Manual Chemistry 2014

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PEPERI KSAAN
SI JI L TI NGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSI A
(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION)

Manual for School-Based Assessment:
Chemistry Practical
Paper 4 962/4

STPM 2014

REMI NDER:
This manual is specifically for the use of teachers or examiners only and should not be given to
unauthorised persons.
__________________________________________________________________________________

This SBA Manual consists of 83 printed pages.
Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia 2013
MAJLI S PEPERI KSAAN MALAYSI A
(MALAYSI AN EXAMI NATI ONS COUNCI L)
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Contents

Page
Part 1: Teacher`s Manual of Chemistry Practical
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 General Information 1
1.3 Recording of Assessment Marks 2
1.4 Moderation 3
1.5 Practical Work Assessment Guide 4
1.6 Project Assessment Guide 9
1.7 Summary of the Allocation of Mark for Each Experiment 16
1.8 Table of Summary of Experiment and Project 17
1.9 Preparation of Solutions 19
1.10 Guidelines for Experiments 22
1.11 List of Apparatus and Materials 36
Appendix A 49
Appendix B 50

Part 2: Student`s Manual of Chemistry Practical
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 Assessment of Practical Work and Project 51
2.3 Table of Summary of Experiment and Project 54
2.4 Experiment for First Term 56
2.5 Experiment for Second Term 66
2.6 Experiment for Third Term 75
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CHEMI STRY PRACTI CAL STPM 2014

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Part 1: Teacher's Manual of Chemistry Practical

1.1 I ntroduction

1.1.1 This manual contains administration and guidelines on the implementation and
assessment of the practical work and project which have to be carried out by the school.

1.1.2 Some of the skills that should be developed in STPM Chemistry subject (e.g. handling
of apparatus, observation, interpretation of results, and planning) can only be fully
acquired through practical work and project.

1.1.3 Continuous assessment of practical work and project in school throughout form six will
ensure that direct assessment of all the desired practical and scientific skills of students
can be made.

1.1.4 The practical science assessment is carried out in schools with the following objectives:
(a) To establish a practical work assessment system which is fair, accurate and
comprehensive;
(b) To improve the practical skills and the quality of practical work of students;
(c) To inculcate independence, teamwork spirit, scientific attitudes and critical
thinking among students.

1.2 General I nformation

1.2.1 The teacher in charge of the school-based assessment of practical chemistry will be
provided with a softcopy of the Teacher`s Manual which contains the details oI the
administration of practical chemistry assessment, practical work assessment guide and
description of experiments.

1.2.2 Malaysian Examinations Council (MEC) will provide a softcopy of Teacher's and
Student`s Manual which can be downloaded from MEC Portal
(http://www.mpm.edu.my) during the first term of form six. MEC will send username
and password to Principal of the school for the downloaded purposes. The school is
expected to make the duplicate copies of the Student's Manual which contain
experiments to be given to each student.

1.2.3 MEC has determined 13 compulsory experiments and one project to be carried out
by students which will be assessed by the teacher in three respective terms.

1.2.4 Experiments and project are to be carried out either individually or in groups as
recommended in the Table of Summary of Experiments and Project on pages 17.

1.2.5 The teacher is expected to prepare the experiments according to this manual. MEC
should be informed of any modifications made by using the Experiment Report Form
(See Appendix B on page 51)

1.2.6 The recommended time to complete the practical works report and project report is as

1.2.7 The information on each experiment should be given to the students before the
experiment is carried out so that they can plan their practical work.
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1.2.8 The teacher should ensure that a student has been given a chance to acquire a particular
skill before the assessment of that skill is made. For this purpose, the teacher should
carry out similar experiments before carrying out the compulsory experiments.

1.2.9 The assessment of experimental skills should be done while the student is carrying out
the experiment and also on the student`s practical work report. The assessment for the
project should be done according to the project report and the oral presentation made by
students.

1.2.10 For a student who is absent for an experiment with reason, the teacher can fix another
date for the students to carry out the experiment.

1.2.11 Students may write their practical work and project reports in either English or Bahasa
Melayu. The practical work reports is to be submitted to the teacher on the same day the
experiment is carried out unless otherwise stated. (Refer to the Table of Summary of
Experiments and project on pages 17) Practical work reports which are not submitted
on the day oI the experiment are to be awarded 0` mark.

1.2.12 Practical work reports which can be completed at home are to be submitted to the
teacher not later than 3 days from the date of the experiment. A penalty of 2 marks is to
be imposed for the reports submitted late to the teacher. Practical work reports which
are submitted later than 7 days from the date oI the experiment are to be awarded 0`
mark.

1.2.13 The teacher is required to set the dateline for the submission of project in the specified
date at the end of third term. A penalty of 2 marks is to be imposed for the reports
submitted late to the teacher.

1.2.14 The oral presentation for the project work should be carried out by the teachers after the
assessment of the project report of all students. If the teacher suggests that changes are
required towards the project report after the oral presentation, the student needs to
correct the project report.

1.2.15 For a student who has transferred to another school, the previous school is to send the
student`s reports and the Student Record Form which is partially completed and signed
by the subject teacher, to the student`s new school.

1.2.16 All practical work and project reports, and Student's Record Form are evidence; and
should be kept by the school and destroyed under secure condition 6 months after the
release of the STPM result in the following year.

1.3 Recording of Assessment Marks

1.3.1 Recording of the practical assessment marks of each student is to be done by the subject
teacher on Student's Record Form (See Appendix A on page 50).

1.3.2 For each student, the teacher is to record the date of the experiment, the experiment
number and mark given to each of the skills for the 13 compulsory experiments in the
Student's Record Form. Marks are to be awarded in accordance with the practical work
assessment guide on pages 4. The teacher will also record the date of oral presentation
and mark given to each skill and component for the project in the Student's Record
Form. Marks are to be awarded in accordance with the project assessment guide on
pages 9.
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1.3.3 Remarks on the following cases should be written in the Notes` column on the
Student's Record Form of the student involved.
(a) An experiment carried out at a later date for a student who was absent for the
experiment.
(b) Any penalty imposed due to late submission of practical and project reports to the
teacher.
(c) A student who has not finished all the experiments allocated (reasons to be
stated).
(d) A student who failed to submit all the practical and project reports (reasons to be
stated).

1.3.4 Practical work and project assessment for the three terms should be completed four
weeks before the written examination for third term

1.3.5 Once the practical and project assessment for every term is completed, the marks for the
13 compulsory experiments and one project is to be calculated and written in the
Overall Total mark` column on the Student's Record Form. The full total mark for this
practical work and project assessment is 225.

1.3.6 The total mark for each student must be submitted to MEC via electronic submission in
the specified date.

1.3.7 The teacher carrying out the practical and project assessment are required to make a
declaration that the entries of marks and the overall total mark in the Student's Record
are correct by signing in the spaces provided.

1.4 Moderation

1.4.1 A common assessment standard for marking must be agreed upon if more than one
teacher in the same school is involved in assessing the student's practical work and
project to ensure that the internal assessment is carried out fairly and effectively.

1.4.2 All component of assessment are subjected to moderation by the moderator appointed
by MEC.

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1.5 Practical Work Assessment Guide

1.5.1 The practical work should be graded based on the assessment criteria below.

Skill Criterion Description
Mark
Range
Max
Mark
A: Ability to use
correct
techniques and
handling of
apparatus and
materials.

The assessment is
made through
unobtrusive
observations of any
two experiments for
every term which
involved the use of
different apparatus.
Students should not
be aware of the
assessment.
The student exhibits
correct techniques in
handling apparatus and
materials. The experiment
is conducted without
guidance.

6

6
The student is sufficiently
capable of using and
handling apparatus with
minimum guidance.
4
The student can carry out
simple practical work
using common apparatus
and materials provided
with guidance.
2
B: Observations,
measurements
and recording
The assessment is
based on the
practical reports for
five experiments
(first term and
second term) while
three experiments
(third term); which
require students to
make, record and
report observations
or results. Teachers
are required to carry
out the same
experiments for
moderation
purposes.
For Volumetric Analysis
(a) Correct readings
(CR) and sufficient
readings (SR)
Correct readings
both the initial and
final readings are
recorded in the
correct spaces and to
two decimal places,
except for zero.
Sufficient readings
at least two
volume readings
within the range of
0.10 cm
3

1

1
5
(b) Correct average set
(AS) and mean (M)
Correct average set
correct difference
between the final
and initial readings.
Correct mean
arithmetic mean for
titres used/obtained
to two decimals
places.

1

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Mark
Range
Max
Mark

(c) Accuracy (The
difference in mean
value between the
teacher and the
student)
If the difference is
between 0.00 cm
3

and 0.30 cm
3

1

For Physical Quantity
and Technique
(a) The table is
complete and the
data are filled in the
correct spaces.
(Minus ONE mark
if the table is not
complete)
2

(b) All calculations of
the data in the table
are correct.
1
(c) Appropriate decimal
places.
Example:
Temperature
readings up to one
decimal place.
( 0.1 C)
Weight
measurements up to
two decimal places
( 0.01 g)
Burette readings up
to two decimal
places ( 0.05 cm
3
)
1
(d) Accuracy (The
difference in mean
value between the
teacher and the
student)
If the difference
between 0% to 10%
1

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Mark
Range
Max
Mark

For Technique
(Qualitative Analysis)
(a) Filling the
'observation
column correctly
(Minus ONE mark
if the table is not
complete)
5

C: Interpretation of
experimental
observations and
data

The assessment is
based on the
practical reports for
four experiments in
first term, four
experiments in
second term, and
three experiments in
third term whereby
students are required
to answer the
stipulated questions,
interpret data and
draw deductions.
For Volumetric Analysis,
and Physical Quantities
and Technique
(Synthesis)
(a) Each question, other
than graphs which is
correctly answered.
(Minus ONE mark
for the incorrect
answer)
(b) Experiment which
involve graphs.
Axes labelled and
correct units
(c) Correct shape of the
graph

Max 4

1

1
6
For Technique
(Qualitative Analysis)
(a) Filling the
'deduction column
correctly.
(Minus ONE mark
for each incorrect
deduction)
(b) Deducing the
identity of the
salt/ion correctly

5

1

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Mark
Range
Max
Mark
D: Design and
Planning of
Investigation
The assessment is
based on the
practical report for
two experiments
whereby the
students are required
to plan the
experiment by
themselves. Read
the tabulation on
page 16.
The practical report for
first term should have
the following format:
(a) Title
(b) Purpose
(c) Materials and
apparatus
(d) Theory/Introduction
(e) Procedure
(f) Results (Including
calculations)/
observation
(g) Conclusion
(h) Comments (on the
experiments and/or
results and/or safety
measures/
precautions)

1
1
1

1
1
2

1
1
9
The practical report for
second term and third
term (except project
report) should have the
following format:
(a) Title
(b) Purpose
(c) Materials and
apparatus
(d) Theory/Introduction
(e) Procedure/Tests
(f) Observations
(g) Deduction
(h) Conclusion/Identity
of substance

4

4
1

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Mark
Range
Max
Mark
E: Scientific ethics
and values
Assessment is
conducted
throughout the terms
in first term and
second term by
observations.
The students are
expected to exhibit
the scientific ethics
and values such as:
self-reliance,
trustworthiness,
fairness, curiosity,
inquisitiveness,
initiative,
innovative, receptive
to new ideas,
cooperative and
caring for the
environment.
(a) Excellent
(b) Good
(c) Moderate
(d) Fair
(e) Poor
5
4
3
2
1
5

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1.6 Project Assessment Guide

1.6.1 The school will be notified of the theme of the project for the current year by MEC. The
students are free to propose the title of the project based on the theme given.

