I. I. Bujor Si Fr. Chiriac - Gramatica Limbii Latine

I. I. BUJOR i FR.
CHIRIAC
GRAMATICA LIMBII LATINE

EDITURA T I I N I F I C
Bucureti 1958
PREFA n timpul ultimului deceniu nu s-a mai publicat nici o lucrare de gramatic latin, dei nevoia unui atare manual era mult sim it de cei care doreau s se ocupe cu acest studiu! Editura tiin i"ic, #n dorin a de a #mplini aceast lips, a $otr#t s se tipreasc Gra atica !i "ii !ati#e$% %up o e&perien de aproape trei decenii, acest manual apare acum #ntr-o "orm complet #nnoit i #ntregit! El este alctuit din dou pr i distincte' mor"ologia i sinta&a! (a i #n trecut, mor"ologia este tratat pe capitole, dup pr ile de vorbire, iar #n tratarea sinta&ei capitolele au "ost or#nduite, pe categorii sintactice, potrivit cu cele ale sinta&ei rom#ne! Am pstrat i #n acest manual principiul induc iei regulilor dintr-un numr de e&emple care le preced! )oate aceste e&emple s#nt e&trase din operele scriitorilor clasici latini proeminen i, #n special din cele ale lui (sesar, (icero )itus *ivius! )oate e&emplele s#nt traduse #n limba rom#n spre a "i #nlturate greut ile de limb sau de stil care s-ar ivi pentru cititori! Pentru o temeinic asimilare i aplicare a regulilor #nv ate pe ba+a e&emplelor din manual, am #nscris la "iecare capitol de sinta& o versiune e&tras din operele scriitorilor latini! Fiind #ns cunoscut #nsemntatea temei , traducerea din limba matern #n limba latin & am introdus la locul cuvenit c#te o tem care servete la acelai scop' asimilarea i aplicarea regulilor #nv ate! *a s"#ritul manualului am adugat suplimente despre' topica latin, "iguri de stil, "ormarea cuvintelor latine, prosodia i metrica latin, numele roman, calendarul roman, unit i -de msurromane! In "orma lui actual i #ntregit cu suplimentele mai sus artate, socotim c acest manual va "i un "olositor instrument de studiu at#t #n predarea c#t i #n #nv area limbii latine! AUT'RII
() *e+te "rie 195,
BIBLI'GRAFIE
Ma-uet et R./er& .rammaire latine! 0ari*1 192(% 3% R% M a 4 5 i / & .rammaire latine, 0ari*1 1885% A% Er#.ut & /orp$ologie $istori0ue du latin, 0ari*1 19(5% Rie a## et G.e!6er& .rammaire comparee du .rec et du *atin, 0ari*1 189,% B r e 1 e t & .rammaire latine, 0ari*1 19)1% '% Rie a## & 12nta&e latine, 0ari*1 19))% F% A#t.i#e & 12nta&e de la langue latine, 0ari*1 1885% A!"ert Gre#ier& *e genie romain, 0ari*1 1925% 7% R ei #a e8 & .rammaire latine, 0ari*1 1889% '% :ei**e#;e!*& 12nta&e latine, Ber!i#1 189,% 3% Ga#tre!!e & 3ouvelle grammaire de la langue latine, 0ari*1 18,5% Fer4i#a#4. 7 c8u 1 6 & Piccola grammatica latina <e4% ita!ia#=>1 T.ri#.1 1888% Dr% G.? et 7% Rei#ac8 & /inerva, 0ari*1 19)9% 3% Mar-uar4t@ia vie privee des Romains, 0ari*1 1892% L% Auic8erat& Prosodie latine, 0ari*1 18,2% G8% Tur.t et E i!e G 8 a t e 1 a i # & Prosodie latine et grec0ue, 0ari*1 1899% A% C% 3 u r e t & /itri0ue grec0ue et latine, 0ari*1 19(8% F% 0!e**i*& /itri0ue grec0ue et latine! 0ari*1 1889% L.ui* Ba5et& /etri0ue grec0ue et latine, 0ari*1 1899% L% Laura#4& /anuel des etudes grec0ues et latines, 0ari*1 192C% G8% De6."rD & Rome au siecle d4Auguste, 0ari*1 18,)% 3% Mar-uar4t& *e culte c$e+ Ies Romains, 0ari*1 1889% A% G% 3 u r e t & /anuel de p$oneti0ue latine, 0ari*1 1921% M% Nie4er a##& P$oneti0ue $istori0ue du latin, 0ari*1 19(1% A% Er#.ut et A% Mei!!et & %ictionnaire et2mologi0ue de la langue latine, 0ari*1 19(2% 3% Ee#4rDe*@iF langage, 0ari*1 1921% C8ar!e* Bru#eau et Marce! Beu!!uD& .rammaire prati0ue de la langue "ran aise, 0ari*1 19(8%
N'IUNI GENERALE
ALFABETUL
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7CRIEREA
G# e+.ca c!a*ic=1 r. a#ii au G#tre"ui#Hat 22 !itere K a1 "1 c1 41 e1 ;1 /1 81 i1 L1 11 1 #1 .1 +1 -1 r1 *1 t1 u1 I1 6% Di# ace*tea a1 e1 G1 .1 u *G#t 5.ca!e1 ce!e!a!te *G#t c.#*.a#e M 8 G#*= #u e*te *.c.tit G#tre c.#*.a#e1 ci e*te #u ai *e #u! u#ei a*+iraHii11 +e care /recii . #.tau1 #u cu . !iter=1 ci +ri# #ite *e #e1 #u ite *+irite1 ae6ate 4ea*u+ra !itere!.r K $eri N ieri% 7e #u! i ar=ta atGt 5.ca!a i 6iile NN ace!aJ1 cGt i c.#*.a#a i 1 a4ic= u# *u#et care ;ace *i!a"=OG +reu#= cu . 5.ca!= 6iugum, *cri* i 7ugum N Ju/>% 8 884 7e #u! u ar=ta atGt 5.ca!a u 6unus N u#uJ1 cGt i c.#*.a#a u <5>1 a4ic= u# *u#et care ;ace *i!a"= G +reu#= cu . 5.ca!= 6uenio, *cri* i venio, N 5i#>%
1% Ee6i i A% G% 3urPet@ /anuel de p$oneti0ue latine, +% (21 0ari*1 1921%%%%%
7e #u! 6 era G#tre"ui#Hat #u ai G# cGte5a cu5i#te /recetiK +ona N ci#/=t.are% Mai tGr6iu *@a i#tr.4u* D1 ca 5.ca!=1 t.t +e#tru cu5i#te /recetiK %ion2sius! La G#ce+ut *e #u! c #.ta *u#ete!e /utura!e +e care #.i !e re4= +ri# !itere!e c i /% Di# *ec.!u! a! IE@ !ea G%e%#% *@a i#tr.4u* *e #u! /1 i a*t;e! ce!e 4.u= *u#ete au a5ut *e #e *+ecia!e K caput N ca+1 gallus N c.c.% 7e #u! L a r= a* #u ai G# u#e!e eI+re*ii1 cu e*te cu5G#tu! :alendee ; 6iua G#tGia a ;iec=rei !u#i% G# *crierea !i "ii !ati#e1 #.i G#tre"ui#H= *e #u! u +e#tru 5.ca!= i *e #u! 5 +e#tru c.#*.a#=1 *+re a e5ita c.#;u6ii!e K calui <+er*% I a +er;% i#4% 4e !a 5er"u! caleo N i@e ca!4>1 calci </e#% *i#/% i #. % +i% a*e% 4e !a a4Jecti5u! calvus N +!eu5> M volui, -iti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt <;.r e!e +er;% i#4% 4e !a 5er"u! volo N 5reau>1 volei, -iti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt <;.r e!e +er;% i#4% 4e !a 5er"u! volvo , r.*t./.!e*c>% 0e#tru *u#ete!e i 5.ca!= i i c.#*.a#= *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i a6i1 G# /e#era!1 u# *i#/ur *e # K i 6iste , ace*ta1 iuvenis ; tG#=r>% 7e +.t G#tre"ui#Ha G#*= i *e #e 4e.*e"ite K i <5.ca!=>1 J <c.#*.a#=> K iste, 7uvenis! Aa au 4icHi.#are!e% Di# ;a+tu! c= r. a#ii au G#tre"ui#Hat aceeai !iter= +e#tru 4.u= *u#ete K i 5.ca!= i i c.#*.a#=1 u 5.ca!= i u c.#*.a#=1 #u re6u!t= c= ce!e 4.u= *u#ete ;.!.*ite cu caracter 4e 5.ca!= i cu caracter 4e c.#*.a#= erau i4e#tice ca ti "ru1 4e.*e"i#4u@*e G#tre e!e #u ai +ri# ca+acitatea 4e a c.#*titui *i!a"= *i#/ure *au G +reu#= cu . 5.ca!=1 ci tre"uie *= ;i +re6e#tat . a*+eritate *+ecia!= Q ce!e cu caracter 4e c.#*.a#=1 care a 4u* G# !i "i!e r. a#ice1 +e i c.#*.a#= !a J <!at% iurare, iocare< r. % a 7ura, a 7uca< ;r% 7urer, 7ouer< it% giurare, giocare< *+% 7urar, 7ugar=, iar +e u c.#*.a#= !a c.#*.a#a ;ricati5= E 2 <!at% uentus, uenire< r. % vint, a veni< ;r% cent, venir< it% vento, venire< *+% viento, venir= (% Acea*t= 4e.*e"ire caracteri*tic= 4e +r.#u#Hare a !ui u c.#*.a#= a ."!i/at +e G +=ratu! C!au4iu*1 care a 4. #it G#tre a#ii C1&5C e%#%1 *= cree6e u# *e # #.u +e#tru ace*t *u#et% Deci1 *crierea cu 5 #u re+re6i#t= #u ai . #ece*itate a #.a*tr= 4e a e5ita c.#;u6ii!e1 ci c8iar . rea!itate a +r.#u#H=rii !ati#e1 #.tat= G#c= 4i# +ri u! *ec.! a! e%#%1 cG#4 au tr=it *criit.ri ari ca 7e#eca1 Martiu!i*1 Iu5e#a!i*1 Aui#ti!ia#u*1 0!i#iu*1 Tacitu*% i *crierea !ui i c.#*.a#= +ri# *e #u! J ar a4uce c!aritate1 c=ci *Par cu#.ate u.r citirea ce!.r 4.i iK ma-7or ; ai are <cu i c.#*.a#=>1 tenu-i-or , ai *u"Hire <cu i 5.ca!=1 ;.r G#4 *i#/ur *i!a"=>% R. a#ii au G +ru utat a!;a"etu! 4e !a e*tru*ci cu a+r.Ii ati5 a*e *ec.!e G%e%#%1 i a#u e u# a!;a"et 5ec8i e*tru*c1 iar ace*ta 4i# ur = a ;.*t ;.r at 4u+= a!;a"etu! /rec G#tre"ui#Hat G# 5reu#a 4i# c.!.#ii!e /receti a!e Ita!iei *u4ice% Fa+tu! ace*ta a ;.*t *ta"i!it +e "a6a 4e*c.+eririi 4e curG#4
1% Ee6i i A% G% 3 u r e t1 op! cit! +% ()% 2% Ee6i i M% Nie4er a## & 08.#eti-ue 8i*t.ri-ue 4u !ati#1 RR C2 i 581 0ari*1 19(1% (% I4e#titatea 4e trata e#t a c.#*.a#e!.r i i u +e t.t 4. e#iu! r. a#ic arat= c= ace*t ;e#. e# !i#/5i*tic *e 4at.rete #u "a6ei 4e articu!aHie a +.+u!aHiei "=ti#ae1 care era 4i;erit= G# 4i5er*e!e terit.rii i #ici i#;!ue#Hei u#ei re/iu#i a*u+ra ce!.r!a!te1 e!e ;ii#4 aa 4e 4e+arte u#e!e 4e a!te!e1 ci ti "ru!ui *+ecia! +e care@1 +urtau ace*te c.#@ *.a#e G# !i "a !ati#= i care a i +u* +ri irea !.r +e*te t.t ca ;ricati5e!e J% i 5%
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a 5ec8iu!ui a!;a"et etru*c1 care cu+ri#4e !itere!e ;.!.*ite G# 5ec8i!e i#*cri+Hii r. a#e1 a5G#4 aceeai ;.r = i !a etru*ci i !a r. a#i !% PRONUNAREA R. a#ii1 G# e+.ca re+u"!icii1 i ai a!e* G# +ri e!e ei ti +uri1 +r.#u#Hau !itere!e a!;a"etu!ui !.r aa cu !e +r.#u#H= i #.i G# cu5i#te!e r. G@#eti1 cu ur =t.are!e 4e.*e"iriK c1 /1 t1 G#ai#te 4e e1 i *e +r.#u#Hau a+r.a+e cu ace!ai *u#et ca G#ai#te 4e 5.ca!e!e a1 .1 uK castra ; ta"=r=1 circulus-:irculus N cerc%
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* G# .rice +.6iHie *e a;!a1 c8iar G#tre 4.u= 5.ca!e1 *e citea sK satis N 4e*tu!1 "usus N ;u*% u c.#*.a#= *e citea cu u# *u#et a+r.+iat 4e n 5.ca!= K uetus 6vetus= N 5ec8i% Consoanele duble *e citeau cu . 4urat= ai !u#/= K stella < N *tea>1 terra <N += G#t>1 missio <N c.#ce4iere>% I# e+.ca i +eria!= a G#ce+ut .4i;icarea u#.r *u#ete i a#u e K u c.#*.a#= a G#ce+ut 4i# *ec.!u! I e%#% *= *e a+r.+ie 4e *u#etu! !ui 5 i a !uat *u#etu! u#ui 5 !a"i.4e#ta!1 4e5e#i#4 4e atu#ci ;ricati5a *.#.r= c.re*+u#6=t.are u#ui ; (% c1 / G#ai#te 4e e1 i1 i ti ur at 4e . 5.ca!=1 G#ce+ *=@i .4i;ice +r.#u#Harea1 c=+=tG#4 !a G#ce+ut . +uter#ic= +a!ata!i6are1 care a 4u* !a c.#;u6ia *u#ete!.r ci1 ti <LD1 tD>1 ceea ce *e c.#*tat= G# *cri* G#c= 4i# *ec.!u! a! II@!ea e%#%1 4e cG#4 G#ce+ *= a+ar= ;.r e ca terminaeiones, iusticia, concupiscenta G# !.c 4e terminationes, iustitia, concupiscentia! i *e tie c= a"ateri!e 4e !a ;.r e!e #.r a!e a!e !i "ii +=tru#4 G# *criere cu u!t ai tGr6iu 4ecGt au a+=rut G# 5.r"ire% Ace*tei +a!ata!i6=ri i@a ur at a*i"i!area !.r1 a4ic= +r.#u#Harea !.r cu *u#ete care au 4u* !a *1 ce1 ci1 /e1 /i1 H% ae trecu*e 4e !a *;Gritu! re+u"!icii G# e1 iar oe G# e C% 0e#tru ae M% Tere#@tiu* Earr.1 c.#te +.ra# cu Cicer.1 #.tea6= c= G#c= 4i# ti +u! +.etu!ui Luci!iu*1 a4ic= G# *ec.!u! a! II@!ea G%e%#%1 rustici +r.#u#Hau (ecilius, pretor, G# !.c 4e (aecilius, praetor, cu arat= 4e a!t;e! i i#*cri+Hii!e 5ec8i K 0uestores, %iane, @ictorie, pretor, G# !.c 4e 0usestores, %ianse, @ictorise, prsetor 5% I# G#5=H= G#tu! #.*tru *@a citit a*t;e!K /ru+e!e ce1 ci1 /e1 /i1 ca G# r. G#ete K (icero, gemo <NN /e >1 "rigidus 6; rece>%
1% A!"ert Gre#ier & *e genie romain, +a/% (C&(9% 2% Ibidem! (% E4% B.urcie6 & Elemente de linguisti0ue romane, e4% II1 192(1 +a/% C9% C% Ibidem, +a/% C(% 5% 7% Rei#ac8 & .rammaire latine, 18891 +% 25,% Dac= #u e!e !ui (sesar *e 5a ;i citit Sae*ar i aa !@au +utut cu#.ate /er a#ii1 acea*ta *e 4at.rete tra4iHiei ur ate G# *crierea *au +r.#u#Harea #u e!.r +r.+rii1 ;a+t #.tat i +e#tru (aius i (nmus!
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/ru+u! ti ur at 4e . 5.ca!= *@a citit HiK iustitia <N 4re+tate>1 etiam 6; c8iar>% Dac= G#*= e*te +rece4at 4e *1 &, t, *au cG#4 i e*te !u#/1 *e +r.#u#H= t.t tiK ostium <N u=>1 mi&tio <N a e*tec>1 Aruttius <N 4i# Brut@tiu >1 totius <N a! G#tre/u!ui>% J1 cG#4 G! *crie 1 G! +r.#u#H= iK 7uro-iuro <N Jur>% /ru+u! #/u ur at 4e 5.ca!= G! citi #/51 +e#tru a e5ita citirea !ui /u ca *i!a"= a+arte K sanguis 6, *G#/e>% /ru+u! -u G! +r.#u#H= e5K 0uin0ue <N ci#ci>% N.t=% Nu e*te #ici . 4i;icu!tate ca /ru+u! ti *= *e citea*c= t.t4eau#a ti1 /ru+u! #/u *= *e citea*c= #/;i i /ru+u! -u *= *e citea*c= t.t4eau#a cu% /ru+e!e +81 t81 i#tr.4u*e ai tGr6iu1 !e +r.#u#H= ;1 tK p$ilosop$us <N ;i!.*.;>1 )$emistocles! /ru+e!e ae1 .e *G#t 4i;t.#/i #u ai G# *criere1 G# +r.#u#Hare *e cite*c ca . *i#/ur= 5.ca!= <e> K cmlum <N cer>1 poena <N +e4ea+*=>% CG#4 *e citete ;iecare 5.ca!= 4e.*e"it1 *e +u#e tre a <%%> +e eK aer <&aer>1 poeta <N +.et>% /ru+u! au e*te 4i;t.#/K lau-do <N !au4>% /ru+u! eu e*te 4i;t.#/ i *e G#tG!#ete G# cu5i#te!e K $eus 6; 8ei>1 $eu <N 5ai>1 e$eu <N .;>1 ceu <N ca>1 seu 6; *au 4ac=>1 neu <N i *= #u>1 neuter <N #ici u#u! 4i# 4.i> i G# cu5i#te!e 5e#ite 4i# !i "a e!e#=1 u#4e a5eau 4i;t.#/u! e5K Eu-ro-pa, Eu-ge-ni-a etc% /ru+u! ei e*te 4i;t.#/ G# i#terJecHia $ei <N a8>% /ru+u! ui e*te 4i;t.#/ G# cu5i#te!e K $uic <N ace*tuia>1 cui < N cui1 c=rui>1 i G# i#terJecHia $ui 6, ei iT ' 8.!>% N.t=% 7i#/ure!e 5.ca!e1 care1 ;ii#4 G#tre"ui#Hate G# ace!ai cu5G#t u#a 4u+= a!ta1 c.#*tituiau t.t4eau#a 4i;t.#/1 erau au% Ce!e!a!te /ru+e 4e 5.ca!e1 #.tate aici ca 4i;t.#/i1 au ;.*t tratate ca atare #u ai G# a#u ite e+.ci *au #u ai !a a#u ite cu5i#te% A6i *e ti#4e *+re . citire care *= re+r.4uc= citirea 4i# e+.ca re+u"!icii r. a#e% ACCENTUAREA G# !i "a !ati#= t.ate cu5i#te!e +urtau cGte u# acce#t1 G# a;ar= 4e e#c!itice!e @-ue <N i>1 @5e <N *au>1 @#e <N .areT>1 care #ici #u *e *criu i6.!ate1 ci *e a!i+e*c !a *;Gritu! eGte u#ui cu5G#t% Lati#ii a5eau *i!a"e !u#/i i *i!a"e *curte% 7i!a"e!e !u#/i *e +r.#u#Hau cu 4urat= 4e 4.u= .ri ai are ca ce!e *curte% A*t;e! G# cu5G#tu! "ar"a <N "ar"=>1 *i!a"a "ar *e +r.#u#Ha !u#/1 iar *i!a"a "a *e +r.#u#Ha *curtM G# cu5G#tu! arare <N a ara>1 *i!a"a ra *e +r.#u#Ha !u#/1 *i!a"e!e a i re *e +r.#u#Hau *curt% G#*uirea 4e !u#/= *au *curt= . c=+=ta *i!a"a ;ie 4i# 4urata +e care . a5ea 4i# #atur=1 a4ic= 4i# ;irea !i "ii1 5.ca!a *i!a"ei re*+ecti5e1 +r.#u#@HG#4u@*e !u#/ *au *curt <cu *@a 5=6ut G# cu5i#te!e 4e ai *u* !a *i!a"e!e ra !u#/=1 a1 re1 "a *curte>1 ;ie 4i# c.#4iHii!e *+ecia!e G# care e*te ae6at= 5.ca!a G# cu+ri#*u! cu5G#tu!ui <cu e ca6u! *i!a"ei "ar !u#/=>% Lati#ii #u a5eau *e #e 4e.*e"ite +e#tru *i!a"e!e !u#/i *au +e#tru ce!e *curteM #.i G#*= ."i#ui *= G#*e #= cu 1& *i!a"e!e !u#/i1 i cu B7 *i!a"e!e *curteK barb, arri! M M%
12
N.i #u +ute citi re*+ectG#4 t.t4eau#a 4urata <ca#titatea> *i!a"e!.r !ati#eti1 c=ci !i "a r. G#ea*c= #u are *i!a"e !u#/i i *curte% i#e G#*= *ea = 4e ca#titatea *i!a"e!.r !ati#eti !a acce#tuarea cu5i#te!.r i !a citirea 5er*uri!.r% 0e#tru acce#tuare #u i *i!a"e!e G#ce+G#4 4e !a *;Gritu! cu5G#tu!uiK
cea 4e !a *;Grit *e #u ete ultima; a 4.ua 4e !a ur = *e #u ete penultima; a treia 4e !a ur = *e #u ete antepenultima;
Cu5i#te!e 4e . *i#/ur= *i!a"= au acce#tu! +e acea *i!a"= K non N #u% Cu5i#te!e 4e 4.u= *i!a"e au acce#tu! +e +e#u!ti a K pater ; tat=% Cu5i#te!e 4e trei *au ai u!te *i!a"e au acce#tu! +e +e#u!ti a1 4ac= e*te !u#/= M 4ac= +e#u!ti a e*te *curt=1 acce#tu! trece +e a#te+e#u!ti a K virtutes N 5irtuHi!e1 $om#nes N .a e#ii% Deci1 G# cu5i#te!e +.!i*i!a"ice1 #ici.4at= acce#tu! #u e*te +e u!ti a M ca#titatea +e#u!ti ei e*te cea care 4ictea6= u#4e *t= acce#tu!% 0e#tru cu#.aterea ca#tit=Hii *i!a"e!.r *G#t u!te re/u!iM #.t= aici ur =t.are!e treiK 1% 7i!a"a1 a c=rei 5.ca!= e*te ae6at= G#ai#tea a!tei 5.ca!e1 e*te *curt= K patria N +atria% 6@ocalis ante vocalem brevis est N E.ca!a 4i#ai#tea a!tei 5.ca!e e*te *curt=>% 2% 7i!a"a a c=rei 5.ca!= e*te ur at= 4e 4.u= c.#*.a#e1 4i#tre care u#a Gi a+arHi#e ei1 iar a 4.ua *i!a"ei ur =t.are1 *au e*te ur at= 4e c.#*.a#= 4u"!=1 e*te !u#/= K unde N 4e u#4e1 nullus N #ici u#u!% (% 7i!a"a1 care cu+ri#4e u# 4i;t.#/ e*te !u#/= K cselum ; ceru!%
Not. E#c!itice!e -0ue, -ve, -ne ;ac ca *i!a"a ;i#a!= a cu5G#tu!ui1 !a care *e a!i+e*c1 *= ;ie acce#tuat=K e0uites pedites0ue N c=!=reHii i +e4e*traii% 0re+.6iHii!e +u*e G#ai#tea *au i e4iat G# ur a cu5i#te!.r a! c=r.r ca6 G! c.#4uc snt at.#e%
MORFO O!IA
0RILE DE E'RBIRE
M.r;.!./ia & 4e !a cu5i#te!e /receti mor"e N ;.r = i logos N 5.r"ire1 cu5G#t & e*te +artea /ra aticii care *e .cu+= cu ;.r e!e +e care !e G "rac= 4i;erite!e cu5i#te a!e u#ei !i "i1 +e#tru a eI+ri a /G#4iri% Du+= *e#*u! +e care@1 au1 cu5i#te!e !i "ii !ati#e *e G +art G# #.u= /ru+e *au +=rHi 4e 5.r"ire 6partes orationis=, i a#u e K 1% 7u"*ta#ti5u! 6nomen substantiv um=, cu5G#t ;.r at 4i# cu5G#tu! !ati#e*c substantia N eIi*te#H=1 aterie% Di# acea*t= /ru+= ;ace +arte .rice cu5G#t care e*te #u e 4e ;ii#H= *au 4e !ucru1 4e i4ee K canis ; cGi#e1 "errum ; ;ier1 victoria N 5ict.rie% 2% A4Jecti5u! 6nomen adiectivum=, cu5G#t ;.r at 4i# cu5G#tu! !ati#e*c adiicere N a a4=u/a% Di# acea*t= /ru+= ;ac +arte cu5i#te!e care eI+ri = . G#*uire a u#ei ;ii#He *au a u#ui !ucru K altus ; G#a!t1 albus N a!"1 dulcis ; 4u!ce% (% Nu era!u! 6nomen numerale=, cu5G#t ;.r at 4i# cu5G#tu! !ati#e*c numerus N #u =r% G# acea*t= /ru+= i#tr= cu5i#te!e care eI+ri = u# #u =r K unus N u#u1 septem N a+te1 miile N . ie% C% 0r.#u e!e 6nomen pronomen=, cu5G#t ;.r at 4i# cu5i#te!e !ati#eti pro N +e#tru1 G# !.c 4e1 i nomen N #u e% G# acea*t= /ru+= i#tr= cu5i#te!e care G#!.cuie*c G# 5.r"irea #.a*tr= #u e!e ;ii#He!.r *au !ucruri!.r K ego ; eu1 iste ; =*ta1 ace*ta1 alter N a!tu!1 ce!=!a!t% 5% Eer"u!1 4e !a cu5G#tu! !ati#e*c verbum N 5.r"=% G# acea*t= /ru+= i#tr= cu5i#te!e care eI+ri = acHiu#i *au *t=ri +u*e G# !e/=tur= cu . ;ii#H= *au !ucruK canto ; eu cG#t% 9% A45er"u! 6adverbium=, cu5G#t ;.r at 4i# cu5i#te!e !ati#eti ad N !a1 !G#/=1 i verbum N 5er"% Aici *e /ru+ea6= cu5i#te!e care G#*.He*c u# 5er"1 G#tre/i#4 i4eea eI+ri at= 4e e! +ri# e!e e#te +ri5it.are !a G +reJur=ri *au circu *ta#He K $ic ; aici1 $eri N ieri% ,% 0re+.6iHia 6praepositio=, cu5G#t ;.r at 4i# cu5i#te!e !ati#eti prae ; G#ai#te i ponere N a +u#e1 a ae6a% Aici *e /ru+ea6= cu5i#te!e care *e +u# G#ai#tea #u e!.r1 *ta"i!i#4 ra+.rturi G#tre +=rHi!e 4e +r.+.6iHiu#e care #u *G#t 4e ace!ai ;e! K ad N !a1 in ; G#% 8% C.#Ju#cHia 6coniunctio=1 cu5G#t ;.r at 4i# cu5i#te!e !ati#eti cum N cu1 G +reu#= cu1 i iungere ; a u#i1 a !e/a% Aici i#tr= cu5i#te!e care *ta"i!e*c ra+.rturi G#tre +=rHi!e 4e ace!ai ;e! a!e +r.+.6iHiei *au G#tre +r.+.6iHii K post0uam ; 4u+= ce1 0uia ; ;ii#4c=1 si NN 4ac=1 et N i% 9% I#terJecHia 6interiectio=, cu5G#t ;.r at 4i# cu5i#te!e !ati#eti inter ; G#tre i iacere ; a aru#ca% Aici i#tr= cu5i#te!e care *G#t +r.#u#Hate ca i6"uc#iri
2 @ c% ((5
G# ti +u! 5.r"irii1 eI+ri G#4 u# *e#ti e#t 4e a4 iraHie1 4e "ucurie1 4e 4urere K vae N 5ai1 $eus ; 8ei% EIa i#G#4 ta"!.u! 4e ai *u*1 ."*er5= c=1 ;aH= 4e #u =ru! +=rHi!.r 4e 5.r"ire 4i# !i "a r. G#=1 G# !i "a !ati#= !i+*ete u#a1 i a#u e a"ti#olul. De aceea G# !i "a !ati#= aceeai ;.r = a *u"*ta#ti5u!ui eI+ri a i ;.r a articu!at= i +e cea #earticu!at= K lupus ; u# !u+ i !u+u!% Ace*te +=rHi 4e 5.r"ire *e G +art G# 4.u= /ru+e K "le&ibile, ce!e a c=r.r ;.r = *e .4i;ic= +e#tru a eI+ri a 4i;erite!e r.!uri +e care !e au G# eI+ri area /G#4irii1 i ne"le&ibile, ce!e a c=r.r ;.r = #u *e .4i;ic=% F!eIi"i!e *G#t +ri e!e ci#ci +=rHi 4e 5.r"ire1 4i#tre care +ri e!e +atru *G#t 4ec!i#a"i!e1 iar a ci#cea e*te c.#Ju/a"i!=% Ne;!eIi"i!e *G#t u!ti e!e +atru +=rHi 4e 5.r"ire% N.t=% Lati#ii G +=rHeau cu5i#te!e G# trei c!a*eK $. nomen% cu+ri#6G#4 *u"*ta#ti5u!1 a4Jecti5u!1 #u era!u! i +r.#u e!e M 2% &e"bum M (% pa"ti#ulae% cu+ri#6G#4 a45er"u!1 +re+.6iHia i c.#Ju#cHia% >C
7UB7TANTIEUL
Du+= ;.r a +e care . G "rac= i 4u+= *e#*u! +e care@1 are1 *u"*ta#ti5u! +.ate eI+ri a i4eea 4e /e#1 4e #u =r i 4e ca6% GENUL G# !i "a !ati#= *G#t trei /e#uriK /e#u* a*cu!i#u 1 /e#u* ;e i#i#u i /e#u* #eutru % De /e#u! a*cu!i# *G#t t.ate #u e!e 4e ;ii#He "=r"=teti 6vir ; "=r"at1 taurus N taur1 +recu i #u e!e 4e !ucruri1 G# care i a/i#aHia . u!ui +ri iti5 a 5=6ut U#*uiri 4e ;ii#He "=r"=teti1 cu *G#t #u e!e 4e 5G#Huri i #u e!e 4e ;!u5ii 6ventus N 5G#t1 a0uilo ; ac5i!e#u!1 5G#t 4i# *+re #.r4 M %anubius N Du#=rea1 R$enus N Ri#u!>% Nu e!e 4e !u#i *G#t a4Jecti5eK mensis Ianuarius ; !u#a ia#uarie1 nonee Ianuariae ; #.#e!e !ui ia#uarie% CG#4 +e#tru #u e!e !u#ii *e G#tre"ui#Ha #u ai a4Jecti5u! re*+ecti51 *e +u#ea !a /e#u! a*cu!i#1 c=ci *e *u"G#He!e/ea cu5G#tu! mensis <!u#=> K Ianuarius! De /e#u! ;e i#i# *G#t t.ate #u e!e 4e ;ii#He ;e eieti 6mulier N ;e eie1 "ilia N ;iic=>1 +recu i #u e!e 4e !ucruri1 G# care i a/i#aHia . u!ui +ri iti5 a 5=6ut G#*uiri 4e ;ii#He ;e eieti1 cu *G#t #u e!e 4e ar".ri1 #u e!e 4eV .rae6prunus ; +ru#1 Roma ; R. a% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e care *G#t 4e#u iri /e#era!e 4e +er*.a#e1 ;=r= +re.cu+are 4e *eI1 *au care *G#t #u e 4e *+ecii 4e a#i a!e1 *G#t 4e /e#u! a*cu!i# 6$ostis N 4u a#1 corvus N c.r">% Ter i#aHia G#*= +utea i#4ica +e#tru #u e!e 4e *+ecii 4e a#i a!e i /e#u! ;e i#i# 6a0uila ; 5u!tur1 avis N +a*=re>% U#e!e 4e#u iri /e#era!e 4e +er*.a#e1 ca i u#e!e #u e 4e *+ecii 4e a#i a!e +.t eI+ri a .ricare 4i#tre ace*te 4.u= /e#uri1 cG#4 5re *= +reci6= *eIu! ;ii#Hei 4e*+re care 5.r"i i atu#ci !i *e +.ate ataa a4Jecti5 4e /e#u! a*cu!i# *au 4e /e#u! ;e i#i#% Ace*tea *e #u e*c #. i#a c. u#ia% A*t;e! *G#tK ci5i* N cet=Hea#1 cet=Hea#= 6civis .aditanus, civis .aditana, 4i# Ca4iI>1 a4.!e*ce#* N tG#=r1 tG#=r=1 a;;i#i* N ru4=1 arti;eI N arti*t1 arti*t=1 c. e* N t.5ar=1 t.5ar==1 c.#iuI N *.H1 *.Hie1 4uI N c.#4uc=t.r1 c.#4uc=t.are1 8ere* N .te#it.r1 .te#it.are1 i#;a#* N c.+i!1 c.+i!=1 ."*e* N .*tatic1 .*tatic=1 +are#* N +=ri#te1 *acer4.* N +re.t1 +re.tea*=1 5ate* N +r.;et1 +r.@;etea*=1 ".* N ".u1 5ac= 6boves aversi ; ".ii G#t.ri1 a"=tuHi G# a!t= +arte1 >9
boves actae N 5aci W#ate>1 !e+u* N ie+ure1 ie+ur.aic=1 u* N .arece1 .rici.aic=1 e!e+8a#tu* N e!e;a#t a*e% *au ;e %1 a#*er N /G*c=1 /G*ca# etc% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e care au u# a#u it /e# cu care eI+ri = a "e!e *eIe #u e*c #. i#a e+ic.e#a% A*t;e! *G#t 4e /e#u! a*cu!i#K c.r5u* N c.r" ca#cer N rac1 +i*ci* N +ete1 +a**er N 5ra"ie1 5u!tur N 5u!tur etc% M 4e /ei ;e i#i# K 5u!+e* N 5u!+e1 a5i* N +a*=re1 a#a* N raH=1 a-ui!a N 5u!tur ;e!i* N +i*ic=1 ra#a N "r.a*c= etc%
N.t=% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e care *G#t #u e +r.+rii *e *criu cu !iter= are% T.t cu !iter= M *e *criu i a4Jecti5e!e i a45er"e!e ;.r ate 4i# #u e +r.+riiK Romulus, Roma< popii Romanus N +.+.ru! r. a#1 *atina lingua , !i "a !ati#=1 *atine lo0uimur N 5.r" !ati#ete%
De /e#u! #eutru *G#t *u"*ta#ti5e!e care *G#t #u e 4e !ucruri1 a4i #u e*c ."iecte care +ri# #atura !.r #u +.t a5ea & i +e care #ici i a/i#at . u!ui +ri iti5 #u !e@a c.#*i4erat c= au & #ici G#*uiri "=r"=teti1 #i G#*uiri ;e eieti1 i care 4eci1 #u +.t ;i trecute !a #ici u#u! 4i# ce!e 4.u= /e#uri e#u erate ai *u* <c=ci F#eutruX G#*ea #=K #ici u#u! #ici a!tu! Re/u!i!e +ri5it.are !a /e# *e 5.r G#tre/i G# cur*u! *tu4ierii 4ec!i#=ri!.r NUMRUL Li "a !ati#= are 4.u= #u ere K *i#/u!aru! i +!ura!u!% 7u"*ta#ti5u! e*te !a #u =ru! *i#/u!ar1 cG#4 #u ete . *i#/ur= ;ii#H= u# *i#/ur !ucru *au . *i#/ur= *+ecie M e*te !a #u =ru! +!ura! cG#4 #u et ai u!te ;ii#He *au ai u!te !ucruriK capra N ca+ra1 caprae & ca+re!e CAYURILE G# !i "a !ati#= *G#t a*e ca6uri K N. i#ati5u! 6nominativus, 4e !a nominare N a #u i> e*te ca6u! *u"iec tu! ui i *e /=*ete cu G#tre"area ci#eT 60uisD= *au ceT 60uidD=! Ge#iti5u! 6genitivus, 4e !a gignere N a #ate% e*te ca6u! atri"utu!ui *u"*ta#ti5a! i *e /=*ete cu G#tre"area a! cuiT 6cuiusD=! Dati5u! 6dativus, 4e !a dare NN a 4a> e*te ca6u! c. +!e e#tu!ui i#4irect i *e /=*ete cu G#tre"area cuiT 6cuiD=! Acu6ati5u! 6accusativus, 4e !a accusare N a c8e a +e ci#e5a G# Ju4ecat=1 a acu6a> e*te ca6u! c. +!e e#tu!ui 4irect i *e /=*ete cu G#tre"area +e ci#eT 60uemD= *au ceT 60uidD=! E.cati5u! 6vocativus, 4e !a vocare N a c8e a> e*te ca6u! G# care *t= *u"*ta#ti5u! cG#4 *er5ete +e#tru c8e are% Nu are r.! G# +r.+.6iHie% A"!ati5u! 6ablativus, 4e !a au"erre N a !ua1> e*te ca6u! c. +!e e#tu!ui circu *ta#Hia! i *e /=*ete cu G#tre"area +.tri5it= ;iec=rui ;e! 4e c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia!% Deci1 !i "a !ati#= are u# ca6 ai u!t 4ecGt !i "a r. G#=1 i a#u e a"!ati5u!% Li "a !ati#= +=*trea6= ur e i 4e !.cati51 u# 5ec8i ca6 4i*+=rut1 G#tre"ui#Hat +e#tru a eI+ri a i4eea 4e !.c K domi, $umi, ruri, belii, militiae, cesperi etc% M G# #u e +r.+rii 4e .rae *au 4e i#*u!e iciK Romae, *ugduni, )usculi, (art$agine! 20
Cu5G#tu! Fca6 X 5i#e 4i# cu5G#tu! !ati#e*c casus N c=4ere1 care1 !a rG#4u! *=u e*te ;.r at 4e !a 5er"u! cadere ; a c=4ea% F.r e!e ca6uri!.r i#4ic= r.!u! G# care *u"*ta#ti5u! re*+ecti5 F ca4e X G# /G#4irea #.a*tr=% NUMRUL DECLINRIL'R 7u"*ta#ti5e!e *G#t cu5i#te ;!eIi"i!e i1 a5G#4 ;iecare /e#u! *=u1 Gi *c8i "= ;.r a 4u+= #u =r i 4u+= ca6% Trecerea *u"*ta#ti5e!.r +ri# ce!e a*e ca6uri !a #u =ru! *i#/u!ar i !a #u =ru! +!ura! *e #u ete 4ec!i#are% 0artea *u"*ta#ti5u!ui care *e *c8i "= G# cur*u! 4ec!i#=rii e*te +artea ;i#a!=1 +e care 4e.ca 4at= . #u i 1 cu u# cu5G#t cu+ri#6=t.r1 ter i#aHie% EariaHia ter i#aHii!.r G# cur*u! 4ec!i#=rii #u e*te aceeai !a t.ate *u"*ta#ti5e!e% Di*ti#/e ci#ci *i*te e 4e 5ariaHie *au 4e 4ec!i#are% De.*e"i 4ec!i#=ri!e G#tre e!e 4u+= ter i#aHia /e#iti5u!ui *i#/u!ar i a#u e K
Dec!i#area I are /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar ter i#at G# @ae Dec!i#area II are /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar ter i#at G# @i Dec!i#area III are /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar ter i#at G# @i* Dec!i#area IE are /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar ter i#at G# @u* Dec!i#area E are /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar ter i#at G# @ei
De aceea ."i#ui *= *+u#e *u"*ta#ti5e!e cu ca6u! #. i#ati5 i cu ca6u! /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar1 *+re a i#4ica 4ec!i#area c=reia a+arHi#e ;iecare K u "ra1 @ae M !u+u*1 @iM 4uI1 @ci* M ;ructu*1 @u* M re*1 @ei%
RDCIN1 TEM1 DE7INEN1 TERMINAIE1 7UFIZ
Amas ; tu iu"eti1 amabam ; eu iu"ea 1 amor N iu"irea1 amoris ; a! iu"irii1 amicus N +riete#u!1 amici N +riete#ii1 amice N +riete#ete% EIa i#G#4 cu5i#te!e 4e ai *u* c.#*tat= c= G# t.ate *e /=*ete c. u# u# /ru+ 4e *u#ete a M c= !a ;.r e!e 5er"a!e *e /=*ete c. u# u# a!t /ru+ 4e *u#ete ama, iar !a ;.r e!e #. i#a!e amor, amoris *e /=*ete c. u# /ru+u! 4e *u#ete amor, !a ;.r e!e #. i#a!e amicus, amici *e /=*ete c. u# /ru+u! 4e *u#ete amic< c= !a *;Grit /=*i *u#ete!e m, s !a ;.r e!e 5er"a!e1 i#4icG#4 +er*.a#a1 !a ;.r e!e #. i#a!e is, s, i, i#4icG#4 ca6uri!e M c= !a ;.r a 5er"a!= amabam *e a;!= *u#ete!e ba G#tre ama i m, *+re a i#4ica ti +u!% Nu i r=4=ci#= /ru+u! 4e *u#ete care *t= !a "a6a tutur.r cu5i#te!.r care au .ri/i#e c. u#= K am! Nu i te = *au tu!+i#= /ru+u! 4e *u#ete care *t= !a "a6a ;.r e!.r 4e 4ec!i#are *au 4e c.#Ju/are a!e u#ui cu5G#tK amor, amic6o=, ama6s=! Nu i 4e*i#e#H= *u#etu! *au *u#ete!e care *e a4au/= !a te = +e#tru a #.ta ca6u! i #u =ru! *au +er*.a#a i #u =ru!% La ;.r e!e 4ec!i#a"i!e desinen a e*te ca+ual< !a ;.r e!e c.#Ju/a"i!e desinen a e*te personal! Nu i ter i#aHie /ru+u! 4e *u#ete 4e !a *;Gritu! cu5i#te!.r 4ec!i#a"i!e1 care re6u!t= 4i# c.#t.+irea 5.ca!ei ;i#a!e a te ei cu 4e*i#e#Ha ca6ua!=1 c.#t.+ire care1 G# /e#era!1 G +ie4ic= 4i*ti#/erea 4e*i#e#Hei 4e 5.ca!a ;i#a!= a te ei K amici 6amico-i=! Nu i *u;iI te +.ra! /ru+u! 4e *u#ete care *e i#terca!ea6= G#tre te a u#ui 5er" i 4e*i#e#He!e +er*.#a!e1 *+re a i#4ica ti +u!K ama-ba-m % E>
Fii#4c= !a 4ec!i#=ri 4e*i#e#He!e ca6ua!e 4e ce!e ai u!te .ri #u *e +=*trea6= i#te/ra!1 ci *e c.#t.+e*c cu 5.ca!a ;i#a!= a te ei aa1 G#cGt #u *e ai +.t recu#.ate1 G# !.c 4e a 5.r"i 4e 4e*i#e#He1 5. ;ace u6 4e cu5G#tu! ter i#aHie !a 4ec!i#=ri1 a+!icG#4 ace*t ter e# +=rHii ;i#a!e a cu5G#tu!ui care e*te aceeai !a t.ate cu5i#te!e care a+arHi# ace!eeai 4ec!i#=ri%
'(C INAR(A I
7u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area I *e ter i#= !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar G# @a i !a /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar G# @ae% E!e *e 4ec!i#= a*t;e!K
)in*ula" N% G% D% Ac% E% A"!% ca+r a N ca+r ae ca+r ae ca+r a ca+r a ca+r a ca+r= +lu"al ca+r ae N ca+re!e ca+r aru ca+r i* ca+r a* ca+r ae ca+r is
N.t=% E.ca!a ;i#a!= a te ei !a *u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area I e*te a% Ea +.ate ;i recu#.*cut= u.r !a acu6ati5 *i#/u!ar1 u#4e 4e*i#e#Ha e*te 1 +recu i !a 5.cati5 *i#/u!ar1 u#4e #u e*te #ici . 4e*i#e#H=1 i !a a!te cGte5a ;.r e M!a ce!e ai u!te ca6uri G#*= e*te c.#t.+it= cu 4e*i#e#Ha G#tr@. ter i#aHie1 G# care #u *e +.ate 4i*ti#/e ;iecare +arte% De aceea1 G# ta"!.u! 4ec!i#=rii 5.ca!a ;i#a!= a te ei #u e*te +u*= !a te =1 ci e*te trecut= +e*te t.t G# /ru+u! ter i#aHii!.r1 *+re a *e G#!e*#i G#*uirea u#i;.r = a ;.r e!.r% !enul. 7u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area I *G#t 4e /e#u! ;e i#i#1 a;ar= 4e ur =t.are!e1 care *G#t a*cu!i#e K a= #u e!e 4e ;ii#He "=r"=teti K Cati!i#a1 Ci##a1 7e#eca1 7D!!a% b= #u e!e 4e +.+.are K Geta1 0er*aM !a +!ura!K GetX1 0er*ae% c= #u e!e 4e .cu+aHii "=r"=tetiM aa cu au ;.*t *.c.tite G# ti +u! r. a#i!.r K a/ric.!a <a/ricu!t.r>1 #auta <c.r="ier>1 +.eta <+.et>1 auri/a <5i6itiu>1 *cri"a <*criit.r>1 at8!eta <!u+t=t.r !a J.curi!e +u"!ice> M 4e a*e e#ea i#c.!a <!.cuit.r>1 c.!!e/a <c.!e/>1 c.#5i5a <.a*+e>1 +arici4a <+arici4>% d= #u e!e 4e ;!u5iiK A!uta1 7e-ua#a1 Garu #a i Ba4ria <Marea A4riatic=>% I#*= Matr.#a1 A!!ia1 A!"u!a <#u e!e 5ec8i a! Ti"ru!ui>1 Drue#tia *G#t ;e i#i#e% M.*e!!a e*te i a*cu!i# i ;e i#i#% Obse"&a,ii. $. a nominati& *i#/u!ar *e /=*ete u# *u"*ta#ti5 a*cu!i#1 care +ri ete 4e*i#e#Ha sK $osticapas <+ri#6=t.r 4e 4u a#i>% Iar *u"*ta#ti5u!ui a*cu!i# paricida <*cri* i parricida= i *e citea6= . ;.r = 4e #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar ter i#at= G# sK paricidas <+arici4>% Acea*t= 4e*i#e#H= *e +.ate *= ;i ;.*t a4=u/at= +ri# a#a!./ie cu *u"*ta#ti5e!e a*cu!i#e 4e 4ec!i#area a II-a. 2% La *eniti& sin*ula" +.eHii G#tre"ui#Hea6= u#e.ri1 G# !.c 4e @891 ter i#aHia @ai1 care e*te u#a 4i#tre ;.r e!e 5ec8i a!e /e#iti5u!uiK aulai, aurai, a0uai, pictai <Eer/i!iu*>% (% Cu5G#tu! .amilia% cG#4 e*te G#tre"ui#Hat ca atri"ut a! *u"*ta#ti5e!.r +ater1 ater1 ;i!iu*1 ;i!ia1 ;.!.*ete . a!t= ;.r = 5ec8e 4e /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar cu ter i#aHia -asK pater "amilias, mater "amilias etc%
22
Ace*te eI+re*ii1 cri*ta!i6ate G# acea*t= ;.r =1 #u eIc!u4 cu t.tu! ;.r a re/u!at= a /e#iti5u!ui *u"*ta#ti5u!ui "amilia' "ilius "amilise, *+re +i!4=1 #u c.#*tituie . /reea!=% Aut.rii 5ec8i G#*= ;.!.*e*c /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar G# -as i !a a!te *u"*ta#ti5e K vias, escas, terras, *atonas, Fortunas, /onetas! /. La *eniti& plu"al *e G#tre"ui#Hea6=1 G# .4 ."i#uit1 ter i#aHia -um% G# !.c 4e -a"um !a ur =t.are!e *u"*ta#ti5e K a= d"a#0ma% amp0o"a1 /e#% +!% 4rac8 u 1 a +8.ru % b= ce!e c. +u*e cu @/e#a </i/#. N #a*c> i #ola <c.!. N cu!ti5>1 G#4e.*e"i !a +.eHiK terrigena <. 1 #=*cut 4i# += G#t>1 .raiugena </rec>1 caslicola <6eu1 !.cuit.r a! ceru!ui>M /e#% +!% K terrigenum, .raiugenum, caelicolum! La +.etu! Lucretiu* /=*i i ;.r a agricolum, G# !.c 4e agricolarum! c= u#e!e #u e /receti 4e +.+.are i #u e!e +atr.#i ice ter i#ate G# -desK 'a"danidse% apit0ae% iE#ea4e*M /e#% +i% K %ardanidum, *apit$um, /neadum! 5% Fac dati&ul i ablati&ul plu"al G# -abns% G# !.c 4e -is% *u"*ta#ti5e!e dea <6eiH=> i ilia <;iic=>1 *+re a #u *e c.#;u#4a cu ;.r e!e c.re*+u#6=t.are 4e !a deus <6eu> i ilius <;iu>1 4e 4ec!i#area a Ii-a. Ter i#aHia -abus *@a uti!i6at ai tGr6iu i !a a!te *u"*ta#ti5e ca libe"ta <!i"ert=>1 e2ua <ia+=>1 asina <a*i#=>1 a#i a <*u;!are1 *u;!et>1 amula <*!uJit.are>1 care a5eau c.re*+.#4e#te!e a*cu!i#e 4e 4ec!i#area a Ii@a K libertus <!i"ert>1 e0uus <ca!>1 asinus <a*i#>1 animus <*u;!et>1 "amulus <*!uJit.r> K deabus, "iliabus etc% CG#4 G#*= u#u! 4i#tre ace*te cu5i#te a ;.*t G#*.Hit 4e #u era!u! duo, duse, duo, care !a 4ati5 i a"!ati5 +!ura! ;e i#i# are ter i#aHia -abus% atu#ci *@a +utut 6ice duabus .iliabus% 4ar i duabus iliis% c=ci ;.r a duabus i#4ica G#4eaJu#* /e#u! *u"*ta#ti5u!ui% 9% Nu e!e 4e .rae i 4e i#*u!e ici1 4e 4ec!i#area I1 G#tre"ui#Hate !a #u =ru! *i#/u!ar1 +=*trea6= ur a 5ec8iu!ui ca6 lo#ati&ul G# ter i#aHia @8B1 +ri# care eI+ri = c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c !a G#tre"area ubi <u#4eT> K Romae , !a R. a1 G# R. a% ,% 7u"*ta#ti5u! l3lta".a !a *i#/u!ar G#*ea #= !itere1 *cri*.are1 *cri*.ri% 7u"*ta#ti5u! .o"tuna !a *i#/u!ar G#*ea #= *.art= i "./=Hie% 7u"*ta#ti5u! #opia !a *i#/u!ar G#*ea #= K i tru+e% 8% U#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= #u ai !a +!ura!K tenebrae <G#tu#eric>1 divitiae <"./=Hie>1 insidiae <cur*=>1 nuptiae <c=*=t.rie> etc% 9% Nu e!e 4e +.+.are1 cG#4 *G#t G#tre"ui#Hate !a #u =ru! *i#/u!ar11 re+re6i#t= u# *i#/ur i#4i5i4 4i# ace! +.+.rK Persa; u# +er*M cG#4 *G#t !a #u =ru! +!ura! #u e*c G#tre/u! +.+.rK Persae; +eri% 1)% A4Jecti5e!e i +artici+ii!e trecute1 ter i#ate G# & a !a ;e i#i#1 *e 4ec!i#= 4u+= 4ec!i#area IK serva misera,*c!a5a #e#.r.cit=1 puella ludata N c.+i!a !=u4at=%
DECLINAREA A II@a
7u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area a II a *e ter i#= !a /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar G# [i N. i#ati5u! *i#/u!ar G! au G# K @u*1 @er1 @ir1 @u % E!e *e 4ec!i#= a*t;e!K
23
N% !u+ u* N !u+u! /e#erN /i#ere!e G% !u+ i /e#er i D% !u+ o /e#er o Ac% !u+ um /e#er um E% !u+ e /e#er A"!% !u+ o /e#er o N%E% !u+ i /e#eri G !u+%.ru *ene"o"um D% !u+ i* !ene"is Ac% !u+ .* /e#er.* A"!% !u+ i* N.t=% 7i#/u!ar !i"er N cartea 5ir N "=r"atu! "e!!u r=6".iu! !i"r i 5ir i "e!! i !i"r o 5ir o "e!! o !i"r um 5ir um "e!!um !i"er 5ir "e!!um !i"r o 5ir o "e!! o +lu"al !i"r i !i"r o"um !i"r i* !i"r .* !i"r is 5ir 1 5ir o"um 5iri* 5ir.* 5iris "e!i a "e!i o"um "e!i i* \ "e!i a@ "e!! i* a= Te a *u"*ta#ti5e!.r 4e 4ec!i#area a II@a e*te ter i#at= G# 5.ca!a .1 care !a ce!e ai u!te ca6uri e*te c.#t.+it= cu 4e*i#e#Ha% b= Nu ai *u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area a II@a ter i#ate G# @u* au 5.cati5u! *i#/u!ar 4e.*e"it 4e #. i#ati5M !a t.ate ce!e!a!te 5.cati5u!1 *i#/u!ar i +!ura!1 e*te !a ;e! cu #. i#ati5u!% c= 7u"*ta#ti5e!e #eutre au trei ca6uri a*e e#ea1 atGt !a *i#/u!ar cGt i !a +!ura!K #. i#ati5u!1 acu6ati5u! i 5.cati5u!%
!enul. \ a= 7u"*ta#ti5e!e ter i#ate G# @u* *G#t 4e /e#u! a*cu!i#1 a;ar= 4e ur =t.are!e1 care *G#t ;e i#i#e K #u e!e 4e ar".ri < a!u* N =r1 +iru* N +=r1 +ru#u* N +ru#1 +.+u!u* N +!.+1 u! u* N u! 1 cera*u* N cire1 ;a/u* N ;a/ etc%>M #u e!e 4e H=ri <E/D+tu*1 C8er*.#e*u*1 E+iru*1 0e!.+.#e*u*> M #u e!e 4e .rae <C.ri#t8u*> M #u e!e 4e i#*u!e <CD+ru*1 R8.4.*>% T.t aa K alvus <+G#tece>1 colus <;urc= 4e t.r*>1 $umus <+= G#t>1 vannus <5G#tur=t.are>% Di#tre e!e colus e*te u#e.ri 4ec!i#at 4u+= 4ec!i#area a IE@a1 +=*trG#4u@i /e#u! ;e i#i#1 iar a!te.ri e*te c.#*i4erat 4e /e#u! a*cu!i# !a 4ec!i#area a II@a M iar $umus *e /=*ete citat cu a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar 4u+= 4ec!i#area a IE@a% I#*= K virus <5e#i#>1 pelagus < are> i vulgus <#.r.4> *G#t 4e /e#u! #eutru i #@au +!ura!% @ulgus e*te u#e.ri tratat ca 4e /e#u! a*cu!i#1 iar +e#tru /e#u! #eutru are i ;.r a vulgum! b= 7u"*ta#ti5e!e ter i#ate G# -e" i -i" *G#t 4e /e#u! a*cu!i#% c= 7u"*ta#ti5e!e ter i#ate G# @u *G#t 4e /e#u! #eutru% Obse"&a,ii. 1% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e ter i#ate G# -ius i-ium ;ac *eniti&ul sin*ula" G# -ii. 0.eHii G#tre"ui#Hea6= u#e.ri ;.r a c.#tra*=1 cu u# *i#/ur iK ingeni, consili, +e care . ;.!.*eau i *criit.rii 5ec8i% 2% Nu e!e +r.+rii 4e .ri/i#e !ati#= ter i#ate G# -ius i G# @aiu*1 @eiu*1 ;ac &o#ati&ul sin*ula" G# -iK 0u"!iu*1 C.r#e!iu*1 Ea!eriu*1 De etriu*1 Mercuriu*1 Luciu*1 Caiu*1 0. +eiu* ;ac 5.cati5u! K Publi, (orneli, @aleri, %emetri, 24
/ercuri, (ai, Pompei! Dariu* G#*=1 a5G#4 +e i !u#/1 ;ace 5.cati5u! %arie, iar De!iu*1 care #u e*te 4e .ri/i#e !ati#=1 ;ace 5.cati5u! %elie! T.t G# @i ;ac 5.cati5u! *i#/u!ar "ilius, genius, meus' "iii, geni, mi! La Li5iu* A#4r.#icu* *e a;!= ;.r a "ilie! %eus i agnus <cG#4 G#*e #ea6= ie!u! !ui Du #e6eu> ;ac 5.cati5u! *i#/u!ar !a ;e! cu #. i#ati5u!% i meus, cG#4 4eter i#= +e deus, ;ace 5.cati5u! *i#/u!ar !a ;e! cu #. i#ati5u!% (% U#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e ;ac *eniti&ul plu"al G# -um% G# !.c 4e -o"um <ter i#aHia -um e*te ai 5ec8e !a /e#% +i% a! 4ec!i#=rii a II@a> K #u e!e 4e .#e4e *au =*uri1 #u era!e!e 4i*tri"uti5e <#u u*1 *e*ter@tiu*1 4e#ariu*1 ta!e#tu 1 .4iu*1 4e#iM /e#% +i% K nummum, sestertium, dena-rium, talentum, modium, denum< #u e!e 4e +.+.are <Grai1 Ar/i5i1 0e!a*/iM /e#% +i% K .raium, Argivum, Pelasgum=< G# cGte5a !.cuHiu#i 6prae"ectus "abrum, prae"ectus socium, duumvirum, triumvirum, decemvirum, 0uindecimvirum, sevirum, posterum=< G# cGte5a cu5i#te !u#/i 6consanguineum, magnanimum=< liberi <c.+ii> i deus au ;.r e G# -um i G# -o"umK liberum, deum, a!=turi 4e liber orum, deorum< 4e a*e e#ea e0uus i "amulus *e /=*e*c u#e.ri cu ;.r e G# -umK e0uum, "amulum! C% I# e+.ca tGr6ie /=*i !a *u"*ta#ti5e!e "ilius i amicus, ;.r e 4u+= 4ec!i#area a III@a !a 4ati5 i a"!ati5 +!ura! K "ilibus, amicibus! 5% Iugerum, -i, are !a +!ura! ;.r e i 4u+= 4ec!i#area a II@a i 4u+= a III-a K #.ra% iugera, /e#% iugerum, 4at% iugeribus i iugeris! 9% 7e G#tG!#ete i u# /e#iti5 +!ura! /rec G# @.#K .eorgicon libri <tit!u! .+erei !ui Eer/i!iu*>1 )$eraeon colonia <c.!.#ia i#*u!ei T8erea>% ,% 7u"*ta#ti5u! 4eu* *e 4ec!i#= a*t;e! !a +!ura! K
N%E% 4ei 1 4ii1 4i G% 4e.ru 1 4eu D% A"!% 4ei*1 4ii*1 4i* Ac% 4e.*% N.t=% F.r e 5ec8i *G#tK 4eu* <#. % 5.c% */%> 4eu <ac% */% /e#% +i%>1 4ii1 4i <#. % 5.c% +i%>1 4ii*1 4i* <4% a"!% +i%>M ce!e!a!te *G#t re;=cute 4u+= 4eu*% Di# te a deivo- *@a #=*cut deus cu ;.r e!e ar=tate aciK deum, dii, diisM aceeai te = a 4at /e#% */% divi, 4at% */% divo, care a+.i i@au creat u# #. i#ati5 divus, care a 4at a4Jecti5u! divus, -a, -um, G# ti + ce deus Gi G#tre/ea +ara4i/ a cu ;.r e re;=cute 4u+= .4e!u! *=uK dei, deo etc% >!
8% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e ter i#ate G# @er1 u#e!e +=*trea6= +e e G# cur*u! 4ec!i#=rii1 a!te!e G! +ier4% 0=*trea6= +e e ur =t.are!e K *.cer1 /e#er1 Li"er <6eu! Bacc8u*>1 !i"eri <c.+ii>1 +uer1 5e*+er% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e G# @er1 @ir au +ier4ut ter i#aHia @u* !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar1 G#*= umerus i numerus, !a care " +r.5i#e 4i# r.taci6area !ui *1 G! +=*trea6= M 4e a*e e#ea G! +=*trea6= *u"*ta#ti5e!e i a4Jecti5e!e care au G# +e#u!ti a u# 4i;t.#/ *au . 5.ca!= !u#/= K taurus <taur>1 aiisterus <a*+ru1 *e5er>1 clrus <*tr=!ucit>1 maturus <c.+t>1 securus <;=r= /riJ=>%
1% Ee6i i M% Nie4er a##1 op! cit! R 55%
EF
m
N.t=% Du+= c=4erea & a uHirea & 5.ca!ei . 4i#tre r i s G# *i!a"a ;i#a!=1 i 4u+= a*i i!area !ui * cu r i 4u+= c=4erea !ui1 G# te e!e care #u a5eau . 5.ca!= G#ai#tea !ui r, *@a 4e65.!tat ac.!. u# e' a/r.@*]a/r*]a/rr]a/r]a/er <./.r> Q%
9% 7u"*ta#ti5u! $umus i #u e!e 4e .rae i i#*u!e ici 4e 4ec!i#area a II@a !a *i#/u!ar +=*trea6= ur a 5ec8iu!ui locativ' $umi <!a += G#t>1 (orint$i <G# C.ri#t>1 *ugdumi <G# Lu/4u#u >% 1)% Cu5G#tu! locus are 4.u= ;.r e 4e +!ura!K !.ci1 @.ru N !.curi1 a4ic= +a*a/ii 4i# aut.ri1 !.ca1 @.ru N !.curi G# /e#era!1 !.ca!it=Hi1 Hi#uturi% 7u"*ta#ti5u! iocus </!u => are !a +!ura! 4.u= ;.r e K ioci i ioca, cu ace!ai G#He!e*K /!u e% 7u"*ta#ti5u! "renum <;rGu> are 4e a*e e#ea 4.u= ;.r e !a +!ura!K "reni i "rena cu ace!ai G#He!e* K ;rG#e% 7u"*ta#ti5u! )artarus <ia4u!> are +!ura!u! 4u+= /e#u! #eutru K )artara! 7u"*ta#ti5u! "rumentum !a *i#/u!ar G#*ea #= /rGu! ".a"e1 iar !a +!ura! /rGu! +e ./.r% 11% U#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e 4e 4ec!i#area a II@a *G#t G#tre"ui#Hate #u ai !a +!ura! K castra, -orum <ta"=r=>1 arma, -orum <ar e>1 liberi, -orum <c.+ii>% 12% A4Jecti5e!e i +artici+ii!e trecute1 care au !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar ter i#aHia @u* +e#tru /e#u! a*cu!i# i ter i#aHia @u +e#tru /e#u! #eutru1 *e 4ec!i#= 4u+= 4ec!i#area a II@a !a ace*te /e#uri%
DECLINAREA a@III@a
7u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area a I!I@a au /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar ter i#at G# @i*% N. i#ati5u! *i#/u!ar e*te ter i#at1 G# /e#era!1 G# @* !a ce!e a*cu!i#e i ;e i#i#eK #eutre!e #u +ri e*c #ici . 4e*i#e#H= !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar% La 4ec!i#area I i !a 4ec!i#area a Ii@a *u"*ta#ti5e!e au te a ter i#at= G# 5.ca!=1 i a#u e G# @a !a 4ec!i#area I i G# @. !a 4ec!i#area a Ii@a% La 4ec!i#area a I!I@a u#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e au te = 5.ca!ic=1 te a ter i#G#4u@*e G# 5.ca!a @iM iar a!te!e au te = c.#*.#a#tic=1 a4ic= *e ter i#= G# c.#*.a#=% A*t;e!K arbor, arboris <ar".re> are te = c.#*.#a#tic=1 iar civis, civis <cet=Hea#> are te = 5.ca!ic=% Dac= #u =r= *i!a"e!e !a ce!e 4.u= ;.r e a!e cu5G#tu!ui cu te = c.#*.#a#tic=1 4i#tre care +ri a e*te +e#tru #. i#ati5 i a 4.ua +e#tru /e#iti51 ."*er5= c= #u au u# #u =r e/a! 4e *i!a"e i a#u e ;.r a 4e /e#iti5 are . *i!a"= ai u!t% La cu5G#tu! civis cu te = 5.ca!ic= ;.r a 4e #. i#ati5 i cea 4e /e#iti5 au u# #u =r e/a! 4e *i!a"e% 0e "a6a ace*tui ;a+t /ra atici!e G +art *u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area a I!I@a G# 4.u= /ru+e K 1% I +ari*i!a"ice1 a4ic= ace!ea care #u au t #u =r e/a! 6impar N #ee/a!> 4e *i!a"e !a #. i#ati5 i !a /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar% Ace*tea *G#t ce!e cu te = c.#*.#a#tic= K #% */% iude&, /% */% iudic-is, /% +i% iudicum, te a iudic-! >! 0ari*i!a"ice1 a4ic= ace!ea care au u# #u =r e/a! 6par N e/a!1^ 4e *i!a"e !a #. i#ati5 i !a /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar% Ace*tea *G#t ce!e cu te = 5.ca!ic= K #% */% civis, /% */% civis, /% +i% civi-um, te a civi-!
1% Ee6i i M% N i e 4 e r a # #1 op! cit! R 2C1 +% 99%
N.t=% De.arece aici a4=u/area 4e*i#e#He!.r !a te = *e ;ace G# .4 4e.*e"it1 c=ci !a te e!e c.#*.#a#tice *e a!i+e*c 4irect !a te =1 iar !a ce!e 5.ca!ice *e a4au/= !a 5.ca!a te ei cu care +.t a5ea c.#t.+iri1 ce!e 4.u= ;e!uri 4e 4ec!i#are ar ;i tre"uit *= c.#*tituie 4.u= *i*te e 4e.*e"ite% I#*= G# 5.r"irea +.+.ru!ui . /ru+= a i#;!ue#Hat +e cea!a!t= i 4e.*e"iri!e au r= a* ;.arte +uHi#e% i1 4i# cau6= c= i aici1 !a te e!e 5.ca!ice1 4e*i#e#Ha *@a c.#t.+it cu 5.ca!a te ei 4e ;.arte u!te .ri1 5. ;i ."!i/aHi *= *u"!i#ie G# cur*u! 4ec!i#=rii +artea ;i#a!= cu tit!u! 4e ter i#aHie1 4ei u#e.ri e*te #u ai 4e*i#e#H=1 a!te.ri 4e*i#e#H= i 5.ca!a te ei #ec.#t.+ite1 c=ci a!te.ri a5e 4e*i#e#H= i 5.ca!a te ei c.#t.+ite% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area a I!I@a *e 4ec!i#= a*t;e!K
I +ari*i!a"ice
7i#/u!ar
Ma*cu!i# Fe i#i#
N% E% G% D% Ac% % A"!% N% Ac% E% G% D% A"!%
i!e* <.*ta> i!it i* i!it i 1 i!it e i!!t e % i!it e* i!it u i!it i"u*
ae*ta* <5ar= ae*t=t i*

