cognitive

persoan lichid persoan ISA X-persoan X-persoan X-persoan AG plausible crede cura crede

ISA
X-persoan

ISA Y-lichid

AG OB vedea

REC

AG

AG

plausible
a fi ntins

ON HAS-PROP Z-obiect Z-obiect murdar

OB HAS-PROP Y-obiect Z-obiect

murdar

t0
ev1 C ev2 ev3

t3
ev4

t6
ev5 ev6 ev7

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan a fi ntins ISA ISA Maria PART-OF OB mn-1 ou-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 ISA lichid ?? ATR CONTAINS X-obiect ISA REC ON X-obiect ev6

crede

AG ev7

ISA

HAS-PROP
murdar

t0
ev1 C ev2 ev3

t3
ev4

t6
ev5 ev6 ev7

t8
ev8

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan a fi ntins ISA ISA Maria PART-OF OB mn-1 ou-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 ISA lichid ?? ATR CONTAINS X-obiect ISA REC ON X-obiect ev6

crede

AG ev7

ISA

HAS-PROP
murdar

2. Ea a curat apoi pardoseala.

cura

ISA AG ev8

OB

pardoseala

Reguli de modelare a proceselor cognitive

persoan lichid persoan ISA X-persoan X-persoan X-persoan AG plausible crede cura crede

ISA
X-persoan

ISA Y-lichid

AG OB vedea

REC

AG

AG

plausible
a fi ntins

ON HAS-PROP Z-obiect Z-obiect murdar

OB HAS-PROP Y-obiect Z-obiect

murdar

t0
ev1 C ev2 ev3

t3
ev4

t6
ev5 ev6 ev7

t8
ev9 ev8

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan

matching

a fi ntins

crede

ISA ISA Maria PART-OF ev6

AG ev7

ISA

OB mn-1 ou-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 ISA lichid ?? ATR CONTAINS X-obiect ISA REC ON X-obiect

HAS-PROP
murdar

Se potrivesc!

2. Ea a curat apoi pardoseala.

cura crede

ISA AG ev8 AG ev9

ISA

OB

OB HAS-PROP

pardoseala

pardoseala

murdar

t0
ev1 C ev2 ev3

t3
ev4

t6
ev5 ev6 ev7

t8
ev9 ev8

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan a scpa ISA ISA Maria PART-OF mn-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 ISA lichid ?? REC FROM ou-1 ATR CONTAINS X-obiect ISA FROM REC REC REC AG REC AG ev1 ISA REC ev2 ev3 UPON ON OB ON X-obiect ISA ISA ISA ev5 ISA ev6 AG ISA ev7 a cdea a lovi se sparge se revars a fi ntins

crede

ev4

HAS-PROP
murdar

2. Ea a curat apoi pardoseala.

cura crede

nelegem...

ISA AG ev8 AG ev9

ISA

OB

OB HAS-PROP

pardoseala

pardoseala

murdar

t0
ev1 C ev2 ev3

t3
ev4

t6
ev5 ev6 ev7

t8
ev9 ev8

timp

1. Maria a scpat oul din mn.

persoan a scpa ISA ISA Maria PART-OF mn-1 ISA mn fragil lichid-1 pardoseala ISA lichid murdar REC FROM ou-1 ATR CONTAINS X-obiect ISA FROM REC REC REC AG REC AG ev1 ISA REC ev2 ev3 UPON ON OB ON X-obiect ISA ISA ISA ev5 ISA ev6 AG ISA ev7 a cdea a lovi se sparge se revars a fi ntins

crede

ev4

HAS-PROP

2. Ea a curat apoi pardoseala.

cura crede

nelegem...

ISA AG ev8 AG ev9

ISA

OB

OB HAS-PROP

pardoseala

pardoseala

murdar