1.6.2 The groups are expected to complete the task at the end of third term of form six where
they will define the project focus, analyse and evaluate the information gathered,
prepare an oral presentation and submit a written report.

1.6.3 The students will be assessed on their performances both as members of the group and
as individuals.

1.6.4 The performance of individual students and that of groups is assessed through the
following means: written report, overall quality of project report and oral presentation.

1.6.5 The report on project which has been done on third term should have the following
format:
(a) Title
(b) Abstract
(c) Introduction
(d) Methodology
(e) Observations, result and discussion
(f) Conclusion
(g) References/Bibliography

1.6.6 The assessment framework of the project work is shown in the table below.

Component Group Individual Total
Project report 66.67 % 66.67%
Project file 10% 10%
Oral Presentation 13.33% 10% 23.33%
Total 100%

1.6.7 The project report should be at least 800 words and not more than 1500 words. The
project report will be assessed as a group`s assessment and should be assessed based on
the assessment criteria.

1.6.8 The oral presentation will be assessed individually and as a group. On the individual
level, each student is given a minimum of 5 minutes per student. For groups of three
students, a maximum time limit of 20 minutes is allocated; whereas for groups of two
students, the maximum limit is 15 minutes. The group presentation also includes those
that do not exceed 5 minutes. Each presentation will have a Q & A session.

1.6.9 Students need to be aware that the written work they submit must be entirely their own
and cite any source that had been referred to. Teachers should try to encourage students
to take responsibility for their learning, so that they accept ownership of the work and
take pride in it.

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1.6.10 The project report should be assessed based on the assessment criteria below.

Mark
Range
Max
Mark
B: Observations,
measurements
and recording

Title Clearly stated and
related to the theme.
1 1
Abstract Clearly stated about
the summary of the
project.
1 1
Introduction
includes:
Theory and
Literature
review
Presents some
background
information
with reference
quoted
without reference
quoted but have
some information
background
weak background
of research

2

1

0
4
Problem
statements
Presents relevant
problem statements
0 1
Objective Presents relevant
objectives of research
0 1
Methodology Data collection
procedures and
techniques planned
and outlined clearly.
Presents easy-to-
follow steps which
are logical,
adequately detailed,
and repeatable.
3 4

4
Most of the data
collection procedures
and techniques are
understandable but
some lack detail or
are confusing.
1 2

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Mark
Range
Max
Mark
C: Interpretation
of experimental
observations
and data
Observation, result
and discussion
Observation:
Data is well
organised in a data
table or paragraph
well written in
complete sentences.
Result:
All calculations were
completed, and a
correct graph is
drawn.
Discussion:
Presents a logical and
well structured
explanation for
findings.
5 6

6
Observation:
Data is organised in a
data table or
paragraph written in
complete sentences.
Result:
completed, but not
correctly or a graph is
drawn, but it is not
the correct.
Discussion:
Presents a logical
explanation for
findings.
3 4
Observation:
Data is not organised
in a data table or
paragraph not written
in complete
sentences.
Result:
not completed and a
graph was not
complete.
Discussion:
Presents an illogical
explanation for
findings.
1 2
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Mark
Range
Max
Mark
D: Design and
Planning of
Investigation
Conclusion Suggests specific
changes that would
improve the
investigation.
Recommends
relevant action or
research in the future
findings.
1 1
References/
Bibliography
Correct writing of
references and cited
appropriately.
1 1
Presentation of the
project report
Presentation of the
project is excellent
(well structured,
clear, concise and
precise).
2

2
Presentation of the
projects is adequate.
1
Project file
evidence
Evidences including
log book are neat,
accurate and clearly
related to the project
work and keep in a
portfolio
3
3
Evidences including
log book are neat and
accurate related to
the project work and
keep in a portfolio
2
Not all important
evidences including
log book are neither
neat nor accurate
related to the project
work and keep in a
portfolio
1

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The oral presentation should be assessed based on the assessment criteria below.
Mark
Range
Max
Mark
F: Oral Presentation

ICT
(Group
assessment)
Students have
positive and
appropriate
experiences in a
wide range of ICT
applications.
2

2
Students experience
a limited range of
ICT applications.
1
Presentation
(Group
assessment)
Holds attention of
entire audience
with the use of
direct eye contact,
seldom looking at
notes.
Speaker used
techniques such
as visual aids and
props, anecdote,
humour,
surprising facts,
direct audience
participation.
The composition
of the
presentation
elements exhibits
creativity in
effective delivery
of the message.
2
2
Some eye contact
was made, as
entire report is
read from notes.
Technique used
to engage
audience were
minimal, or
mainly
ineffective.
The composition
of the
presentation
elements exhibits
limited creativity.
1
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Mark
Range
Max
Mark

Communications
(Individual
assessment)
Presenter spoke
clearly and at a
good pace to
ensure audience
comprehension.
Delivery was
fluent and
expressive.
Question
answered with
little difficulty.
Very good
knowledge of the
project was
demonstrated.
The presentation
content was
grammatically
correct.
Pronunciation and
intonation is
correct and
confident.
3
3
Presenter usually
spoke clearly to
ensure audience
comprehension.
Delivery was
usually fluent.
Most questions
answered.
Answers showed
good knowledge
and understanding
of the project.
The presentation
content was
usually
grammatically
correct.
Pronunciation and
intonation is
usually correct.
2

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Mark
Range
Max
Mark
Presenter
occasionally
spoke clearly and
at a good pace.
Not all questions
could be
answered.
Questions
answered with
difficulty, and
little knowledge
of the project was
demonstrated.
The presentation
content was
occasionally
grammatically
correct.
Pronunciation
occasionally
correct, but often
hesitant and
inaccurate.
1

STPM CHEMI STRY TEACHER`S MANUAL 2013/2014
16

1.7 Summary of the Allocation of Mark for Experimentsand Project

Experiment Skill A Skill B Skill C Skill D Skill E Skill F
First term
1
Any
2 experiment ! 6 marks
5 marks 9 marks
5 marks for overall
assessment per term

2 5 marks 6 marks

3 5 marks 6 marks
4 5 marks 6 marks
5 5 marks 6 marks
Second term
6
Any
5 marks 6 marks

5 marks for overall
assessment per term

7 5 marks 6 marks
8 5 marks 6 marks

9 5 marks 9 marks
10 5 marks 6 marks

Third term
11
Any
5 marks 6 marks

12 5 marks 6 marks
13 5 marks 6 marks
Project

10 marks 6 marks 7 marks 7 marks
Total mark 36 marks 75 marks 66 marks 31 marks 10 marks 7 marks
Overall total mark 225 marks

STPM CHEMI STRY TEACHER`S MANUAL 2013/2014
17

1.8 Table of Summary of Experiments and Project

Experiment Topic Subtopic Purpose
Mode of
working
Report to
be
completed
First Term
1 Volumetric
analysis
Stoichiometry To determine the exact
concentration of a
monobasic acid, HX
Individually In the
laboratory
2 Acid base and
redox
To determine the mass of
sodium ethanedioate
used to prepare a solution
containing sodium
ethanedioate and
hydrated ethanedioic acid
Individually In the
laboratory
3 Purity and
stoichiometry
To determine the purity
of a sample of sodium
sulphite
Individually In the
laboratory
4 Physical
Quantity
Reaction kinetics To determine the effect
of temperature on the
reaction rate
Individually In the
laboratory
5 Equilibrium and
solubility
To determine the
solubility product, K
sp
, of
MX
2
and enthalpy change
of solution,
sol
H
Individually In the
laboratory
Second Term
6 Physical
Quantity
Thermochemistry To determine the heat of
reaction
Individually In the
laboratory
7 Electrochemistry-
Faraday's Laws
To determine the
percentage purity of
copper metal by
electrolysis
Individually In the
laboratory

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Mode of
working
Report to
be
completed
8 Technique Qualitative
analysis
To determine the cations
and anions of inorganic
substances
Individually In the
laboratory
9 Qualitative
analysis
and anions in inorganic
salts
Individually In the
laboratory
10 Technique-
Synthesis
To determine the
percentage of aluminium
in a sample X by means
of the preparation of a
complex compound of
aluminium with
8-hydroxyquinoline
Individually/
Group
In the
laboratory
Third Term
analysis
To study the reactions of
alcohols and carbonyl
compounds
Individually In the
laboratory
12 Qualitative
analysis
organic nitrogen
compounds (amides,
amines and their salts,
amino acids and proteins)
Individually In the
laboratory
13 Technique-
Synthesis
To prepare a sample of
2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)
benzoic acid
Group At home
Project Volumetric
analysis/
Physical
quantity/
Technique
To enable students to
acquire knowledge and
skills in chemistry using
ICT as well as to develop
soft-skills
Group At the end
of third
term

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1.9 Preparation of Solutions

For a 0.05 mol dm
-3
solution of sodium ethanedioate, Na
2
C
2
O
4
, with a relative formula mass of
134.0, its concentration in g dm
-3
can be prepared using the following equation.
Concentration in g dm
3
= molarity relative formula mass
= 0.05 134
= 6.7
Standard solutions of sulphuric acid, glacial ethanoic acid, and ammonia are prepared as
follows:

Step 1
By using the formula: Density =
volume
mass
and the specifications given in the table below,
the volumes of reagents required for dilution can be calculated.

Acid Relative Molecular Mass Density or Specific Gravity Purity
HCl
H
2
SO
4
HNO
3
H
2
O
2
NH
3
CH
3
COOH
36.5
98.0
63.0
34.0
17.0
60.0
1.18
1.84
1.42
1.13
0.88 0.91
1.05
36%
98%
70%
35%
25%
99.5%

Example: To prepare 1 dm
3
of 0.1 mol dm
3
solution of HCl, the volume of concentrated acid
required =
36
100
1.18
3.65
= 8.59 cm
3
.

Acid 0.10 mol dm
3
Volume required/cm
3

HCl
H
2
SO
4
HNO
3
H
2
O
2
NH
3
CH
3
COOH
3.65
9.80
6.30
3.40
1.70
6.00
8.6
5.4
6.3
8.6
7.7
5.7

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Step 2
For more accurate work, these solutions need to be standardised using a standard solution of
sodium carbonate, Na
2
CO
3
. A standard solution of sodium carbonate can be prepared in the
following way:
A little anhydrous sodium carbonate is dried in an evaporating dish to eliminate all traces of
moisture. The substance is then cooled in a desiccator. The amount required (5.3 g dm
3
for a
0.05 mol dm
3
solution) is then weighed, dissolved and made into a solution in a standard flask.
Acid solutions are then standardised using this solution.
Other concentrations of acid solutions can be prepared by diluting certain volumes of the acids
and standardising them with the standard solution of sodium carbonate.

1.9.1 Standard solution of sodium thiosulphate
Standard solutions of sodium thiosulphate, Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O, (relative molecular mass
248.0) cannot be prepared directly because of its salt's nature of absorbing water. For
accurate work, a solution which is prepared directly will not give good results, e.g.
problems which involve the determination of relative molecular mass or relative atomic
mass. Prepared solutions of thiosulphate are normally standardised with potassium
iodate, which will react with iodide in acid solution to liberate iodine. Potassium iodate
is used because this compound is available in a pure state.