ae*t=t i
ae*t=t e a*tat e1 ae*t=t e* ae*t=t u ae*tat i"u*
0ari*i!a"ice
7i#/u!ar Ma*cu!i# N% E% G% D% Ac% A"!% ci5 i* <cet=Hea#> ci5 i* ci5 i ci5 e ci5e @
Fe i#i#
.5 i* <.aie> .5 i*
'E i
.5 e .5 e
0!ura! N% Ac%E% ci5 e* .5 e* G% ci5 iu .5 iu D% A"!% ci5 i"u* .5 i"u* Neutru te +u* te +.ri* te +"ri te +u* te +.r te +.ra te +.ru te +.ri"u*
Neutru
are < area ar i* ar i are ar i ar ia ar iu ar i"u* N.t=% 1% Te e!e a*cu!i#e i ;e i#i#e *u;er= *c8i "=ri !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar1 atGt G# +ri5i#Ha 5.ca!ei1 cGt i G# +ri5i#Ha c.#*.a#ei ;i#a!e% Te e!e ter i#ate G# 4e#ta!e <41 t> +ier4 4e#ta!a !a #. i#ati5 i 5.cati5 *i#/u!ar G#ai#tea 4e*i#e#Hei @*1 4u+= ce *e a*i i!aK pedit-s N pedes , peditis <+e4e*tra>1 cus-tod-s ; custos & custodis <+=6it.r>M <a4e5=rata te = a !ui miles e*te milet-, care !a #. i#ati5 */% 4= i!et*_ i!e**_ i!e*1 iar !a ce!e!a!te ca6uri *e *c8i "= G# milit-, G#trucGt e *e /=*ea G#ai#tea !ui t G# *i!a"= i#teri.ar= 4e*c8i*= 1>M ce!e ter i#ate G# /utura!e <c1 /> c. "i#= /utura!a cu * i 4au IK duc-s N du&-ducis <c.#4uc=t.r>1 reg-s N re&-regis <re/e>M 1% Ee6i i M% N i e 4 e r a # #1 op! cit! R 15 +% () i R 9( +% 198%
27
ce!e ter i#ate G# 11 #1 r G# /e#era! +ier4 4e*i#e#Ha @*K sol-s ; sol-solis <*.are>1 praetor-s , praetor-praetoris <+ret.r>1 "lamins,"lamen,"lam#nis <;!a i#>K *au1 *+u#G#4 a!t;e!1 #u +ri e*c 4e*i#e#H= Ia #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar% A!te!e au .4i;ic=ri ai ari !a #. i#ati5 i 5.cati5 *i#/u!ar G# *i!a"a ;i#a!= a te eiK $omo-$ominis <. >1 cardo-cardinis <HGHG#a uii>% De aceea1 +e#tru a +utea 4ec!i#a u# *u"*ta#ti5 4e 4ec!i#area a III@a e #ece*ar *= ti atGt #. i#ati5u! *i#/u!ar cGt i /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar1 c=ci +e t.ate ce!e!a!te ca6uri !e ."Hi#e 4i# ;.r a /e#iti5u!ui *i#/u!ar1 4u+= ce a G#4e+=rtat ter i#aHia @i*% 2% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e +ari*i!a"ice a*cu!i#e i ;e i#i#e *e 4ec!i#= G#t.c ai ca ce!e i +ari@*i!a"ice a;ar= 4e /e#iti5u! +!ura!1 u#4e *e ter i#= G# -ium% e5i4e#Hii#4u@*e 5.ca!a te ei% La ce!e!a!te ca6uri1 G# /e#era!1 ter i#aHia G#/!."ea6= G# ea 5.ca!a te ei i 4e*i#e#Ha% (% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e #eutre +ari*i!a"ice *e 4e.*e"e*c G# 4ec!i#are 4e #eutre!e i +ari*i!a@"ice +ri# aceea c= au a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar ter i#at G# @X <#u G# Ke>1 #. i#ati5u!1 acu6ati5u! i 5.cati5u! +!ura! ter i#ate G# @ia <#u G# @a> i /e#iti5u! +!ura! ter i#at G# -ium <#u G# @u >1 e5i4e#Hii#4u@*e 5.ca!a te ei%
!enul. Ge#u! *u"*ta#ti5e!.r 4e 4ec!i#area a III@a #u *e +.ate recu#.ate G# .4 *i/ur 4u+= ter i#aHie1 c=ci !a ;iecare re/u!= *G#t ;.arte u!te a"ateri% Mai #i erit e*te *= #e c=!=u6i 4e re/u!a /e#era!=P a*u+ra /e#u!ui1 4at= !a G#ce+utu! .r;.!./iei% Gra atici!e 5ec8i 4au ur =t.area re/u!= K $. Mas#uline *G#t *u"*ta#ti5e!e ter i#ate G# K @.1 @.r1 @.*1 -e" i i +ara@*i!a"ice!e G# @e*% 2% Feminine *G#t *u"*ta#ti5e!e ter i#ate G# K @a*1 @i*1 -aus% -4% -us 5-utis i -udis6% ce!e G# @* +rece4at 4e c.#*.a#= i +ari*i!a"ice!e G# @$e*$%\ (% Neut"e *G#t *u"*ta#ti5e!e ter i#ate G# K @a1 @e1 @c1 @!1 @ e#1 @t1 @ar1 @ur1 -us <cu /e#iti5u! -b"is% -e"is61. Obse"&a,ii. 1% U#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e1 4ei *e +re6i#t= ca +ari*i!a"ice1 au *eniti&ul plu"al G# -um% re+re6e#tG#4 te e c.#*.#a#tice K pater <tat=>1 mater < a =>1 "rater <;rate>1 sene& <"=trG#>1 iuvenis <tG#=r>1 canis <cGi#e>1 vates <+r.;et>1 accipiter <u!iu> M iar apis <a!"i#=>1 mensis <!u#=>1 sedes <*cau#> au /e#iti5u! +!ura! i G# -um i G# -ium. 2% A!te!e1 4ei *e +re6i#t= ca i +ari*i!a"ice1 au *eniti&ul plu"al G# -ium% re+re6e#tG#4 te e 5.ca!ice1 G# 4e.*e"i .#.*i!a"e!e ter i#ate G# 4.u= c.#*.a#e "ons-"ontis <i65.r>1 "rons-"roritis <;ru#te>1 no&noctis <#.a+te>1 urbs-urbis <cetate>1 pars-partis <+arte>1 ni&-nivis <6=+a4=>1 trabs-trabis <"Gr#=>1 stri&strigis <"u;#iH=> etc% Dar t.t G# -ium ;ac i u#e!e .#.*i!a"e care #u *G#t ter i#ate G# 4.u= c.#*.a#e K dos-dotis <6e*tre>1 lis-litis <+r.ce*>1 mas-maris <a#i a! 4e +arte "=r"=tea*c=>1 mus-muris <.arice>1 "raus-"raudis <G#e!=ciu#e>1 glis-gliris <.".!a#>1 "auces-"aucium </Gt!eJ> M +recu i u#e!e #u e G# @a*1 -atis i G# -is% -itis1 Arpinas-Arpinatis <!.cuit.r 4i# Ar+i#u >1 Guiris-Gulritis <cet=Hea# r. a#>1 HptimatesHptimatium <cei ai 4e *ea =>1 Penates-Penatium <6eii ca*ei>% (ivitas-civitatis <cetate> are i ;.r a G# -um i +e cea G# -ium.
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(% U#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e +ari*i!a"ice au a#u7ati&ul sin*ula" G# -im i ablati&ul sin*ula" G# -iK sitis <*ete>1 tussis <tu*e>1 vis <+utere>1 )iberis <Ti"ru> M t.t aa i Arar-Araris <rGu G# Ga!ia>% A!te!e au a#u7ati&ul sin*ula" G# @e i G# -im i ablati&ul sin*ula" G# -e i -iK "ibris <;ri/uri>1 puppis <+artea 4i#a+.i a c.r="iei>1 turris <tur#>1 securis <*ecure>% 7u"*ta#ti5u! ignis-ignis <;.c> are a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar G# -i G# eI+re*ii!e a0ua et igni interdicere <a i#ter6ice cui5a a+a i ;.cu!1 a@1 eIc. u#ica>1 "erro igni0ue vastare <a +u*tii +ri# *a"ie i ;.c>% C% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e #eutre ter i#ate G# @a! i @ar1 4ei *e +re6i#t= ca i +a@ri*i!a"ice1 *e 4ec!i#= G#t.c ai ca *u"*ta#ti5u! mare, re+re6e#tG#4 te e 5.ca!ice care au +ier4ut +e @e ;i#a! !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar K animal, calcar! De !a animal e*te citat= i ;.r a animale !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar% G#*= nectar <#ectar> i iubar <*+!e#4.are> ;ac a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar G# @e% T.t aa $epar-$eptis <;icat> i "ar-"arris </rGu> ;ac $epJte i "arre! 5% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e a*cu!i#e i ;e i#i#e cu te = 5.ca!ic= au a5ut G# e+.ca ar8aic= acu6ati5u! +!ura! ter i#at G# @i*1 ;.r = care a ieit 4i# u6 G#ce+G#4 4e !a *;Gritu! re+u"!icii 1 i +e care . ;.!.*e*c G#c= G# +eri.a4a c!a*ic= u#ii *criit.ri1 care 5.r *= 4ea u# c.!.rit ar8aic *ti!u!ui !.r% 9%Q U#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e +re6i#t= +articu!arit=Hi ai ari G# 4ec!i#are K a= au 4e.*e"iri ari G#tre ;.r a #. i#ati5u!ui i /e#iti5u!ui *i#/u!ar *u"*ta#ti5e!eK caro-carnis <car#e>1 sanguis-sanguinis <*G#/e>1 ni&-nivis <6=+a4=>1 sene&-senis <"=trG#>1 iter-itineris <4ru >1 iecur-iecinoris <;icat>% b). Iuppite" e*te . ;.r = 4e 5.cati5 trecut= !a #. i#ati51 ;.?#at= 4i# cu5G#tu! pater i te a Iou <5e6i /rece*cu! Ye5*>% La ce!e!a!te ca6uri a+are te a cu5G#tu!uiK
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4 +lu"al N% 5i* <+utere> N% Ac% E% 5ire* Ac% 5i G% 5iriu A"!% 5i D% A"!% 5iri"u* 1% A% Er#.ut@ /orp$ologie $istori0ue du latin, 19(51 +% 8$.
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,% CGte5a cu5i#te au ;.r e #u ai +e#tru u#e!e ca6uri K Fa* <ceea ce e*te +er i* 4e !e/ea 4i5i#=> i Ne;a* <ceea ce #u e*te +er i* 4e !e/ea 4i5i#=> *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= #u ai !a #. i#ati5u! i acu6ati5u! *i#/u!ar% 7G#t 4e /e#u! #eutru% F.r* <G#tG +!are1 #.r.c> *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= #u ai !a #. i#ati5 i a"!ati5 *i#/u!ar% F.r a 4e a"!ati5 a 4e5e#it a45er" K "orte <4i# G#tG +!are>% E*te 4e /e#u! ;e i#i#% Ma#e <4i i#eaHa> are acea*t= *i#/ur= ;.r = +e#tru #. i#ati5 i a"!ati5 #eutru *i#/u!ar% 7+.#te <4i# i#iHiati5a> are acea*t= *i#/ur= ;.r = +e#tru a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar ;e i#i# i *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G# eI+re*ii!e K mea sponte <4i# i#iHiati5a ea>1 tua sponte <4i# i#iHiati5a ta>1 sua sponte <4i# i#iHiati5a *a>% Eici* <*c8i "are1 rG#41 r.!> are ;.r a acea*ta +e#tru /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar1 vicem acu6ati5 *i#/u!ar1 vice a"!ati5 *i#/u!ar1 vices #. i#ati5 i acu6ati5 +!ura!1 vicibus 4ati5 i a"!ati5 +!ura!% '*1 .ri* <;aH=1 /ur=>1 iu*1 iuri* <4re+t>1ae*1 aeri* <"r.#61 ara =>1 #eutre1 au !a +!ura! G# +eri.a4a c!a*ic= ;.r e #u ai +e#tru #. i#ati5 i acu6ati5 K .ra1 iura1 aera% 8% 7u"*ta#ti5u! ru*@ruri* <cG +> +=*trea6= . ;.r = 4e !.cati5K ruri <!a Har=>% 9% A4Jecti5e!e care *e ter i#= !a /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar G# @i*1 +recu i +artici@+ii!e +re6e#te *e 4ec!i#= 4u+= 4ec!i#area a III@a%
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N% E% Ac% ;ruct u* #ur u* c.r# ua G% ;ruct uu Q #ur uu c.r# uu D% A"!% ;ruct i"u* Q #ur i"u* c.r# i"u* N.t=% Te a *u"*ta#ti5e!.r 4e 4ec!i#area a IE@a e*te ter i#at= G# 5.ca!a @u% Acea*t= 5.ca!= *e e#Hi#e 4e.*e"it= 4e 4e*i#e#H= !a u#e!e ca6uri1 cu *e 5e4e !a #. i#ati5 i acu6ati5 *i#/u!ar i !a /e#iti5 +!ura!% Dar !a /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar !a t.ate /e#uri!e1 !a #. i#ati51 acu6ati5 i 5.cati5 +!ura! a*cu!i# i ;e i#i# 5.ca!a te ei e*te c.#t.+it= cu 4e*i#e#Ha ca6u!ui re*+ecti5% De aceea i aici1 G# ta"!.u! 4ec!i#=rii1 a *u"!i#iat1 cu tit!u! 4e ter i#aHii1 +artea 4e !a *;Gritu! cu5G#tu!ui care r= G#e aceeai !a t.ate cu5i#te!e care a+arHi# /e#u!ui re*+ecti5% Ge#u!% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area a IE@a1 care au #. i#ati5u! ter i#at i# @u*1 *G#t1 G# area !.r aJ.ritate1 4e /e#u! a*cu!i#1 .ricare ar ;i G#He!e*u! !.r% 7G#t 4e /e#u! ;e i#i# ur =t.are!e K acu* <ac>1 a#u* <"=trG#=>1 4. u* <ca*=>1 i4u* <i4e!e>1 a#u* < G#=>1 +e#u* <+r.5i6ie>1 +.rticu* <+.rtic>1 tri"u* <tri">1 #uru* <#.r=>1 *.cru*><*.acr=>1 i #u e!e 4e ar".ri ca K -uercu* <*teJar>1 ;icu* <* .c"i#> +i#u* <+i#>% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e ter i#ate G# @u *G#t 4e /e#u! #eutru K c.r#u <c.r#>1 /e#u </e#u#c8i>1 /e!u </er>1 5eru <;ri/are>% '"*er5aHii% 1% La /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar a*cu!i# *e G#tG!#ete rar1 !a u#ii *criit.ri1 ter i#aHia @i1 4u+= 4ec!i#area a II@a1 G# !.c 4e @u*K senati, 4e !a senatus, -us <*e#at>M tumulti 4e !a tumultus, -us <!ar =>% 2% La 4ati5 *i#/u!ar *e G#tG!#ete u#e.ri1 ai a!e* !a +.eHi1 ter i#aHia c.#tra*= @u1 G# !.c 4e @uiK metu, 4e !a metus, -us <;ric=>1 nuru <!a Tacitu*>1 4e !a nurus, -us <#.r=>1 e0uitatu, 4e !a e0uitatus, -us <c=!=ri e>1 mJnu, 4e !a manus, -us < G#=>% La Cae*ar *e citea6= 4ati5e!e K ornatu <ca +.4.a"=> i dominatu <*+re *t=+G#ire>% (% La 4ati5 i a"!ati5 +!ura! ter i#aHia tre"uia *= ;ie @u"u*1 c=ci 4e*i#e#Ha @"u* *e a4au/= !a 5.ca!a ;i#a!= a te ei1 care e*te @u1 G#t.c ai cu aceeai 4e*i#e#H= *e a4au/= !a te e!e 5.ca!ice a!e 4ec!i#=rii a III@a1 4G#4 ter i#aHia @i"u* G +reu#= cu 5.ca!a i a te ei1 i u#4e acea*t= ter i#aHie a trecut i#te/ra!= !a te e!e c.#*.#a#tice1 care #@ a5eau 5.ca!= 4e !e/=tur= +e#tru 4e*i#e#H=% Ter i#aHia @u"u* a ;.*t G#tre"ui#Hat= !a G#ce+ut% Mai tGr6iu1 *u" i#;!ue#Ha 4ec!i#=rii a III@a1 a ;.*t G#!.cuit= cu ter i#aHia @i"u*% I# e+.ca re+u"!icii r. a#e *@a e6itat G#tre @u"u* i @i"u*% G# ti +u! i +eriu!ui *@a /e#era!i6at ;.!.*irea ter i#aHiei @i"u*% Au r= a* G#*= cGte5a *u"*ta#ti5e care au +=*trat t.t ti +u! ter i#aHia @u"u*% Ace*tea *G#tK acu* <ac>1 arcu* <arc>1 !acu*<!ac>1 -uercu* <*teJar>1 *+ecu* <+eter=>1 +ecu <tur =>1 artu* <G#c8eietur=>1 +artu* <#atere>1 tri"u* <tri">% Iar +.rtu* <+.rt> i 5eru <;ri/are> au i ;.r e!e G# @u"u* i +e ce!e G# @i"u*% E*te 4e ."*er5at c= +e#tru *u"*ta#ti5e!e arcus, artus i partus, ;.r e!e G# @i"u* ar ;i +r.5.cat c.#;u6ie cu ;.r e!e 4e 4ati5 i a"!ati5 +!ura! a!e *u"*ta#ti5e!.r 4e 4ec!i#area a III@a ars-arcis, ars-artis, pars-partis, care *G#tK arcibus, artibus, partibus! N.t=% 7u"*ta#ti5u! +ecu e*te i#4ec!i#a"i! !a *i#/u!ar% K>
C% La *eniti&ul plu"al *e G#tG!#ete u#e.ri ;.r a G# @u 1 G# !.c 4e @uu K currum, G# !.c 4e curruum, 4e !a currus, -us <car> M manum, G# !.c 4e manuum, 4e !a manus, -us < G#=>1 passum, G# !.c 4e passuum, 4e !a passus, -us <+a*>% 5% De *enul neut"u !a 4ec!i#area a IE@a *G#t ;.arte +uHi#e *u"*ta#ti5e1 4ar i ace*tea *e G#tG!#e*c u#e.ri1 a!=turi 4e ;.r e!e #eutre 4e 4ec!i#area a IE@a1 cu ;.r e a*cu!i#e 4u+= aceeai 4ec!i#are1 *au cu ;.r e #eutre 4u+= 4ec!i#area a II@a% A*t;e! G#tG!#i K cornu, -us i cornus, -us i cornum, -i< gelu, -us i gelus, -us i gelum, -i< tonitus, -us i tonitrus, -us i tonitrum, -i< ceru, -us i verum, -i! La /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar a! *u"*ta#ti5e!.r #eutre1 G# e+.ca i +eria!= tGr6ie ter i#aHia -us a G#ce+ut a ;i G#!.cuit= cu `% Dati5u! *i#/u!ar a! *u"*ta#ti5e!.r #eutre a a5ut G# e+.ca re+u"!icii r. a#e ter i#aHia -ui ca i a*cu!i#e!e i ;e i#i#e!e% C=tre *;Gritu! re+u"!icii ter i#aHia -ui a G#ce+ut a ;i G#!.cuit= cu ;.r a @ii1 care *@a /e#era!i6at G# ti +u! i +eriu!ui% 9% 7u"*ta#ti5u! domus% care G#c= 4i# 5ec8ea !i "= i#4.eur.+ea#= a5ea 4.u= te e1 u#a ter i#at= G# @u1 iar a!ta G# @.1 a+arHi#e 4ec!i#=rii a IE@a1 4ar are i ;.r e 4u+= 4ec!i#area a II@a i *e 4ec!i#= a*t;e! K
9 )in*ula" N% E% 4. u* <ca*=> G% 4. u* D% 4. ui Ac% 4. u A"!% domo <rar 4. u> +lu"al 4. u* 4. uu 1 domo"um 4. i"u* domos <rar 4. u*> 4. i"u*
7u"*ta#ti5u! domus are i . ;.r = 4e !.cati5 K domi <aca*=>% ,% G# a;ar= 4e domus, i a!te *u"*ta#ti5e 4e 4ec!i#area a IE@a au !a u#e!e ca6uri ;.r e 4u+= 4ec!i#area a II@a K "icus,-us <* .c8i#> are i 4u+= 4ec!i#area a II@a ;.r e +e#tru /e#iti5 i 4ati5 *i#/u!ar i +e#tru /e#iti51 4ati5 i a"!ati5 +!ura! M pinus, -us <+i#> are i /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar G# @i% 0e 4e a!t= +arte1 u#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e 4e 4ec!i#area a II@a au !a u#e!e ca6uri i ;.r e 4u+= 4ec!i#area a IE@ a% G# a;ar= 4e colus, -i <;urc= 4e t.r*>1 care a ;.*t a i#tit !a 4ec!i#area a II@a1 #.t= aici +e cupressus, -i <c8i+ar.*>1 care are i /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar cupressus< laurus, -i <!aur>1 care are +e#tru /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar lauri i laurus, +e#tru a"!ati5 *i#/u!ar lauro i lauru, +e#tru #. i#ati5 i 5.cati5 +!ura! lauri i laurus, +e#tru acu6ati5 +!ura! lauros i laurus, +e#tru 4ati5 i a"!ati5 +!ura! lauris i lauribus! 8% F.r a natu re+re6i#t= a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar a! u#ui *u"*ta#ti5 care #u e*te G#tre"ui#Hat !a ce!e!a!te ca6uri% 7e G#tG!#ete G# eI+re*ii!e maior 6minor, ma&imus= natu N ai are < ai ic1 ce! ai are> 4u+= #atere1 *au K ai G# 5Gr*t= < ai tG#=r1 ce! ai 5Gr*t#ic>% /aior i minor *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= cG#4 *e eI+ri = c. +araHia G#tre 4.i *u" ra+.rtu! 5Gr*teiM ma&imus, cG#4 e 5.r"a 4e ai u!Hi% A@EA@ 9% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e iu**u*1 iniussus% du#tus i "o*atus *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= #u ai !a a"!ati5 *i#/u!ar K iussu consulis <4i# .r4i#u! c.#*u!u!ui>1 iniussii imperatoris <;=r= .r4i#u! c. a#4a#tu!ui>1 ductu alicuius <*u" c.#4ucerea cui5a>1 rogatu "ilii <4u+= ru/= i#tea ;iu!ui>% KE
1)% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e*+icatu* i 4eri*u* *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= #u ai !a ca6u! 4ati5 *i#/u!ar1 cu r.! 4e c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! 4e *c.+ K alicui despicatul , *au derisui & esse <a ;i ."iect 4e "atJ.cur= +e#tru ci#e5a1 a ;i "atJ.cura cui5a>1 ali0uem despicatul & *au derisui , $abere <a 4i*+reHui +e ci#e5a>% 11% Dec!i#area a IE@a #u are a4Jecti5e% DECLINAREA A E@a
7u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area a E@a *e ter i#= !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar G# @e* i !a /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar G# @ei% E!e *e 4ec!i#= a*t;e!K
)in*ula" N. :. 4i e* !. 4i ei '. A#. Abl. 4i ei a 4i em 4i e 6iua> r e* <!ucru> " ei r ei. r em re N% G% D% +lu"al A#. :. di es " es di e"um " e"um Abl. di ebus " ebus
N.t=% 1% Te a *u"*ta#ti5e!.r 4e 4ec!i#area a E@a *e ter i#= G# 5.ca!a @e% i aici a *u"!i#iat cu tit!u! 4e ter i#aHie +artea ;i#a!= a cu5G#tu!ui !a ;iecare ca6 care *e /=*ete G#t.c ai G# acea*t= ;.r = !a .rice *u"*ta#ti5 care *e 4ec!i#=1 4ei u#e.ri ter i#aHia e*te c.#*tituit= 4i# 5.ca!a te ei i 4e*i#e#Ha #ec.#t.+ite1 4ar a!te.ri 5.ca!a te ei i 4e*i#e#Ha *G#t c.#t.+ite% 2% E.ca!a e 4i# ter i#aHia /e#iti5u!ui i 4ati5u!ui e*te !u#/=1 cG#4 e*te +rece4at= 4e @iM e*te *curt=1 cG#4 e*te +rece4at= 4e . c.#*.a#=% Ge#u!% T.ate *u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#are a E@a *G#t 4e /e#u! ;e i#i#1 a;ar= 4e 4ie* care e*te i a*cu!i# i ;e i#i# !a *i#/u!ar1 !a +!ura! ;ii#4 #u ai a*cu!i#1 i 4e eri4ie*1 care e*te a*cu!i#% G# /e#era!1 dies e*te ;e i#i# !a *i#/u!ar #u ai atu#ci cG#4 arat= u# ter e#1 . 6i 8.t=rGt= 4i#ai#te *au arat= 4urata K die constitut, cert, indict <G# 6iua 8.t=rGt=1 G#tr@. 6i a#u it=1 care #@a ;.*t a#u#Hat=>1 dies pere&igua <ter e# ;.arte *curt>1 dies longa <. 6i !u#/=>% '"*er5aHii% 1% Nu ai 4ie* <6i> i re* <!ucru> au t.ate ca6uri!e !a *i#/u!ar i !a +!ura! M acie* <!i#ia 4e "=taie>1 ;acie* <;aH=>1 e;;i/ie* <c8i+1 +.rtret>1 *+ecie* <;.r =1 ;ru u*eHe>1 *+e* <*+era#H=> *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= !a +!ura! #u ai !a #. i#ati5 i acu6ati5 M ce!e!a!te #@au +!ura!% 2% La *u"*ta#ti5e!e care au 5.ca!a te ei +rece4at= 4e i1 /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar *e ter i#= G# @ieiK diei, "aciei! G# e+.ca re+u"!icii *criit.rii au G#ce+ut *= i#tr.4uc= . ;.r = G#Q@iiK dii, 4e !a dies< "acii 4e !a "acies< acii, 4e !a acies< progenii 4e !a progenies <ur ai>1 lu&urii, 4e !a lu&uries <ri*i+=> M specii, 4e !a species< pernicii, 4e !a pernicies <+eric.!>% C8iar Cicer. a G#tre"ui#Hat ;.r a pernicii G# eI+re*ia pernicii causa ; ca . +ri eJ4ie% Cae*ar G#*= e*te citat c= +re;era u# /e#iti5 cu ;.r a @ie !a atari *u"*ta#ti5e K $uius -die, $uius specie! La *u"*ta#ti5e!e 4i*i!a"ice1 ter i#ate !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar G# @e*1 #u G# @ie*1 #u *e G#tG!#ete +e#tru /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar ;.r a cu @e1 ci #u ai
cea cu @iK "idi, 4e !a "ides <cre4i#H=>1 plebi, 4e !a plebes <#.r.4> K lege plebive scito ; +ri# !e/e *au +ri# 5.tu! +!e"ei% F.r e!e 4e /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar ter i#ate G# @e *au G# @i *G#t *+.ra4iceM ;.r e!e cure#te *G#t ce!e ter i#ate G# @ei *au G# @iei% (% La 4ati5u! *i#/u!ar1 +e#tru t.ate *u"*ta#ti5e!e1 e*te G#tre"ui#Hat= i ;.r a cu @iei *au @ei1 i cea cu @ie *au @eK diei, rei, "idei i die, re, "ide! C8iar *e citea6= c= cei care erau c.#*i4eraHi +uriti1 ar=tau +re;eri#H= +e#tru ;.r a "acie ;aH= 4e "aciei! C% U#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e 4e 4ec!i#area a E@a *e 4ec!i#= re/u!at i 4u+= 4ec!i#area IK ca#itie*1 @ei i ca#itia1 @ae <+=r a!"1 "=trG#eHe>1 aterie*1 @ei i ateria1 @ae < aterie1 ateria!>1 !uIurie*1 @ei i !uIuria1 @*e% 0e 4e a!t= +arte u#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e 4e 4ec!i#area I@a i@au creat ;.r e i 4u+= 4ec!i#area a E@aK "ar"aria1 @ae i "ar"arie*1 @ei <+= G#t *tr=i# u#4e #u *e 5.r"ete /recete *au !ati#ete>1 .!!itia1 @ae i .!!itie*1 @ei < .!eire>% 5% D.u= *u"*ta#ti5e 4e 4ec!i#area a III@a uti!i6ea6=1 !a u#e!e ca6uri1 i ;.r e 4u+= 4ec!i#area a E@aK +!e"*1 +!e"i* <+!e"e> 4e 4ec!i#area a III@a are i ;.r e!e +!e"e* <#. % *i#/%> i +!e"ei </e#% *i#/%> 4u+= 4ec!i#area a E@aM re-uie*1 re-uieti* <re+au*> 4e 4ec!i#area a III@a are i ;.r e!e re-uie <ac% *i#/%> i re-uie <a"!% *i#/%> 4u+= 4ec!i#area a E@a% 9% Dec!i#area a E@a #u are a4Jecti5e%
DECLINAREA )UB);AN;I:( OR COM+U)(
Du+= cu G# !i "a r. G#= #.i +ute eI+ri a #.Hiu#ea 4e ci#*te *au 4e G#cre4ere eritat= +ri# u#irea u#ui *u"*ta#ti5 cu u# a4Jecti51 a G#4.u= cu5i#te!e ;ii#4 G# ace!ai ca6 K bun credin , t.t aa +ute G +reu#a i G# !i "a !ati#= u# *u"*ta#ti5 cu . ;.r = a4Jecti5a!= i *= eI+ri = . #.Hiu#eK tre"uri 4e *tat N respublica, G# care a "e!e e!e e#te *G#t G# #. i#ati5% Dar G# !i "a r. G#= a5e i c. +u#eri cu u# cu5G#t G# #. i#ati5 i a!tu! G# a!t ca6 K @alea Aabii! Ace!ai !ucru *e /=*ete i G# !i "a !ati#=K pater "amilias! A*t;e! /=*i G# !i "a !ati#= cu5i#te c. +u*e 4e 4.u= ti+uriK 1% Ce!e c. +u*e 4i# 4.u= ;.r e #. i#a!e & cu5i#te 4ec!i#a"i!e & G# #. i#ati5 K G# 4ec!i#are1 4= ;iec=rei +=rHi c. +.#e#te ter i#aHii!e 4ec!i#=rii c=reia Gi a+arHi#e1 *au 4ec!i#= ;iecare +arte c. +.#e#t= ca i cu ar ;i *e+arate% A*t;e! cu5G#tu! respublica <re+u"!ic=> *e 4ec!i#= ca i cu ar ;i *cri* res publica, iusiurandum <Jur= G#t> *e 4ec!i#= ca i cu ar ;i *cri* ius iurandum! 7i#/u!ar
N% E% G% D% Ac% A"!% re*+u"!ica rei+u"!icae rei+u"!icae re +u"!ica re+u"!ica iu*iura#4u iuri*iura#4i iuriiura#4. iu*iura#4u iureiura#4.
2% Ce!e c. +u*e 4i# 4.u= cu5i#te1 4i#tre care #u ai u#u! e*te !a #. i#ati51 4ec!i#= #u ai cu5G#tu! care G# c. +u#ere *e /=*ete !a #. i#ati5 K KL
pater"amilias <tat=! *au e;u! ;a i!iei>1 iuris consultus <Juri*c.#*u!tu!1 ce! cu#.*c=t.r G# c8e*tiu#i 4e 4re+t>% I# +ri u! *e 4ec!i#= #u ai pater, G# a! 4.i!ea consultus! 7i#/u!ar
N% E% G% D% Ac% A"!% A"!% +ater;a i!ia* +atri*;a i!ia* +atri;a i!ia* +atre ;a i!ia* +atre;a i!ia* iuri*c.#*u!t. N% G% D% Ac% E% iuri*c.#*u!tu* iuri*c.#*u!ti iuri*c.#*u!t. iuri*c.#*u!tu iuri*c.#*u!te
DECLINAREA 7UB7TANTIEEL'R GRECETI Cu5i#te /receti au +=tru#* G# !i "a !ati#= 4e !a +ri e!e !e/=turi cu!tura!e ce au eIi*tat G#tre ace*te 4.u= +.+.are% La G#ce+ut r. a#ii 4au ;.r =P !ati#ea*c= cu5i#te!.r /receti +e care !e +ri eau1 trecG#4u@!e !a . 4ec!i#are *au !a a!ta 4u+= a+r.+ierea +e care . +re6e#tau G# +ri5i#Ha ;.r ei% A*t;e! cu5G#tu! amp$ora a ;.*t trecut !a 4ec!i#area I@a /e#u! ;e i#i#1 4ei G# !i "a e!e#= era 4e 4ec!i#area a III@a /e#u! a*cu!i#M )arentum a ;.*t trecut !a 4ec!i#area a II@a /e#u! #eutru1 4ei G# !i "a e!e#= era 4e 4ec!i#area a III@a /e#u! a*cu!i#% 0e =*ur= ce cu!tura /reac= a +=tru#* ai a4G#c G# +=tura c.#4uc=t.are r. a#=1 cG#4 r. a#ii Gi G#tre/eau cu!tura !a c.!i!e 4e ret.ric= i 4e ;i!.*.;ie 4i# ce#tre!e /receti1 cu5i#te!e /receti1 +ri# care acetia *e 4e+ri#*e*er= *= eI+ri e #.Hiu#i!e #.i1 erau i#tr.4u*e 4e ei G# !i "a !ati#= cu u!t re*+ect +e#tru ;.r a /recea*c= i *@a aJu#* ca ace!ai cu5G#t *= ai"= +e#tru ace!ai ca6 cG#4 ter i#aHie e!e#=1 cG#4 ter i#aHie !ati#=% Era a*t;e! u# ;e! 4e 4ec!i#are iIt=1 u#4e G#tG! !a ace!ai cu5G#t i 4ec!i#are 4e ti+u! musica, -se < u6ic=>1 sop$ista, -se <*.;i*t>1 i 4ec!i#are 4e ti+u! musice, -es, sop$istas, -ae! La +!ura!1 G# /e#era! *e ur a 4ec!i#area !ati#=% E. ur =ri 4ec!i#area *u"*ta#ti5e!.r /receti 4u+= ti+u! +ri e!.r trei 4ec!i#=ri !ati#eti%
DECLINAREA I@a
I# !i "a e!e#= *u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area I@a *e ter i#au G# @e *au @a +e#tru /e#u! ;e i#i#1 G# @e* *au @a* +e#tru /e#u! a*cu!i#% I# !i "a !ati#= au ur =t.are!e ti+uri 4e 4ec!i#are K G# @e @+e#tru /e#u! ;e i#i# i G# @a* *au @e* +e#tru /e#u! a*cu!i# K
N% G% D% Ac% E% A"!% u*ic e u*ic e* u*ic ae u*ic e# u*ic e u*ic e AEne a* AE#eae AE#eae AE#e a <@a#> AE#e a AE#eb 0er* e* 0er* ae 0er* ae 0er* a <@e#> 0er* e <@a> 0er* e <@b>
KF
E
'"*er5aHii% 1% U#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e +r.+rii ter i#ate G# @e*1 care G# !i "a e!e#= *G#t 4e 4ec!i#area I@a1 G# !i "a !ati#= ur ea6= 4ec!i#area a III@a1 +=*trG#4 t.tui ter i#aHia acu6ati5u!ui @e#K AEsc$ines, ac% AEsc$inen! A!te!e *e 4ec!i#= 4u+= a "e!e 4ec!i#=riK Hrestes< ai 4e* G#*= 4u+= a treia% 2% Cu5i#te!e care au ;.r = 4e +!ura! ter i#at= G# @a4e*1 @i4e*1 ;ac /e#iti5u! +!ura! G# @u K AEnedesAEnedum, %ardanides-%ardanidum! Ce!e!a!te care au ;.r = 4e +!ura!1 ;ac /e#iti5u! +!ura! G# @aru K cometes, -se <c. et=>1 /e#% +!% cometrum!
DECLINAREA A II@a
I# !i "a e!e#= *u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area a II@a au !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar ter i#aHia @.* +e#tru a*cu!i# i ;e i#i# i @.# +e#tru #eutru% G# !i "a !ati#= cu5i#te!e /receti trecute !a 4ac!i#area a II@a1 *e ter i#= G# @u* *au @.* +e#tru a*cu!i# i ;e i#i# i G# @.# *au @u +e#tru #eutruK <Tr.ia>
N% G% D% Ac% E% A"! % 0r. 0r. 0r. 0r. 0r. 0r. et8e u* et8e i <@.*> et8e . <@i> et8e u <@a> et8eu et8e . 08ar .* <@u*> <. i#*u!=> 08ar i 08ar . 08ar .# <@u > 08ar e 08ar . I!i.# <@u > I!i i I!i . I!i .# <@u > I!i .# <@u > I!i )
'"*er5aHii% 1% 7u"*ta#ti5u! Perses, care ur ea6= 4ec!i#area I@a1 are i . ;.r = G# @eu* & Perseus & 4u+= 4ec!i#area a II@a i *e 4ec!i#= ca Promet$eus! 7u"*ta#ti5u! At$os cu acu6ati5u! At$o are i ;.r e 4u+= 4ec!i#area a III@a K #. % At$o, ac% At$onem! 2% La #. i#ati5 +!ura! *e G#tG!#ete i ter i#aHia @.e1 care re+re6i#t= 4i;t.#/u! @.i1 ter i#aHia 4e #. i#ati5 +!ura! a *u"*ta#ti5e!.r /receti 4e 4ec!i#area a II@a K Adelp$oe ; ;raHii <tit!u! u#ei c. e4ii>1 (anep$oroe ; +urt=t.are!e 4e c.uri%
DECLINAREA A III@a
G# !i "a e!e#= *u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area a III@a au !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar ter i#aHii ;.arte 5ariateM au G#*= /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar G# @.*1 4ati5u! G# @i1 acu6ati5u! G# @a *au G# @#1 4ati5u! +!ura! G# @*i i acu6ati5u! +!ura! G# @a*% Ce!e trecute G# !i "a !ati#= i care ur ea6= 4ec!i#area a III@a *e 4ec!i#= 4u+= ur =t.are!e ti+uri K 7i#/u!ar crater <5a* are> crater .* <@i*> crater i cratera <@e > crater cratere
N% G% D% Ac% E% A"!% 7.crat e* 7.crat i* <@i> 7.crat i 7.crat e 7.crat e ae#i/ <e#i/ ae#i/ ae#i/ ae#i/ ae#i/ a#i/ a => #% =t i* =t i a a =t e <@e#> 7.crat e* <@e>
+.e* i* <+.e6ie> +.e* i* <@e.*> +.e* i +.e* i <@i#> +.e* i* +.e* i
KM
0!ura! N% E% crater e* +.e* e* ae#i/ =t a G% crater u +.e* iu <@e.#> ae#i/ =t u D% A"!% crater i"u* +.e* i"u* ae#i/ =t i*<i"u*> <a u> Ac% crater a* +.e* e* aa#i/ =t a '"*er5aHii% 1% La 5.cati5 *i#/u!ar *u"*ta#ti5e!e G# @i*1 @D*1 @a* <@a#ti*> +ier4 +e *K P$2lli, Ale&i, (ot2, (alc$a! Ce!e ter i#ate G# @e* ;ac 5.cati5u! G# @e* *au @eK (arneades, (arneade< ($remes, ($reme! 2% La /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar *u"*ta#ti5e!e ter i#ate G# @i*1 @a*1 ;ac 4e +re;eri#H= G# @.*K )$etis, -idos, Pallas, -Jdos! Nu e!e +r.+rii ;e i#i#e ter i#ate G# @. ;ac G# @u*K %ido, %idus< 1ap$o, 1ap$us< Ino, Inus! 0e#tru %ido ;.r a uti!i6at= G# +r.6= e*te %ido, -onis! Ace*tea 4i# ur = ;ac G# @. i 4ati5u! i acu6ati5u! i a"!ati5u!% (% La acu6ati5 *i#/u!ar ter i#aHia @a e*te ."i#uit= K a= !a #u e!e 4e !.ca!it=Hi K 1alamina, Nelicona, Eur2medonta, Aab2lona< b= !a u#e!e #u e 4e +er*.a#e a!=turi 4e ter i#aHia !ati#ea*c= @e K Agamemnonem, Agamemnona< Periclem, Periclea! c= !a *u"*ta#ti5e!e aer i set$er' aera i set$era, +recu i !a a!te!e a!=turi 4e ter i#aHia @e K cratera i craterem, $eroem i $eroa, t2rannidem i t2ranida! C% La #. i#ati5 +!ura! *u"*ta#ti5e!e care G# !i "a e!e#= *e ter i#= !a #. i#ati5 G# @ei*1 G# !i "a !ati#= ;ac G# @i*K 1ardis! 5% La /e#iti5 +!ura! *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ter i#aHia /reac= @.# !a #u e!e 4e +.+.are i !a ce!e 4e c=rHiK ($alibon 1 epigrammaton! 9% La 4ati5 +!ura! *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= 4e u!te .ri ter i#aHia @*i# !a #u e!e +r.+rii ;e i#i#e ter i#ate G# @a* *au @i* K )roades <tr.e#e!e>1 )roasin< ($arites </raHii!e>1 ($arisin< %r2ades, %r2asin! Neutre!e ter i#ate G# @ a au @ti* *au @ti"u*K aenigmatis, poematibus! ,% La acu6ati5 +!ura! ter i#aHia @a* *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= !a #u e!e 4e +.+.are 4i# !i "a e!e#= i !a u#e!e #u e 4e +.+.are *tr=i#e1 care *ea =#= ca ;.r = cu ce!e /recetiK AEt$iopes i AEtiopas< Arcades i Arcadas, /ace-dones i /acedonas< 4e a*e e#ea Allobroges i Allobrogas, 1enones i 1enonas, +recu i !a u#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e c. u#e K crateras, $eroes i $eroas! K5
AD3ECTIEUL
De.arece a4Jecti5u! eI+ri = G#*uirea +e care . are u# ."iect & ;ii#H= *au !ucru & i 4e.arece aceeai G#*uire +.ate ;i a u#ui ."iect #u it +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti5 4e /e#u! a*cu!i#1 *au a u#uia #u it +ri#tr@ u# *u"*ta#ti5 4e /e#u! ;e i#i#1 *au a u#uia #u it +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti5 4e /e#u! #eutru <"=r"at ;ru .* N vir pulc$er, ;e eie ;ru .a*= N "emina pulc$ra, te +!u ;ru .* N templum pulc$rum=, a4Jecti5u! care eI+ri = acea G#*uire tre"uie *= +.arte *e # 4u+= care *= *e cu#.a*c= /e#u! *u"*ta#ti5u!ui care #u ete ."iectu! ce +.*e4= G#*uirea re*+ecti5=% i1 4u+= cu !a *u"*ta#ti5 *e #u! care i#4ic= /e#u! e*teJ G# /e#era!1 ter i#aHia !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar1 i a4Jecti5u! tre"uie *= i#4ice /e#u! t.t +ri# ter i#aHia 4e !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar% G# !i "a !ati#= a4Jecti5e!e *e +.t G +=rHi G# trei c!a*e 4u+= #u =ru! ter i#aHii!.r !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar +e#tru a eI+ri a ce!e trei /e#uriK 1% C!a*a I@a cu+ri#4e a4Jecti5e!e cu trei ter i#aHiiK u#a +e#tru a*cu!i#1 a!ta +e#tru ;e i#i# i a!ta +e#tru #eutru K @u*1 @a1 @u M @er1 @a1 @u M @ur1 @a1 @u % Aici i#tr= a4Jecti5e!e care +e#tru a*cu!i# i #eutru au te a ter i#at= G# 5.ca!a .1 iar +e#tru ;e i#i# au te a ter i#at= G# 5.ca!a a% 2% C!a*a a Ii@a cu+ri#4e a4Jecti5e!e cu 4.u= ter i#aHii1 u#a +e#tru a*cu!i# i ;e i#i# i a!ta +e#tru #eutru K @i*1 @e1 a4ic= a4Jecti5e care au te a ter i#at= G# 5.ca!a i1 te = !a care *u"*ta#ti5e!e a*cu!i#e i ;e i#i#e *e 4ec!i#= !a ;e!% (% C!a*a a I!I@a cu+ri#4e a4Jecti5e!e care au aceeai ter i#aHie +e#tru t.ate /e#uri!e1 a4ic= a4Jecti5e care au te = c.#*.#a#tic=% A4Jecti5e!e *e 4ec!i#= a*t;e!K I% A% A4Jecti5e G# @u*1 @a1 @u %
7i#/u!ar Ma*cu!i# N% G% D% Ac% E% A"!% car u* <4ra/> car i car . car u car e car . Fe i#i# car a car ae car ae car a car a car = Neutru car u car i car . car u car u car .
KC O
0!ura! N% E% G% D% Ac% A"!%
car i car .ru car i* car .* car i*
car ae car =ru car i* car a* car i*
car a car .ru car i* car a car i*
Du+= cu *e 5e4e1 ace*te a4Jecti5e *e 4ec!i#= 4u+= 4ec!i#area a II@a !a a*cu!i# i #eutru i 4u+= 4ec!i#area I !a ;e i#i#% '"*er5aHie% A4Jecti5e!e ter i#ate G# @iu* !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar a*cu!i#1 ;ac /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar a*cu!i# i #eutru G# @ii i 5.cati5u! a*cu!i# G# @ie% EIe +!u K pius, pii, pie! B% A4Jecti5e G# @er1 @a1 @# %
a=
Ma*cu!i#
7i#/u!ar
Fe i#i# Neutru
N% E% G% D% Ac% A"!%
#i/er <#e/ru> #i/r i #i/r . #i/r u #i/r .
#i/r a #i/r ae #i/r ae #i/r a #i/r =
#i/r u #i/r i #i/r . #i/r u #i/r .
N%E% G% D% A"!% Ac%
#i/r i #i/r .ru #i/r i* #i/r .*
0!ura! #i/r ae #i/r =ru #i/r i* #i/r a*
#i/r a #i/r .ru #i/r i* #i/r a
b=
7i#/u!ar
Ma*cu!i# Fe i#i# Neutru
N%E% G% D% Ac% A"!%
te#er <;ra/e4> te#er i te#er . te#er u te#=r .
te#er a te#er ae te#erae te#er a te#era
te#er u te#er i te#er . te#er u te#er .
N%E% G% D% A"!% Ac
te#er i te#er .ru te#er i* te#er .*
0!ura! te#erae te#er =ru te#er i* te#er a*
te#er a te#er .ru te#er i* te#er a
'"*er5aHii% 1% Ce!e ai K9
u!te 4i#tre ace*te a4Jecti5e +ier4 +e e G# 4ec!i#are i *e 4ec!i#= ca niger!
2% Ur =t.are!e +=*trea6= +e e G# 4ec!i#are K asper <a*+ru>1 lacer <*;Giat>1 liber <!i"er>1 miser <#e#.r.cit>1 prosper <+rie!#ic>1 tener <;ra/e4>1 gibber </8e".*> i de&ter <G#4e G#atic>1 +recu i c. +u*e!e 5er"e!.r "ero i gero, caK "ru-gi"er <r.4#ic>1 armiger <+urt=t.r 4e ar e>% K! G# @ar1 @a1 @u *e ter i#= #u ai a4Jecti5u! satur, satura, saturum <*=tu!>1 care *e 4ec!i#= ca tener! II% A4Jecti5e G# @i*1 @e% a=
)in*ula" Ma*cu!i# Fe i#i# N% E% ;.rt is <tare> D ;.rt i Ac% ;.rt e
A"!% ;.rt i
+lu"al N% Ac% E% ;.rt e* G% ;.rt ium D% A"!% ;.rt ibus
Neutru
;.rt e ;.rt is ;.rt i ;.rt e ;.rt i ;.rt ia ;.rt iu ;.rt i"u*
b= A 5=6ut c= *u"*ta#ti5e!e 4e 4ec!i#area a II@a1 ter i#ate G# @u* +rece4at 4e r1 +recu i a4Jecti5e!e 4e c!a*a I@a1 care au ter i#aHii!e @u*1 @a1 @u +rece4ate 4e r1 au +ier4ut !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar +e @u* i au 4e65.!tat G#ai#te 4e r u# e1 4ac= #u@1 a5eau G# te = K Pgenerus, -i N gener, generi< Plibrus, libri N liber, libri< Pnigrus, nigra, nigrum N niger, nigra, nigrum>! Ace!ai !ucru *@a +etrecut i !a 4ec!i#area a I!I@a cu a4Jecti5e!e +ari*i@!a"ice care au ter i#aHii!e @i* +e#tru a*cu!i# i ;e i#i# i @e +e#tru #eutru1 +rece4ate 4e rM i e!e au +ier4ut !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar a*cu!i# +e @i*1 4e6@5.!tG#4 G#ai#te 4e r u# e i au 4e5e#it cu trei ;.r e !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar K a*cu!i# G# @er1 ;e i#i# G# @ri*1 #eutru G# @e 2K % acris, ;% acris, #% acre , % acer, ;% acris, #% acre! 7G#t 1( a4Jecti5e 4i# acea*t= cate/.rie K
acer alcer campester celeber celer e0uester paluster pedester puter saluber silvester terrester volcer >! A% Er#.ut1 op! cit!, +% C(% 2% A% Er#.ut1 op! cit!, +% 82% acris alcris campestris celebris celeris e0uestris palustris pedestris putris salubris silvestris terrestris volucris acre alcre campestre celebre celere e0uestre palustre pedestre putre salubre silvestre terrestre volucre N a/er N *+ri#te# N cG +e#e*c N re#u it N iute N c=!=reH N "=!t.* N +e4e*tru Nc +utre4 N *=#=t.*1 *a!utar N *=!"atic1 4i# +=4ure N += G#te*c N 6"ur=t.r
40
'"*er5aHii% 1% Di#tre ace*te a4Jecti5e #u ai celer +=*trea6= +e e G# 4ec!i#are M ce!e!a!te G! +ier4% 2% Di#tre a4Jecti5e!e care au +e @i*1 @e1 +rece4ate 4e r u#e!e au r= a* cu 4.u= ter i#aHiiK illustris, -e <*tr=!ucit.r>1 lugubris, -e <Ja!#ic>1 "unebris, -e <4e G# .r G#tare>1 mediocris, -e < iJ!.ciu1 e4i.cru> etc% (% E!e *e 4ec!i#= ca "ortis, cu 4e.*e"irea #u ai c= celer ;ace /e#iti5u! +!ura! celerum, iar volucer ;ace volucrum i volucrium< *e /=*ete i /e#iti5u! +!ura! silvestrum <!a Acciu*>% C% G#tre ;.r e!e @er +e#tru a*cu!i# i @ri* +e#tru ;e i#i# #u *@a +=*trat t.t4eau#a . 4e!i itare cert=% A*t;e! /=*i !a E##iu* acer 6$iems= +e#tru ;e i#i# i acris 6somnus= +e#tru a*cu!i# M !a E##iu*1 Tere#tiu*1 Eer/i!iu* e*te citat alacris ca a*cu!i#1 iar !a A+u!eiu* alacer +e#tru ;e i#i# M celebris e*te citat ca a*cu!i# G# Me!!a1 Tacitu*1 Ge!!iu*1 A+u!eiu* M G# T% Li5iu* /=*i campestris 6$ostis= +e#tru a*cu!i# M G# Cat. *e citea6= celeris ca a*cu!i#1 iar G# Lucretiu* celer 6origo= ca ;e i#i# M G# Titu* Li5iu* e*te e0uestris ca a*cu!i# M G# C.!u e!!a e*te palustris a*cu!i# M G# E.+i*cu* e*te pedestris a*cu!i# M puter ;.!.*ete G# .4 e/a! !a a*cu!i# ;.r e!e puter i putris< salubris 6annus= *e G#tG!#ete a*cu!i# !a Cicer. M silvestris 6collis= e*te a*cu!i# !a Cae*ar i silvester 6aedon= e*te 4e /e#u! ;e i#i#1 !a 0etr.@#iu* M terrestris 6ar$ipirata= e*te a*cu!i# !a Cicer. M volucris e*te a*cu!i# !a Ti"u!!u*1 i volucer 6Fama= e*te ;e i#i# !a 0etr.#iu*% C.#;u6ia G#tre ;.r e!e G# @er i @ri* +e#tru ce!e 4.u= /e#uri *@a +r.4u* 4i# cau6= c= ;.r a G# @ri* ;u*e*e !a G#ce+ut i +e#tru a*cu!i# i +e#tru ;e i#i#% CG#4 *@a #=*cut ;.r a G# @er1 i acea*ta a +utut ;i +ri5it= ca +e#tru a "e!e /e#uri1% 5% Nu e!e a +atru !u#i1 care au ter i#aHii!e @i*1 @e +rece4ate 4e r1 au !a a*cu!i# ter i#aHia @er1 G#t.c ai ca ce!e trei*+re6ece a4Jecti5e e#u erate ai *u*K 1eptember 6mensis=, -bris, -bre< Hctober 6mensis=, -bris, -bre< 3ovember 6mensis=, -bris, -bre< %ecember 6mensis=, -bris, -bre! III% A4Jecti5e cu aceeai ter i#aHie +e#tru t.ate /e#uri!e K 7i#/u!ar
Ma*cu!i#NFe i#i# Neutru ;er.I <*=!"atic> ;er.c is ;er.c i ;er.c e ;er.c i +lu"al ;er.c e* ;er.c ia ;er.c ium ;er.c bus $. Ee6i i M% Nie4er a##1 op! cit!, R 2C1 +% 99 i ,1% N% Ac% E% G% D% A"!% ;er.I
'"*er5aHii% 1% A4Jecti5e!e care au !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar . *i#/ur= ter i#aHie +e#tru t.ate /e#uri!e au1 G# /e#era!1 ablati&ul sin*ula" G# -i% cG#4 *G#t G#tre"ui#Hate ca a4Jecti5eK prudenti consilio <+ri#tr@. 8.t=rGre G#He!ea+t=>M cG#4 G#*= *G#t G#tre"ui#Hate ca *u"*ta#ti5e1 G! au G# @eK cum sapiente <cu ce! G#He!e+t>% 2% Au a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar #u ai G# @e ur =t.are!e K
caelebs, caelibis cicur, cicuris compos, compotis deses, desidis $ospes, $ospitis impos, impotis impubes, impuberis particeps, participis pauper, pauperis princeps, principis puber, puberis sospes, sospitis superstes, superstitis N #ec=*=t.rit1 ce!i"atar N 4. e*tic ; +=rta1 *t=+G# +e F i#acti5 N +ri it.r1 .*+ita!ier , #e+=rta1 care #u +.*e4= N ;.arte tG#=r , +=rta N *=rac N ;ru#ta1 ce! 4i#tWi ; a4u!t 0uadrpes, 0uadrupedis ; +atru+e4 N tea;=r N *u+ra5ieHuit.r
(% Au a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar 4e +re;eri#H= G# @eK