1.9.2 Standard solution of Fe
2+
ions
To prepare this solution, use FeSO
4
.(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.6H
2
O (relative molecular mass 392.0),
not FeSO
4
.7H
2
O. Iron(II) sulphate is easily oxidised by air. In the preparation of this
solution, the double salt FeSO
4
.(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.6H
2
O needs to be dissolved in dilute
sulphuric acid and made up to the required volume with distilled or deionised water.

1.9.3 I odine solution
Dissolve 20.0 g of iodate-free potassium iodide in 30 40 cm
3
distilled water. Weigh
about 12.7 g iodine and transfer it to the 1 dm
3
volumetric flask containing concentrated
potassium iodide solution. Shake the mixture until all the iodine has dissolved. Make up
the solution to the mark with distilled water.

1.9.4 Hydrogen peroxide solution
The strength of a solution of hydrogen peroxide is usually mentioned in volumes`, e.g:
20 - volume` hydrogen peroxide, 100 - volume` hydrogen peroxide, etc. For a 20
- volume solution, 1 cm
3
of hydrogen peroxide will decompose to yield 20 cm
3
of
oxygen at s.t.p.
2H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + O
2
68 g of hydrogen peroxide liberates 22.4 litres of oxygen at s.t.p.
1 g of hydrogen peroxide liberates
68
4 22.
litres of oxygen at s.t.p.
1 litre of 20-volume hydrogen peroxide liberates 20 litres of oxygen at s.t.p.
1 litre of 20-volume hydrogen peroxide contains 6
4 . 22
20
= 60.8 g.

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21 RESTRI CTED

Therefore, to prepare a 0.1 mol dm
-3
solution of H
2
O
2
, about 5.6 cm
3
of 20 - volume
hydrogen peroxide must be diluted to make 1 litre. Other concentrations can be
prepared by diluting suitable volumes of 20 - volume H
2
O
2
. Hydrogen peroxide
solutions cannot be kept for long periods of time because of their strong tendency to
decompose. Hence, hydrogen peroxide solutions for volumetric work must be
standardised with a standard solution of potassium manganate(VII) before use.

1.9.5 I odine - potassium iodide solution (I odoform Test)
Iodine dissolves sparingly in water. Its solution is prepared by adding 20.0 g potassium
iodide and 10.0 g iodine in 80 cm
3
distilled water. The mixture is stirred to form a deep
brown solution.

1.9.6 Fehlings` solution
Fehling's solution can be prepared as follows:
(a) Fehlings` Solution A
Dissolve 17.32 g copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate in 200 cm
3
of distilled water
and dilute the solution to 250 cm
3
.
(b) Fehlings` Solution B
Dissolve 86.5 g of sodium potassium tartarate and 35 g sodium hydroxide in
100 cm
3
of distilled water and dilute the solution to 250 cm
3
.
To prepare the Fehlings`solution, mix 2.5 cm
3
Fehlings` Solution A and 2.5 cm
3
Fehlings` Solution B immediately before use.

1.9.7 Tollen's reagent
Add a drop of 2.5 mol dm
3
of sodium hydroxide solution to a 2 cm
3
of 0.3 mol dm
3
of
aqueous silver nitrate in a test tube. Add 3.0 mol dm
3
of ammonia drop by drop until
all the precipitate (silver oxide) dissolves.

1.9.8 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent (Brady`s reagent)
Dissolving 3 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in 15 cm
3
concentrated sulphuric acid.
This solution is added with stirring to 20 cm
3
of distilled water and 70 cm
3
of 95%
ethanol and filtered.

1.9.9 I ndicator solutions
(a) Methyl orange
Dissolve 1 g of the solid in 1 dm
3
of water.
(b) Screened methyl orange
Dissolve 1 g of methyl orange and 1.5 g of p-xylene cyanol in 500 cm
3
of
alcohol and dilute the solution to 1 dm
3
with water.
(c) Phenolphthalein
Dissolve 1 g of the solid in 500 cm
3
of alcohol and dilute the solution to 1 dm
3

with water.
(d) Starch indicator (usually 1%)
Make a paste of 1 g of starch with cold water, then pour boiling water and
make up to 100 cm
3
.

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22 RESTRI CTED

1.10 Guidelines for Experiments

Experiment 1

Notes for Teachers
This experiment is to be conducted after the teacher has taught:
(a) Preparation of standard solutions
(b) Skills involving acid-base titration

Materials
A suitable monobasic acid is hydrochloric or ethanoic acid, about 150 cm
3
per student.
A suitable base is sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate with suitable mass as required
by the student.
A suitable indicator is phenolphthalein or methyl orange.
Distilled water, about 250 cm
3
per student.

Apparatus per student
250 cm
3
volumetric flask and stopper
Electric balance 0.01 g or equivalent (common use)
One 25 cm
3
pipette and pipette filler
One 100 cm
3
Two 50 cm
3
burettes
One retort stand and clamp
One white tile
One wash bottle filled with distilled water
Spatula
Three titration flasks
Other suitable fittings and apparatus

Skills A, B, D, and E
Examples of skills A that can be seen are as follows:
(a) Reasonable quantities of substance used
(b) Method of weighing to obtain an exact weight of substances
(c) Technique of setting up, rinsing and filling up of the burette
(d) Technique of rinsing, filling up and transferring the solution from the pipette into the
titration flask
(e) Addition of indicator at the appropriate time
(f) Method of holding and shaking the titration flask during the titration process
(g) Method of washing off the solution from the sides of the titration flask with distilled
water before reaching the end-point
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23 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 2

Notes for Teachers

Materials
KA 1 is a solution containing 3.00 g of sodium ethanedioate, Na
2
C
2
O
4
, and 4.00 g
hydrated ethanedioic acid, H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O, per dm
3
, about 250 cm
3
per student.
KA 2 is a solution containing 3.50 g potassium manganate(VII), KMnO
4
, per dm
3
, about
120 cm
3
per student.
KA 3 is a solution containing 4.00 g sodium hydroxide per dm
3
, about 120 cm
3
per
student.
KA 4 is 1.00 mol dm
-3
sulphuric acid, about 120 cm
3
per student.
Phenolphthalein as an indicator.

Two 25 cm
3
pipettes and pipette fillers
Two 50 cm
3
burettes
Six titration flasks
Two retort stands and clamps
One 50 cm
3
measuring cylinder
Two white tiles
One thermometer 0 C 100 C ( 1.0 C)

Skills A, B, C and E
(a) Technique of setting up, rinsing and filling up of the burette
(b) Technique of rinsing, filling up and transferring the solution from the pipette into the
titration flask
(c) Addition of indicator at the appropriate time
(d) Method of holding and shaking the titration flask during the titration process
(e) Method of washing off the solution from the sides of the titration flask with distilled
(f) Technique of using measuring cylinder to measure volume of solution
(g) Technique of heating the solution before titration

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24 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 3

Notes for Teachers

Materials
KA 1 is a 0.025 mol dm
3
iodine solution prepared by dissolving 6.35 g of iodine in 10%
solution of potassium iodide per dm
3
, about 250 cm
3
per student.
KA 2 is a solution containing 12.41 g of sodium thiosulphate per dm
3
, about 200 cm
3
per
student.
KA 3 is a solution containing 3.15 g of anhydrous sodium sulphite, Na
2
SO
3
, per dm
3
,
about 150 cm
3
per student.
KA 4 is 2 g sodium hydrogencarbonate, about 8 g per student.
Starch as an indicator.

One 25 cm
3
One 50 cm
3
pipette
Three titration flasks
One 50 cm
3
burette
One white tile

Skills A, B, C, and E
(a) Technique of setting up, rinsing and filling up of the burette
(b) Technique of rinsing, filling up and transferring the solution from the pipette into the
titration flask
(c) Addition of indicator at the appropriate time
(d) Method of holding and shaking the titration flask during the titration process
(e) Method of washing off the solution from the sides of the titration flask with distilled

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25 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 4

Notes for Teachers

Materials
KA 1 is a solution containing 24.90 g of potassium iodide per dm
3
, about 150 cm
3
per
student.
KA 2 is a 0.5% starch solution, about 50 cm
3
per student.
KA 3 is a solution containing 12.41 g of sodium thiosulphate per dm
3
, about 50 cm
3
per
student.
KA 4 is a solution containing 8.60 cm
3
of hydrogen peroxide (35%) per dm
3
, about
300 cm
3
per student.
3
of concentrated sulphuric acid per dm
3
, about
150 cm
3
per student.
Ice and hot water are used as water bath and also to obtain different temperatures.
3
per student.

One 25 cm
3
One 10 cm
3
measuring cylinder
One 50 cm
3
measuring cylinder
One 50 cm
3
burette
One conical flask
One stopwatch
One 150 cm
3
beaker
One white tile

(a) Technique of obtaining and maintaining the required temperatures
(b) Accuracy in noting the time when the blue colour appears

Examples of skills B and C that can be seen are as follows:
(a) Recording time and temperature in the correct spaces
(b) Plotting of graph from the information obtained
(c) Interpretation of the graph plotted
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26 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 5

Notes for Teachers

Materials
KA 1 is solution containing 33.10 g of lead(II) nitrate per dm
3
, about 150 cm
3
per student.
KA 2 is solution containing 29.25 g of sodium chloride per dm
3
, about 100 cm
3
per
student.

Two burettes
Five boiling tubes
Two 250 cm
3
beakers
Two retort stands and clamps
One test-tube holder
One water bath

(a) Recording of volume and temperature in the correct spaces
(b) Plotting of graph from the information obtained
(c) Interpretation of the graph obtained

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27 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 6

Notes for Teachers

Materials
KA 1 is a solution containing 172 cm
3
of concentrated hydrochloric acid per dm
3
, about
100 cm
3
per student.
KA 2 is 2.00 g to 2.40 g of solid anhydrous sodium carbonate in a stoppered test-tube;
one test-tube of KA 2 per student.
KA 3 is 2.70 g to 3.10 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate in a stoppered test-tube; one test-
tube of KA 3 per student.

One 50 cm
3
burette
One plastic/polystyrene cup
Electric balance 0.01 g (common use)

Examples of skills B that can be seen are as follows:
(a) Measurement of the initial temperature is only carried out when the temperature is stable
(b) Correct method of weighing to obtain an exact weight of KA 2
(c) Weights to be recorded to the nearest 0.01 g in the correct spaces
(d) Temperatures to be recorded to the nearest 0.2 C in the correct spaces

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28 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 7

Notes for Teachers

Materials
Solution containing 250 g of CuSO
4
.5H
2
O per dm
3
, about 300 cm
3
per student.
Propanone, about 100 cm
3
per student.
3
per student.

One 100 cm
3
measuring cylinder
One 250 cm
3
beaker
Two pieces of copper plates measuring 5 cm 4 cm 0.2 cm
Five connecting wires with crocodile clips
One ammeter, 0 A 3 A
One rheostat, 11
One switch
Four dry cells or source of direct current 6 V
One stopwatch
Hair dryer (common use)
Other suitable fittings and apparatus

Skills A, B, D and E
Examples of skill D that can be seen are as follows:
(a) Neat and proper planning in following common procedures
(b) Selecting, setting up of apparatus, and using of materials correctly and completely
(c) Obtaining and recording of the masses of both the copper plates at the anode and the
cathode before and after the electrolysis process
(d) Time planning to be compatible with the experiment

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29 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 8

Notes for Teachers
(a) The teacher has to supply different salts to each of the classes taught.
(b) The teacher has to supply a different salt each year to the students.

Materials
KA 1, solid MgS
2
O
3
or MgSO
3
or CuSO
3
or Pb(CH
3
COO)
2
or Ca(CH
3
COO)
2

KA 2, a mixture of solids Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
and (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
or a mixture of solids Zn(NO
3
)
2
and
NH
4
NO
3

Common acids (concentrated and dilute)
Common alkalis (concentrated and dilute)
Aqueous solution of iron(III) chloride, approximately 50 g dm
3

Dissolve 135 g of solid iron(III) chloride in distilled water containing 20 cm
3
of
concentrated hydrochloric acid and make up the volume of solution to 1 dm
3
.
Aqueous solution of ammonium chloride, approximately 50 g dm
3

Aqueous solution of silver nitrate, approximately 50 g dm
3

Aqueous solution of disodium hydrogen phosphate, approximately 50 g dm
3

Aqueous solution of potassium chromate(VI), approximately 50 g dm
3

Aqueous solution of potassium iodide, approximately 50 g dm
3

Aqueous solution of sodium ethanoate, approximately 50 g dm
3

Aqueous solution of sodium carbonate, approximately 50 g dm
3

One test-tube rack with six test tubes
One hard glass test-tube with delivery tube
One spatula
One filter funnel and two pieces of filter paper
One teat pipette
One Bunsen burner
Red and blue litmus papers
Wooden splint

(a) Correct observations for each of the tests done
(b) Correct deductions which are consistent with correct observations
RESTRI CTED


30 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 9

Notes for Teachers

(a) The teacher has to supply different salts and other suitable reagents to each of the classes
taught.
(b) The teacher has to supply different salts and other suitable reagents each year to the
students.

Materials
KA 1, a mixture of solids KI and KNO
3
or a mixture of solids KBr and KNO
3
Devarda`s alloy
Aqueous solution of silver nitrate, approximately 50 g dm
3

Aqueous solution of iron(II) sulphate, approximately 50 g dm
3

Aqueous solution of lead(II) ethanoate , approximately 50 g dm
3

Aqueous solution of ammonium chloride, approximately 50 g dm
3

1,1,1-trichloroethane (test for halogens)
Other suitable reagents

One test-tube rack and six test-tubes
One hard glass test-tube and delivery tube
One spatula
One filter funnel and two pieces of filter paper
One teat pipette
One Bunsen burner
Wooden splint

Skills A, B, D, and E
Examples of skill B that can be seen are as follows:
Tests on KA
(b) Correct deductions which are consistent with correct observations

RESTRI CTED


31 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 10

Notes for Teachers
(a) The students are required to submit the product of the experiment together with their
reports.

Materials
KA 1 is a solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline prepared by dissolving 2.00 g of
8-hydroxyquinoline in 100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
ethanoic acid, about 50 cm
3
per student.
KA 2 is a solution containing 154.00 g of CH
3
COONH
4
per dm
3
, about 100 cm
3
per
student.
KA 3 is a potassium alum, KAl(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O, about 0.25 g to 0.30 g per student.
KA 4 is a solution containing 170 cm
3
of concentrated hydrochloric acid per dm
3
, about
10 cm
3
per student.
3
per student.
Ice cubes which are used as water bath.

One 250 cm
3
beaker
One Bunsen burner
One tripod stand and wire gauze
One thermometer 0 C to 100 C
One crucible and lid
One filter funnel and filter paper
One teat pipette
One 250 cm
3
conical flask
Oven (common use)
Magnetic stirrer, one per four students
One 50 cm
3
measuring cylinder

Examples of skill A that can be seen are as follows:
(a) Correct technique of weighing
(b) Ensuring that all product are removed from the filter paper
(c) Ensuring that the temperature of the oven is 120 C

RESTRI CTED


32 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 11

Notes for Teachers
(a) The iodine potassium solution, Tollen's reagent and Brady's reagent should be freshly
prepared before the experiment begins. Fehlings' solution A and Fehlings' solution B
should be mix immediately before use with the unknown.

Materials
KA 1, absolute ethanol, about 10 cm
3
per student
KA 2, propanal or acetone, about 10 cm
3
per student
Concentrated and 1 mol dm
3
sulphuric acid
Glacial ethanoic acid
1 mol dm
-3
sodium hydroxide solution
Acidified of potassium manganate(VII) solution, approximately 3 g dm
3
Iodine-potassium iodide solution (Iodoform Test)
Fehlings` solution
Tollens` reagent
2,4 Dinitrophenylhydrazine solution (Brady`s reagent)


One test tube holder
One Bunsen burner
One 250 cm
3
beaker
One teat pipette /dropper

(b) Correct observations for each of the tests done
(c) Correct deductions which are consistent with the observations

RESTRI CTED


33 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 12

Notes for Teachers
(a) KA 2 is smelly, with an unpleasant odour and should be administered in a fume chamber.

Materials
KA 1, 2.0 g ethanamide
KA 2, 5 cm
3
of 1-butanamine
Bromine water
Dissolve bromine liquid in water to make a saturated solution
Sodium nitrite
5% Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution
Propanone
Ice cubes
Universal indicator

One hard glass test tube and delivery tube
One spatula
One teat pipette
One Bunsen burner
Blue and red litmus paper
Wooden splinter
One 250 cm
3
beaker

Examples of skill A that can be seen are as follows:
(a) Reagents to be added slowly so that all the stages of observation can be recorded

(b) Correct deductions which are consistent with the observations

RESTRI CTED


34 RESTRI CTED

Experiment 13

Notes for Teachers
(a) The students are required to submit the product of the experiment together with their
reports.
(b) Since phenol is a highly hygroscopic substance (absorbing water from the air), the stock
alkaline solution of phenol must be prepared immediately after the bottle containing
phenol is open and the solution is kept in the big amber glass bottles.
(c) Common salt may be added to the ice to lower the temperature of ice water bath to 5 C.

Materials
KA 1 is solid 2-aminobenzoic acid, about 3.4 g per group.
3
of concentrated hydrochloric acid (37 wt.%)
per dm
3
, about 65 cm
3
per group.
KA 3 is solid sodium nitrite, about 1.9 g per group.
KA 4 is solution prepared by dissolving 54 g of sodium hydroxide in about 900 cm
3
of
distilled water followed by dissolving 28.24 g of phenol, then water is added to a 1 dm
3

mark; about 85 cm
3
per group. If phenol in a liquid form, it is estimated that there is 8 g
phenol in 100 cm
3
in the liquid solution. To prepare the KA4 solution, we need to
dissolve 54 g of sodium hydroxide in about 900 cm
3
of distilled water followed by
dissolving 353 cm
3
of phenol, then water is added to a 1 dm
3
mark; about 85 cm
3
per
group.
3
of concentrated hydrochloric acid (37 wt.%) per
dm
3
, about 35 cm
3
per group.
3
per group.
Acetone, about 70 cm
3
per group.
Sodium chloride (common salt)
Ice cubes which are used as water bath.

Apparatus per group
One 125 cm
3
conical flask
Two 100 cm
3
graduated cylinders
One 100 cm
3
beaker
One PVC basin
One teat pipette
One teat pipette rubber bulb
One thermometer 0 to 100 C
One glass, spoon-paddle ends spatula, about 30 cm long
One Buchner filter funnel, its conical flask and filter paper
A watch glass/evaporating dish

RESTRI CTED


35 RESTRI CTED

Examples of skill A that can be observed are as follows:
(a) Correct method employed in weighing
(b) Correct method employed in handling the Buchner filtration apparatus
(c) Correct technique employed in carrying out the crystallization and drying of crystals

RESTRI CTED


36 RESTRI CTED

1.11 List of Apparatus and Materials

1.11.1 List of Apparatus and Materials by Experiments

Experiment no.
(Mode of working)
Apparatus/Materials Quantity used
1
(Individual)
250 cm
3
Electric balance 0.01 g common use
25 cm
3
pipette and pipette filler 1
100 cm
3
flask and stopper 1
50 cm
3
burette 2
Retort stand and clamp 1
White tile 1
Wash bottle filled with distilled water 1
Titration flask 3
150 cm
3
hydrochloric or ethanoic acid
Sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate
Phenolphthalein or methyl orange
250 cm
3
distilled water
2
(Individual)
25 cm
3
50 cm
3
burette

2
Titration flask 6
50 cm
3
measuring cylinder 1
White tile 2
Thermometer 0 C 100 C ( 1.0 C) 1
Sodium ethanedioate
Hydrated ethanedioic acid
Potassium manganate(VII)
Sodium hydroxide
Sulphuric acid
Phenolphthalein
3
(Individual)
25 cm
3
50 cm
3
pipette

1
Titration flask 3
50 cm
3
burette 1
Retort stand and clamp

1
White tile 1
Wash bottle filled with distilled water

1
Iodine solution
Potassium iodide
Sodium thiosulphate
Anhydrous sodium sulphite
Sodium hydrogencarbonate
Starch
RESTRI CTED


37 RESTRI CTED

Experiment no.
(Mode of working)
4
(Individual)
150 cm
3
beaker 1
50 cm
3
burette 1
Stopwatch 1
White tile 1
250 cm
3
conical flask 1
25 cm
3
10 cm
3
50 cm
3
measuring cylinder

1
Distilled water, hot water, and ice
Sulphuric acid
Hydrogen peroxide
Potassium iodide
Sodium thiosulphate
Starch
5
(Individual)
50 cm
3
burette 2
Boiling tube 5
Water bath 1
250 cm
3
beaker 2
Test-tube holder 1
Lead(II) nitrate
Sodium chloride
6
(Individual)
50 cm
3
burette 1
Plastic/polystyrene cup 1
Electric balance ( 0.01 g) Common use
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Anhydrous sodium carbonate

RESTRI CTED


38 RESTRI CTED

Experiment no.
(Mode of working)
7
(Individual)
Ammeter 0 A 3 A ( 0.1 A) 1
250 cm
3
beaker 1
Stopwatch 1
Copper plate measuring 5 cm 4 cm 0.2 cm 2
Hair dryer Common use
11 rheostat 1
Dry cell (source of direct current 6 V) 4
Connecting wire with crocodile clips 5
100 cm
3
Switch 1
Distilled water
Copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate
Propanone
8
(Individual)
Test-tube rack with six test tubes

1
Hard glass test-tube with delivery tube 1
Test-tube holder 1
Spatula

1
Filter funnel and two pieces of filter paper 1
Teat pipette 1
Bunsen burner 1
Wooden splint
Magnesium thiosulphate(VI) or magnesium
sulphite or copper sulphite or calcium ethanoate
or lead(II) ethanoate

Aluminium sulphate or ammonium sulphate or
zinc nitrate or ammonium nitrate

Nitric acid
Ammonia
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Iron(III) chloride
Ammonium chloride
Silver nitrate
Disodium hydrogen phosphate
Potassium chromate(VI)
Potassium iodide
Sodium carbonate
Sodium ethanoate

RESTRI CTED


39 RESTRI CTED

Experiment no.
(Mode of working)
9
(Individual)
Test-tube rack and six test-tubes 1
Hard glass test-tube and delivery tube 1
Test-tube holder 1
Spatula