ales, alitis N G#ari+at dives, divitis , "./at uber, uberis ; r.4#ic vetus, veteris N 5ec8i Ace*tea 4.u= 4i# ur = au #eutru! +!ura! G# @aK ubera, vetera!
C% Au a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar #u ai G# @iK

anceps, ancipitis immemor, immemoris memor, memoris praeceps, praecipitis teres, teretis N G#4.ie!#ic N care #u@i a4uce a i#te N care@i a4uce a i#te , +r=+=*ti.* ; r.tu#Jit%
5% Au a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar G# @e t.ate c. +arati5e!e% 9% Au *eniti&ul plu"al G# -ium ce!e ter i#ate G#K -ns% -"s% -a4% -i4% -o4 i -ple4 <a;ar= 4e supple&=, +recu i locuples, -etis <"./at> i par, -ris <e/a!>% T.ate ce!e!a!te1 +recu i c. +arati5e!e1 G! au G# -unu
COM+ABA<IA A'J(C;I:( OR
A4Jecti5e!e au ;.r e +e#tru trei /ra4e +e#tru a eI+ri a . G#*uire K po7iti&ul% #ompa"ati&ul i supe"lati&ul. $. +o7iti&ul e*te ;.r a ."i#uit= a a4Jecti5u!ui1 a4ic= aceea +e care o are cG#4 eI+ri = G#*uirea ;=r= #ici o i4ee 4e c. +araHie% Acea*t= ;.r = LE
a *tu4iat@.1 cG#4 a tratat ce!e trei c!a*e 4e a4Jecti5e K carus, a, -um ; 4ra/ M niger, -gra, -grum N #e/ru M "ortis, -e N tare1 "ero&, @ ocis ; *=!"atic 2% Compa"ati&ul e*te ;.r a +e care . are a4Jecti5u! +e#tru a eI+ri a o c. +araHie G#tre 4.u= ;ii#He *au !ucruri1 .ri G#tre 4.u= /ru+e 4e ;ii#He *au !ucruri 4i# +u#ctu! 4e 5e4ere a! u#ei G#*uiri% a= 0e#tru a ;.r a c. +arati5u! u#ui a4Jecti51 G#!.cui ter i#aHia /e#iti5u!ui *i#/u!ar a*cu!i# +ri# *u;iIe!e K -io" < a*cu!i# i ;e i#i#> i -ius <#eutru>% $$$$QP
Ma*cu!i# Fe e#i# carus, /e#% */% cari1 "ortis, X "ero&, X niger, . celer, X ;.rt i*1 ;er.c i*1 #i/r i1 ce!er i*1 c. +arati car io"% X X X X ;.rt i.r1 ;er.c i.r1 #i/r i.r1 ce!er io"% Neutru car ius ;.rt iu* ;er.c iu* #i/r ius ce!er ius
C. +arati5e!e *e 4ec!i#= a*t;e! K

)in*ula" Ma*e Fe % N% E% car i.r G% D% Ac% A"!% cari.r i* cari .r i cari.r e cari.r e car iu* car iu* Neutru N% G% D% +lu"al Ma*e% Fe % Ac% E% cari.r e* cari.r u A"!% i"u* cari.r Neutr u cari.r a
N.t=% C. +arati5e!e ;ac a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar G# @e1 #. i#ati5u!1 acu6ati5u! i 5.cati5u! +!ura! #eutru G# @a1 /e#iti5u! +!ura! G# @u %
(% )upe"lati&ul e*te ;.r a +e care . are a4Jecti5u! +e#tru a eI+ri a . c. +araHie G#tre . ;ii#H= *au !ucru1 .ri G#tr@u# /ru+ 4e ;ii#He *au !ucruri1 i ai u!te ;ii#He *au !ucruri1 .ri ai u!te /ru+e 4e ;ii#He *au !ucruri 4i# +u#ctu! 4e 5e4ere a! u#ei G#*uiri% a= 7u+er!ati5u! u#ui a4Jecti5 *e ;.r ea6= G#!.cui#4 ter i#aHia /e#iti5u!ui *i#/u!ar a*cu!i# +ri# *u;iIe!e K @i**i u* < a*cu!i#>1 @i**i a <;e i#i#>1 @i**i u <#eutru>K
carus, /e#% */% car i1 "ortis,1 "ortis ;er.c i*1 "ero&, Ma*cu!i# Fe % Neutru *u+er!ati5 cari**i u*1 @a1 @u
;.rti**i u*1 @a1 @u
;er.c i**i u*1 @a1 @u
b= Dac= a4Jecti5u! e*te ter i#at !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar a*cu!i# G# @er1 +ri ete c8iar !a ;.r a #. i#ati5u!ui *i#/u!ar a*cu!i# *u;iIu! K -"imus% -"ima% -"imumK
Ma*e% Fe % Neutru niger, celer, *u+er!ati5 #i/er "imus% @ri a1 @ri u ce!er "imus% @a1 @u
De a*e e#ea vetus ;ace veterimus, -a, -um <4e !a ;.r a 5ec8e veter=! LK
c= Ur =t.are!e a4Jecti5e ;ac *u+er!ati5u! +ri i#4 *u;iIu! @!i u*1 @!i a1 @!i u r= a*= 4u+= G#!=turarea ter i#aHiei @i* a /e#iti5u!ui *i#/u!ar K
!a +artea a4Jecti5u!ui
"acillimus, -a, -um, di""icillimus, -a, -um ,simillimus -a, -um ,dissimillimus, -a, -um $umillimus, -a, -um gracillimus, -a, -um "acilis, -e <u.r>1 di""icilis, -e </reu>1 similis, -e <a*e e#ea>1 dissimilis, -e <#ea*e e#ea>1 $umilis, -e 1 gracilis, -e <*u"Hire1 4e!icat>1
d= 7u+er!ati5u! *e 4ec!i#= aa cu *e 4ec!i#= carus Qa Qum ,"iind ter i#at G# @u*1 @a1 @u % C% A4Jecti5u! de&ter, -era, -rum, care are . ;.r = *i#c.+at= de&ter, -tra, -trum, ;ace c. +arati5u! 4e !a /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar a! ;.r ei #e*i#c.+ate K /e#% *i#/% de&teri, c. +arati5 de&terior, -ius< *u+er!ati5u! e*te de&timus, a-, -um! A4Jecti5u! sinister, -tra, -trum, 4ei #@are . ;.r = care *= ai"= +e e G# te =1 ;ace c. +arati5u!1 +ri# a#a!./ie cu de&ter' sinisterior! -ius, i *u+er!ati5u!K sinistimus, -a, -um! 5% A4Jecti5u! dives, -itis ;.!.*ete !a c. +arati5 i *u+er!ati5 ai u!t ;.r e!e *i#c.+ate K ditior, -ius i ditissimus, -a, -um, G# !.cu! ;.r e!.r G#tre/i K divitior, -ius, divitissimus, -a, -um! A4Jecti5u! iuvenis, -is, ;.!.*ete ai u!t ;.r a *i#c.+at= iunior !a c. +arati5 4ecGt ;.r a G#trea/= iuvenior! 7u+er!ati5 #@are% N.t=% A4Jecti5u! iuvenis #u *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= !a /e#u! #eutru% 9% A4Jecti5e!e c. +u*e cu @4icu*1 @;icu* i @5.!u* <4i# tu!+i#a 5er"e!.r dicere, "acere, celle= G +ru ut= /ra4e!e 4e c. +arare 4e !a +artici+iu! +re6e#t a! 5er"e!.r c.re*+u#6=t.are i 4eci ;ac c. +arati5u! i# @e#ti.r1 @iu*1 iar *u+er!ati5u! G# @e#ti**i u*1 @a1 @u K
0.6iti5 C. +arati5 a!e4icu* <"Gr;it.r> M a!e4ice#ti.r1 -ius; @entio"% -ius;bene&olentissimus =a -um 7u+er!ati5 a!e4ice#ti**i u*1 @a1 @u a/#i;ice#ti**i u*1 @a1 @u "e#e5.! e#ti**i u* @a1 @u a/#i;icu* < =reH> M a/#i;ice#ti.r1 -ius; "e#e5.!u* <"i#e5.it.r> M "e#e5.!
De a*e e#ea ;ac /ra4e!e 4e c. +arare =entio" i =entissimus a4Jecti5e!e K 0.6iti5 C. +arati5 7u+er!ati5 e/e#u* <*=rac> M e/e#ti.r1 @iu*M e/e#ti**i u*1 @a1 +r.5i4u* <+re5=6=t.r> M +r.5i4 e#ti.r%+r.5i4e#ti**i u* [a [u <4e !a +r.5i4e#*>
,%Ur =t.are!e a4Jecti5e ;.r ea6= /ra4e!e 4e c. +arare 4e !a a!t= tu!+i#= 4ecWt a +.6iti5u!uiK
B.#u* Ma!u* Ma/#u* Mu!tu* C. +arati5 7u+er!ati5 e!i.r1 @iu* M .+ti u*1@a @u ai.r1 @iu* M aIi u*1@a1@u i#.r1 @#u* M i#i u*1@a [u +!u*1 +!uri* +ei.r1 @iu* M +e**i u*1@a @u
+!ure*1 @a M +!uri u*@a [u C. +arati5u! plures, plura ;ace /e#iti5u! +!ura! plurium!
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8% U#e!e a4Jecti5e *G#t G#tre"ui#Hate #u ai !a c. +arati5 i *u+er!ati5

C. +arati5 7u+er!ati5 citeri.r1 @iu* <4e 4i#c.ace> M citi u*1 @a1 @u <ce! 4e 4i#c.ace> u!teri.r1 @iu* <4e 4i#c.!.> M u!ti u*1 @a1 @u <ce! ai 4e+=rtat> +r.+i.r1 @iu* < ai a+r.+iat> M +r.Ii u*1 @ a1 @u <ce! ai a+r.+iat> +ri.r1 @iu* <ce! 4i#tGi 4i# 4.i> M +ri u*1 @a1 @u <ce! 4i#tGi 4i# t.Hi> i#teri.r1 @iu* <4i#=u#tru> M i#ti u*1 @a@u <ce! ai 4i#=u#tru> .ci.r1 @iu* <iute> M .ci**i u*1 a1 @u <ce! ai iute> +.ti.r1 @iu* <+re;era"i!> M +.ti**i u*1 @a1 @u <;.arte +re;era"i!> 4eteri.r1 @iu* <r=u> M 4eterri u*1 @a1 @u <;.arte r=u>
'"*er5aHie% U#e!e 4i#tre e!e au !a "a6= +re+.6iHii *au a45er"e% 9% A!te!e au +.6iti51 4ar e*te G#tre"ui#Hat ai a!e* !a +!ura!1 cu G#He!e* *u"*ta#ti5a!% E!e 4eri5= 4i# +re+.6iHiiK
C. +arati5 eIteru* <eIteri N *tr=i#i> M eIteri.r1 @iu* +.*teru* <+.*teri N ur ai> M +.*teri.r1 @iu* *u+eru* <*u+eri N 6eii 4e *u*> M *u+eri.r1 @iu* i#;eru* <i#;eri N 6eii 4e J.*> M i#;eri.r1 @iu*
0.6iti5
7u+er!ati5 eItre u*1eIti u*Nce! ai 4e+=rtat +.*tre u* +.*tu u*Nce! ai 4i# ur = *u+re u* *u u*Nce! ai 4e *u* i#;i u* i u*Nce! ai 4e J.*
1)% A4Jecti5e!e ter i#ate G# @eu*1 @iu*1 @uu* ;ac c. +arati5u! +ri i#4 G#ai#tea +.6iti5u!ui a45er"u! a/i*1 iar *u+er!ati5u! +ri i#4 a45er"u! aIi e <c. +araHie +ri# +eri;ra6=>K i4.#eu* <+.tri5it> M a/i* i4.#eu*1 @a1 @u M aIi e i4.#eu*1 @a1 @u M e/re/iu* <4i*ti#*> a/i* e/re/iu*1 a1 @u M aIi e e/re/iu*1 @a1 @u M c.#*+icuu* <re arca"i!> M a/i* c.#*+icuu*% @a1 @u M aIi e c.#*+icuu*1 @a1 @u % '"*er5aHie% a> A#ti-uu* <5ec8i> ;ace a#ti-ui.r1 a#ti-ui**i u* i ae-uu* ;ace ae-ui.r1 ae-ui**i u*1 a4ic= ;ac /ra4e!e 4e c. +arare re/u!at1 4e.arece /ru+u! -u e*te c.#*.#a#tic% A4Jecti5u! +iu* <ci#*tit1 re*+ectu.*>1 G# a;ar= 4e c. +araHia +ri# +eri;ra6= 6magis pius, -a, -um, ma&ime pius, -a, -um=, i@a ;=cut1 cu G#ce+utu! e+.cii i +eria!e1 i u# *u+er!ati5 cu *u;iIu! -issimus,a, -um' piissimus, -a, -um! b= A45er"u! aIi e +.ate ;i G#!.cuit cu valde *au bene' valde strenuus <;.arte acti5>% 11% U#e!e a4Jecti5e1 +ri i#4 G#ai#tea +.6iti5u!ui +re+.6iHia +er *au +rae1 ca+=t= G#He!e* 4e *u+er!ati5 K permagnus <;.arte are>1 perdoctus <;.arte G#5=Hat>1 pergracilis <;.arte 4e!icat>1 praeclarus <;.arte *tr=!ucit>1 praevelo& <;.arte iute>%
45
12% U#e!e a4Jecti5e au ;.r = #u ai +e#tru c. +arati5 *au #u ai +e#tru *u+er!ati5K

a= C. +aratir adolescens <tG#=r>1 adolescentior alcer <*+ri#te#>1 alacrior ater <#e/ru>1 atrior iuvnis <tG#=r>1 iunior sene& <"=tri#>1 senior 7u+er!ati5 I#c!itu*<5e*tit> inclitissimus "alsus <;a!*>1 "alsissimus novus <#.u>1 novissimus sacer <*acru>1 sacerrimus vetus <5ec8i>1 veterrimus
N.t=% Cu t.ate ace*tea /=*i i ;.r e!e K veterior <ar8aic !a Cat.>% novior <!a Earr. i !a Au!u* Ge!iiu*> i
1(% U#e!e a4Jecti5e +ri# i4eea +e care . eI+ri = #u +.t a5ea ;.r e +e#tru c. +arati5 i *u+er!ati5K vivus <5iu>1 pedester <+e4e*tru>1 aureus <4e aur>1 $esternus <4e ieri>%
NUMERALUL
Nu era!e!e *e G +art G# +atru ari /ru+e K car4i#a!e1 .r4i#a!e1 4i*tri"uti5e i a45er"ia!e% La ace*tea *e a4au/= u#e!e /ru+e 4e ai +uHi#= i +.rta#H=%
NUMERALELE CARDINALE
Nu era!e!e car4i#a!e arat= #u =ru! E!e *e /=*e*c cu G#tre"area -u.tT <cGHiTcWteT> E!e *G#tK
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i *er5e*c !a #u =rare i *.c.tire1 cGteT>%

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8% I# eI+ri area #u era!e!.r care *e ;.r au +ri# G# u!Hirea #u =ru!ui 1)) )))1 4ac= era 5.r"a 4e "a#i i *e ;.!.*ea cu5G#tu! sestertium, *e +uteau *u+ri a cu5i#te!e centena milia, r= G#G#4 #u ai #u era!u! G# u!Hit.r i cu5G#tu! sestertium' se&agies sestertium ; se&agies centena milia sestertium ;? 4e 9) 4e .ri cGte 1)) ))) NN 1)) ))) Z 9) N 9 ))) ))) 4e *e*terHii% 9% Di#tre #u era!e!e car4i#a!e *e 4ec!i#= K S,
OM! Ma*cu!i# Fe e#i# Neutra N%E c u#u* u#a u#u G% u#Gu* 1 % D u#i I 0e#Qru t)O /e#uri!e Ac% u#u u#a u#u A"!% u#. u#a u#. N.t=% Tnus are i ;.r e +e#tru +!ura! G# ;e!u! a4Jecti5e!.r 4e c!a*a I@a K uni, unse, una! F.r e!e 4e +!ura! *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= K cO a= cG#4 G#*.He*c *u"*ta#ti5e care au #u ai ;.r = 4e +!ura!K una castra ; . ta"=r=M 2 b= cG#4 G#*e #ea6= F*i#/ur X 6solus=' uni Tbii N *i#/uri u"ii1 #u ai u"ii% G# ace*t G#He!e* are i ;.r = 4e 5.cati5 *i#/u!ar K une, una, unum! c= G# eI+re*ia uni! ! ! alii N u#ii% % % a!Hii M *au uni! ! ! alteri N u#ii% % % cei!a!Hi% d= cG#4 G#*e #ea6= Face!ai X 6idem=' unis moribus vivere N a tr=i cu ace!eai ."iceiuri1 aOiJu@i *c8i "a ."iceiuri!e% Neutru 4u. 4u5ru 4u."u* 4u. 4u."u* N.t=% a> %uo are !a /e#iti5 +!ura! i ;.r a duum' duum militum, duumvirum, duum milium! "> Ga duo *e 4ec!i#= i ambo, -ee, -o N a G#4.i% Ma*cu!i# Fe e#i# Neutru Neutru N% Ac% tre* tria N% Ac% i!ia G% triu 1 G% i!iu D\AM% tri"u*\ 0e#tru t.ate /e#uriIe D% A"!% i!i"u*
(entum e*te i#5aria"i!1 i#*= *ute!e -ducenti, trecenti etc% *e 4ec!i#= ca a4Jecti5e!e 4e c!a*a I@a !a +!ura!K ducenti, -ee, -a! /iile e*te i#5aria"i! !a *i#/u!ar M !a +!ura! *e 4ec!i#= ca u# *u"*ta#ti5 #eutru +ari*i!a"ic 4e 4ec!i#area a I!I@a K milia, -ium! 1)% Nu era!e!e car4i#a!e G# !i "a !ati#= au 5a!.are a4Jecti5a!=1 iar ce!e 5aria"i!e au i ;.r e 4e /e#1 care !e G#!e*#e*c ac.r4u! G# /e#1 #u =r i ca6 cu *u"*ta#ti5e!e +e care !e 4eter i#= K unus miles, duorum militum, tribus militibus, ducenti milites, septem milites! /iile are1 G# /e#era!1 5a!.are a4Jecti5a!= K miile $omines , . ie 4e .a e#i% Dar *e G#tG!#e*te i cu 5a!.are *u"*ta#ti5a!=1 ;ii#4 4eter i#at 4e u# *u"*ta#ti5 G# /e#iti5 +!ura!K ea civitas miile misit militum ; acea cetate a tri i* . ie 4e .*tai%
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9) *eIa/e#i ,)) *e+ti#/e#i ,) *e+tua/e#i 8)) .cti#/e#i 8) .ct./e#i 9)) #.#/e#i 9) #.#a/e#i 1)))% *i#/u!a i!ia 1)) ce#te#i 2))) "i#a i!ia 1)1 ce#te#i *i#/u!i 5))) -ui#a i!ia 2)) 4uce#i 1)))) 4e#a i!ia ()) trece#i 1))))) ce#te#a i!ia C)) -ua4ri#/e#i 5))))) -ui#/e#a i!ia 5)) -ui#/e#i 1)))))) 4ecie* ce#te#a i!ia 9)) *eIc/#i Obse"&a,ii. 1% Cu *u"*ta#ti5e care au #u ai ;.r = 4e +!ura! cu G#He!e* 4e *i#/u!ar #u =ru! *e eI+ri = +ri# #u era! 4i*tri"uti51 4ar G# !.c 4e singuli, -as, -a *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= uni, -se, -a, i G# !.c 4e terni, se, -a *e ;.!.*ete ;.r a trini, -se, -a' bina castra , 4.u= ta"ere1 0uinas litteras 6accepi= , <a +ri it> ci#ci *cri*.riM G#*= una castra N . ta"=r=M trinas litteras 6accepi= , <a +ri it> trei *cri*.ri% Ce!e care au #u ai ;.r = 4e +!ura! cu G#He!e* 4e +!ura! 6liberi, -drum N c.+ii> +ri e*c #u era!e!e .r4i#a!e i 4i*tri"uti5e cu G#He!e*u! !.r +r.+riu K tres liberi , trei c.+ii1 terni liberi N cGte trei c.+ii% 2% G#tr@. +r.+.6iHie ca acea*taK F Ca**ar i Ari.5i*tu* au a4u* ;iecare cGte 6ece G#*.Hit.ri R, +u#e #u era!u! 4i*tri"uti5 +e#tru #u =r i ;ace i#uti! +e F ;iecare X K F (sesar et Ariovistus denos comites addu&erunt, G#He@ !e*u! !ui F;iecare R re6u!tG#4 G# .4 *u;icie#t 4i# #u era!u! 4i*tri"uti5% Dac= G# acea*t= +r.+.6iHie1 aa eI+ri at=1 a G#!.cui +e denos cu decern, *@ar G#He!e/e c= G +reu#= au a4u* 6ece G#*.Hit.ri C*e*ar i Ari.5i*tu*% Dac= G# aceeai +r.+.6iHie a G#!.cui +e F cGte 6ece R +ri# F cGte trei R a ;.!.*i ;.r a trini 6trinos comites=< iar 4ac= a G#!.cui +e F cGte 6ece X +ri# F cGte u# X1 a G#tre"ui#Ha +e singuli i #u +e uni 6singulos comites=! (% 0.eHii Gi G#/=4uie *= G#!.cuia*c= #u era!u! car4i#a! duo +ri# 4i*tri"uti5 K bina $astilia, G# !.c 4e duo $astilia N 4.u= c.6i 4e !e # +e#tru !=#ci% C% Aini, -se, -a e*te G#tre"ui#Hat i +e#tru a 4a i4eea 4e +erec8e K bini boves ; . +erec8e 4e ".i% 5% Nu era!e!e 4i*tri"uti5e au ;.r = a4Jecti5a!= i *e 4ec!i#= ca a4Jecti5e!e 4e c!a*a I@a !a +!ura!% Ge#iti5u! +!ura! G! au 4e ."icei G# @# M #u ai singuli G! are t.t4eau#a G# -?"um% -a"am% -o"um. NUM(RA ( ( A':(RBIA ( Nu era!e!e a45er"ia!e *au a45er"e!e #u era!e arat= 4e cGte .ri *e re+et= ce5a <. acHiu#e1 u# #u =r>% E!e *e /=*e*c cu G#tre"area 0uotiesD *au 0uotiensD <4e cGte .riT> i *G#t ur =t.are!e K 52
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primul r#nd, care *e eI+ri = +ri# primum! E. a5ea 4eciK primum, secundo, tertio etc% <G# +ri u! rG#41 G# a! 4.i!ea rG#41 G# a! trei!ea rG#4 etc>% Primo, I# .4 ."i#uit1 G#*e #ea6= K !a G#ce+ut% A ;( F( URI '( NUM(RA ( Nume"ale multipli#ati&e. Cu *u;iIu! -ple4% -pli#is *e ;.r ea6= a4Jecti5e #u era!e care arat= G# cGte ;e!uri *au +e cGte c=i *e a#i;e*t= o acHiu#e *au 4e cGte .ri e*te re+etat u# ."iect% Ce!e ai ."i#uite *G#tK simple&, duple& <G#4.it>1 triple+ <G#treit>1 0uadruple& <G +=trit>1 0uintuple& <G#ci#cit> *au 0uincuple&, septemple& <G#e+tit>1 decemple& <G#6ecit>1 centuple& <G#*utit>% Nume"ale p"opo",ionale. Cu *u;iIu! -plus% -pla% -plum *e ;.r ea6= a4Jecti5e #u era!e care arat= 4e cGte .ri u# ."iect e*te ai are 4ecGt a!tu!K simplus, duplus <4e 4.u= .ri ai are>1 triplus <4e trei .ri ai are>1 0uadru-plus <4e +atru .ri ai are>1 octuplus <4e .+t .ri ai are>% Nume"ale ."a#,iona"e. FracHii!e *e eI+ri au #.tG#4u@*e cGte +=rHi re+re6e#ta #u =ru! 4i# #u it.r K dimidia pars *au dimidium, -ii <Ju =tate> N 1\21 tertia pars <. trei e> N 1\(1 0uarta pars <. +=tri e> N 1\C1 decima pars <. 6eci e> N 1\1)1 duse 0uintee <4.u= ci#ci i> NN 2\51 tres decim& <trei 6eci i> N (\1)% Dac= #u =r=t.ru! era ai ic cu u#u 4ecGt #u it.ru!1 #u *e ai eI+ri a 5a!.area #u it.ru!ui1 *u"G#He!e/G#4u@*e1 i *e *+u#ea #u ai ci;ra #u =r=t.ru!ui cu #u era! car4i#a!1 G#*.Hi#4@. 4e cu5G#tu! partes' duse partes N 2\(1 a4ic= 4.u= +=rHi 4i# treiM tres partes N (\C1 a4ic= trei +=tri i *au trei +=rHi 4i# +atru M 0ualluor partes ; C\51 novem partes , 9\1) etc% FracHii!e 4i# 121 a4ic= ace!ea care au #u it.ru! 121 Gi iau #u e!e 4e !a *u" u!ti+!ii a*u!ui <5e6i ca+it.!u! F U#it=Hi 4e =*ur= r. a#e X R +e#tru /reut=Hi>1 i a#u e K uncia , 1\121 se&tans , 1\91 0uadrans , 1\C1 triens N N 1\(1 0uincun& N 5\121 semis , 1\21 septun& ; ,\121 bes N 2\(% dodrans , , (\C1 de&tans N 5\91 deun& ; 11\12% Nume"ale ne0ot"te. n acea*t= ru"ric= ae6= cGte5a a4Jecti5e care eI+ri = #u =ru! G# .4 #e4eter i#atK mul i < u!Hi>1 pauci <+uHi#i>1 omnes <t.Hi>1 +recu i u#e!e +r.#u e #e8.t=rGte cu ace!ai G#He!e* K ali0uot <cGHi5a>1 nonnulli <u#ii>% 54
0R'NUMELE
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sui custodiam <Natura a *=4it G# 5ieHuit.are i#*ti#ctu! c.#*er5=rii +r.+rii>% C.#*er5a#4i *ui N 6animantes= se conservant! Ace!ai !ucru *e G#tG +!= cu eI+re*ii!e pe" se% p"opte" *e1 inte" seK @irtutem p"opte" se colere debemus N @irtus propter se colenda est <Tre"uie *= cu!ti5= 5irtutea +e#tru ea G#*=i>% Hrnnia sunt amicis inter se communia <T.ate *G#t +riete#i!.r c. u#e G#tre ei>% AiciK amicis sunt F* amici $abent!
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La *criit.rii 4i# e+.ca ar8aic= *e G#tG!#e*c G#*= i ;.r e 4e 4ati5 4u+= 4ec!i#area a4Jecti5e!.r K /o, illae, isto, istas 6/as "ilias=' iar G# e+.ca i +eria!= tGr6ie *e G#tG!#ete . ;.r = 4e 4ati5 Tlui, 4i# care *e tra/e 4ati5u! lui a! artic.!u!ui i +r.#u e!ui +er*.#a! 4i# !i "a r. G#=% b= 0r.#u e!e $ic are G#/!."at= G# te = +articu!a @ce1 G# ;.r a re4u*= @c a+r.a+e !a t.ate ca6uri!e !a *i#/u!ar i !a u#e!e ca6uri a!e /e#u!ui #eutru !a +!ura!% Acea*t= +articu!= *er5ete +e#tru G#t=rireM iar cG#4 ;.r e!.r ter i#ate G# @c !i *e a!i+ete e#c!itica i#ter./ati5= @#e1 G#tre +r.#u e i @#e *e +u#e 5.ca!a IK $icine, $secine, $ocine, $uncine, $ancine' Nuncine vidistiD <C8iar +e ace*ta !@ai 5=6utT>% Dar +articu!a @ce *e +.ate a4=u/a *+re G#t=rire i !a ;.r e!e +r.#u e!ui $ic, care #@. +.art= G# +er a#e#H= *u" ;.r a re4u*=1 G# 4e.*e"i !a ce!e ter i#ate G# @*K $uiusce, $osce, $asce, $isce' Nisce militibus <c8iar ace*t.r .*tai 4e aici>% c= 0articu!a @ce a+are i !a +r.#u e!e iile i iste G +reu#= cu +articu!a i#ter./ati5= @#eK illicine, ill&cine, isticine, G# 4e.*e"i !a *criit.rii 4i# e+.ca ar8aic=% I# ;.r = re4u*= @c1 acea*t= +articu!= a+are !a iile i iste !a ;.r e!e 4e #eutru +!ura! illasc, istasc, +e care !e G#tre"ui#Hea6= +.eHii G# !.c 4e illa, ista <#. % acu6% +i%>% d= Iile *e G#tG!#ete i cu ;.r a oile *au ollus! A*t;e! Eer/i!iu* G#tre"ui#Hea6= 4ati5u! *i#/u!ar olli G# !.c 4e /i! e= La $ic i is *e G#tG!#ete G# e+.ca ar8aic= 4ati5u! +!ura! cu 4e*i#e#Ha -busK $ibus i ibus! "= 0r.#u e!e is are !a #. i#ati5 +!ura!1 +e#tru ii, . ;.r = c.#tra*= t1 iar !a 4ati5 i a"!ati5 +!ura!1 +e#tru iis, . ;.r = c.#tra*= is! Ca ur are1 i +r.#u e!e idem, care e*te ;.r at 4i# is i +articu!a i#5aria"i!= -dem, are !a +!ura! ;.r e c.#tra*e K #. % +i% idem +e#tru iidem, 4at% i a"!% +i% isdern +e#tru iisdem! La #. i#ati5 +!ura! ;.r a ei, +e#tru ii, *e G#tG!#ete rarM iar eidem, +e#tru iidem, e*te a+r.a+e #eG#tre"ui#Hat=% Ace!ai !ucru *e G#tG +!= i cu ;.r e!e 4e 4ati5 i a"!ati5 +!ura! eis i eisdem ;aH= 4e iis i iisdem, a4ic= au G#tre"ui#Hare ;.arte rar=% La /e#iti5 +!ura! *e G#tG!#ete1 +e#tru +r.#u e!e is, . ;.r = G# @u K eum G# !.c 4e eorum! g= 0r.#u e!e idem !a acu6ati5 *i#/u!ar i !a /e#iti5 +!ura!1 u#4e *e G#tG!#ete m cu d, a*i i!a #a6a!a !a"ia!= m G# #a6a!a 4e#ta!= # G#ai#tea 4e#ta!ei 41 i G# !.c *= *e +r.#u#He eumdem, eamdem, eorumdem, earumdem, *e +r.#u#H= eundem, eandem, eorundem, earundem! $= 0r.#u e!e ipse e*te c.#*i4erat ca ;.r at 4i# is *au . r=4=ci#= i i 4i# +articu!a i#5aria"i!= @+*e% Mai tGr6iu r=4=ci#a i +articu!a *@au c.#t.+it G# aa ;e!1 G#cGt1 ;ii#4 +ri5ite ca . u#itate !eIic=1 cu5G#tu! a +ri it 4e6i#e#He!e a4Jecti5a!e *au +r.#. i#a!e ca i ce!e!a!te +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5e1 c=r.ra !e@a ;.*t a*i i!at1 4e5e#i#4 ipse, ipsa, ipsum! Cu t.ate ace*tea *criit.rii 4i# e+.ca ar8aic= +=*trea6= ;.r e G# care a+are c!ar +articu!a -pse a4=u/at= !a is' #. % */% ;e % eapse, acu6% *i#/% eumpse, eampse, a"!% *i#/% eopse, epse! T.t !a *criit.rii 4i# e+.ca ar8aic= /=*i !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar a*cu!i# ;.r a ipsus, G# !.c 4e ipse, 4e5e#i#4 a*t;e! ace*t ca6 G# t.tu! a*e =#=t.r cu #. i#ati5u! a4Jecti5e!.r 4e c!a*a I K ipsus, ipsa, ipsum! M>
2% Di# +u#ctu! 4e 5e4ere a! G#He!e*u!ui +r.#u e!.r 4e .#*trati5e1 #.t= ur =t.are!e K a> Nic arat= a+r.+ierea1 ca !.c *au ca ti +1 ;aH= 4e +er*.a#a 5.r"it.ar A*t;e! $ic liber G#*ea #= K cartea acea*ta 4e aici% Iar 4ac= a 5.r"it 4e*+re 4.u= *au ai u!te +er*.a#e1 4e*+re 4.u= *au ai u!te c8e*tiu#i1 cG#4 G#tre"ui#H= +r.#u e!e $ic, #e re;eri !a u!ti a +er*.a#= *au !a u!ti a c8e*tiu#eJ 4e*+re care *@a 5.r"it% A*t;e! $sec sententia G#*ea #= K acea*t= +=rere1 acea*t= +r.+u#ere1 care a ;.*t cea 4i# ur = G#;=Hiat=% Nic ai arat= i ce5a ce a+arHi#e +er*.a#ei I@a *au are !e/=tur= cu +er*.a#a care 5.r"ete K $ic liber ; cartea ea% "> Iile arat= 4e+=rtarea1 ca !.c *au ca ti +1 ;aH= 4e +er*.a#a 5.r"it.are% Di# ace*t +u#ct 4e 5e4ere e! e*te .+u*u! !ui $ic! A*t;e! iile liber G#*ea #=K cartea aceea *au cartea 4e ac.!.% De a*e e#ea1 cG#4 5.r"i 4e*+re 4.u= +er*.a#e *au 4e*+re 4.u= c8e*tiu#i1 cG#4 G#tre"ui#H= +r.#u e!e iile, #e re;eri !a +er*.a#a *au !a c8e*tiu#ea 4e*+re care *@a 5.r"it G#tGi% Iile arat= i ce5a ce a+arHi#e +er*.a#ei a I!I@a *au are !e/=tur= cu +er*.a#a 4e*+re care *e 5.r"eteK iile liber G#*ea #= K cartea aceea *au cartea !ui% Iile *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i +e#tru a ar=ta ce5a cu ;ai =1 cu re#u e are K Ale&ander iile N 5e*titu! A!eIa#4ru ce! MareM /edea illa , ;ai .a*a Me4eea% c> Iste arat= ce5a ce a+arHi#e +er*.a#ei a Ii@a *au +er*.a#ei c=tre care 5.r"i K iste liber N cartea ta% Iste *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i +e#tru a eI+ri a i4eea 4e 4i*+reH ;aH= 4e ;ii#Ha *au !ucru!1 +e care G! arat= 5.r"it.ru!1 cG#4 ;.!.*ete ace*t +r.#u e% Acea*t= i4ee #.i . 4= +ri# sta, cu5G#t +r.5e#it 4i# iste, care trecG#4 G# !i "a r. G#=1 a 5e#it i cu ace*t *e#* K F De =*ta@ i 5.r"eti tu T ^ R 4> #s arat= +er*.a#a *au !ucru! 4e*+re care *@a 5.r"it *au *e 5a 5.r"i i e4iat% E! #u are u# G#He!e* +rea +articu!ar i e*te ce! ai +r.+riu *= re+re6i#te +r.#u e!e +er*.#a! 4e +er*.a#a a I!I@a1 +ur i *i +!u1 ;=r= a a4=u/a 5re. #ua#H=1 cu *e G#tG +!= cu ce!e!a!te trei 4e ai *u*% #s *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i +rece4at 4e c.#Ju#cHia et *+re a eI+ri a ce5a e ;atic *au ai acce#tuatK Nabet $omo primum memoriam, et ea in"initam, rerum innumerabilium <Are . u! ai G#tGi 4e t.ate e .rie1 i a#u e . e .rie ;=r= ar/i#i1 a #e#u =rate !ucruri>% T.t aa i at0ue is, ne0ue is! e> Ipse +r.+riu@5.r"i#4 #u e*te u# +r.#u e 4e .#*trati51 c=ci cu e! #u ar=t= ce5a1 ci ai u!t G#t=ri *au acce#tu= +er*.a#a *au !ucru! 4e*+re care 5.r"i % 7e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i *i#/ur i G +reu#= cu u# +r.#u e +er*.#a! *au u# *u"*ta#ti5K egomet ipse , eu G#*u iM ipse (eesar e&ercitam du&it , c8iar C*e*ar & Ca**ar +er*.#a! & a c.#4u* ar ata% Ipse, cu *e#*u! *=u 4e a acce#tua1 *e +.ate tra4uce1 cG#4 e*te *i#/ur i cu K iar e!% A*t;e!1 4u+= ce Ca**ar 4= 4i*+.6iHii ce *= ;ac= . a#u it= +arte a ar atei *a!e1 ca5a!eria1 c.#ti#u= K Ipse interim in colle medio triplicem aciem instru&it, Iar e! G# ti +u! ace!a a .r/a#i6at +e iJ!.cu! c.!i#ei !i#ia 4e "=taie +e trei rG#4uri% <C*e*% A!.! I1 2C>% ;> Idem cu+ri#4e i4eea 4e re+etiHie *au 4e i4e#titate1 cG#4 a4ic=1 4u+= ce a *+u* u#e!e !ucruri cu +ri5ire !a . +er*.a#= *au !a u# !ucru1 a4=u/= ce5a #.u cu +ri5ire !a aceeai +er*.a#= *au !a ace!ai !ucru% A*t;e!1 4u+= ce C*e*ar *=5Grete a#u ite acte G#tr@. !u+t=1 +.5e*tirea c.#ti#u= cu cu5i#te!e K ME
Idem (sesar ! % % N t.t C*e*ar % % % Dac= ar ;i c.#ti#uat #u ai cu cu5G#tu! idem, ;=r= a a4=u/a #u e!e ;=+tuit.ru!ui1 ar ;i G#*e #at Ft.t e! X% Iar G#tr@. ;ra6= ca acea*ta K F 3i:il utile, 0uod non idem $onestum X N Ni ic #u e*te ;.!.*it.r1 care *= #u ;ie G# ace!ai ti + i ci#*tit R cu5G#tu! idem, care are *e#*u! Ft.t e!X1 *e tra4uce ai "i#e +ri# FG# ace!ai ti + X *au It.t4e.4at= R!
0R'NUMELE RELATIEE
0r.#u e!e re!ati51 a4ic= +r.#u e!e care !ea/= . +r.+.6iHie 4e+e#4e#t= 4e re/e#ta ei1 ce! i +.rta#t e*te -ui1 -uae1 -u.4 N care1 ce% E! *e 4ec!i#= a*t;e!K
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'"*er5aHii% 1% La 4ati5 i a"!ati5 +!ura! *e G#tG!#ete1 ai a!e* G# +.e6ie1 ;.r a -ui*% 2% EIi*t= i . ;.r = -ui cu 5a!.area 4e a"!ati5 #eutru *i#/u!ar1 !#*e #G#4 K cu ce% 7e G#tG!#ete G# +uHi#e eI+re*iiK @i& reli0uil, -ui e""erretur; a !=*at a"ia cu ce *= ;ie G# .r G#tat <C.r#% Ne+% Aristides, III>% Nabeo, -ui utar ; a cu ce = *er5i1 a ce G#tre"ui#Ha% (% 0re+.6iHia cum *e a!i+ete !a *;Gritu! +r.#u e!ui re!ati5 !a *i#/u!ar i +!ura!K 0uocum, 0uacum, 0uibuscum! C% 0r.#u e!e re!ati5 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i cu 5a!.are *u"*ta#ti5a!=1 cG#4 #u are G# aceeai +r.+.6iHie cu e! *u"*ta#ti5u! +e care G! re+re6i#t=1 i cu 5a!.are a4Jecti5a!=1 cG#4 *e /=*ete G# aceeai +r.+.6iHie cu *u"*ta#ti5u! +e care@1 re+re6i#t= K .allia est omnis divisa in partes tres, -uaru unam incolunt Aelgse % % % N Ga!ia G#trea/= e*te G +=rHit= G# trei +=rHi1 4i#tre care +e u#a . !.cuie*c "e!/ii% % % <Cae*% A!.! I1 ,>% G# acea*t= ;ra6=1 +r.#u e!e re!ati5 0uarum, care !ea/= +r.+.6iHia care are ca *u"iect Aelgse i ca +re4icat incolunt, #u e*te G# aceeai +r.+.6iHie cu cu5G#tu! +e care@1 re+re6i#t=1 i a#u e partes! Deci1 ;ii#4 *i#/ur1 are r.! *u"*ta#ti5a!% 0r.#u e!e 0uarum e*te 4e /e#u! ;e i#i# i !a #u =ru! +!ura! ca i partes< G# +ri5i#Ha ca6u!ui G#*= *e 4e.*e"ete1 c=ci e*te G# /e#iti5u! +artiti51 4u+= r.!u! +e care@1 are G# +r.+.6iHia 4i# care ;ace +arte% In "inibus (arnutum, -u*e regio .allise media $abetur, %ruides certo anni tempore considunt ; G# 8.tare!e car#uHi!.r1 Hi#ut care e*te c.#*i4erat iJ!.cu! <ce#tru!> Ga!iei1 *e aa6= Drui6ii G#tr@u# a#u it ti + a! a#u!ui% <C*e*% A!.! EI1 1(>% I# acea*t= ;ra6= +r.#u e!e re!ati5 0use, care !ea/= +r.+.6iHia a! c=rei *u"iect e*te c8iar e! i a! c=rei +re4icat e*te media $abetur, are r.! a4Jecti5a!1 c=ci G# aceeai +r.+.6iHie cu 0use *e /=*ete i *u"*ta#ti5u! regio +e care@1 re+re6i#t=% 0r.#u e!e 0use are /e#u! i #u =ru! *u"*ta#ti5u!ui MK
regio i are ca6u! +e care@1 cerea r.!u! *=u 4e *u"iect1 ca6 +e care1 +ri# atracHie 1@a +ri it i regio, i#trG#4 G# acea*t= +r.+.6iHie% )ertiam partem 2ui ipsorum lingua, (eltse, nostra .alii appellantur, inco-lunt N 0e a treia +arte . !.cuie*c aceia care G# !i "a !.r *e #u e*c ce!Hi1 G# a #.a*tr= <*e #u e*c> /a!i% <C*e*% A!.! I1 1>% G# acea*t= ;ra6= a5e +r.#u e!e re!ati5 0ui care !ea/= +r.+.6iHia a! c=rei *u"iect e*te c8iar e! i a! c=rei +re4icat e*te appellantur! Are 5a!.are *u"*ta#ti5a!=1 c=ci #u are G# +r.+.6iHia *a cu5G#tu! +e care@1 re+re6i#t=% Dar cu5G#tu! +e care@1 re+re6i#t= 0ui #ici #u e*te *cri*1 c=ci e*te +r.#u e!e 4e .#*trati5 ii ca *u"iect a! !ui incolunt, G#*= +e#tru c= e*te t.t G# ca6u! #. i#ati5 +!ura!1 ca i 0ui, #@a ai ;.*t *cri* K *e *u"G#He!e/e u.r% i aici 0ui are /e#u! i #u =ru! !ui ii, i are ca6u! +e care@1 i +u#e r.!u! *=u G# +r.+.6iHie% Deci1 +r.#u e!e re!ati51 ;ie c= e*te cu 5a!.are *u"*ta#ti5a!=1 ;ie c= e*te cu 5a!.are a4Jecti5a!=1 are t.t4eau#a /e#u! i #u =ru! *u"*ta#ti5u!ui +e care@1 re+re6i#t=1 i are ca6u! +e care@1 i +u#e r.!u! *=u G# +r.+.6iHie% 5% 0r.#u e!e re!ati5 e*te ;.!.*it1 G# !i "a !ati#=1 *i G# !.cu! +r.#u e!ui 4e .#*trati5 cu 5a!.are *u"*ta#ti5a!= *au a4Jecti5a!=% I# ace*t r.! +r.#u e!e re!ati5 e*te ae6at t.t4eau#a !a G#ce+utu! ;ra6ei1 *i ".!i6G#4 . !e/=tur= a i4eii 4i# ;ra6a care G#ce+e1 cu ;ra6a *au ;ra6e!e a#teri.are% @ua de causa Nelve ii reli0uos .allos virtute prsecedunt 60u ; e= ; Di# acea*t= cau6= 8e!5eHii G#trec +e cei!a!Hi /a!i G# 5iteJie% <C*e*% A! .! I1 1>% G# acea*t= +r.+.6iHie i#4e+e#4e#t= +r.#u e!e re!ati5 #u are r.! 4e c.#Ju#cHie *u".r4.#at.are1 ci G#!.cuiete +r.#u e!e 4e .#*trati5 ea, cu 5a!.are a4Jec@ ti5a!= M e*te +u* !a G#ce+utu! ;ra6ei% @ui% cupidius novissimum agmen insecuti, alieno loco proelium committunt 60ui & ii= N Acetia1 ur =ri#4 cu are ar4.are arier/ar4a <4u a#i!.r>1 4au !u+ta G#tr@u# !.c #e;a5.ra"i!% <C*e*% A!.! I1 15>% Aici 0ui are r.! 4e *u"iect i G#!.cuiete u# +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5% 9% G# a;ar= 4e +r.#u e!e re!ati5 0ui, 0use, 0uod, ai au ace*t r.!K a= D.u= +r.#u e re!ati5e c. +u*e K 2ui#um2ue% -uaecu -ue1 2uod#um2ue <.rici#e1 .rice>1 care *e +.ate G#tre"ui#Ha i cu 5a!.are *u"*ta#ti5a!= i cu 5a!.are a4Jecti5a!= M e*te ;.r at 4i# 0ui, 0use, 0uod i 4i# +articu!a i#5aria"i!= cum0ue! 2uis2uis% 2uid2uid <.rici#e1 .rice>1 4e !a care *G#t ;.!.*ite ;.r e!e 0uis0uis, 0uid0uid <*cri* i 0uic0uid= #u ai ca *u"*ta#ti5e% G# 0uicum0ue *e 4ec!i#= #u ai +r.#u e!e re!ati5 0ui, 0use, 0uod, iar +articu!a cum0ue *e a4au/=1 Ia t.ate ca6uri!e1 !a +r.#u e!e re!ati5% U#e.ri G#tre 0ui i cum0ue *G#t i#tr.4u*e a!te cu5i#te K 0ua reS cum0ue possum, G# !.c 4e 0uacum0ue re possum , +ri# .rice iJ!.ace +.t% G# 0uis0uis *e 4ec!i#= a "e!e e!e e#te c. +.#e#te1 care *G#t 4e ;a+t +r.#u e!e 0uis, 0uid re+etat% Ace*te 4.u= +r.#u e eI+ri = . i4ee #e8.t=rGt=% De aceea 5.r i#tra i G# ta"!.u! ace*t.ra% b= Ur =t.are!e +r.#u e K 2Alis. @;t N ce ;e!M 2uantus% @a1 -um N cGt 4e are M 2uantulus% -a% -um B cGt 4e ic ; 2uot <cGHi1 cGte>M au c.re!ati5e +e K ta!i*1 @e N a*t;e!M tantus% @a1 -um **N atGt 4e are < ta#tu!u*1 @a1 -um NN atGt 4e ic M tot N atGHi1 atGtea K -Guot capita, tot sensus <CGte ca+ete1 atGtea +=reri>% UmmmU4Di#tre ace*tea 0uot i tot *G#t #e4ec!i#a"i!e% ML
0R'NUMELE INTER'GATIEE
1% 0ri#ci+a!u! +r.#u e i#ter./ati5 e*te -ui*1 -ui*1 -ui4 N ci#e1 ce% E! *e 4ec!i#= a*t;e!K 7i#/u!ar 0!ura!
Ma*cu!i# Fe i#i# Neutru Ma*cu!i# Fe i#i# Neutru
N% -ui* -ui* -ui4 -ui -uX -uee G% cuiu* 1 <+e#tru t.ate /e#uri!e -u.ru -uaru -u.ru D% cui \ -ui"u* <+e#tru t.ate /e#uri!e> Ac% -ue -ua -ui4 -u.* -ua* -uae A"!% -u. -ua -u. -ui"u* <+e#tru t.ate /e#uri!e> 2% 0r.#u e!e -ui1 -u*e1 -u.4 <care1 ce>1 +e care !@a cu#.*cut ca +r.#u e re!ati51 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i ca +r.#u e i#ter./ati5% E! *e 4ec!i#= aa cu a ar=tat !a +r.#u e!e re!ati5% '"*er5aHii% a= Guis, 0uis, 0uid, care era G#tre"ui#Hat cu acea*t= ;.r = G# e+.ca !ui 0!autu*1 a G#ce+ut G# +eri.a4a c!a*ic= *= G#!.cuia*c= ;.r a 0uis +e#tru ;e i#i# cu ;.r a -u*e1 4e5e#i#4 a*t;e! K 0uis, 0use, 0uid! A*t;e! G# 0!autu* K Guis ea est, -ua vis ducere u&oremD <Ci#e e*te aceea +e care 5rei *@. iei *.HieT>% b= C. +arG#4 4ec!i#area !ui 0uis, 0uis, 0uid cu cea a !ui 0ui, 0use, 0uod, c.#*tat= c= #u ai ;.r e!e 0uis, 0uid 4e !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar i 0uid 4e !a acu6ati5 *i#/u!ar #eutru *e 4e.*e"e*c 4e ;.r e!e c.re*+u#6=t.are 60ui, 0uae, 0uod i 0uod= a!e !ui 0ui! Ce!e!a!te *G#t i4e#tice1 aa G#cGt1 4u+= ;.r =1 #u *e +.ate 4i*ti#/e 4ac= . atare ;.r = 4e +r.#u e i#ter./ati5 a+arHi#e !ui 0uis, .ri !ui 0ui! c= Guis are 5a!.are *u"*ta#ti5a!=1 a4ic= *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= *i#/urK Guis venit< <Ci#e a 5e#itT>% Guid visD <Ce 5reiT>% Gui are 5a!.are a4Jecti5a!=1 a4ic= e*te G#*.Hit 4e *u"*ta#ti5u! !a care *e re;er= G#tre"area K Aui $omo adestD <Care & ce & . e*te aiciT>% Guod negotium "acitD <Ce .cu+aHie areT>% d= Cu 0uis *e G#trea"= 4e*+re +er*.a#=1 4e*+re #u e K Guis est iile virD <Ci#e e*te ace! "=r"atT *au cu *e #u ete ace! "=r"atT>% @ Cu 0ui *e G#trea"= 4e*+re ca!itate K Gui locus est $icD <Ce ;e! 4e !.c e*te ace*taT>%
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e= Guis are . ;.r = 4e a"!ati5 0u#, cu 5a!.are 4e a45er"1 i G#*ea #= K cu T K Gui "it, /mcenas % % %T <Cu *e ;ace M*ece#a* %%%T>% <B.r% 1at! I1 1>% La 0!autu* G#*= G#tG!#i ace*t a"!ati5 G# !.c 4e 0uo *au c"iar G# !.c 4e 0uibus' ve$icula 0ui ve$ar G# !.c 4e ve$icula 0uibus ve$ar <5e8icu!e cu care *= ;iu tra#*+.rtat>% La Cicer. K *ucullus, 0uicum optime convenisset P<Lucu!!u*1 cu care *@a G#He!e* ;.arte "i#e>% 7= F.r a 4e 4ati5 cui e*te .#.*i!a"ic= i are ca#titate !u#/=% G# e+.ca i +eria!= tGr6ie & *ec% IE & G#ce+e *= *e G#tG!#ea*c= G# 4.u= *i!a"eK ci *au cu#!