1
Filter funnel and two pieces of filter paper 1
Teat pipette 1
Bunsen burner 1
Wooden splint
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Ammonia
Sodium hydroxide
Devarda`s alloy
Silver nitrate
Iron(II) sulphate
Lead(II) ethanoate
Ammonium chloride
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Other reagents for testing iodine and nitrate ions
Potassium iodide
Potassium nitrate
Copper(II) carbonate or magnesium carbonate or
calcium carbonate or manganese carbonate or
nickel(II) carbonate or barium chloride or
magnesium chloride or calcium chloride

10
(Individual/
Group)
250 cm
3
beaker 1
250 cm
3
conical flask 1
Oven Common use
Magnetic stirrer 1 per 4 persons
Teat pipette 1
Bunsen burner 1
Refrigerator Common use
Filter funnel and filter paper 1
Crucible with lid 1
Tripod and wire gauze 1
50 cm
3

RESTRI CTED


40 RESTRI CTED

Experiment no.
(Mode of working)

Thermometer 0 C 100 C ( 1.0
o
C) 1
Ethanoic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Ice
Ammonium ethanoate
8-hydroxyquinoline
Potassium alum, KAl(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O
11
(Individual)
Test-tube rack and six test tubes 1
Test-tube holder 1
Bunsen burner 1
250 cm
3
beaker 1
Teat pipette/Dropper 1
Absolute ethanol
Propanal
Propanone
Butanone or 1-butanol
Sulphuric acid
99.5% ethanoic acid
Sodium hydroxide
Potassium manganate(VII)
Potassium iodide
Iodine
Silver nitrate
Ammonia
Copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate
Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
95% ethanol

RESTRI CTED


41 RESTRI CTED

Experiment no.
(Mode of working)
12
(Individual)
Test-tube rack and six test tubes 1
Hard glass test-tube and delivery tube 1
Test-tube holder 1
Spatula 1
Teat pipette 1
Bunsen burner 1
Wooden splinter
250 cm
3
beaker 1
Ethanamide
1-butanamine
Sulphuric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Bromine water
Sodium nitrite

Sodium hydrogencarbonate
Propanone
Ice
Universal indicator
13
(Group)
Electric balance ( 0.01 g) common use
125 cm
3
conical flask 1
100 cm
3
graduated cylinder 2
100 cm
3
beaker 1
PVC basin 1
Teat pipette 1
Teat pipette rubber bulb 1
Thermometer 0 C 100 C ( 0.01) 1
Glass, spoon-paddle ends spatula 1
Buchner filter funnel 1
Conical flask 1
Filter paper 1
Watch glass/evaporating dish 1
2-aminobenzoic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium nitrite
Sodium chloride
Sodium hydroxide
Phenol
Ice
RESTRI CTED


42 RESTRI CTED

1.11.2 List of apparatus and materials by experiments

No Apparatus
Quantity
used
Experiment
no.
Mode of
working
1 Ammeter 0 A 3 A ( 0.1 A) 1 7 Ind
2 100 cm
3
beaker 1 13 Group
3 150 cm
3
beaker 1 4 Ind
4 250 cm
3
beaker 1
2
1
1
1
7
5
10
11
12
Ind
Ind
Ind/Group
Ind
Ind
5 Boiling tube 5 5 Ind
6 Buchner filter funnel 1 13 Group
7 Bunsen burner 1
1
1
1
1
8
9
10
11
12
Ind
Ind
Ind/Group
Ind
Ind
8 50 cm
3
burette 2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
9 Connecting wire with crocodile clip 5 7 Ind
10 125 cm
3
conical flask 1 13 Group
11 250 cm
3
conical flask 1
1
4
10
Ind
Ind/Group
12 100 cm
3
flask and stopper 1 1 Ind
13 250 cm
3
volumetric flask and stopper 1 Ind
14 Copper plate 5 cm 4 cm 0.2 cm 2 7 Ind
15 Crucible with lid 1 10 Ind/Group
16 10 cm
3
measuring cylinder 1 4 Ind
17 50 cm
3
1
1
2
4
10
Ind
Ind
Ind/Group
18 100 cm
3
measuring cylinder 1 7 Ind
19 100 cm
3
graduated cylinder 2 13 Group
20 Dry cell 1.5 V (source of direct current
6 V)
4 7 Ind

Note: 'C Common use, Ind Individual.

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43 RESTRI CTED

No Apparatus
Quantity
used
Experiment
no.
Mode of
working
21 Electric balance ( 0.01 g) C
C
C
C
C
1
6
7
10
13
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind/Group
Group
22 Filter funnel 1
1
1
8
9
10
Ind
Ind
Ind/Group
23 Filter paper 8
9
10
13
Ind
Ind
Ind/Group
Group
24 Glass, spoon-paddle ends spatula 1 13 Ind
25 Hair dryer C 7 Ind
26 Hard glass test-tube and delivery tube 1
1
1
8
9
12
Ind
Ind
Ind
27 Magnetic stirrer 1 10 Ind/Group
28 Oven C
C
10
13
Ind/Group
Group
29 Pipette filler 1
2
1
1
1
2
3
4
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
30 25 cm
3
pipette 1
2
1
1
1
2
3
4
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
31 50 cm
3
pipette 1 3 Ind
32 Plastic/polystyrene cup 1 6 Ind
33 PVC basin 1 13 Group
34 Red and blue litmus papers 8
9
12
Ind
Ind
Ind
35 Refrigerator C 10 Ind/Group
36 Retort stand and clamp 1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
37 11 rheostat 1 7 Ind
RESTRI CTED


44 RESTRI CTED

No Apparatus
Quantity
used
Experiment
no.
Mode of
working
38 Spatula 1
1
1
8
9
12
Ind
Ind
Ind
39 Stopwatch 1
1
4
7
Ind
Ind
40 Switch 1 7 Ind
41 Teat pipette 1
1
1
1
1
1
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ind
Ind
Ind/Group
Ind
Ind
Ind
42 Teat pipette rubber bulb 1 13 Group
43 Test-tube holder 1
1
1
1
8
9
11
12
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
44 Test-tube rack and six test-tubes 1
1
1
1
8
9
11
12
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
45 Titration flask 3
6
3
1
2
3
Ind
Ind
Ind
46
Thermometer 0
o
C ! 100
o
C ( 1.0
o
C)
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
5
10
13
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind/Group
Group
47
Thermometer 0
o
C ! 110
o
C ( 0.2
o
C)
1 6 Ind
48 Tripod and wire gauze 1 10 Ind/Group
49 Wash bottle 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind/Group
Ind
Ind
Group
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45 RESTRI CTED

No Apparatus
Quantity
used
Experiment
no.
Mode of
working
50 Watch glass/evaporating dish 1 13 Ind
51 Water bath 1 5 Ind
52 White tile 1
2
1
1
1
2
3
4
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
53 Wooden splint 1
1
1
8
9
12
Ind
Ind
Ind


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46 RESTRI CTED

1.11.3 List of chemicals by experiments

No Chemical
Quantity
used
Experiment
no.
Mode of
working
1 Absolute ethanol 11 Ind
2 2-aminobenzoic acid 13 Group
3 Aluminium sulphate 8 Ind
4 Ammonia 8
9
11
Ind
Ind
Ind
5 Ammonium chloride 8
9
Ind
Ind
6 Ammonium ethanoate, CH
3
COONH
4
10 Ind/Group
7 Ammonium nitrate 8 Ind
8 Ammonium sulphate 8 Ind
9 Anhydrous sodium sulphite 3 Ind
10 Barium chloride 9 Ind
11 Bromine water 12 Ind
12 Butanamine 12 Ind
13 Butanone or 1-butanol 11 Ind
14 Calsium carbonate 9 Ind
15 Calsium chloride 9 Ind
16 Calsium ethanoate 8 Ind
17 Copper(II) carbonate 9 Ind
18 Copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate 7
11
Ind
Ind
19 Copper sulphite 8 Ind
20 Devarda`s alloy 9 Ind
21 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine 11 Ind
22 Disodium hydrogen phosphate 8 Ind
23 Ethanoic acid

1
10
Ind
Ind/Group
24 Ethanamide 12 Ind
25 99.5% Ethanoic acid 11 Ind
95% Ethanol 11 Ind
26 Hot water and ice 4 Ind
27 Hydrated ethanedioic acid 2 Ind
28 Hydrochloric acid 1
6
8
9
10
12
13
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind/Group
Ind
Group

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47 RESTRI CTED

No Chemical
Quantity
used
Experiment
no.
Mode of
working
29 Hydrogen peroxide 4 Ind
30 8-Hydroxyquinoline 10 Ind/Group
31 Ice 10
12
13
Ind/Group
Ind
Group
32 Iodine 3
11
Ind
Ind
33 Iron(II) sulphate 9 Ind
34 Iron(III) chloride 8 Ind
35 Lead(II) ethanoate 8
9
Ind
Ind
36 Lead(II) nitrate 5 Ind
37 Manganese carbonate 9 Ind
38 Magnesium carbonate 9 Ind
39 Magnesium chloride 9 Ind
40 Magnesium sulphite 8 Ind
41 Magnesium tiosulphate(VI) 8 Ind
42 Methyl orange 1 Ind
43 Nickel(II) carbonate 9 Ind
44 Nitric acid 8
9
Ind
Ind
45 Phenol 13 Group
46 Phenolphthalein 1
2
Ind
Ind
47 Potassium alum, KAl(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O 10 Ind/Group
48 Potassium iodide 3
4
8
9
11
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
49 Potassium chromate(VI) 8 Ind
50 Potassium manganate(VII) 2
11
Ind
Ind
51 Potassium nitrate 9 Ind
52 Propanal 11 Ind
53 Propanone 7
11
12
Ind
Ind
Ind
54 Silver nitrate 8
9
11
Ind
Ind
Ind
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48 RESTRI CTED

No Chemical
Quantity
used
Experiment
no.
Mode of
working
55 Sodium ethanedioate 2 Ind
56 Sodium ethanoate 8 Ind
57 Sodium hydrogen carbonate 3
6
12
Ind
Ind
Ind
58 Sodium carbonate 1
6
8
Ind
Ind
Ind
59 Sodium hydroxide 1
2
8
9
11
12
13
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
Group
60 Sodium chloride 5 Ind
61 Sodium nitrite 12
13
Ind
Group
62 Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate 11 Ind
63 Sodium tiosulphate 3
4
Ind
Ind
64 Starch 3
4
Ind
Ind
65 Sulphuric acid 2
4
11
12
Ind
Ind
Ind
Ind
66 1,1,1-trichloroethane 9 Ind
67 Universal indicator 12 Ind
68 Zinc nitrate 8 Ind

RESTRI CTED

49 RESTRI CTED
Appendix A
Student`s Record Form

SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT OF PRACTI CAL
CHEMI STRY (PAPER 962/4) STPM 2014

Name of school/institute
Name of student
Centre no./Index no. S / I/C no.

Skill
Mark for skill assessed
Notes
A B C D E F
Study
term
Date Experiment
Teachers
mark
Teachers
mark
Moderators
mark
Teachers
mark
Moderators
mark
Teachers
mark
Moderators
mark
Teachers
mark
Teachers
mark
Moderators
mark
First
Exp 1
Exp 2
Exp 3
Exp 4
Exp 5
Second
Exp 6
Exp 7
Exp 8
Exp 9
Exp10
Third
Exp 11
Exp 12
Exp 13
Project
Total mark
Overall total mark

TEACHER`S DECLARATION MODERATOR`S DECLARATION
I certify that the marks and details recorded above are true. I certify that the marks and details recorded above are true.
........................ ........................
Name: Name:
Date: Date:
Contact number (H/P): Contact number (H/P):
Contact number (O): Contact number (O):
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50 RESTRI CTED
Appendix B

SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT FOR PRACTI CAL CHEMI STRY (PAPER 962/4)
EXPERI MENT REPORT STPM 2014

Name oI school/college: ...................................... Centre number: ...........