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g= Ca ;.r e +articu!are *e G#tG!#e*c K G# e+.ca ar8aic= 0ues Ia #. i#ati5 +!ura!1 G# !.c 4e 0ui' Gues sunt iti ignotiD6(ine *G#t aceti #ecu#.*cuHiT>MM !a Cat. 0uium, iar !a 0!autu* 0uoium !a /e#iti5 +!ura!% (% 0r.#u e i#ter./ati5e *G#t i 4.u= c. +u*e a!e !ui 0uis i a!e !ui 0ui, i a#u e K a= 2uisnam% 2uaenam% 2uidnam <+r.#u e> N ci#e1 ce K Guisnam eum tuebitur <Ci#e .are G! 5a a+=raT>% 2uinam% 2uaenam% 2uodnam <a4Jecti5> N care1 ce% b= e#2uis% e#2ua *au e#2uae% e#2uid <+r.#u e> N ci#e <.are>T ce <.areT> *au e*te .are ci#e5a <ce5a>T e#2ui% e#2ua *au e#2uaa% e#2uod <a4Jecti5> N care1 ce K ec0ui pudor estD <EIi*t= .are ci#*teT>% G# ace*te +r.#u e1 0uis i 0ui *e 4ec!i#= +.tri5it ta"!.uri!.r 4e ai *u*1 iar -nam i ecV r= G# #e4ec!i#a"i!e% Cu 0uisnam *e ;ac G#tre"=ri!e ai /ra"#ice1 iar cu ec0uis ce!e +a*i.#ate1 ai G#*u;!eHite% C% CG#4 *e atea+t= u# r=*+u#* #e/ati51 0uis *e c. +u#e cu a45er"u! i#ter./ati5 num' num0uis' num2uis% num2ua% num2uid <+r.#u e> *au num2uod <a4Jecti5>K 3um0uid visD <'are ai 5rei ce5aT>% 5% i 0uisnam are c. +ui cu ec@ i cu num-K ec0uisnam, ec0uaenam, ec0uidnam <+r.#u e> *au ec0uodnam <a4Jecti5>M num0uisnam, num0uaenam, num0uidnam <+r.#u e> *au num0uodnam <a4Jecti5>% Ace*tea au *e#*uri!e +e care !e au ec0uis i num0uis! G# e!e *e 4ec!i#= #u ai 0uis! 9% A!te +r.#u e i#ter./ati5e *G#t K a> Cuius% #uia% #uium% care cu+ri#4e i4eea 4e +.*e*ie N cui Gi a+arHi#eT a! cui e*teT 7e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i ca +r.#u e re!ati5% EIe +!e K (uium pecusD <A cui e*te tur aT>1 #s cuia res est <Ace!a a cui e*te & c=ruia Gi a+arHi#e & ace*t !ucru T>% E*te G#tre"ui#Hat #u ai !a ur =t.are!e ca6uriK
Ma*euU# N% */% cuiu* Ac% */% #uium Abl. */% & N% +i% & Ac% +i% & Fe i#i# cuia cuia cui= cui a* cuia* Neutru cuiu cuiu & P & &
A ;.*t ;.!.*it G# e+.ca ar8aic= i G# 5.r"irea Juri4ic=% "> Cuia*1 cuiWti* N 4i# ce Har=% E*te ;.r at G# ;e!u! +.*e*i5e!.r nostras, -Jtis i vestras, -tis i *e 4ec!i#= ca u# a4Jecti5 4e c!a*a a III@a% 7e G#tre"ui#Hea6= +e#tru /e#u! a*cu!i# i +e#tru ;e i#i#% c> Ute"% ut"a% ut"um N care 4i# 4.i% 7e G#tre"ui#Hea6= #u ai cG#4 e 5.r"a 4e 4.u= ;ii#He *au !ucruriK uter nostrumD <Care 4i#tre #.i 4.iT>% 7e 4ec!i#= ca u# a4Jecti5 4e c!a*a I@a G# @er1 @ra1 -"um% cu 4e.*e"irea c= !a /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar i !a 4ati5 *i#/u!ar are ter i#aHii +r.#. i#a!e K /e#% */% utrius, 4at% */% utri! MM
4> Aua!i*1 -ua!i*1 -ua!e N ce ;e! 4eT 7e 4ec!i#= ca "ortis, -e, a4Jecti5 4e c!a*a a Ii@a% e> Aua#tu*1 -ua#ta1 -ua#tu N cGt 4e areT 7e 4ec!i#= ca a4Jecti5e!e 4e c!a*a I@a G# @u*1 @a1 @u % ;> Aua#tii!u*1 -ua#tu!a1 -ua#t;i!u N cGt 4e icT 7e 4ec!i#= ca a4Jecti5e!e 4e c!a*a I@a G# @u*1 @a1 @u % /> Au.tu*1 -u.ta1 -u.tu N a! cGte!eaT a cita T Guota $ora estD <Ce .r= e*teT>% 8> Au.tu* -ui* -ue1 -u.ta-u*e-ue1 -u.tu -ui4-ue <+r.#u e> i -u.tu @-u.4-ue <a4Jecti5> N cGt 4e +uHi#iT G# acea*t= c. +u#ere *e 4ec!i#= 0uotus 4u+= a4Jecti5e!e 4e c!a*a I@a G# @u*1 @a1 @u 1 i 0uis *e 4ec!i#= 4u+= 4ec!i#area *a +r.+rie1 iar -0ue r= G#e #e*c8i "at% i> Au.t N cGHiT cGteT N.t=% Cea ai are +arte 4i#tre +r.#u e!e i#ter./ati5e +.t ;i G#tre"ui#Hate ca eIc!a ati5e K Guot et 0uanti poet& e&stiteruntD W <CGt 4e u!Hi i cGt 4e ari +.eHi au eIi*tatT^> Gui nitorW <Ce *+!e#4.are^>% 0B'M3MELE NEDEFINITE 0r.#u e #e4e;i#ite *au #e8.t=rGte *G#t ace!ea care G#!.cuie*c #u e 4e ;ii#He *au 4e !ucruri G# .4 #e4eter i#at1 a4ic= ;=r= a +reci6a% E!e *e +.t G#tre"ui#Ha i cu 5a!.are +r.#. i#a!= *i cu 5a!.are a4Jecti5a!=% E!e *G#tPK J I% Aui*1 -uae *au -ua1 -ui41 +r.#u e ] N u# .arecare Aui *au -ui*1 -uae *au -ua1 -u.41 a4Jecti5 3 EIe +!u K %icat 0uis ! ! ! <ar +utea 6ice ci#e5a % % %> 7e 4ec!i#= ca i#ter./ati5e!e re*+ecti5e1 cu 4e.*e"irea c= !a #. i#ati5 ;e i#i# *i#/u!ar i !a acu6ati5 #eutru +!ura! au 0uae *au 0ua! II% C. +ui ai !ui 0uis i ai !ui 0ui' 1% A!i-ui*1 a!i-ua1 a!i-ui41 +r.#u e N 5reu#u!1 ci#e5a% A!i-ui *au A!i-ui*1 a!i-ua1 a!i-u.41 a4Jecti5 N 5reu#1 .arecare% 7e 4ec!i#= 4u+= 4ec!i#area !ui 0uis i a !ui 0ui, cu 4e.*e"irea c= !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar ;e i#i# i !a #. i#ati5 i acu6ati5 +!ura! #eutru ;ace #u ai ali0ua! 7e 4ec!i#= 0uis i 0ui, iar +articu!a aii- r= G#e i#5aria"i!=% Du+= c.#Ju#cHii!e si, nisi, ne i 4u+= a45er"u! i#ter./ati5 num, ali0uis e*te G#!.cuit cu 0uis' 1i 0uis adest <4ac= e*te 4e ;aH= ci#e5a>% %ic num 0uis eenerit <7+u#e 4ac= a 5e#it ci#e5a>% 3E.t=% Cu t.ate ace*tea c8iar !a Cicer. *e G#tG!#e*c c.#*trucHii caK si ali0uis, ne ali0uis! E! Aui4a 1 -uae4a 1 -ui44a 1 +r.#u e N u# a#u it1 u# .arecare% Aui4a 1 -uae4a 1 -u.44a 1 a4Jecti5 N u# .arecare% 7e 4ec!i#= 0ui, iar +articu!a dam r= G#e i#5aria"i!=% La acu6ati5 *i#/u!ar i !a /e#iti5 +!ura!1 a!=turi 4e 0uemdam, 0uamdam, 0uorumdam, 0uarumdam *e /=*ete i *crierea 0uendam, 0uandam, 0uorundam, 0uarundam! (% Aui*+ia 1 -uae+ia 1 -ui4+ia *au -ui++ia 1 +r.#u e cN ci#e5a% Aui*+ia 1 -uae+ia 1 -u.4+ia 1 a4Jecti5 N 5reu#%
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7e 4ec!i#= 0uis, iar -piam r= G#e i#5aria"i!% Guispiam dicet , 5a 6ice ci#e5a% Gusepiam co$ors ; 5re. c.8.rt=% C% @uis2ue% 2use2ue% 2uid2ue% +r.#u e1 N ;iecare K Pro se 0uis0ue <;iecare +e#tru *i#e>% @uis2ue% 2use2ue% 2uod2ue% a4Jecti51 N ;iecare% 7e 4ec!i#= 0uis, iar -0ue r= G#e i#5aria"i!% 0!ura!u! !ui 0uis0ue *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G# 4e.*e"iK a= Cu *u"*ta#ti5e!e care au #u ai +!ura!u! K castra 0use0ue <;iecare ta"=r=>$M b= +e !G#/= *u+er!ati5e1 !a #eutru1 ar=tG#4 t.ta!u! ace!.ra care au . a#u it= ca!itate G# ce! ai G#a!t /ra4 K optima 0use0ue rarissima sunt <t.ate ce!e ;.arte "u#e *G#t ;.arte rare>%
Not. 0e !G#/= *u+er!ati5e +.ate ;i i !a *i#/u!ar1 a5G#4 ace!ai r.!K )recenti 0uin0ua-ginta octo delecti <*u#t>1 nobilissimus 0uis0ue <Au ;.*t a!ei trei *ute ci#ci6eci i .+t1 t.Hi cei ai 4e *ea =>%
Guis0ue G#*.Hit 4e u# #u era! .r4i#a! eI+ri = i4eea F4i# atGt% % % G# atGt X K Guinto 0uo0ue anno <G# ;iecare a! ci#ci!ea a# N 4i# ci#ci G# ci#ci a#i>% )eptimus 2uis2ue &ulnus 0abebat <;iecare a! a+te!ea era r=#it N !a a+te i#i & 4i# a+te G# a+te & u#u! era r=#it>% 5% Unus2uis2ue% una2use2ue% unum2uid2ue% +r.#u e NN ;iecare Unus2uis2ue% una2use2ue% unum2uod2ue% a4Jecti5 N ;iecare% E*te ;.arte G#tre"ui#Hat G# !.cu! !ui 0uis0ue! 7e 4ec!i#= unus aa cu *@a ar=tat !a #u era!u! car4i#a! i 0uis0ue, aa cu e*te *+eci;icat ai *u* !a #r% C K G% uniuscuius0ue! D% unicui0ue, etc% F=r= +!ura!% 9% @uis2uam% 2uid2uam *au 2ui#2uam <;=r= ;.r = *+ecia!= 4e ;e i#i# i ;=r= +!ura!>1 +r.#u e N ci#e5a% 7e 4ec!i#= 0uis, +articu!a & 0uam r= G#e i#5aria"i!=% EIe +!u K Estne 0uis0uamD <e*te .are ci#e5aT>%
IE.t=% Du+= a45er"e!e 4e #e/are 6$aud, non, num0uam= *au c.#Ju#cHii!e #e/ati5e 6nec, ne0ue= 0uis0uam are G#He!e*u! !ui nemo, iar 0uid0uam +e a! !ui ni$il' Naud 0uis0uam venit <#@a 5e#it #i e#i>1 nec 0uid0uam accidit %
C. @ui&is% -u*e5i*1 2uid&is% +r.#u e N .rici#e 5rei% @ui&is% 2use&is% 2uod&is% a4Jecti5 N .ricare 5rei% 7e 4ec!i#= 0ui, iar vis r= G#e i#5aria"i!K (uiusvis $ominis est errare <.ricare . +.ate /rei>% @is e*te +er*.a#a a Ii@a *i#/u!ar1 +re6e#tu! i#4icati5u!ui 4e !a 5er"u! volo ; 5reau% 8% @uilibet% 2uselibet% 2uidlibet% +r.#u e N .rici#e@Hi +!ace% @uilibet% 2uselibet% 2uodlibet% a4Jecti5 N .ricare@Hi +!ace% 7e 4ec!i#= 0ui, iar libet r= G#e i#5aria"i! K Guemlibet se0uere <ur ea6= +e .rici#e@Hi +!ace>% Fiat 0uidlibet <G#tG +!=@*e .rice>% *ibet e*te +re6e#tu! i#4icati5u!ui 4e !a 5er"u! i +er*.#a! libet <G i +!ace>% 9% @ui#um2ue% 2use#um2ue% 2uod#um2ue N .ricare% 7e 4ec!i#= 0ui, iar -cum0ue <*au -cun0ue= r= G#e i#5aria"i!% Are i 5a!.are 4e +r.#u e re!ati5 #e8.t=rGt i 4e +r.#u e #e8.t=rGtK *ocupletare ali0uem 0uacum0ue ratione <a G "./=Hi +e ci#e5a +ri# .rice iJ!.c>% MC
$D. @uis2uis% 2uid2uid *au 2ui#2uid% ;=r= ;.r = *+ecia!= 4e ;e i#i# N .rici#e1 .rice% @ F.r a 4e a*cu!i# *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i ca +r.#u e i ca a4Jecti5 M cea 4e #eutru #u ai ca +r.#u e% Are i 5a!.are 4e +r.#u e re!ati5 #e8.t=rGt i 4e +r.#u e #e8.t=rGt% E*te ;.r at 4i# +r.#u e!e 0uis re4u+!icat i *e 4ec!i#= ;iecare +arte% 7e G#tre"ui#Hea6= !a #. i#ati5 i rare.ri !a a"!ati5 *i#/u!ar i !a #. i#ati5 +!ura! K 0uo0uo modo <G# .rice .4>1 0uo0uo animo <G# .rice 4i*+.6iHie *u;!etea*c=>1 0uo0uo consilio <cu .rice +!a#>% 11% Unus 2uis 2uis% unum2ud2uid N ;iecare G# +arte% E*te ;.r at 4i# unus i 0uis0uis i *e 4ec!i#= unus 4u+= 4ec!i#area i#4icat= !a #u era!e!e car4i#a!e i 0uis0uis aa cu *@a ar=tat ai *u* !a #r% 1)% E*te G#tre"ui#Hat ai u!t !a /e#u! #eutru% III% U# #u =r 4e +r.#u e care au !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar ace!eai ter i#aHii ca a4Jecti5e!e 4e c!a*a I <@ u*1 @a1 -um M @er1 @ra1 -"um6% a c=r.r 4ec!i#are . ur ea6= !a t.ate ca6uri!e1 a;ar= 4e /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar i 4ati5 *i#/u!ar1 !a care au ter i#aHii +r.#. i#a!e K /e#% *i#/% @iu*1 4at% *i#/% @i +e#tru t.ate /e#uri!e%
Ace*tea *G#t K
Ge#iti5 u#u*1 @a1 @u u!!u*1 @a1 @u #u!!u*1 @a1 @u #.##u!!u*1 @a1 @u uter1 @tra1 @trur# #euter1 @tra1 @tru uter5i*1 utra5i*1 ut uter!!"et1 utra!!"et1 utru !i"et utercu -ue1 utracu -ue1 utru cu -ue uter-ue1 utr=-ue1 utru -ue a!ter1 a!tera1 a!t=ru a!iu*1 a!ia1 a!iu4 *.!u*1 *.!a1 *.!u t.tu*1 t.ta1 t.tu a!teruter1 a!terutra1 a!terutru a!teruter1 a!terautra1 utriu*cu utrGu*-ue a!teriu* a!iu* *.!iu* t.tiu* <*e 4ec!i#= uter> <*e 4ec!i#= #u ai
Ei
Dati5 u#i N u# *i#/ur1 . *i#/ur= P u!ii N 5reu#u!1 5reu#a #u!ii N #ici u#u!1 #ici u#a #.##u!!i N 5reu#u!1 5reu#a utri N u#u! 4i# 4.i #eutri N #iciu#u! 4i# 4.i utri5i* N .ricare 5rei 4i# 4.i utri!!"et NN .ricare@Hi +!ace 4i# 4.i ue utricu -ue N .ricare 4$i# 4.i utrG-ue N i u#u! i a!tu! 4i# 4.i a!teri N ce!=!a!t 4i# 4.i a!!i N a!tu! *.!i N *i#/ur t.Hi N G#tre/1 t.t X N a G#4.i I N a G#4.i
u#iu* u!!Gu* #u!!Gu* #.##u!!iu* utriu* #eutriu* 5i* utriu*5i* utriu*!!"et
a!teru utru a!ter i uter = i u#u! i a!tu! N.t=% Tter0ue +ri# ;.r a 4e *i#/u!ar eI+ri = i4eea 4e +!ura!1 i1 ca *u"iect1 are u#e.ri +re4icatu! 5er"a! !a +!ura!K Ttra0ue lingua <a G#4.u= !i "i!e & !ati#a i e!e#a>% In utram0ue partem disserere <a 4i*cuta G# a G#4.u= *e#*uri!e>% Tter0ue eorum e&ercitum educunt % Cu t.ate ace*tea e*te ;.!.*it i +!ura!u!K a= rare.ri G# !.cu! *i#/u!aru!uiK utri0ue imperatores G# !.c 4e uter0ue imperator *au uter0ue imperatorum< b= cG#4 e*te +e !G#/= u# *u"*ta#ti5 care are #u ai ;.r = 4e +!ura!K utra0ue castra <a G#4.u= ta"ere!e>%
69
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c= cG#4 G#;=Hiea6= 4.u= /ru+e 4e +er*.a#e *au 4e ."iecte% A 0uibus utris0ue <4e c=tre a G#4.u= /ru+e!e1 4e c=tre ;iecare 4i#tre ace*te 4.u= /ru+e>% 0u#cte!e b=, c= *e a+!ic= i !ui alter' altera castra <cea!a!t= ta"=r=>M alteri <cea!a!t= /ru+=>% IE% D.u= +r.#u e cu *e#* #e/ati51 care au 5a!.are +r.#. i#a!= K 1% Ne . <#i e#i>% G# +eri.a4a c!a*ic= e*te ;.!.*it #u ai !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar 6nemo= !a 4ati5 *i#/u!ar 6nemini= i !a acu6ati5 *i#/u!ar 6neminem=! 0e#tru /e#iti5u! i a"!ati5u! *i#/u!ar *G#t uti!i6ate ;.r e!e !ui nullus 6null#us, nulii=! G# 4icHi.#are G#*= e*te i u# /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar nem#nis! N.t=% I# /e#era! nemo *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= cu 5a!.are 4e +r.#u e1 G#*= cu #u e!e 4e +.+.are *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= a4Jecti5a!K 3emo .allus <#ici u# /a!>% 2% Ni8i! <#i ic>% E*te #e4ec!i#a"i!% Ge#iti5u! ni$ili i a"!ati5u! ni$ilo *G#t +r.5e#ite i G +ru utate 4e !a ;.r a #eG#tre"ui#Hat= ni$ilum! '"*er5aHie% 3emo i ni$il +rece4ate 4e non au *e#*uri!e K non nemo , cGHi5a1 nou ni$il N ce5a% E% U# #u =r 4e +r.#u e re!ati5e i i#ter./ati5e1 cu ;.r = i 4ec!i#are a4Jecti5a!=1 c. +u*e cu +artic.!e!e cu care *e c. +u#e 0uis *au 0ui, c.#*tituie +r.#u e #e8.t=rGte cu r.! +r.#. i#a! *au a4Jecti5a!% h!i-ua#tu*1 a!i-ua#ta1 a!i-ua#tu 1 a4Jecti5 N 4e*tu! 4e are A!i-ua#tu!u*1 a!i-ua#tu!a1 a!i-ua#tu!u 1 a4Jecti5 N 4e*tu! 4e ic% Aua!i*5i*1 -ua!i*5!*1 -ua!e5i*1 +r.#u e i a4Jecti5 N 4e .rice ;e!1 4e ce ;e! 5rei% Aua!i*!G"et1 -ua!i*!G"et1 -#a!e!i"ct1 +r.#u e i a4Jecti5 N 4e .rice ;e!1 4e ce ;e! GHi +!ace% Aua#tu*Ti*1 -ua#ta5i*1 -ua#tu 5i*1 a4Jecti51 N cGt 4e are 5rei Aua#tu*!i"et1 -ua#ta!i"et1 -ua#tu !i"et1 a4Jecti5 N cGt 4e are@Hi +!ace% Au*#tu!u*5i*1 -ua#tu!a5i*1 -ua#tu!u 5i*1 a4Jecti5 N cGt 4e ic 5rei% Aua#tu!u*!G"et1 -ua#tu!a!G"et1 -ua#tu!u !G"et1 a4Jecti5 N cGt 4e ic GHi +!ace% Au.tu*!i"et1 -u.ta!i"et1 -u.tu !G"et1 a4Jecti5 & cGHi GHi 5a +!=cea% '"*er5aHie% La ace*te +r.#u e *e 4eci = +artea a4Jecti5a!= 60uantus, -a, -um, 0uantlus, -a, -um, 0uotus, -a, -um, 0ualis, -e=, ur G#4 4ec!i#area +e care . i#4ic= #u =ru!% ter i#aHii!.r ;iec=reia1 iar aii-, -vis, -libet r= G# +e*te t.t i#5aria"i!e%
EERBUL
G# !i "a !ati#=1 ca i G# !i "a r. G#=1 5er"u! e*te +artea 4e 5.r"ire1 +ri# care *e eI+ri = . !ucrare1 . *tare *au . eIi*te#H=% F!eIiu#ea 5er"u!ui *e #u ete c.#Ju/are 6coniugatio=! G# !i "a !ati#= eIi*t= C <+atru> c.#Ju/=ri care *e 4e.*e"e*c G#tre e!e 4u+= tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui% Acea*ta e*te1 G# /e#era!1 i tu!+i#a ti +u!ui +re6e#t% Acea*t= tu!+i#= 5er"a!= *e ."Hi#e 4i# ;.r a ti +u!ui +re6e#t a! .4u!ui i#;i#iti5 +ri# t=ierea ter i#aHiei @re% & C.#Ju/area I <G#tGia> are tu!+i#a ter i#at= G# 5.ca!a X,! ! % amF-"e <a iu"i>% OC.#Ju/area a II@a <4.ua> are tu!+i#a ter i#at= G# 5.ca!a i % % % 5i4e@re <a 5e4ea>% C.#Ju/area a III@a <treia> are tu!+i#a ter i#at= G#tr@. c.#*.a#= % % % *cri"@e@re <a *crie>% C.#Ju/area a IE@a <+atra> are tu!+i#a ter i#at= G# 5.ca!a G1&eni-"e <a 5e#i>% (on7ugrile I-a, a Ii-a i a I@-a, +e#tru c= au tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui ter i#at= G#tr@. 5.ca!=1 *e #u e*c con7ugri vocalice< con7ugarea a III-a G#*=1 a5G#4 tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui ter i#at=1 G# /e#era!1 G#tr@. c.#*.a#=1 *e 6ice con7ugare consonantic< 5.ca!a e <*curt> i#terca!at= G#tre tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui i ter i#aHia @re a .4u!ui i#;i#iti51 !a ti +u! +re6e#t1 e*te 5.ca!= 4e !e/=tur=1 ;.!.*it= *+re a *e r.*ti !e*#e acea*t= ;.r = 5er"a!=% T.t G# c.#Ju/area a III@a <treia> *e /=*e*c u#e!e 5er"e a c=r.r tu!+i#= !a ti +u! +re6e#t a! .4u!ui i#4icati51 cGt i !a u#e!e ti +uri 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui crete cu 5.ca!a iK .a# i .1 "ac i e bam, "ac e re <;ac>% Eer"e!e 4i# !i "a !ati#=1 G# c.#Ju/area !.r1 au ( <trei> ;.r e 6diate+e= ' a> a#ti& ca ;.r = i G#He!e* K dico <eu 6ic> b6 pasi& ca ;.r = i G#He!e* K dicor <eu *G#t 6i*> c> deponent cu ;.r = +a*i5=1 4ar cu G#He!e* acti5 K $ortor <eu G#4e #>% 0e !G#/= ace*te trei ;.r e <4iate6e> 4e c.#Ju/are1 ai eIi*t= G# !i "a !ati#= u#e!e 5er"e a c=r.r c.#Ju/are are ;.r e a e*tecate i a#u e K ;.r = acti5= !a ti +u! +re6e#t a! .4u!ui i#4icati5 i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui i ;.r = +a*i5=!a ti +u! +er;ect a! .4u!ui i#4icati5 i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! Ace*te 5er"e G# #u =r 4e C <+atru> i c. +u*e!e !.r *e #u e*c 5er"e *e i4e+.#e#te% Eer"e!e 4e ;.r = acti5= i ce!e 4e ;.r = 4e+.#e#t= +.t ;iK a> t"an7iti&e cG#4 +.t a5ea u# c. +!e e#t 4irect G# ca6u! acu6ati5% EIe +!u K (onsul civem probum laudat <C.#*u!u! !au4= +e cet=Hea#u! ci#*tit> Pater "ilium ample#titu" <Tat=! i "r=Hi*ea6= +e ;iu>% 11
"> i#tra#6iti5e1 cG#4 #u +.t a5ea u# c. +!e e#t 4irect G# ca6u! acu6ati5% EIe +!u K (onsul civi bono ;a5et <C.#*u!u! .cr.tete +e cet=Hea#u! "u#>% /edicus morbis e4etur <Me4icu! !ecuiete ".!i!e>% Nu ai 5er"e!e acti5e tra#6iti5e +.t a5ea c.#Ju/are <;.r => +a*i5= i G#He!e* +a*i51 !a t.ate .4uri!e ti +uri!e i +er*.a#e!e% EIe +!u K Filius patrem amat <Fiu! iu"ete +e tat=! *=u> 4i# ;.r = acti5= 4e5i#e K Pater a "ilio a atur <Tat=! e*te iu"it 4e ;iu! *=u> G# ;.r = +a*i5=% U# !i "a !ati#= eIi*t= , <a+te> .4uriK a= ( <trei> +er*.#a!e K i#4icati51 c.#Ju#cti5 i i +erati5% b= C <+atru> #e+er*.#a!e K i#;i#iti51 +artici+iu1 /eru#6iu i *u+i#1 care ;ii#4 G#tre"ui#Hate ca *u"*ta#ti5e 6in"initivul, gerun+iul i supinul= *au ca a4Jecti5e 6participiul= ai +.t ;i #u ite .4uri #. i#a!e% G# !i "a !ati#= nu e&ist modul optativ <c.#4iHi.#a!>% Ti +uri!e ace*tui .4 4i# !i "a r. G#= *e eI+ri = G# !i "a !ati#=1 G# +r.+.6iHii!e i#4e+e#4e#te1 +ri# ti +uri!e .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti5 i a#u e K i +er;ect <+e#tru +re6e#tu! .+tati5u!ui 4i# !i "a r. G#=> i ai u!t ca +er;ect <+e#tru +er;ectu! .+taV@ti5ii!ui 4i# !i "a r. G#=>% Ti +uri!e 5er"u!ui *G#t G# #u =r 4e 9 <a*e> K +re6e#t1 i +er;ect1 +er;ect1 ai u!t ca +er;ect1 5iit.r I <G#tGi> i 5iit.r a! II@!ea% Nu ai .4u! i#4icati5 are t.ate ace*te ti +uri% Ti +uri!e *G#t *i +!e i c. +u*e% 7G#t simple <eI+ri ate +ri#tr@u# *i#/ur cu5G#t> t.ate ti +uri!e c.#Ju/=rii acti5e1 a;ar= 4e ti +u! 5iit.r a! .4u!ui i#;i#iti51 cGt i ti +uri!e c.#Ju/=rii +a*i5e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui 7G#t compuse <eI+ri ate +ri# 4.u= cu5i#te> t.ate ti +uri!e c.#Ju/=rii +a*i5e 4eri5ate 4i# ti +u! +er;ect% Nu ere *i#t 4.u=K *i#/u!ar *i +!ura!% 0er*.a#e *G#t treiK I@a <care 5.r"ete>1 a II a <4.ua> c=reia i *e 5.r"ete> i a III@a <treia> <4e*+re care *e 5.r"ete i care e*te G# a;ar= 4e cei 4.i 5.r"it.ri>1 atGt +e#tru #u =ru! *i#/u!ar cGt i +e#tru #u =ru! +!ura!% G# !i "a !ati#= +er*.a#a u#ui 5er" #u *e arat= cu aJut.ru! +r.#u e!.r +er*.#a!e1 ca i G# !i "a r. G#=1 ci ;iecare +er*.a#= *e *u"G#He!e/e 4i# ;.r a 5er"u!ui% De eIe +!u K dico ; eu 6ic M taces ; tu taciM legit ; e! citete M audimus ; #.i au6i M scribitis N 5.i *crieHiM dormiunt N ei 4.r % Nu ai atu#ci cG#4 *e acce#tuia6=1 G# c8i+ 4e.*e"it1 +er*.a#a ce!ui care ;ace !ucrarea1 *e eI+ri = i +r.#u e!e +er*.#a! re*+ecti5% EIe +!u K tu rides, e/. autem "leo <tu rG6i1 eu G#*= +!G#/>% F.r e!e .ric=rui 5er" 4i# !i "a !ati#= *G#t a!c=tuite 4i#K tu!+i#=1 caracteri*tic= i ter i#aHie% Tu!+i#e!e1 G# c.#Ju/area acti5=1 *G#t treiK 1% a pre+entului, care *e ."Hi#e 4i# ;.r a ti +u!ui +re6e#t a! .4u!ui i#;i#iti51 +ri# t=ierea ter i#aHii!.r @re% EIe +!u K !a".ra@re 6 a !ucra> are tu!+i#a !a".ra% 2@ a per"ectului, care *e ."Hi#e +ri# a4=u/area% !a tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui1 a caracteri*ticii *+ecia!e ;iec=rei c.#Ju/=ri% EIe +!e Kc!a a5i <NN a *tri/at>$ 5E
!a c.#Ju/area <G#tGia> acti5= 'mon-u@i <N a *;=tuit> ia c.#Ju/area a IIa <4.ua> acti5= M *au dele-v-i6; a 4=rG at> !a aceeai c.#Ju/areM !e/i<N a citit> i *cri+*i < N a *cri*> !a c.#Ju/area a III@a <treia> acti5= M dormiv-i76 ; a 4.r it> !a c.#Ju/area a IE@a <+atra> acti5=% (% a supinului! care *e ."Hi#e 4i# tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui cu a4=u/area caracteri*ticii t *au * i a ter i#aHiei @u % EIe +!e K clama-t-um < N *+re a *tri/a> !a c. u/area 1 <G#tWi> acti5=M moni-t-um <N *+re a *;=tui>1 dele-t-um <*+re a 4=rG a> !a c.#Ju/area a II@a 4.ua>% acti5=K lec-t-um 6; *+re a citi=, mis-s-um <*+re a tri ite> !a c.#Ju/area a III@a <treia> acti5=%K dormi-t-um% <N *+re a 4.r i> !a c.#Ju/area a IE@a <+atraQ> acti5=% Caracteri*tica 5er"u!ui 5aria6= 4u+= ti +uriK ce!e ai G#*e #ate caracteri*tici *G#tK -ba !a i +er;ectu! i#4icati5u!ui !a t.ate c.#Ju/=ri!e% EIe +!u K lauda-ba-m,lauda-ba-s etc% -bo,bi V!a 5iit.ru! I <G#tGi> a! i#4icati5u!ui 4e !a c.#Ju/=ri!e I <G#tGia> i a II@a $<4.ua> EIe +!u@ laud- ".1 laud-bi-s, vide- ".1 vide-bi-s etc% a i eV!a 5iit.ru! I <G#tGi> a! i#4icati5u!ui 4e !a c.#Ju/=ri!e a III@a <treia> i a IE@a <+atra>% EIe +!e K leg-a-m leg-e-s <5.i citi1 5ei citi> M dormi--a-m, dormi-e-s <5.i 4.r i1 5ei 4.r i> etc% a la timpul p"e7ent al .4u!ui c. u#cti5 4e !a c.#Ju/=ri!e aII a <4.u=>1 a III@a <treia> i aIE@a <+atra> K acea*t= caracteri*tic= *@a tra#*;.r at cu 5re ea G#Ve1 !a 5er"e!e 4e c.#Ju/area I a <i#ttia> +e#tru ca ;.r e!e ti +u!ui +re6e#t a! .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti51 4e !a acea*t= c.#Ju/are1 *= *e 4e.*e"ea*c= 4e ce!e a!e .4u!ui i#4icati5 !a aceeai c.#Ju/are% EIe +!e K vide-a-m, vide-a-s <*= 5=41 *= 5e6i> !a c.#Ju/area a Ii@a <4.ua> M leg-a-m, leg-a-s <*= cite*c1 *= citeti> !a c.#Ju/area a I!I@a <treia> M dormi-a-m, dormi-a-s <*= 4.r 1 *= 4.r i> !a c.#Ju/area a IE@a M 4ar1 4i +.tri5= eIi*t= K laud-e-m, laud-e-s <*= !au41 *= !au6i> !a c.#Ju/area I@a <G#tGia>1 *+re 4e.*e"ire 4e laud-o, lauda-s, lauda-t <eu !au41 tu !au6i1 e! !au4=>% V 5@!a +er;ectu! i#4icati5u!ui *i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! 4e !a c.#Ju/=ri!e I <G#tGia> i a IE@a <+atra>% EIe +!eK laud-v-i <a !=u4at>M dormi-v-i <a 4.r it>% & uM *au 5 !a +er;ectu! i#4icati5u!ui *i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! +e#tru 5er"e!e 4e c.#Ju/area a II@a <4.ua>% EIe +!u K mon-u-i <a *;=tuit>1 "le-v-i <a +!G#*>% 7 !a +er;ectu! i#4icati5u!ui i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! Ia u#e!e 5er"e 4e c.#Ju/area a III@a <treia> K scrip-s-i <a *cri*>% T !a .4u! *u+i# i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! !a c.#Ju/=ri!e I <G#tGia>1 aVIIa <4.ua>1 a III a <treia> i a IE@a <+atra> V7V!a .4u! *u+i# i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! !a u#e!e 5er"e 4e c.#Ju@ rea a III@a <treia>% EIe +!e K lauda-t-um <*+re a !=u4a>1 "le-tum <*+re a +!G#/e>1 scrip-t-um <*+re a *crie>1 audi-t-um <*+re a au6i>1 4ar K mis-s-um <*+re a tri ite>% Ter i#aHii!e +er*.#a!eK
0re6e#tu! i ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! 4e !a ur =t.are!e ter i#aHiiK
.4uri!e i#4icati5 i c.#Ju#cti5 au1 G# /e#era!1
Fo"ma a#ti& 7/% 0er*% 1 @ *au @. 7/% 0er*% 2 @* 7/% 0er*% ( @t 0I% 0er*% 1 @ u* 0I% 0er*% 2 -tis 0I% 0er*% ( -nt
Fo"ma pasi& -o" sau -" -"is -tu" -mu" -mini -ntu"
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+e".e#tul i#4icati5u!ui 4e ;.r = acti5= a! 5er"e!.r 4e !a t.ate c.#Ju/=ri!e are ur =t.are!e ter i#aHii K 7/% 0er*% 1 @i 7/% 0er*% 2 @i*ti 7/% 0er*% ( @it 0I% 0er*% 1 @i u* 0I% 0er*% 2 @i*ti* 0I% 0er*% ( @eru#t *au ere M.4u! i +erati5 are ur =t.are!e ter i#aHiiK F.r a acti5= Pre+ent 7/% 0er*% 2 & 0I% 0er*% 2 @te F.r a +a*i5= Pre+ent 7/% 0er*% 2 @re 0L 0er*% 2 @ i#i @iitor 7/% 0er*% 2 @t. 7/% 0er*% ( @t. 0I% 0er*% 2 @t.te 0I% 0er*% ( @#t. @iitor 7/% 0er*% 2 -to" 7/% 0er*% ( -to" 0I% 0er*% ( -nto" EERBUL 7UM G#ai#te 4e a *tu4ia c.#Ju/=ri!e 4i# !i "a !ati#=1 e*te #ece*ar *= *e cu#.a*c= c.#Ju/area 5er"u!ui *u <eu *G#t>% Ace*ta e*te 5er" cu c.#Ju/area #ere/u!at= i e*te ;.!.*it ca 5er" auIi!iar !a G#t.c irea ti +uri!.r c. +u*e a!e 5er"e!.r +a*i5e1 4e+.#e#te i a!e c.#Ju/=rii +eri;ra*tice% Tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui *u !a ti +u! +re6e#t a! .4u!ui i#4icati5 i !a ce!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! e*te e*1 care 4e5i#e er G#ai#tea u#ei 5.ca!e% Acea*t= tu!+i#= *e *i +!i;ic= G# * G# ;.r e!e K *u 1 *u u*1 *u#t1 *u#t.1 *i 1 *i* etc% Tu!+i#a ace*tui 5er" !a ti +u! +er;ect i !a ce!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! e*te ;u% Eer"u! *u #u are ;.r e +e#tru .4uri!e *u+i# i /eru#6iu i +e#tru ti +u! p"e7ent-a! .4u!ui +artici+iu Are G#*= $;.r e +e#tru ti +u! &iito" a! .4uri!.r in.initi& i pa"ti#ipiu.
Eer"u! sum are #u er.a*e c. +u*e cu . +re+.6iHie1 ca +re;iI K

absum, abesse, a"ui adsum, adesse, ad"ui desum, deesse, de"ui insum, inesse, in"ui intersum, interesse, inter"ui obsum obesse ob"ui possum, posse, potui praesum, praeesse, prae"ui ; prosum, prodesse, pro"ui subsum, subesse, sub"ui supersum, superesse, super"ui -- !i+*e*c1 *G#t 4e+arte N *G#t 4e ;aH= 8- *G#t !i+*= N *G#t G#=u#tru N *G#t !a iJ!.c1 iau +arte !a K *G#t G +.tri5=1 5at= N +'t *G#t ai +re*u*1 *G#t G# ;ru#te i *G#t 4e ;.!.* N *G#t *u" ] *G#t 4ea*u+ra1 r= G#
Ace*te 5er"e *e c.#Ju/= ca i 5er"u! *u 1 +re+.6iHia +re;iI r= G#e #e*c8i "at=% F.r e !a ti +u! +re6e#t a! .4u!ui +artici+iu au #u ai 4.u= 4i#tre c. +u*e!e !ui sumK absum i p"aesum% care ;ac K a"*e#*1 a"*e#ti* etc% i +rae*e#*1 +rae*e#ti* etc% Nere/u!arit=Hi G# c.#Ju/are G#;=Hiea6= #u ai c. +u*e!e p"osum i possum.
C'N3UGAREA EERBULUI 7UM