Experiment
Number
Topic Problem/Modification/Suggestion/Comment

Note: If there is no problem/modification/suggestion/comment for a certain experiment, please write 'NONE.
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51 RESTRI CTED
Part 2: Student`s Manual for Practical Chemistry

2.1 I ntroduction

2.1.1 MEC has determined 13 compulsory experiments and one project to be carried out
by students which will be assessed by the teacher in three respective terms.

2.1.2 Experiments and project are to be carried out either individually or in groups as

2.1.3 The assessment of experimental skills should be done while the student is carrying out
the experiment and also on the student`s practical work report. The assessment Ior the
project should be done according to the project report and the oral presentation made by
students.

2.1.4 For a student who is absent for an experiment with reason, the teacher can fix another
date for the students to carry out the experiment.

2.1.5 Students may write their practical work and project reports in either English or Bahasa
Melayu. The practical work reports is to be submitted to the teacher on the same day the
experiment is carried out unless otherwise stated. (Refer to the Table of Summary of
Experiments and Project on pages 55). Practical work reports which are not submitted
on the day oI the experiment are to be awarded 0` mark.

2.1.6 Practical work reports which can be completed at home are to be submitted to the
teacher not later than 3 days from the date of the experiment. A penalty of 2 marks is to
be imposed for the reports submitted late to the teacher. Practical work reports which
are submitted later than 7 days Irom the date oI the experiment are to be awarded 0`
mark.

2.1.7 The teacher is required to set the dateline for the submission of project in the specified
date at the end of third term. A penalty of 2 marks is to be imposed for the reports
submitted late to the teacher.

2.1.8 The oral presentation for the project work should be carried out by the teachers after the
assessment of the project report of all students. If the teacher suggests that changes are
required towards the project report after the oral presentation, the student needs to
correct the project report.

2.1.9 For a student who has transferred to another school, the previous school is to send the
student`s reports and the Student Record Form which is partially completed and signed
by the subject teacher, to the student`s new school.

2.2 Assessment of Practical Work and Project

2.2.1 Students are to be assessed based on the following skills:

Skill A: Use of techniques and manipulation of apparatus and materials
To get maximum marks, students need to exhibit psychomotor skills in
manipulating the apparatus and materials skillfully and efficiently to a suitable
degree of accuracy without assistance.

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52 RESTRI CTED

Skill B: Observations, measurements, and recording
To get maximum marks, students need to make observations accurately, record
readings and data completely, and perform calculations to a suitable degree of
accuracy.

Skill C: I nterpretation of experimental observations and data
To get maximum marks, students need to answer all the questions given or make
deductions correctly.

Skill D: Design and planning of investigation
To get maximum marks, students need to plan their experiment or project neatly,
completely, and efficiently according to the format they have learned and to
complete the experiment or project within a specified period of time and/or they are
able to modify the planning based on their experience.

Skill E: Scientific and critical attitudes
Among the attitudes expected of students are self-reliant, trustworthy, fair, curious,
inquisitive, having initiative, innovative, receptive to new ideas, cooperative, and
caring for the environment.

Skill F: Oral presentation
To get maximum marks, student`s need to have positive and appropriate
experiences in a wide range of ICT applications, and exhibit a good technique of
presentation skills and communication skills.

2.2.2 The school will be notified of the theme of the project for the current year by MEC. The
students are free to propose the title of the project based on the theme given.

2.2.3 The assessment oI the project is carried out based on students` report, overall quality oI
project report and oral presentation. Students will be assessed by the same skill which is
assessed in the practical work.

2.2.4 The report on project which has been done on third term should have the following
format:
(a) Title
(b) Abstract
(c) Introduction
(d) Methodology
(e) Observations, result and discussion
(f) Conclusion
(g) References/Bibliography

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53 RESTRI CTED
2.2.5 The assessment framework of the project work is shown in the table below.

Component Group Individual Total
Project report 66.67 % 66.67%
Project file 10% 10%
Oral Presentation 13.33% 10% 23.33%
Total 100%

2.2.6 The written report should be at least 800 words and not more than 1500 words. The
project report will be assessed as a group`s assessment and should be assessed based on
the assessment criteria.

2.2.7 The oral presentation will be assessed individually and as a group. On the individual
level, each student is given a minimum of 5 minutes per student. For groups of three
students, a maximum time limit of 20 minutes is allocated; whereas for groups of two
students, the maximum limit is 15 minutes. The group presentation also includes those
that do not exceed 5 minutes. Each presentation will have a Q & A session.

2.2.8 Students need to be aware that the written work they submit must be entirely their own
and cite any source that had been referred to. Teachers should try to encourage students
to take responsibility for their learning, so that they accept ownership of the work and
take pride in it.

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54 RESTRI CTED
2.3 Table of Summary of Experiments and Project

Mode of
working
Report to
be
completed
First Term
1 Volumetric
analysis
Stoichiometry To determine the exact
concentration of a
monobasic acid, HX
Individually In the
laboratory
2 Acid base and
redox
To determine the mass of
sodium ethanedioate
used to prepare a solution
containing sodium
ethanedioate and
hydrated ethanedioic acid
Individually In the
laboratory
3 Purity and
stoichiometry
To determine the purity
of a sample of sodium
sulphite
Individually In the
laboratory
4 Physical
Quantity
Reaction kinetics To determine the effect
of temperature on the
reaction rate
Individually In the
laboratory
5 Equilibrium and
solubility
To determine the
solubility product, K
sp
, of
MX
2
and enthalpy change
of solution,
sol
H
Individually In the
laboratory
Second Term
6 Physical
Quantity
Thermochemistry To determine the heat of
reaction
Individually In the
laboratory
7 Electrochemistry-
Faraday's Laws
To determine the
percentage purity of
copper metal by
electrolysis
Individually In the
laboratory

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55 RESTRI CTED
Mode of
working
Report to
be
completed
analysis
and anions of inorganic
substances
Individually In the
laboratory
9 Qualitative
analysis
and anions in inorganic
salts
Individually In the
laboratory
10 Technique-
Synthesis
To determine the
percentage of aluminium
in a sample X by means
of the preparation of a
complex compound of
aluminium with
8-hydroxyquinoline
Individually/
Group
In the
laboratory
Third Term
analysis
alcohols and carbonyl
compounds
Individually In the
laboratory
12 Qualitative
analysis
organic nitrogen
compounds (amides,
amines and their salts,
amino acids and proteins)
Individually In the
laboratory
13 Technique-
Synthesis
To prepare a sample of
2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)
benzoic acid
Group At home
Project Volumetric
analysis/
Physical
quantity/
Technique
To enable students to
acquire knowledge and
skills in chemistry using
ICT as well as to develop
soft-skills
Group At the end
of third
term

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56 RESTRI CTED
2.4 Experiment for First Term

Experiment 1

Topic: Volumetric analysis stoichiometry

Purpose: To determine the exact concentration of a monobasic acid, HX

Question:

You are provided with a monobasic acid, HX, with a concentration in the range of
0.500 mol dm
3
to 1.00 mol dm
3
. You are required to plan and carry out an experiment to
determine the exact concentration of the HX solution provided.

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57 RESTRI CTED
Experiment 2

Topic: Volumetric analysis Acid base and redox

Purpose: To determine the mass of sodium ethanedioate used to prepare a solution containing
sodium ethanedioate and hydrated ethanedioic acid

Materials:
KA 1 is a solution containing hydrated ethanedioic acid, H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O, and sodium
ethanedioate.
KA 2 is a solution containing 3.50 g potassium manganate(VII) per dm
3
.
KA 3 is a solution containing 1.70 g hydroxide ions per dm
3
.
KA 4 is 1.00 mol dm
-3
sulphuric acid.
Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator.

Procedure:
(a) Pipette 25.0 cm
3
KA 1 into a titration flask. Add two or three drops of phenolphthalein
and titrate this solution with KA 3. Record your readings in the table below.
Repeat the titration at least two times to achieve accurate results.

Results:
(b) Record your titration readings in the table below.

Titration number

Rough
Accurate
First Second Third
Final reading/cm
3

Initial reading/cm
3

Volume of KA 3/cm
3

(i) Calculate your average titre value showing the suitable titre values that you use.
(ii) 25.0 cm
3
of KA 1 required ... cm
3
of KA 3 for a complete reaction.

(c) Pipette 25.0 cm
3
of KA 1 into a titration flask. Then add 25 cm
3
of KA 4. Heat this
solution to about 60 C, and titrate the solution with KA 2 until a faint pink colour
persists in the solution.
Repeat the titration at least two times to achieve accurate results.

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59 RESTRI CTED
Results:
(d) Record your titration readings in the table below.

Titration number

Rough
Accurate
First Second Third
Final reading/cm
3

Initial reading/cm
3

Volume of KA 2/cm
3

(i) Calculate your average titre value showing the suitable titre values that you use.
(ii) 25.0 cm
3
3

Questions:
(e) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm
3
, of hydrated ethanedioic acid in KA 1 solution.
(f) Calculate the mass of ethanedioate ions, C
2
O
4
2
, in 1.00 dm
3
of KA 1.
(g) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm
3
, of ethanedioate ions which originated from the
sodium ethanedioate salt.
(h) Calculate the mass of sodium ethanedioate present in 1.00 dm
3
of solution KA 1.
(i) Calculate the percentage of sodium ethanedioate in solution KA 1.
(j) Why was solution KA 4 added to solution KA 1 before the titration?

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60 RESTRI CTED
Experiment 3

Topic: Volumetric analysis Purity and stoichiometry

Purpose: To determine the purity of a sample of sodium sulphite

Materials:
KA 1 is 0.050 mol dm
3
aqueous iodine.
3
aqueous sodium thiosulphate.
KA 3 is a solution containing 24.00 g of anhydrous sodium sulphite, Na
2
SO
3
, per dm
3
.
KA 4 is 2 g sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Starch is used as an indicator.

I ntroduction:
The sulphite ion can be oxidised quantitatively to the sulphate ion by iodine in the presence of
the hydrogen carbonate ion.
SO
3
2
+ I
2
+ H
2
O SO
4
2
+ 2HI
2HI + 2HCO
3

2I

+ 2H
2
O + 2CO
2

If a solution of sodium sulphite is added to an excess of a standard solution of iodine, the excess
iodine in the resulting solution can be titrated with a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate.
Hence the concentration of sodium sulphite can be determined.

Procedure:
(a) Pipette 50.0 cm
3
of KA 1 into a titration flask. Using another pipette, place 25.0 cm
3
of
KA 3 slowly into the titration flask containing KA 1 and shake. Add 2 g of KA 4 and
shake the flask again. Titrate the resulting solution with KA 2 using starch as indicator.
Repeat the titration as many times as you think necessary to achieve accurate results.

Results:
(b) Record your titration readings in the table below.

Titration number

Rough
Accurate
First
Final reading/cm
3

Initial reading/cm
3

Volume of KA 2/cm
3

(i) Calculate your average titre value showing the suitable titre values that you used.
(ii) 50.0 cm
3
3

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61 RESTRI CTED
Questions:
(c) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between iodine and the thiosulphate ion.
(d) Calculate the volume of I
2
that did not react with the sulphite ions.
(e) Using your answer to (d), calculate the volume of I
2
that reacted with the sulphite ions.
(f) Using your answer to (e),
(i) calculate the concentration, in mol dm
3
, of the sulphite ions in solution KA 3,
(ii) calculate the mass of Na
2
SO
3
present in 250 cm
3
of KA 3.

(g) Using your answer to (f)(ii), calculate the percentage purity of Na
2
SO
3
that you used.

RESTRI CTED


62 RESTRI CTED
Experiment 4

Topic: Reaction kinetics

Purpose: To determine the effect of temperature on the reaction rate

Materials:
3
potassium iodide solution.
KA 2 is 0.5% starch solution.
3
sodium thiosulphate solution.
3
hydrogen peroxide solution.
3
sulphuric acid.

Procedure:
(a) Pipette 25.0 cm
3
of KA 1 into a conical flask. By means of a measuring cylinder, add
10 cm
3
of KA 2 and 25 cm
3
of distilled water to the solution. Then run in 10.00 cm
3
of
KA 3 from the burette. Record the temperature of the mixture in the table below.
Using a measuring cylinder, place 50 cm
3
of KA 4 and 20 cm
3
of KA 5 into a beaker.
Transfer this mixture quickly into the conical flask above and immediately start the
stopwatch. Swirl the conical flask regularly and record the time when the mixture turns
blue. Note the time taken to the nearest second. If no colour appears after two minutes,
repeat the procedure.
Repeat the experiment at the following temperatures:
(i) 10 C below room temperature;
(ii) 10 C above the room temperature and;
(iii) 20 C above the room temperature.

Results:
(b) Record and complete your readings in the table below.

Mixture 1 2 3 4
Volume of KA 1/cm
3
25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
Volume of KA 2/cm
3
10 10 10 10
Volume of distilled water/cm
3
25 25 25 25
Volume of KA 3/cm
3
10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Volume of KA 4/cm
3
50 50 50 50
Volume of KA 5/cm
3
20 20 20 20
Temperature, T/ C
Time, t/s
1
/s
1
t

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63 RESTRI CTED
Questions:
(c) Why does the mixture in (a) turn blue?
(d) Plot a graph of
t
1
against T.
(e) From your graph, what could be the effect of temperature on the reaction rate?
(f) Using your graph,
(i) compare the rate of reaction at 30 C with the rate of reaction at 40 C,
(ii) give an explanation for your answer.

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64 RESTRI CTED
Experiment 5

Topic: Equilibrium and solubility

Purpose: To determine the solubility product, K
sp
, of MX
2
and enthalpy change of solution,
sol
H

Materials:
3
of
2+
M ion.
3
of X ion.

I ntroduction:
A compound MX
2
, which is slightly soluble in water, is formed when two solutions, one
containing
2+
M ions and the other X ions, are mixed together. The compound will be
precipitated at the temperature of reaction when the value of the product
2
2+
M X is greater
than the value of the solubility product, K
sp
, of the compound and a saturated solution is formed.
The chemical equilibrium of the compound in the saturated solution is represented by
MX
2
(s)
2+
(aq) M + 2 (aq) X

Procedure:
(a) Transfer 12.00 cm
3
of KA 1 from a burette into a boiling tube. Place thermometer in the
boiling tube and titrate solution KA 1 with KA 2 from a second burette until the first
appearance of the white precipitate. Record the temperature of the first appearance of the
white precipitate and the volume of KA 2 used in the table below.
(b) Transfer 12.00 cm
3
of KA 1 from a burette into a boiling tube. Place a thermometer in the
boiling tube and from the second burette run 7.00 cm
3
of KA 2 into it. Stir the saturated
solution gently with the thermometer. Leave the boiling tube for a few minutes until the
reaction has reached equilibrium.
Then place the boiling tube in a hot water bath at 75 C 80 C. Stir the saturated
solution until all the precipitate has dissolved. Do not remove the thermometer from
the solution.
Remove the boiling tube from the hot water bath and continue to stir the solution gently
with the thermometer until the first appearance of white precipitate is observed. Record
the temperature of the first appearance of the white precipitate in the table below. Wash
and clean the thermometer for the next experiment. Repeat the experiment with different
volumes of KA 2 as shown in the table below.

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65 RESTRI CTED
Results:
(c) Record and complete your readings in the table below.

Experiment
number
Volume of
KA 1/cm
3

Volume of
KA 2/cm
3

Temperature of the
first appearance of
precipitate/C
Solubility
product, K
sp

1 12.00
2 12.00 7.00
3 12.00 9.00
4 12.00 11.00
5 12.00 13.00

Questions:
(d) Calculate the solubility product, K
sp
, of compound MX
2
at each temperature recorded.
Record your results in the table above.
(e) Plot a graph of solubility product, K
sp
, of compound MX
2
against temperature.
(f) Use your graph to determine the solubility product of compound MX
2
at 50 C.
(g) The relationship between solubility product, K
sp
, of a compound and temperature, T, in
Kelvin is given by the equation
10
1
log constant
2.303
sp
H
K
R T

(i) From the results obtained in (d), calculate the enthalpy change of solution,
sol
H for
the reaction

2
(s) MX
2+
(aq) + 2 (aq) M X

(ii) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.

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66 RESTRI CTED
2.5 Experiment for Second Term

Experiment 6

Topic: Thermochemistry

Purpose: To determine the heat of reaction

Materials:
KA 1 is 2.00 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid.
KA 2 is solid anhydrous sodium carbonate.
KA 3 is solid sodium hydrogencarbonate.

Procedure:
(a) Using a burette, run 30.00 cm
3
of KA 1 into a plastic cup. Leave the cup with its contents
to stand for a few minutes, then record the temperature of the solution in the table below.
Weigh a stoppered test-tube containing KA 2 and record its weight in the table below.
At one go, transfer all of the KA 2 into the plastic cup containing KA 1. Ensure that all
solid leaving the test-tube enters the plastic cup and no liquid is lost through splashing.
Stir the solution carefully with the thermometer, and record the highest temperature
attained. Reweigh the empty test-tube and record its weight in the table below.
Repeat the above procedure using KA 3 to replace KA 2.

Results:
(b) Record all your readings and weights in the table below.

KA 2 KA 3
Weight of test-tube + solid/g

Weight of empty test-tube/g

Weight of solid/g

Final temperature of mixture/ C

Initial temperature of acid/ C

Temperature change/ C

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67 RESTRI CTED
Questions:
(c) Assuming that the heat loss to the plastic cup, thermometer and surroundings can be
ignored and the specific heat capacity and density of all the solutions are 4.2 J g
1
K
1
and
1.0 g cm
3
respectively, calculate
(i) the heat change in the reactions involving KA 1 with KA 2 and KA 1 with KA 3,
(ii) the number of moles of anhydrous sodium carbonate and sodium
hydrogencarbonate in KA 2 and KA 3 respectively,
(iii) the enthalpy change for the reactions of KA 2 and KA 3 with hydrochloric acid
respectively.
(d) Write balanced equations for the reactions of KA 2 and KA 3 with hydrochloric acid.
(e) Draw an energy level diagram for the related reactions.
(f) Calculate H for the conversion reaction of sodium hydrogencarbonate to sodium
carbonate using Hess Law and (e).

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68 RESTRI CTED
Experiment 7

Topic: Electrochemistry Faraday`s Laws

Purpose: To determine the percentage purity of copper metal by electrolysis

Question:

You are required to plan and to carry out an experiment to determine the percentage purity of
copper metal by electrolysis.

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69 RESTRI CTED
Experiment 8

Topic: Qualitative analysis

Purpose: To determine the cations and anions of inorganic substances

Procedure:
(a) Solids KA 1 and KA 2 are simple salts. Carry out the following experiments with
(i) solid KA 1 to identify its cation and anion,
(ii) solid KA 2 to identify its cations.

In all the experiments, the reagent should be added gradually until no further change is
observed. Record your observations and the deductions you make from them in the spaces
provided. Deduce what you can about KA 1 and KA 2. Observations should include
details of colour changes, precipitates and tests on gases evolved, and you should indicate
clearly at which stage in the test a change occurs.

Tests on KA 1

Test Observation Deduction
(b) Add dilute hydrochloric acid to
a small amount of solid KA 1,
then warm gently.

(c) Dissolve solid KA 1 in distilled
water and filter. Use separate
portions of the filtrate for tests
(i) to (vi).
(i) Add aqueous sodium
hydroxide, then in excess.

(ii) Add aqueous ammonia,
then in excess followed
by aqueous ammonium
chloride.

(iii) Add aqueous iron(III)
chloride, then warm.

(iv) Add aqueous silver
nitrate followed by dilute
nitricacid.

(v) Add aqueous disodium
hydrogen phosphate.

(vi) Add aqueous potassium
chromate(VI) followed by
dilute hydrochloric acid.

Identity of KA 1:............................................................
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70 RESTRI CTED
Tests on KA 2

(d) Dissolve all of solid KA 2 in
distilled water and filter. Use
separate portions of the filtrate
for tests (i) to (v).
(i) Add aqueous sodium
hydroxide, then in excess,
and warm.

(ii) Add aqueous potassium
iodide.

(iii) Add aqueous potassium
chromate(VI).

(iv) Add aqueous sodium
ethanoate, then warm.

(v) Add aqueous sodium
carbonate, then warm.

Identity of cations present in KA 2:.........................

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71 RESTRI CTED
Experiment 9


Purpose: To determine the anions in inorganic salts

Procedure:
(a) You are required to plan and carry out tests to identify the anions in a solid mixture KA 1.

In all the tests, the reagent should be added gradually until no further change is observed.
Record your observations and the deductions you make from them in the spaces provided.
Deduce what you can about the anions in KA 1. Observations should include details of
colour changes, precipitates and tests on gases evolved, and you should indicate clearly at
which stage in a test a change occurs.

Tests on KA 1


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72 RESTRI CTED

Identity of anions present in KA 1:.............................
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73 RESTRI CTED
Experiment 10

Topic: Technique Synthesis

Purpose: To determine the percentage of aluminium in a sample X by means of the
preparation of a complex compound of aluminium with 8-hydroxyquinoline

Materials:
KA 1 is a solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline in ethanoic acid.
KA 2 is 2 mol dm
3
aqueous ammonium ethanoate.
KA 3 is sample X.
KA 4 is 2 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid.

I ntroduction:
Aluminium in a certain sample can be determined quantitatively by means of the process of
formation of complex compounds, for example, an alum complex is produced by the reaction of
an alum with 8-hydroxyquinoline.

Procedure:
(a) Weigh out accurately between 0.25 g and 0.30 g of KA 3. Record your readings in the
table below.

Mass of container + KA 3/g
Mass of empty container/g
Mass of KA 3/g

Place all of KA 3 into a 250 cm
3
beaker, and add 150 cm
3
of distilled water followed by
one drop of KA 4. Warm the mixture to a temperature between 60 C and 70 C. Then
add 25 cm
3
of solution KA 1, followed slowly by 50 cm
3
of solution KA 2. A precipitate
will be formed. Remove the beaker. Stir this solution for half an hour using a magnetic
stirrer.
Weigh an empty crucible and record your readings in the table on the next page. Filter the
solution above and wash the precipitate with cold distilled water. Transfer the precipitate
into an empty crucible and dry the precipitate in the oven at about 120 C. Cool and
weigh the crucible together with its contents.