Indi#ati& Con3un#ti& ;impu"ile de"i&a Eu s#nt Eu s "iu si m si s si t *i mus *i tis si nt Eu as "i e* *e m *au ;.re m e* se s, ;.re * e* se t, ;.re t e* se mus e* se tis e* sent, ;.re nt s "ii e* to e* to c voi "i ;.re *au ;u turum6m!= d .u turam <;> ] j e* tote *u nto ;u turum <#> I 5 ;u turi>, -ae, -a care va "i ;u -um turusl, -a, e* te e* e* se Impe"ati& te din tulpini "ii In.initi& p"e7entului a "i +a"ti#ipiu
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Eu eram de "olos 7/% 1 +r.4 era 2 +r.4 era* ( +r.4 erat 0I% !+r.4er= u* 2 +r.4 er=ti* ( +r.4 era#t Eu voi "i de "olos 7/% 1 +r.4 er. 2 +r.4 eri* 1( +r.4 erit 0!%!+r.4eri u* 2 +r.4 eriti* ( +r.4 eru#t
Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +er;ectu!ui Eu am "ost de "olos Eu s "i "ost de "olos 0r.;ui +r.;ueri 0r.;ui*ti +r.;ueri* 0r.;uit +r.;uerit 0r.;ui u* +r.;ueri u* 0r.;ui*ti* +r.;ueriti* 0r.;ueru#t +r.;ueri#t UEu "usesem de "olos 7/% 1 +r.;u era 2 +r.;uera* ( +r.;uerat 0I% 1 +r.;uer= u* 2 +r.;uer=ti* ( +r.;uera#t
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Ace*t 5er" e*te c. +u* 4i# 5er"u! *u i 4i# tu!+i#a +.t a a4Jecti5u! +.ti* care eI+ri = i4eea 4e +uti#H=% Acea*t= c. +u#ere a ;.*t G#!e*#ii 4e eI+re*ia i +er*.#a!= +.te e*t <e*te cu +uti#H=>% G# c.#Ju/area 5er"u!ui +.**u 1 c.#*.a#a t 4i# tu!+i#a +.t *e +=*treaJ G#ai#tea tutur.r ;.r e!.r 5er"u!ui *u care G#ce+ cu 5.ca!=1 4ar *e tra#*;.r G# @* G#ai#tea ;.r e!.r G#ce+=t.are cu *1 !a ti +u! +re6e#t i !a ti +urii 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui% Ti +u! +er;ect a! ace*tui 5er" ca i ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! *e ;.r ea6= 4i# tu!+i#a u#ui 5er" 4e c.#Ju/area a Ii@a <4.ua> G#tre"ui#Hat G# 5.r"irea +.+.ru!ui i a#u e K +.tere <i#;i#iti51 +re6e#t>1 care are +er;ectu!K +.tui I N.t=% 0er;ectu! potui #u +.ate ;i eI+!icat 4i# te a pot- i "ui & +er;ectu! 5er"u!ui sum &1 +e#tru c= G# !i "a !ati#= .c!u*i5a 4e#ta!= 6d, t= G#ai#tea ;ricati5ei ; *e a*i i!a 6ad-"ero & a""ero, ad-"acio , a""icio= i
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Ace*te ;.r e 4e +er;ect i ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! au G#!=turat cu t.tu! ;.r a 4e +er;ect 4eri5at= 4i# 5er"u! *u i i@au !uat !.cu! G# !i "a !ati#= c!a*ic=% 0re6e#tu! .4u!ui i#;i#iti5@+.**e i i +er;ectu! .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti5K +.**e *G#t ;.r e re4u*e% De !a ace!ai 5er" +.tere *@a ;.r at +re6e#tu! .4u!ui +artici+iu & potens, potentis etc% & care *@a +=*trat ca a4Jecti5 G# !i "a !ati#= c!a*ic=% Eer"u! +.**u #u are ;.r e +e#tru .4uri!e K i +erati51 /eru#6iu1 *u+i# i +artici+iu% E! *e c.#Ju/= a*t;e! K
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79
ACTIE C'N3UGAREA I Tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui ter i#at= G# -a' )impurile principale' !a#4u! laud< Eiit.ru! I <G#tGi> cu caracteri*ticaK C.#Ju#cti5 d I +erati5i I#;i#iti5 d 0artici+iu O I#4icati5
Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui

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C'N3UGAEEA A I!@a <4.ua> DE0'NENTA> Tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui ter i#at= G# 5.ca!a & 9 I#4icati5 C.#Ju#cti5 I +erati5 I#;i#iti5
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Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a Eu mrturisesc Eu s mrturisesc ;at=ar ;ate=ri* ;ate=tur ;ate= ur ;ate= G#i ;atea#tur Eu as mrturisi ;aterer ;atereri* ;ateretur ;atere ur ;atere i#i ;atere#tur s mrturiseti
+re6e#tu!ui mrturisete ;atere ;ateri ;ate i#i M.4u! /eru#6iu G% ;ate#4i N de a mrturisi D% ;ate#4. N spre a mrturisi Ac% a4 ;ate#4u N pentru a mrturisi A"!% ;ate#4. ; prin a mrturisi care va "i de mrturisit, trebuind a "i mrturisit 7/% ;ate#4u*1 @a1 @u ;ate#t.r 0I% ;ate#4i1 @8(1 @a a mrturisi care mrturisete 7/% N% ;ate#* c G% ;ate#ti*1 etc 0I% N% ;ate#te*1@ia G% ;ate#tiu etc%
UK 7/% 1 ;at=.r a 2 ;ateri*

9
( ;atetur 0I% 1 ;ate ur 2 ;ate i#i ( ;ate#tur Eu mrturiseam 7/% 1 ;ate"ar 2 ;ate"=ri*
8i
"
e
]@i
( ;ate"Wtur 0I% 1 ;ate"= ur 2 ;ate"= G#i ( ;ate"a#tur Eu voi mrturisi
O
4
i&i
7/% 1 ;ate".r 2 ;ate"=ri* ( ;ate"itur 0I% 1 ;ate"G ur 2 ;ate"i i#i ( ;ate"u#tur
Iru!
;atet.r ;atet.r
F
riHi
Timpurile compuse derivate din perfect

iTS a
(
mrturisit
Eu s "i ;a**u* ;a**a ;a**u ;a**a ;a**a Eu as "i ;a**u* ;a**a ;a**u ;a**i ;a**a> ;a**a
mrturisit 1 *i
a "i mrturisit 7/% ;a**@u 1 @a 1 @u

tn
mrturisit = 7/% ;a**u*1 @a1 @u 0I% ;a**i1 @a*1 @a derivat din supin
7/%! ;a**u* 3*u 2 ;a**a de* ( ;a**u > e*t 2 ;a***eGe*ti* ( ;a**a <*u#t Eu mrturisisem a 7/%! ;a**u* !era 2 ;a**a ]era* ( ;a**u 0!%! ;a**i 3 era t Jer= u*
3*i*
3*it I *i u* ] *iti* 3 *i#t mrturisit I e**e 3e**e* !e**et !e**e u* 3 e**eti* 1 e**e#t
s
5Q
0I% 1 ; a**i 1 *ti u* ;a**i
0I% ;a**.*1 @a*1 @a
0U
*i
al
&c g
a
))
2 ;a***e 3er=ti* ( ;a**a 3era#t Eu voi "i mrturisit
Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# *u+i# % k Ac% K ;a**u J A"3 % ;a/*u N dg mSrturisit & spre a mrturisi 8#+i# K
& 7/% 1 ;a**u* d er. _
a
>J
2 ;a**a 3eri*
& ( ;a**u I erit 0I% 1 X ;a**i !er! u*

c voi mrturisi care va mrturisi
M
cQcQ
2 ;a***e 3er!ti* ( ;a**a <eru#t
7/% ;a**uru 1 @a 1 ] a @u o_l r.*1 a*1 @a 3

.
;a**uru*1 @a1 @u ;a**uri1 @aa1 @a
+
9E
riA
0I% ;a**u
C'N3UGAEEA A I!@a <4.ua> DE0'NENTA> Tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui ter i#at= G# 5.ca!a & 9 I#4icati5 C.#Ju#cti5 I +erati5 I#;i#iti5
Participiu
Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a Eu mrturisesc Eu s mrturisesc ;at=ar ;ate=ri* ;ate=tur ;ate= ur ;ate= G#i ;atea#tur Eu as mrturisi ;aterer ;atereri* ;ateretur ;atere ur ;atere i#i ;atere#tur s mrturiseti
+re6e#tu!ui mrturisete ;atere ;ateri ;ate i#i M.4u! /eru#6iu G% ;ate#4i N de a mrturisi D% ;ate#4. N spre a mrturisi Ac% a4 ;ate#4u N pentru a mrturisi A"!% ;ate#4. ; prin a mrturisi care va "i de mrturisit, trebuind a "i mrturisit 7/% ;ate#4u*1 @a1 @u ;ate#t.r 0I% ;ate#4i1 @8(1 @a a mrturisi care mrturisete 7/% N% ;ate#* c G% ;ate#ti*1 etc 0I% N% ;ate#te*1@ia G% ;ate#tiu etc%
UK 7/% 1 ;at=.r a 2 ;ateri*

9
( ;atetur 0I% 1 ;ate ur 2 ;ate i#i ( ;ate#tur Eu mrturiseam 7/% 1 ;ate"ar 2 ;ate"=ri*
8i
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( ;ate"Wtur 0I% 1 ;ate"= ur 2 ;ate"= G#i ( ;ate"a#tur Eu voi mrturisi
O
4
i&i
7/% 1 ;ate".r 2 ;ate"=ri* ( ;ate"itur 0I% 1 ;ate"G ur 2 ;ate"i i#i ( ;ate"u#tur
Iru!
;atet.r ;atet.r
F
riHi
Timpurile compuse derivate din perfect

iTS a
(
mrturisit
Eu s "i ;a**u* ;a**a ;a**u ;a**a ;a**a Eu as "i ;a**u* ;a**a ;a**u ;a**i ;a**a> ;a**a
mrturisit 1 *i
a "i mrturisit 7/% ;a**@u 1 @a 1 @u

tn
mrturisit = 7/% ;a**u*1 @a1 @u 0I% ;a**i1 @a*1 @a derivat din supin
7/%! ;a**u* 3*u 2 ;a**a de* ( ;a**u > e*t 2 ;a***eGe*ti* ( ;a**a <*u#t Eu mrturisisem a 7/%! ;a**u* !era 2 ;a**a ]era* ( ;a**u 0!%! ;a**i 3 era t Jer= u*
3*i*
3*it I *i u* ] *iti* 3 *i#t mrturisit I e**e 3e**e* !e**et !e**e u* 3 e**eti* 1 e**e#t
s
5Q
0I% 1 ; a**i 1 *ti u* ;a**i
0I% ;a**.*1 @a*1 @a
0U
*i
al
&c g
a
))
2 ;a***e 3er=ti* ( ;a**a 3era#t Eu voi "i mrturisit
Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# *u+i# % k Ac% K ;a**u J A"3 % ;a/*u N dg mSrturisit & spre a mrturisi 8#+i# K
& 7/% 1 ;a**u* d er. _
a
>J
M
cQcQ
2 ;a**a 3eri*
& ( ;a**u I erit 0I% 1 X ;a**i !er! u*

2 ;a***e 3er!ti* ( ;a**a <eru#t c voi mrturisi 7/% ;a**uru 1 @a 1 ] a @u o_l r.*1 a*1 @a 3
.
care va mrturisi ;a**uru*1 @a1 @u ;a**uri1 @aa1 @a
+
9E
0I% ;a**u
C'N3UGAREA A BI@a DE0'NENTA1 CATEG% I <G#tGia> Tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui ter i#at= i# c.#*.a#=M 5.ca!a 4e !e/=tur= e I#4icati5 C.#Ju#cti5 I +erati5 I#ii#iti5 0artici+iu Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui Eu vorbesc 7/% 1 !.-u.r Eu s vorbesc vorbete 2 !.-ueri* !.-uar !.-u ere ( !.-uGtur 0I% 1 !.-u=ri* !.-ui i#i !.-ui ur !.-u=tur 2 !.-ui i#i !.-u= ur ( !.-uu#tur !.-ua G#i !.-ua#tur Eu vorbeam 7/% 1 Eu a vorbi !.-uerer !.-ue"ar !.-uereri* !.-ueretur 2 !.-ue"=ri* !.-uere ur ( !.-ue"=tur 0!% 1 !.-uere i#i !.-ue"= ur !.-uere#tur 2 !.-ue"a i#i ( !.-ue"a#tur Eu voi vorbi s vor7/% 1 !.-uar beti 2 !.-ueri* !.-uGt.r ( !.-uetur 0!% 1 !.-uGt.r !.-ue ur !.-uu#t.r 2 !.-ue i#i ( !.-ue#tur
0re6e#tu!
a vorbi !.-ui
care vorbete 7/% N% !.-ue#* G% !.-ue#ti* eHc% 0!% N% !.-ue#te*1 @ia G% !.-ue#tiu etc%
I +er3ectu!
M.4u! /eru#6iu G% !.-ue#4i N de a vorbi D% !.-ue#4. ;spre a vorbi Ac% a4 !.-ue#4u N pentru a vorbi A"!% !.-ue#4. N prin a vorbi care va "i de vorbit, trebuind a "i vorbit 7/% !.-ue#4u*1 @a1 @u 0!% !.-ue#4i1 @*e1 @a
Ti +uri!e c. +u*e 4eri5ate 4i# +er;ect Eu am vorbit Eu s "i vorbit

_P8
Eiit.ru! I
a "i vorbit 7/% !.cutu 1

9
vorbit 6= 7/% !.cutu*1

aO
7/% 1 !.cutu* 3*u 2 !.cuta ]e* ( !.cutu !e*t
!.cutu* J *i !.cuta !.cutu !.cuti ] *i* 1 *it 1 *i u*
@a1 @u 0!% !.cuti1
9 U
0!% !.cut.*1 @a*1 @a
CC
` 0!% 1 !.cuti I*u u* 2 !.cut*e 3e*ti* ( !.cuta I*u#t Eu vorbisem 7/% 1 !.cutu* !era 2 !.cuta ]era* ( !.cutu 3erat 0!% 1 !.cuti !er= u*
I
-..i% -a
er!
& _*
!.cut*e ] *iti* !.cuta 1 *i#t Eu a "i vorbit !.cutu* I e**e !.cuta qe**e* !.cutu !.cuti d e**et !e**e u*
derivat din supin
2 !.cut*e ]erWti* ( !.cuta 3era#t
!.cut*e 3e**eti* !.cuta 3e**e#t Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# *u+i#K
7/% Eu voi "i vorbit 1 !.cutu* !er. $( 2 !.cuta 3eri*
Mai m
a
I
'
c
Ab
% 1 Ac% K !.cutu
. lo#utu B #e
$%rbit
N pentru a vorbi V>i.UMl care va vorbi !.cuturu*1

] @i
ca voi vorbi 7/% !.cuturu 1 @a 1 @u 0!% !.cutur.*1 @a*1@a
( !.cutu
!erit
0!% 1 !.cuti !erG u* 2 !.cut;;G ierGti* ( !.cuta !eru#t
i>
@a1 @u !.cuturi1 -II%-a
C'N3UGAREA A III@a DE0'NENT1 CATEG% A II@a <4.ua> Tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui cre*cut= cu 5.ca!a i I#4icati5 C.#Ju#cti5 I +erati5 I#;i#iti5
0artici+iu
Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# Eu ies 7/% 1 e/re4G.r ( 2 e/re4eri* @ QQ ) c ( e/re4itur ` 0I% 1 e/re4! ur
0Q
tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui Eu s ies e/re4Gar e/re4i=ri* e/re4i=tur e/re4i= ur e/re4ia i#i e/re4ia#tur Eu a iei e/re47rer e/re4ereri* e/re4eretur e/re4ere ur e/re4ere i#i e/re4ere#tur s iei e/re4!t.r e/re4!t.r care va "i de ieit, trebuind a "i ieit 7/% e/re4ie#4u*1 @a1 @u 0I% e/re4ie#4i1 @aT1 @a e/re4i !#i e/re4=re e/r=4i
ie*t a iei
care iese *au ieind 7/% N% e/re4ie#* G% e/re4ie#ti*1 etc% 0!%N%e/re4ie#te*1@ia G% e/re4ie#tiu 1 etc%
2 e/re4! i#i ( e/re4!u#tur Eu ieeam 7/% 1 e/re4ie"ar 2 e/re4ie"=ri* ( e/re4ie"=tur 0I% 1 e/re4ie"= ur ( e/re4ie"a#tur Eu voi iei
M.4u! /eru#6iu G% e/re4ie#4i N de a iei D%

a iei
Q I
aC& FM
e/re4ie#4. N spre a iei N pentru
Ac% a4 e/re4ie#4u
U 2 e/re4ie"a i#i
:
A"!% e/re4ie#4. & prin a iei
BB
7/% 1 e/re4Gar 2 e/re4ieri* ( e/re4ietur
r/
- 0I% 1 e/re4ie ur 99 > 2 e/re4ie !#i

Eu am ieit
e/re4iu#t.r
( e/re4ie#tur Ti +uri!e c. +u*e 4eri5ate 4i# +er;ect% Eu s "i ieit e/re**u* I *i e/re**a ] Fi* ] e* a "i ieit 7/%e/re**u 1 @a 1 @u
A3
ieit 6= e/re**u*1 @a1 @u
7/% 1 e/re**u* 1 *u
(
-9 9
2 e/re**a
i
0B
( e/re**u 2 e/re**aT ( e/re**a
3 e*t ] e*ti* J *u#t
e/re**u e/re**aT e/re**a
d *it J *i u* ] *iti* I *i#t 0I% e/re**.*1 @a*1 @a
(5
EI 0I% 1 e/re**i
1 *u u* e/re**i
e/re**i1 @aT1@a derivat din

supin
Q Eu ieisem I
7/% 1 e/re**u* 3 era
Eu a "i eit e/re**u* d e**e e/re**a e/re**u e/re**i e/re**a ] e**e* !e**et I e**e u* 3e**e#t
9- 2 e/re**a 3era* .
( e/re**u
.^
I erat I er= u*
0I% 1 e/re**i
7 Mai inull
2 e/re**aT 3er=ti* ( e/re**a I era#t
e/re**aT 3e**eti*
Eu voi "i ieit -Ie 7/% 1 e/re**u* 1 er. 2 e/re**a ( e/re**u !eri* 1 erit 3erG u* ;eri ti* 3eru#t
)impurile derivate din supin

e A"3
a
lai
% 1 Ac% K e/re**u % e/re**u N de ieDit
N pentru a iei *u+i#ui
0I% 1 e/re**i
c voi iei 7/% e/re**iiru 1 e @a 1 @u dF 0I% e/re**ur.*1 @a*1f _/ @a
care va iei 7/% e/re**uru*1 @a1 @u 0I% e/re**uri1 @*e1 @a
? $ +
94
2 e/re**aT ( e/re**a
#
CONJU!AR(A A I:-a 5pat"a6 '(+ON(N;W Tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui ter i#at= G# 5.ca!a & i Indi#ati& Con3un#ti& Impe"ati& In.initi& +a"ti#ipiu ;impu"ile de"i&ate din tulpina p"e7entului
lu ur+esc Eu s ur+esc .r4iar .r4i=ri* .r4i=tur .r4i= ur .r4ia !#i .r4ia#tur .r4i !#i .r4ire .r4Gri ur+ete a ur+i care ur+ete sau ur+ind 7/% N% .r4ie#* G% .r4ie#ti*1 etc% 0I% N% .r4ie#te*1 @ia G% .r4ie#tiu 1 etc%
B; 1 .r4i.r ;%
M
2 .r4Gri* ( .r4itur 0I% 1 .r4i ur 2 .r4i !#i ( .r4iu#tur
+"e
enti
$ 7;
;%
iTit ur+eam 1 .r4ie"ar 2 .r4ie"=ri* ( .r4ie"=tur
Eu a ur+i .r4Grer .r4ireri* .r4iretur .r4ire ur .r4ire i#i .r4ire#tur *= ur+eti
M.4u! /eru#6iu G% D% .r4ie#4i N de a ur+i .r4ie#4. N spre a ur+i N pentru a ur+i
&
)
Imp
Ac% a4 .r4ie#4u
0I% 1 .r4ie"= ur 2 .r4ie"a G#i ( .r4ie"a#tur Eu voi ur+i
A"!% .r4ie#4. & prin a ur+i
(are va "i de ur+it, trebuind a "i ur+it
i&i
V9 1 .r4iar .
2 .r4ieri* ( .r4ietur 0i% 1 .r4ie ur 2 .r4ie !#i ( .r4ie#tur Eu s .r*u* .r*a .r*u .r*i .r*ae .r*a Eu a .r*u* .r*a .r*u .r*i .r*ae .r*a "i ur+it J*i ]*i* .r4iu#t.r .r4!t.r .r4!t.r
o"ul
7/% .r4ie#4u*1 @a1 @u 0I% .r4ie#4i1 @*e1 @a
n ]
;impu"ile #ompuse de"i&ate din pe".e#t

Eu am ur+it 7/% 1 .r*u* J*u 2 .r*a ]e* ( .r*u !e*t 0I% 1 .r*i $J*u u* 2 .r*aa ]e*ti* ( .r*a 3*u#t Eu ur+isem 7/% 1 .r*u* I era 2 .r*a ( .r*u ]era* 3erat a "i ur+it 7/% .r*u 1 @a @a @u 5 0I% .r*.*1 @a*1 ur+it 6= 7/% .r*u*1 @a1 @u 0I% .r*i1 @((1 @a derivat din supin
iit
I*it
1 *i u*
3*iti* I*i#t
"i ur+it cJe**e ]e**e* 3e**et Je**e u* Je**eti* 1 e**e#t Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# *u+i#% 7u+i#u! AcK1 .r*u N pentru a ur+i A"!%K .r*u N de ur+it c voi ur+i care va ur+i
0I% 1 .r*i !erW u* 2 .r*ae 3er=ti* ( .r*a Iera#t Eu voi "i ur+it 7/% 1 .r*u* Jer. 2 .r*a 3eri* ( .r*u ierit 0I% 1 .r*i Oer! u* 2 .r**e ieri ti*
( .r*a 3eru#t
7/% .r*uru 1 @a 1@u 1X 0I% .r*ur.*1@a*1 d j ad
7/% .r*uru*1 @a1@ u 0I% .r*uri1@

-II% -a
95
II
EERBELE 7EMIDE0'NENTE
G# a;ar= 4e 5er"e 4e+.#e#te1 care au t.ate ;.r e!e !a .4uri!e i ti +uri!e c.#Ju/=rii +a*i5e1 4ar a! c=r.r G#He!e* e*te 4e ;.r = acti5=1 ai eIi*t= I G# !i "a !ati#= cGte5a 5er"e a c=r.r c.#Ju/are e*te a e*tecat= i a#u eK au c.#Ju/are acti5= !a ti +u! +re6e#t i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!uiM 4ar *e c.#Ju/= G# ;.r a +a*i5= !a ti +u! +er;ect i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +er;ectu!ui% Ace*te 5er"e cu c.#Ju/are a e*tecat= *e #u e*c &e"be semideponente. E!e *G#t G# #u =r 4e C <+atru> i a#u eK
r audeo, audere, ausus sum N G#4r=6#e*c gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum N = "ucur *.!eo, solere, solitus sum , ."i#uie*c 1 "ido, "idere, "#sus sum & = G#cre4 = G#cre4
Eer"u! "ido are 4.u= c. +u*e K