Al
3+
+ 3 + 3H
+
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74 RESTRI CTED
Results:
(b) Record your readings in the table below.

Mass of crucible + precipitate/g
Mass of empty crucible/g
Mass of precipitate/g

Questions:
(c) Explain
(i) why the mixture of solutions KA 1 and KA 2 needs to be stirred for half an hour
using the magnetic stirrer,
(ii) why the complex precipitate is washed with cold water.
(d) How would you ensure that the complex precipitate obtained is completely dried?
(e) Calculate the mass of 1 mole of complex compound with the formula Al(C
9
H
6
NO)
3
.
(f) Calculate the percentage of aluminium in the complex compound.
(g) Calculate the percentage of aluminium in sample X.

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75 RESTRI CTED
2.6 Experiment for Third Term

Experiment 11


Purpose: To study the reactions of alcohols and carbonyl compounds

Procedure:
(a) KA 1 is an alcohol and KA 2 is a carbonyl compound. Carry out the following tests to
confirm the functional groups/structures present in these two compounds.
In all the tests, the reagents should be added gradually until no further change is observed.
Record your observations and deductions you make from them in the spaces provided.
Observations should include details of colour changes and precipitates formed.

Tests on KA 1

(b) Add 1 cm
3
of glacial ethanoic acid to
1 cm
3
KA 1 followed by 3 drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid, then warm
gently in a hot water bath. Cool and pour
the resulting mixture into a beaker
containing distilled water.
(c) Add 1 2 drops of acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution to 2 cm
3
of
KA 1 and heat gently.
(d) Place about 5 drops of KA 1 in a test
tube and add 2 cm
3
of distilled water.
Shake the test tube until all the samples
have dissolved. Add 1 cm
3
of 2.5 mol
dm
3
sodium hydroxide solution, and
then slowly add the iodine potassium
iodide solution, with shaking until the
dark colour of iodine persists. Continue
adding the iodine potassium iodide
solution until the iodine colour is not
discharged for 2 minutes at 60 C.

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76 RESTRI CTED
Tests on KA 2

(e) Dissolve about 0.5 cm
3
or 50 mg of
KA 2 in 2 cm
3
95% ethanol. Add 2 to 3
drops of this mixture into the test tube
containing 3 cm
3
of
2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent.
Shake the test tube and observe the
formation of any precipitate. If no
precipitate forms, immediately allow the
mixture to stand for 5 10 minutes.
(f) Dissolve about 1 cm
3
or 0.2 g of KA 2 in
5 cm
3
distilled water and add 5 cm
3

Fehling`s solution. Slowly, shake the test
tube and heat the mixture to boiling.
Cool the mixture to room temperature.
(g) Add 2 3 drops or 0.1 g of KA 2 to be
tested to the Ireshly prepared Tollens`
reagent. Shake the test tube slowly and
note the formation of silver mirror or
precipitate. If there is no precipitate after
10 minutes, warm the mixture in a water
bath at 30 C for 5 to 10 minutes.
(h) Add 1 2 drops of acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution to 2 cm
3
of
KA 2 and heat gently.
(i) Place about 5 drops of KA 2 in a test
tube and add 2 cm
3
of distilled water.
Shake the test tube until the samples
have dissolved. Add 1 cm
3
of 2.5 mol
dm
3
sodium hydroxide solution, and
then slowly add the iodine potassium
iodide solution, with shaking until the
dark colour of iodine persists. Continue
adding the iodine potassium iodide
solution until the iodine colour is not
discharged for 2 minutes at 60 C.
Remove the excess iodine by adding a
few drops of 2.5 mol dm
3
sodium
hydroxide solution, with shaking. Add
equal amount of water and allow the
mixture to stand at room temperature for
15 minutes.

Identity of functional group/structure in KA 2:.....................
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77 RESTRI CTED
Experiment 12


Purpose: To study the reactions of organic nitrogen compounds (amides and amines)

Procedure:
(a) KA 1 and KA 2 are organic nitrogen compounds. Carry out the following tests to
identify KA 1 and KA 2.
In all the tests, the reagents should be added gradually until no further change is observed.
Record your observations and deductions you make from them in the spaces provided.
Comment on the types of chemical reaction occurring and deduce the functional groups
present in these compounds. Observations should include details of colour changes,
precipitates, and tests on gases evolved, and you should indicate clearly at which stage in
the test a change occurs.

Tests on KA 1

(b) (i) Add 2 cm
3
of distilled water to about
0.1 g of KA 1 in a test tube and shake
vigorously.
(ii) Then add 2 or 3 drops of Universal
indicator.
(c) To about 0.1 g of KA 1 in a test tube, add
3 cm
3
of 5% solution of sodium hydrogen
carbonate and shake.
(d) Add 0.5 cm
3
or 0.5 g of KA 1 to 1.5 cm
3
of
4.5 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid and cool
the solution to 0 C. Dissolve 0.5 g of
sodium nitrite in 2.5 cm
3
distilled water
and add this solution drop wise, with
shaking, to the cold solution. Then,
transfer 2 cm
3
of the solution to a clean test
tube, warm gently, and identify for the gas
evolved.
(e) Add about 1 cm
3
dilute sulphuric acid to
about 0.2 g of KA 1 in a test tube. Shake
and heat the mixture in a hot water bath for
5 minutes.
Cautiously smell the vapour
evolved/released.

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78 RESTRI CTED
(f) (i) Add 1 cm
3
of sodium hydroxide
solution to 0.4 g of KA 1 in a test
tube. Shake and heat the mixture in a
hot water bath for 5 minutes.
(ii) Acidify the mixture produced in (i) and
heat the mixture in the hot water bath
for 5 minutes.
Cautiously smell the vapour
evolved/released.

........

........

Identity of KA 1: .............................................................................................................................

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79 RESTRI CTED
Tests on KA 2

(h) To about 2 drops of KA 2 in a test tube,
add 2 cm
3
of distilled water and shake
vigorously.
Then, add 2 or 3 drops of Universal
indicator.
(i) To about 10 drops of KA 2 in a test tube,
add dilute hydrochloric acid and shake
until dissolved. Then, add 2 cm
3
of 0.5 mol
dm
3
sodium hydroxide, shake and warm
gently in a hot water bath.
(j) Add 0.5 cm
3
or 0.5 g of KA 2 to 1.5 cm
3
of
4.5 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid and cool
the solution to 0 C. Dissolve 0.5 g of
sodium nitrite in 2.5 cm
3
distilled water
and add this solution drop wise, with
shaking, to the cold solution. Then,
transfer 2 cm
3
of the solution to a clean test
tube, warm gently, and identify for the gas
evolved.
(k) To about 10 drops of KA 2 in a test tube,
add dilute hydrochloric acid and shake
until dissolved. Then, add bromine water
drop by drop. Shake gently.

If KA 2 has the relative molecular mass of 73.0, the identity of KA 2: ......................................
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80 RESTRI CTED
Experiment 13

Topic: Technique-Synthesis

Purpose: To prepare a sample of 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid

Materials:
KA 1 is solid 2-aminobenzoic acid.
KA 2 is 1.70 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid.
KA 3 is solid sodium nitrite.
KA 4 is a mixture of 0.30 mol dm
3
phenol and 1.35 mol dm
3
sodium hydroxide.
KA 5 is 4.00 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid.

I ntroduction:
Azo dyes are easily prepared by the coupling of diazotised aniline with either a phenol or
aniline. In this experiment, 2-aminobenzoic acid is diazotised and coupled with phenol in an
alkaline solution to give the salt of an azo dye. Acid is added to produce the azo dye of
2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid.

COOH
NH
2
HNO
2
, HCl
<5
o
C
COOH
N
2
Cl
COOH
N
2
Cl
+
OH
1. NaOH
2. H
3
O
+
COOH
N OH N

Procedure:
(a) Weigh out accurately 3.40 g of KA 1. Record your reading in the table below.

Mass of container + KA 1/g
Mass of empty container/g
Mass of KA 1/g

Place KA 1 into a 125 cm
3
conical flask, and add 60 cm
3
of KA 2. Swirl and cool the
conical flask containing the mixture in an ice-water bath. In a 100 cm
3
beaker dissolve
1.80 g of KA 3 in 15-20 cm
3
of distilled water. Using a teat pipette, slowly add drop-wise
the solution KA 3 to the ice-cold mixture in the conical flask, while swirling, over a time
span of about 10 minutes. Maintain the temperature of the reaction mixture below 5 C.
Then, slowly pour the diazonium salt solution formed into a steadily swirled 500 cm
3
conical flask containing 85 cm
3
of ice-cold KA 4 in an ice-water bath.
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81 RESTRI CTED
Leave the resulting mixture aside for about five minutes. To this mixture, add 30 cm
3
of
KA 5 while swirling vigorously. Using a spatula, break up the lumps well. Filter the
product formed by means of the suction filtration apparatus. Wash well the product in the
Buchner funnel several times with distilled water and then/before leaving it under suction
for about 10 minutes. Then, wash the product again with 100 cm
3
of ice-cold mixture of
acetone-water (1:1 v/v). Onto a large evaporating dish (of known weight), transfer and
spread out the final product formed. Dry in an oven at 45 50 C for three working days
(total about 3 ! 8 hours = 24 hours). Cool, record the colour and weigh the evaporating
dish together with its contents.

Results:
(b) Tabulate your results.

Questions:
(c) Name the type of mechanism involved in the coupling of the diazonium salt with phenol.
(d) What is the main role of sodium hydroxide in this experiment?
(e) Why must the temperature during diazotisation be maintained below 5 C?
(f) Calculate the maximum mass of 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid that may be formed
from the KA 1 used.
(g) Calculate the percentage of 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid produced in your
experiment.

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82 RESTRI CTED
Project

Theme: Investigating the chemical and/or physical properties of naturally occurring substances

(a) Suggested natural products:
(i) Leaves
(ii) Fruits
(iii) Flowers
(iv) Roots

(b) Suggested topics (students may also choose other relevant topics):
(i) Acid-base indicators from natural dyes
(ii) Vegetable dyes for clothing the effects of sunlight, heat and detergents
(iii) Metal complexes of curcumin
(iv) The stability of ascorbic acid/Vitamin C in fruit juices how it is affected by
conditions such as refrigeration, sunlight, microwaving or freshly squeeze
(v) Do limes lose or gain Vitamin C after being pickled
(vi) Pigment separation using paper chromatography

(c) Suggested methods of analysis (students may also choose other relevant methods):
(i) Volumetric analysis
(ii) Chromatography
(iii) pH
(iv) Solvent extraction
(v) Distillation

General purpose of the project
(a) To inculcate awareness for healthy living
(b) To instil good moral values cooperation, independence and self confidence
(c) To apply basic scientific skills in their research project
(d) To apply the basic chemical principles and techniques in their investigation

Procedure:
(a) Students are divided into groups of three to four and headed by a leader.
(b) The group should identify a research topic that is relevant to the theme.
(c) Students should set research objectives, working plan and techniques to be carried out.
They are encouraged to use available apparatus and instruments.
(d) Students should consult and obtain approval from their teacher before carrying out the
research.
(e) Students should keep a log book of their research activities and document all
observations, data analysis and results.
(f) In carrying out their research, students are also encouraged to gather, process and present
information to describe and explain evidence for the need to monitor levels of
contaminants/additives in consumer products. Information gathered can be from
interview, survey and official sources.
(g) Students should state the conclusions and references used.
(h) Students should prepare a well structured, clear, concise and precise research report.

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