con"#do, con"idre, con"#sus sum , a G#cre4ere di""ido, di""idere, di""isus sum , #u
Di#tre ace*te 5er"e *e i4e+.#e#te1 ce!e trei1 citate ai G#tGi i a#u e K audeo, gaudeo, i soleo *e c.#Ju/= !a c.#Ju/area a II@a <4.ua>1 iar "ido i c. +u*e!e *a!e *e c.#Ju/= !a c.#Ju/area a I!I@a <treia>% C'N3UGAREA 0ERIFRA7TIC 0e !G#/= ;.r e!e 5er"u!ui eI+ri ate G# c.#Ju/=ri!e acti5=1 +a*i5= i 4e+.#e#t=1 !i "a !ati#= are i a!te ;.r e 5er"a!e +e#tru eI+ri area 4i;erite!.r #ua#He !i#/5i*tice% A*t;e! K $. Inten,ia *au *ndul 4e a ;ace . acHiu#e *e eI+ri = +ri#tr@. c.#Ju/are *+ecia!=1 a!c=tuit= 4i# ;.r e!e ti +u!ui 5iit.r a! .4u!ui +artici+iu 4i# c.#Ju/area acti5= a!e 5er"u!ui care *e c.#Ju/= i 4i# ti +uri!e 5er"u!ui auIi!iar sum !a .4uri!e indi#ati&% #on3un#ti& i in.initi&. Acea*t= c.#Ju/are c. +u*= *e #u ete c.#Ju/area pe"i."asti# acti5=1 a!e c=rei ti +uri i .4uri *G#t eI+ri are +ri# ti +uri!e i .4uri!e re*+ecti5e a!e 5er"u!ui auIi!iar sum. 2% ;"ebuin,a% obli*a,ia sau dato"ia cui5a 4e a ;ace . acHiu#e *e eI+ri = 4e a*e e#ea +ri#tr@. c.#Ju/are *+ecia!= a!c=tuit= 4i# ;.r e!e ti +u!ui 5iit.r a! .4u!ui +artici+iu 4i# c.#Ju/area +a*i5=1 #u it i /eru#4i51 a!e 5er"u!ui care *e c.#Ju/= i 4i# ti +uri!e 5er"u!ui auIi!iar sum !a ace!eai .4uri ca i !a c.#Ju/area +eri;ra*tic= acti5=% Acea*t= c.#Ju/are c. +u*= *e #u ete c.#Ju/area pe"i."asti# pasi&. i !a acea*t= c.#Ju/are ti +u! i .4u! *G#t ar=tate +ri# ti +uri!e i .4uri!e re*+ecti5e a!e 5er"u!ui *u % 9M
CONJU!AR(A +(RIFRA);ICW A :(RBU UI AU'O
F.r a acti5=
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Modul i#4icati5 0re6e#tK 7/% !au4a#4u*1 @a1 @u *u 1 e*1 e*t N tre"uie *= ;iu !=u4at% 0I% !au4a#4i1 @((1 @a *u u*1 e*ti*1 *u#t @C tre"uie *= ;i !=u4aHi% I +er;ectK 7/% !au4a#4u*1 @a1 @u 1 era 1 era*1 erat N tre"uia *= ;iu !=u4at% 0I% !au4a#4i1 @((1 @a erW u*1 er=ti*1 era#t QN tre"uia *= ;i !=u4aHi% Eiit.r IK 7/% !au4a#4u*1 @a1 @u er.1 eri*1 erit N 5a tre"ui *= ;iu !=u4at% 0I% !au4a#4i1 @*e1 @ a er! u*1 er!ti*1 eru#t N 5a tre"ui *= ;i !=u4aHi% 0er;ectK 7/% !au4a#4u*1 @a1 @u ;ui1 ;ui*ti1 ;uit N a tre"uit *= ;iu !=u4at% 0I% !au4a#4i1 @((1 @a ;uG u*1 ;ui*ti*1 ;ueru#t N a tre"uit *= ;i !=u4aHi% M% % ca +er;ectK 7/% !au4a#4u*1 @a1 @u ;uera 1 ;uera*1 ;uerat N tre"ui*e *= ;iu !=u4at% 0I% !au4a#4i1 @*e1 @a ;uer= u*1 ;uerWti*1 ;uera#t N tre"ui*e *= ;i !=u4aHi% Eiit.ru! a! II@!ea K 7/% !au4a#4u*1 @a1 @u ;uer.1 ;ueri*1 ;uerit N 5a ;i tre"uit *= ;iu !=u4at% 0I% !au4a#4i1 @((1 @a ;ueri u*1 ;uerGti*1 ;ueri#t NT 5a ;i tre"uit *= ;i !=u4aHi%
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laudasset +e#tru laudavisset laudasse +e#tru laudavisse laudasti +e#tru laudavisti "lesset +e#tru "levisset "lesti +e#tru "levisti "lerunt +e#tru "leverunt vestii +e#tru vestivi dormii +e#tru dormivi sepelii +e#tru sepelivi sepelisset +e#tru sepelivisset scisti +e#tru scivisti scisse +e#tru scivisse
T.ate ace*te ;.r e 5er"a!e1 c=r.ra1 +ri# G#tre"ui#Hare1 !i *@a *u+ri at c.#*.a#a caracteri*tic= *e #u e*c ;.r e *i#c.+ate% (% G# .+ere!e u#.r +.eHi !ati#i *e /=*e*c ;.r e 4e i +er;ect a! .4u!ui i#4icati5 !a u#e!e 5er"e 4e c.#Ju/area a IE@a <+atra> ter i#ate G# @i"a 1 9C
@G"at1 @G"a#t G# !.c 4e ter i#aHii!e re/u!ate @ie"a 1 @ie"at1 @ie"a#t% EIe +!e K #utrG"at1 #utri"a#t <+e#tru nutriebat, nutriebant= M u#G"at1 u#G"a#t <+e#tru muniebat, muniebant= M 5e*tG"at <G# !.c 4e vestiebat=! Ace*tea *e #u e*c ;.r e c.#tra*e% C% La .4u! i#;i#iti51 ti +u! +re6e#t a! c.#Ju/=rii +a*i5e i 4e+.#e#te *e /=*ete ;.r a ar8aic= ter i#at= G# @ier1 i @rier1 G# !.c 4e @i *au @ri% EIe +!e K ira*cGer <G# !.c 4e irasci=, 5.carGer <G# !.c 4e vocri= M ;arGer <G# !.c 4e "ari=M c.#4ucier <G# !.c 4e conduci= M re+erier <G# !.c 4e reperiri=! 'B7EREAII A7U0RA TUL0INIL'R EERBALE I# c.#Ju/area acti5= *e /=*e*c #u er.a*e 5er"e1 care1 4ei *e c.#Ju/= G# .4 re/u!at1 t.tui +re6i#t=1 G# ;.r area tu!+i#i!.r1 u#e!e a"ateri 4e !a re/u!i!e /e#era!e% A*t;e! 4e a"ateri *G#tK 1% La #u er.a*e 5er"e 4e c.#Ju/area a II@a <4.ua> i a III@a <treia> tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui crete cu u#a 4i# c.#*.a#e!e K 11 1 #1 -u% 4e+e!@!@.1 4e+e!@!@ere1 4e+u!i1 4e+u!*u N a a!u#/a1 a G#!=tura 5e!@!@.1 5e!@!ere1 5u!*i1 5u!*u N a * u!/e% accu@ @".1 accu@ @"ere1 accu"ui1 accu"itu N a *e cu!ca% i#terru@ @+.1 i#terru@ @+ere1 i#terru+i1 i#terru+tu N a G#treru+e% ;ra#@/.1 ;ra@#@/ere1 ;re/i1 ;ractu N a ;rG#/e% !i@#@-u.1 !i@#@-uere1 !i-ui N a !=*a% *ci@#@4.1 *ci@#@4ere1 *ci4i1 *ci**u ; a 4e*+ica% 5i@#@c.1 5i@ #@cere1 5ici1 5ictu N a G#5i#/e% 4et.r@-u@e.1 4et.r@-u@ere1 4et.r*i1 4et.r*u N a a"ate1 a G#4e+=rta% 2% La a!te 5er"e 4e c.#Ju/area a III@a <treia> tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui crete cu /ru+u! c.#*.#a#tic *c% Ace*te 5er"e eI+ri = G#ce+erea u#ei acHiu#i% E!e *e #u e*c 5er"e i#c8.ati5e <4e !a 5er"u! i#e8.. N G#ce+>% a".!e*c@.1 a".!e@*c@ere1 a".!e5i N a *e +ier4e1 a +ieri a4.!e@*c@.1 a4.!e@*c@ere1 a4.!e5i1 a4u!tu N a crete1 a *e 4e65.!ta1 e5a#e@*c@.1 e5a#e@*c@ere1 e5a#ui N a 4i*+=rea1 a *e ri*i+i1 !i-ue@*c@.1 !i-ue@*c@ere1 !i-ui N a *e !ic8e;ia1 a *e t.+i% acre@*c@.1 acre@*c@ere1 acrui N a *!="i% (% La u#e!e 5er"e 4e c.#Ju/=ri 4i;erite1 tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui e*te cre*cut= cu c.#*.a#a t *au *1 a4=u/at= !a ;.r a *i +!= a 5er"u!ui 4i# care *@a 4eri5at% Ace*te 5er"e eI+ri = re+etarea u#ei acHiu#i% E!e *e #u e*c 4e aceea 5er"e ;rec5e#tati5e <4e !a 5er"u! "re0uento ; ;.!.*e*c 4e*e.ri>% ca+t@.1 ca+t@=re1 @=5i1 @=tu <4e !a capio= N a G#cerca *= iau% Fact@it@.1 ;acti@t@Wre1 @=5i1 @=tu <4e !a "acio= ; a ;ace 4e*e.ri1 ;ace@**@.1 ;ace@**@ere1 @i1 @itu <4e !a "acio= , a *=5Gri iute% i#cre+ii@.1 i#cre+it@Wre1 @=5i1 @=tu <4e !a i#cr=+.> N a 4.Je#i1 *a!@ti@t.1 *a!@tit@=re @=5i1 @=tu <4e !a salio= ; a *=ri 4e*% *a!tit.1 *a!tit@Wre 4i# salto= N a 4a#*a u!t% C% Mai #u er.a*e a"ateri 4e !a re/u!a /e#era!= *e /=*e*c !a u#e!e 5er"e care reduplic tulpina verbului, ;ie !a ti +u! +re6e#t1 ;ie ai a!e* !a ti +u! +er;ect%
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EERBELE AN'MALE Eer"e!e care G# c.#Ju/are +re6i#t= #ere/u!arit=Hi1 ;ie +ri# ;a+tu! c=@i ;.r ea6= ti +uri!e i .4uri!e cu tu!+i#i 5ariate1 ;ie c= a e*tec= ;.r e!e <4iate6e!e> 4e c.#Ju/are1 *e #u e*c &e"be anomale <#ere/u!ate>% k 1'1
C'N3UGAREA EERBULUI E'L' N EREAU
Eer"u! 5.!. cu+ri#4e G# e! . 5ec8e tu!+i#= K 5e! care cu 5re ea *@a +re;=cut G# 5.! i a+.i G# 5u!% Ace*te tu!+i#i 5ariate *@au +=*trat !a 4i;erite ti +uri i .4uri% Dar G# a;ar= 4e ter i#aHii!e ."i#uite G# c.#Ju/area *a1 ace*t 5er"1 ca i c. +u*e!e !ui1 are !a ti +u! +re6e#t a! .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti5 ter i#aHii!e u#ui 5ec8i .+tati51 4i*+=rut1 care *@au +=*trat 4.ar G# ;.r e!e ti +u!ui +re6e#t a! .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti5 a!e 5er"u!ui auIi!iar *u 1 a4ic= K sim, sis, sit etc% Di# 5er"u! 5.!. *@au a!c=tuit 4.u= 5er"e c. +u*e K 1> #.!. care re6u!t= 4i# c. "i#area 5er"u!ui 5.!. cu . #e/aHie1 care1 G# c.#Ju/are1 a+are *u" ;.r a #.#M 2> a!.1 a!c=tuit 4i# a45er"u! a/i* i 5.!.M ace*tea *@au c.#t.+it ai G#tGi G# a@5.!. i a+.i G# a!.% Ace*te trei 5er"e *e c.#Ju/= a*t;e!K M.4u! i#4icati5
+"e7ent1 Eu vreau 7/% 1 5.!@. % Eu nu vreau #.!@. 2 5i@* #.# 5i* ( 5u!@t #.# 5u!t 0I% 1 5.!@u@ u* nol-u-mus 2 5u!@ti* #.# 5u!ti* ( 5.!@u@#t #.!@u@#t Eu (re)er a!@. a5i@* a5u!@t a!@u@ u* a5u!@ti* a!@u@#t
Impe".e#t1
Eu vream 7/% 1 5.!@e@ "a@ 2 5.!@e@"a@* ( 5.!@e@"a@t 0I% 5.!@e@"=@ u* 2 5.!@e@" =@ti* ( 5.!@e@"a@#t
Eu nu vream #.!@e@"a@ #.!@e@"a@* #.!@e@"a@t #.!@e@"=@ u* #.!@e@"=@ti* #.!@e@"a@#t
Eu pre"eram a!@ e@"a@ a!@e@"a@* a!@e@"a@t a!@e@" =@ u* a!@e@"a@ti* a!@e@"a@#t
:iito" I1
Eu voi vrea 7/% 1 5.!@a@ 2 5.!@e@* ( 5.!@e@t +I. $ vol-e-mus 2 5.!@ e-tis ( 5.!@e@#t
Eu nu voi vrea #.!@a@ #.!@e@* #.!@e@t #.!@ e- mus nol-e-tis #.!@e@#t
*u voi (re)era a!@a@ a!@e@* a!@e@t a!@e@ u* a!@e@ti* a!@e@#t
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+e".e#t1 Eu am vrut 7/% 1 5.!@u@i 2 vol-u-isti ( 5.!@u@it 0I% 1 vol-u-imus 2 5.!@u@ istis ( 5.!@u@ erunt Eu nu am vrut #.!@u@i #.!@u@ isti #.!@u@it #.!@u@i u* #.!@u@i*ti* #.!@u@ erunt Eu am pre"erat a!@u@i mal-u-isti a!@u@it a!@u@i u* mal-u-istis a!@u@ erunt
Mai mult #a pe".e#t1 Eu vrusesem 7/% 1 vol-u-eram 2 vol-u-eras ( vol-u-erat 0I% 1 vol-u-ermus 2 volu-ertis ( vol-u-erant
Eu nu vrusesem #.!@u@era nol-u-eras nol-u-erat nol-u-ermus nol-u-ertis nol-u-erant
Eu pre"erasem mal-u-eram a!@u@era* mal-u-erat mal-u-ermus mal-u-ertis mal-u-erant
:iito" al II-lea1
Eu voi "i vrut 7/% 1 5.!@u@er. 2 5.!u@u@eri* ( vol-u-erit 0I% 1 5.!@ u@eri u* 2 volu-eritis ( 5.!@u@eri#t
Eu nu voi "i vrut nol-u-ero #.!@u@eri* nol-u-erit nol-u-erimus nol-u-eritis nol-u-erint
Eu voi "i pre"erat a!@u@er. a!@u@eri* mal-u-erit mal-u-erimus mal-u-eritis mal-u-erint
Modul c.#Ju#cti5 +"e7ent1
Eu s vreau 7/% 1 5e!@i 2 5e!@i* ( 5e!@it 0I% 1 vel-imus 2 vel-itis ( vel-int
Eu s nu vreau nol-im nol-is #.!@it nol-imus nol-itis nol-int
Eu s pre"er mal-im a!@i* a!@t; mal-imus mal-#tis a!@irai
Impe".e#t1
Eu a vrea 7/% 1 5e!!@e 2 5e!!@e* ( 5e!!@eF 0I% 1 ve#lemus 2 5e!!@eGtP* ( vell-ent
Eu nu a vrea #.!!@e\re #.!!@e* #.!!@eJ #.ii@ emus #.ii@ etis noll-ent
Eu a pre"era a!!@e a!!@e* a!!@e_ a!!@ emus mall-etis mall-ent
+e".e#t1
Eu s "i vrut 7/% 1 Ool-u-lrim 2 5.!@u@e:* ( 5.!@u@ertt 0I% 1 bHO-u-erimus 2 vol-u-er#tis ( 5.!@u@eri#l
Eu s nu "i vrut nol-u-rim nol-u-iris nol-u-eVrit nol-u-erimus nol-u-eritis nol-u-lrint
Eu s "i pre"erat mal-u-1rim mal-u-1ris mal-u-rit mal-u-erimus mal-u-eritis mal-u-erint
Hai mult #a pe".e#t
2TX a "i vrut 7/% 1 vol-u-issem 2 5.!@u@i**e* ( 5.!@u@i**ei 0I% volT-issemus 2 5.!@u@JP**eGi* ( 5.!@u@i**e#G
Eu nu a "i vrut #.!@u@ issem #.!@u@i**e* #.!@u@i**et nol-u-issemus nol-u-issetis nol-u-issent
Eu a "i pre"erat mal-u-issem a!@u@i**e* a!@u@ isset mal-uissemus mal-u-issetis a!@u@ issenl
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M.4u! i +erati5
nu voi +"e7ent1 7/% 2 0I% 2 @ #.ii #.!Gte s nu voieti :iito"K 7/% 2 0I% 2 #.!!t. #.!it.te a nu vrea nol-le & @ a pre"era a!@te & &
M.4u! i#;i#iti5
+"e7ent1 a vrea 5e!@;e
+e".e#tK
. "i vrut 5.!@u@i**e
a nu "i vrut #.!@u@i**e
a "i pre"erat
a!@u@i**e
M.4u! +artici+iu
vrind 7/% N% 5.!@e#* +"e7entK G% D% 5.!@e#ti* 5.!@e#ti 0I% 5.!@e#te*1 -ia vol-entium vol-entibus 5.!@e#te*1 -ia vol-entibus nevr#nd 7/% N% #.!@e#* G% D% Ac% A"!% #.!@e#ti* #.!@e#U #.!@e#te #.!@e#te 0I% #.!@e#te*1 -ia nol-entium nol-entibus nol-entes, -ia nol-entibus
Ac% vol-entem A"!% ;.!@e#te
N.t=% $Eer"u! volo i c. +u*e!e !ui #u au ;.r e +e#tru *u+i#% C'N3UGAREA EERBULUI E' N MERG
.4uri!e /eru#6iu i
Nere/u!aritatea c.#Ju/=rii 5er"u!ui e. e*te ur =t.areaK Tu!+i#a !ui 5er"a!= e*te i1 +r.5e#it= 4i#tr@. 5ec8e tu!+i#= ei1 care *@a re4u* G# i% E.ca!a e 4i# 5ec8ea tu!+i#= a+are G#ai#tea 5.ca!e!.r a1 .1 u <e.1 ea 1 eu#t>% La ti +u! i +er;ect a! .4u!ui i#4icati5 #u are 5.ca!a 4e !e/=tur= @eK ibam, ibas etc1 iar !a ti +u! 5iit.r a! .4u!ui i#4icati5 are caracteri*tica bo, bis etc% ca i 5er"e!e 4e c.#Ju/area I@a <G#tGia> i a Ii@a <4.ua> acti5=% E! *e c.#Ju/= a*t;e!K >?F
I#4icati5 Eu merg 1 e@. 2 i@* ( i@t 1 i@ u* 2 i@ti* ( e@u@#t Eu mergeam 1 i@"a@ 2 i@"a@* ( i@"a@t 1 i@"a@ u*
2 i-ba-tis
( i@"a@#t Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui Eu s merg e@a@ e@a@* e@a@t e@a@ u* e@a@ti* e@a@#t Eu a merge #-re-m i-re-s i-re-t i@6@e@ u* i@re@ti* i@re@#t mergi a merge i@re i@te 0artici+iu Ocare merge 6mergind= 7/% N% i@e@#* Li G% eu#ti* N +!%eu@#te*1 @ia G% e@u@#tiu etc% voi merge 4i- bo i-bi-s i-bi-t i-bi-mus i-bi-tis i-bu-nt s mergi i@t.
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i@t.te e@u@#t. M.4u! /eru#6iu <N% i@re> G% e@u@#4i ; de a merge
D%eu#4.
Ac% a4 eu@#4u N pentru a merge Abl eundo )impurile derivate din tulpina per"ectului Eu am mers 7/% 1 i@5@i <i@i> 2 i@5@i*ti ( i@5@it 0I% 1 i@5@i u* 2 i@5@i*ti* ( i@5@eru#t;@ Eu mersesem 7/% 1 i@5@era <i@era > 2 i@5@era*
( i@5@erat 0I% 1 i@5@er= u* 2 i@5@er=ti* ( i@5@era#t Eu voi "i mers 7/% 1 i@5@er. <i@er.> 2 i@+@eri* ( i@+@erit 1 i@+@erG u* 2 i@+@erGti* ( i@+@;iri#t Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +er;ectu!ui Eu s "i mers i@5@eri <i@eri > i@5@7ri* i@5@erit i@5@eri u* i@5@eriti* i@5@eri#t Eu a "i mers i@+@i**e <i@i**e > i@5@i**e* i@5@i**et i@5@i**e u* i@5@i**eti* i@5@i**e#t Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# *u+i# 7u+i#u!K i@t@u ; pentru a merge c voi merge 7/% i@t@uru 1 @a 1 @uru
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@i! i@t@ur.*1 @a*1@a esse care va merge 7/% i@t@uru*1 @a1 @u i@t@uri1 @ae% @a
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Ace*t 5er"1 4ei e*te i#tra#6iti51 *e c.#Ju/= t.tui i !a ;.r a +a*i5= 4ar #u ai !a +er*.a#a a I!I@a <treia> 4i# *i#/u!ar ca 5er" u#i+er*.#a!% Ce!e ai 4e* ;.!.*ite *G#t ;.r e!e itu" <*e er/e>1 eatu" <*= *e ear/=>1 itum est <*@a er*>% Eer"u! eo are #u er.a*e c. +u*e cu +re+.6iHii G#tre"ui#Hate ca +re;iIe M t.ate ace*te 5er"e c. +u*e *e c.#Ju/= ca i 5er"u! *i +!u eo% +re+.6iHia r= G#G#4 i#5aria"i!=% C. +u*e!e 5er"u!ui *G#t ur =t.are!e K
abeo, abire, abii, abitum N a +!eca% adeo, adire, adii, aditum N a er/e !a1 a 5i6ita% circumio, circumire, circumii 6-ivi=, circumitum N a .c.!i1 a er/e G# Jur% e&eo, e&ire, e&ii, e&itum N a iei% ineo, inire, inii, initum N a i#tra% intereo, interire, interii, interitum N a uri% obeo, obire, obii, obitum N a G#tG +i#a% pereo, perire, perii, peritum N a +ieri% praetereo, praeter#re, praeterii, praeteritum N a trece +e*te% redeo, redire, redii, reditum ; a *e G#a+.ia% transeo, transire, transii, transitum N a trece 4i#c.!.%%%%%
0e !G#/= c. +u*e!e cu +re+.6iHie1 G#tre"ui#Hat= ca +re;iI1 ai *u* ar=tate1 ai eIi*t= ur =t.are!e a!te c. +u*e a!e 5er"u!ui eoK a> 2ueo <N a +utea> i ne0ueo <NN a #u +utea> care *e c.#Ju/= !a .el ca i 5er"u! eo! "> 5e#e.1 venire, venivi <*au venii= venitum <;.r at 4i# venum-eo= N a ;i 5G#4ut1 e*te *i#/uru! c. +u* cu G#He!e* +a*i5 a! 5er"u!ui eo% 4ar care *e c.#Ju/= !a ;.r a acti5=% CONJUGAREA VERBULUI FERO = PORT Nere/u!aritatea G# c.#Ju/area ace*tui 5er" c.#*t= G# ;a+tu! c= ti +uri!e i .4uri!e *e ;.r ea6= +ri# trei tu!+i#i cu t.tu! 4i;erite K .e" <tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui>1 tul <tu!+i#a +er;ectu!ui>1 i lat <tu!+i#a .4u!ui *u+i#>% Dar +e !G#/= acea*t= #ere/u!aritate i +.rta#t=1 *e ai a;!= . a!t= a"atere 4e !a c.#Ju/area re/u!at= i a#u e K !a ti +u! +re6e#t i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui1 *e +ier4e 5.ca!a 4e !e/=tur= i G#ai#tea ter i#aHii!.r @*1 @t% De a*e e#ea 4i*+are 5.ca!a ;i#a!= e !a +er*.a#a a Ii@a <4.ua> 4i# *i#/u!ar a ti +u!ui +re6e#t a! .4u!ui i +erati51 ;=cG#4 .e"% ca i dic, duc, "ac, *e #a!ate !a !.cu! cu5e#itM iar G# ;.r a 4e +re6e#t a .4u!ui i#;i#iti5 *e +ier4e 5.ca!a 4e !e/=tur= e 4i#tre tu!+i#a 5er"a!= i ter i#aHia -"eK .e"-"e. Eer"u! .e"o *e c.#Ju/= i G# ;.r a +a*i5=1 !a care *e G#tG!#e*c ace!eai #ere/u!arit=Hi *e #a!ate !a ;.r a acti5=% Ace*t 5er" *e c.#Ju/= a*t;e!K 1'7
AC;I:A Indi#ati& Con3un#ti& Impe"ati& In.initi& +a"ti#ipiu ;impu"ile de"i&ate din tulpina p"e7entului
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Eu port 7/% 1 ;er@. 2 ;er@* ( ;er@t 0I% 1 ;er@i@ u* 2 ;er@ti* ( ;er@u@#t Eu purtam 7/% 1 ;er@e@"a@ 2 ;er@e@"a@* ( ;er@e@"a@t 0I% 2 ;er@e@"a@ti* ( ;er@e@"a@#t Eu voi purta 7/% 1 ;er@a@ 2 ;er@e@* ( ;er@e@t 0I% 1 ;er@e@ u* 2 ;er@e@ti* ( ;er@e@#t
Eu s port ;er@a@ ;er@a@* ;er@a@t ;er@a@ u* ;er@a@ti* ;er@a@#t Eu a purta ;er@re@ ;er@re@* ;er@re@t ;er@re@ti* ;er@re@#t
poart ;er
a purta
;erre
care poart 7/% N% ;er@e#* ;er@e#ti* etc% 0I% N%;er@e#te*1@ia
;er@te
G% ;er@e#tiu etc% M.4u! /eru#6iu <N% ;er@re> G% D% ;er@e@#4i N de a purta ;er@e@#4. N spre a purta N pentru
1 ;er@e@"a@ u* ;er@re@ u*
Ac% a4 ;er@e@#4u a purta
A"!% ;er@e@#4. N prin a purta *= por i ;er@t.
;er@t.te ;er@u@#t.
;impu"ile de"i&ate din tulpina pe".e#tului

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Ku am purtat 2 tu!@i*ti ( tu!@it
7/% 1 tu!@i
0I% 1 tu!@i u* 2 tu!@i*ti* ( tu!@eru#t <@ere> Eu purtasem 7/% 1 tu!@ era 2 tu!@ era* ( tu!@ erat 0I% 1 tu!@erW u* 2 tu!@erWti* ( tu!@ era#t Eu voi "i purtat 7/% 1 tu!@ er. 2 tu!@ eri*
( tu!@ erit 0I% 1 tu!@er! u* 2 tu!@eriti* ( tu!@eri#t Eu s "i purtat tu!@ eri tu!@ eri* tu!@ erit tu!@eri u* tu!@eriti* tu!@ eri#t Eu a "i purtat tu!@i**e tu!@i**e* tu!@i**et tu!@i**e u* tu!@i**eti* tu!@i**e#t tu!@i**e a "i purtat
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Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# *u+i# M.4u! *u+i# K !at@u N pentru a purta c voi purta 7/% !at@uru 1 @a 1 uru 1 esse 0I% !at@ur.*1 @a*1 @a1 esse care va purta 7/% !at@uru*1 @a1 @u 0I% !at@uri1 @a*1 @a
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0A7IEA I#4icati5 C.#Ju#cti5 I +erati5 I#;i#iti5 0artici+iu Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui Eu slnt purtat Sg. 0I% ;er@.@r ;er@ri* ;er@tur ;er@I@ ur ;er@i@ G#i ;er@u@#tur Eu s "iu ;er@a@r ;er@a@ri* ;er@a@tur ;er@=@ ur ;er@=@ i#i ;er@a@#tur Eu eram purtat 7/% 1 ;er@e@"a@r 2 ;er@e@"a@ri* ( ;er@e@"=@tur 0I% 1 ;er@e@"a@ ur 2 ;er@e@"a@ i#i ( ;er@e@"a@#tur Eu 7/% 0I% voi "i purtat 1 ;er@a@r ;er@e@ri* ;er@e@tur ;er@e@ ur ;er@e@ G#i iPer@e@#tur 2(12( purtat Eu a "i purtat ;er@re@r ;er@re@ri* ;er@re@tur ;er@re@ ur ;er@,@e@ G#i ;er@re@#tur "ii purtat ;er@re ;er@i@ G#i s "ii pur tat ;er@t.r ;er@u@#t.r a "i purtat ;er@ri care va "i de purtat, trebuind a "i purtat 7/% ;er@e@#4u*1 @a1 @u 0!%;er@e@#4i1@8B1 @a Ti +uri!e c. +u*e 4eri5ate 4i# +er;ect
1
Eu am "ost purtat 7/% 1 !atu* Osum 2 !ata de* ( !atu !e*t 0I% 1 !aHi Osumus 2 !at*eOestis ( !ata I sunt Eu s "i "ost purtat !atu* Osim !ata Osis !atu Osit !aHi Osimus !ataT Ositis !ata Osint Eu "usesem purtat 7/% 1 !atu* Oeram 2 !ata 3era* ( !atu Urat 0I% 1 !a ii Oermus 2 latielertis ( !ata Oerant Eu voi "i "ost purtat 7/% 1 !atu* Oero 2 !ata Oeris ( !atu Ierit 0I% 1 !aHi Oerlmus 2 la!tc!eritis ( !ata Oerunt Eu a "i "ost purtat !atu* I essem !ata ie**e* !atu !e**eG !aHi Oessemus !at*e 2essetis !ata 7essent
a "i "ost purtat 7/% !atu < %> !ata <;%> !atu <#%> !at.* < %> !ata* <;%> !ata <#%> 0I% purtat6= 7/% !atu*1 @a1 @u 0I% !ati@*e1 @a Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# *u+i# 7u+i# K !atu N de purtat c voi "i purtat' !atu iri
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Cu 5er"u! ;cr. *@au a!c=tuit #u er.a*e 5er"e c. +u*e cu . +re+.6iHie@+re;iI% T.ate ace*te 5er"e c. +u*e *e c.#Ju/= ca i 5er"u! Ger.1 4ar +re+.@6iHia@+re;iI r= G#e i#5aria"i!=% Iat= cGte5a 4i#tre e!e K
a""ero, a""erre, attuli, alltum , a adu#e. au"1ro, au"erre, abstTli, abltum N a "idi#a. con"1ro, con"erre, cont-li, colldtum N a aduna% a du#e mp"eun. de"ro, de"erre, detTli, deltum , a #omuni#a. e""lro, e""erre, e&tli, eltum N a s#oate. in71ro, in"erre, inluli, illtum ; a du#e n. o""ero, o""erre, obtuli, obltum N a o.e"i. prss"gro, prie"erre, pr&tuli, prseltum N a p"e.e"a. pro7iro, pro7erre, protTli, proltum N a pu"ta nainte. re71ro, re7erre, reluli, reltum N a adu#e la #unotin,. trans7lro, trans"erre, transtiili, tran,ltum N a pu"ta peste.
C'N3UGAREA EERBULUI FI' N 7!NT FCUT1 DEEIN
Nere/u!aritatea c.#Ju/=rii ace*tui 5er" c.#*t= G# ;a+tu! c= are ;.r e!e 4e c.#Ju/are a e*tecateM G# a4e5=r !a ti +ue +re6e#t a! .4u!ui i#4icati5 i !a t.ate ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! *e c.#Ju/= ca u# 5er" re/u!at 4e c.#Ju/area a IE@a <+atra> acti5=1 a;ar= 4e ;.r a ;ieri 4e !a +re6e#tu! i#;i#iti5u!ui1 4ei G#He!e*u! *=u e*te +a*i51 4ar !a ti +u! +er;ect aG i#4icati5u!ui i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e! *e c.#Ju/= !a ;.r a +a*i5=1 a5G#4 ;.r e!e c. +u*e 4i# +er;ectu! .4u!ui +artici+iu +a*i5 4e !a 5er"u! ;aci. G +reu#= cu ti +uri!e 5er"u!ui *u#i1 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui% 0ri# acea*t= G "i#are 4e ;.r e <4iate6e> 5er"u! ;i. are a+are#Ha u#ui verb semideponent i e*te ;.!.*it 4re+t ;.r a +a*i5= a 5er"u!ui acti5 ;aci. <N ;ac>% I# t.ate ;er e!e *i +!e a!e 5er"u!ui ;i.1 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui1 5.ca!a i 4i# tu!+i#= are ca#titate !u#/=1 4ei e*te G#ai#tea a!tei 5.ca!e1 a;ar= 4e ;.r e!e ti +u!ui i +er;ect a! .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti5 & ;iere & i a ti +u!ui +re6e#t a! .4u!ui i#;i#iti5 & ;ieri & G# care 5.ca!a i 4i#ai#tea !ui e e*te *curt=% Eer"u! ;aci. are #u er.a*e c. +u*e1 ;ie cu . +re+.6iHie@+re;iI1 ;ie cu u# a45er" *au cu . tu!+i#= <+articu!=> 5er"a!=% Di# +rici#a ace*tei c. +u#eri 5ariate1 5er"u! ;aci. *u;er=1 G# tu!+i#a !ui1 .4i;ic=ri ;e!urite% Eer"e!e c. +u*e cu . +re+.6iHie@+re;iI *c8i "= 5.ca!a a 4i# tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui ;aci. G# @i1 iar ;.r a <4iate6a> +a*i5= a ace*t.r 5er"e *e a!c=tuiete re/u!at 4i# cea acti5= cu ter i#aHii!e cu5e#ite% EIe +!u K c.#;icG. <N G#4e+!i#e*c>1 !a +a*i5 K c.#;ici.r <NN *G#t G#4e+!i#it>1 c.#;ici1 c.#;ectu* *u <c.#Ju/area a I!I@a <treia> acti5= i +a*i5=>% Eer"e!e c. +u*e cu u# a45er" *au cu . +articu!= <tu!+i#=> 5er"a!= +=*trea6=1 !a ;.r a acti5=1 G# tu!+i#a ti +u!ui +re6e#t i a ti +uri!.r 4eri5ate 4i# e!1 5.ca!a a a 5er"u!ui ;aci.1 iar !a ;.r a +a*i5= ;.!.*e*c 5er"u! ;i.% EIe +!u K !a"e;ac!. <N 6/u4ui> !a acti51 !a"e;i.< N *G#t c!=ti#at1 6/u4uit> !a +a*i5 M +ate;acG. <N 4e*c8i4>1 +ate;i. <*G#t 4e*c8i*> M *ati*;aci. <N *ati*;ac> !a acti51 *ati*;i. <N *G#t *ati*;=cut> !a +a*i5 M #i/re;aci. <NG#e/re*c> acti51 #i/re;i. <N 4e5i# #e/ru>1 +a*i5% >>?
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Eu s#nt "cutd= 7/%! ;i@. 2 ;i@* ( ;i@t 0I% 1 ;i@ u* 2 ;i@ti* ( ;G@u@#t Eu eram "cul6= 7/% 1 ;G@e@9a@ 2 "r-e-b-A ( ;G@e@9=@t 0I% 1 ;i@e@9a@ u* 2 ;G@e@9a@ti* ( ;i@e@;ca@#t Eu voi "i "cutd= 7/% 1 "l-a-m 2 ;G@e@* ( ;i@=@t 0I% 1 ;i@e@ u* 2 ;G@e@ti* ( ;i@e@#t lcF a\rc "ost "Jcut6= 7/% 1 ;actu* d sum 2 ;acta ] e* ( ;actu 1 e*Q 0I% 1 ;acti d sumus Eu s "iu "cut6= ;G@a@ ;G@=@* ;i@=@t ;G@W@ u* ;G@=@ti* ;G@a@#t Eu a "i "cut6= i#-l-re-m l#-e-re-a #i--re-t #i-e-re-mua ;G@e@re@ti* ;i@_5@re@#t "ii "cut6= ;i ;i@te a "i "cut6= ;!=@ri
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C'N3UGAREA EERBULUI ED' N MNUNC
Eer"u! ace*ta are ti +uri!e +ri#ci+a!e ca u# 5er" re/u!at 4e c.#Ju/area a I!I@a <treia>1 a4ic= e4.1 e4ere <*au e**e>1 e4i1 e*a % 7e /=*e*c G#*= G# c.#Ju/area ace*tui 5er"1 +e !G#/= ;.r e!e re/u!ate1 a!te ;.r e G# care1 !a u#e!e +er*.a#e 4i# *i#/u!ar *au 4i# +!ura!1 *e +ier4e 5.ca!a 4e !e/=tur= i atu#ci c.#*.a#a ;i#a!= 4 4i# tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui *e tra#*;.r = G# c.#*.a#a 8 i a*t;e! *e ."Hi# ;.r e 4i# c.#Ju/area ace*tui 5er" a*e =#=t.are cu ce!e a!e 5er"u!ui auIi!iar e**e <N a ;i>% G# ace*te ;.r e re4u*e 5.ca!a e 4i# tu!+i#a 5er"u!ui 4e5i#e !u#/=% 7e 4au ai J.* ;.r e!e 4e c.#Ju/are a!e 5er"u!ui edo G# care *e +re6i#t= a"ateri 4e !a c.#Ju/area re/u!at=% T.ate ce!e!a!te ti +uri i .4uri *e c.#Ju/= re/u!at%
I#4icati5 Pre+ent 7/% 1 e4@. N =#G#c 2 e4@!@* *au e* <4i# e4*> ( e4@!@t X e*t <4i# edt= 0I% 1 e4@i@ u* 2 e4@G@ti* X *au e*ti* <4i# edtis= ( e4@?@#t I +erati5 Pre+ent 7/% 2 e4e *au c* N =#G#c= 0I% 2 e4@i@te *au e*te N G#caHi Eiit.r 7/% 2 e4@G@t. *au e*t. N *= =#G#ci 0I% 2 e4@2@ t.te *au e*t.te N *= G#caHi C.#Ju#cti5 Pre+ent e4@a@ Q *au e4@i@ QQ e4@a@7 X e4@i@* e4@a@t X e4@t@t e4@=@ u* X e4@;@ u* e4@W@ ti* X e4@G@ti* e4@a@#t X e4@i@#t Imper"ect ed-e-re-m *au essem ed-re-s R esses ed-l-ret P esset e4@e@re u* X essemus e4@ e@re@ti* X essetis e4@2@re@#t X essent
I#;i#iti5 Pre+ent e4@O@re *au e**e N a G#ca
Eer"u! e4. *e c.#Ju/= re/u!at i !a ;.r a +a*i5=1 a;ar= 4e ;.r e!e ai J.* ar=tate care *e a"at 4e !a c.#Ju/area re/u!at= i a#u e K a= +er*.a#a a I!I@a <treia> 4i# *i#/u!ar a ti +u!ui +re6e#t 4e !a .4u! i#4icati5 !a care eIi*t= ;.r a e*tur N se mn#nc i b= +er*.a#a a I!I@a <treia> 4i# *i#/u!ar a ti +u!ui i +er;ect a! .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti51 !a care +e !G#/= ;.r a re/u!at= K e4eretur eIi*t= i ;.r a e**etur N sar m#nca! Eer"u! e4. are #u er.a*e c. +u*e cu . +re+.6iHie@+re;iI M t.ate ace*te 5er"e c. +u*e *e c.#Ju/= ca i 5er"u! *i +!u K
ambJdo , r.4 e&do N =#G#c c. +!et comecto N =#G#c perdo N i*tui% Q '5i4iu* G#tre"ui#Hea6= ;.r e!e K edam, edas etc% QQ B.ra ti u* ;.!.*ete G#*= ;.r e!e ar8aice K edim, edis etc%
112
EERBELE DEFECTIEE 7e #u e*c 5er"e 4e;ecti5e ace!ea G# a c=r.r c.#Ju/are !i+*e*c u#e!e .4uri i u#e!e ti +uri% E!e *G#t /ru+ate G# 4.u= cate/.riiK 1% G# +ri a cate/.rie *G#t cu+ri#*e C <+atru> 5er"e K e i#i N G i a i#te*c M odi N ur=*c M no&i N cu#.*c1 tiu M c.e+i N a G#ce+ut% T.ate ace*te +atru 5er"e *e c.#Ju/= #u ai !a ti +u! +er;ect i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e!% Trei 4i#tre e!e i a#u e K mem#ni, odi i novi *e tra4uc +ri# +re6e#t i +ri# ti +uri!e 4eri5ate1 a4ic= K +er;ectu! +ri# +re6e#t1 ai u!t ca +er;ectu! +ri# i +er;ect1 iar 5iit.ru! a! II@!ea +ri# 5iit.ru! I <G#tGi>M #u ai 5er"u! c.e+i *e tra4uce +ri# +er;ect i +ri# ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e!% 7+re a eI+ri a G# !i "a !ati#= 5er"u! F a G#ce+e X & 4i# !i "a r. G#=1 !a ti +u! +re6e#t i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e!1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ;.r e!e c.re*+u#6=t.are a!e 5er"u!uiK i#ci+G.1 i#ci+ere N a G#ce+e% Iat= c.#Ju/area ace*t.r 5er"e K
#mi aminiesc 7/% 0i%
Memini NN #mi amintesc

Indi#ati& Per"ect e i#i e i#i*ti e i#it e i#i u* e i#i*ti* e i#eru#t #mi aminteam e i#era e i#era* e i#erat e i#er= u* e i erWti* e i#era#t #mi voi aminti e i#er. e i#eri* sa-mi amintesc e i#eri e i# eri* e i#erit e i#eri u* e i#eriti* e i#eri#t mi-a aminti e i#i**e e i#i**e* e i#i**et e i#i**e u* e i#i**eti* e i#i**e#t impe"ati& &iito" \ /ai mult ca per"ect @iitorul al II-lea Con3un#ti& Per"ect /ai mult ca per"ect
e i#erit
e i#eri u*
e i#eriti*
e i#eri#t
e e#t.Na i#tete@Hi e e#t.teNa i#tiHi@5= i#;i niti& pe".e#t\
e i#i**e N a V i aminti
Odi urasc
Indi#ati& Per"ect /ai mult ca per"ect @iitorul al II-lea Con3u#ti& Per"ect /ai mult ca per"ect
Eu ursc Eu uram 7/% 1 .4i .4era 2 .4i*ti .4era* ( .4it 0I% 1 .4G u* .4erat 2 .4i*ti* .4er= u* ( .4eru#t .4er=ti* .4=ra#t In.initi& 1 Per"ect a .4i**e N a ur# d 2 @iitor' .*uru 1 @a @1 u e**e N c voi ur#
8 & c% ((5
Eu voi ur# .4;ir. .4eri* .47rit .4er! u* .4er!ti* .4=ri#t
Eu s ursc .4=ri .4=ri* .47rit .4er! u* .4er!ti* .4eri#t
Eu a ur# .4i**e .4i**e* .4i**et .4i**e u* .4i**eti* .4i**e#t -a-um N ur-t() i, @a1 -um N care
+a"ti#ipiu J Per"ect' .*u*1 @iitor' .*uru*1 va uri
11
No&i N cunosc, tiu

Indi#ati& Per"ect Eu cunosc 7/% 1 #.5i 2 #.5i*ti ( #.5it 0I% 1 #.5G u* 2 #.5i*ti* ( #.5eru#t /ai mult ca per"ect Eu cunoteam #.5era #.5era* #.5erat #.5er= u* #.5er=ti* #.5era#t @iitorul al II-lea Eu voi cunoate #.5er. #.5eri* #.5erit #.5eri u* #.5eriti* #.5eri#t C.#Ju#cti5 Per"ect Eu s cunosc #.5eri N.5eri* #.5erit #.5eri u* #.5eriti* #.5eri#t /ai mult ea per"ect Eu a cunoate #.5i**e #.5i**e* #.5i**et #.5i**e u* #.5i**eti* #.5i**e#t
In.initi&% +e".e#t1 Fo"me sin#opate1 #.5i**e N a cunoate nosti <+e#tru #.5i*ti>1 noram <N #.5er= >1 norim <N #.5eri >
C.e+i N am #nceput
I#4icati5 Per"ect /ai mult ca per"ect @iitorul al II-lea C.#Ju#cti5 Per"ect /ai mult ca per"ect Eu am #nceput 7/% $ c.e+i 2 c.e+i*ti ( cce+it 0I% 1 c.e+i u* 2 c.e+i*ti* ( c.e+eru#t Eu #ncepusem c.e+=ra c.e+era* c.e+erat cce+er= u* cce+er=ti* c.e+era#t Eu voi "i #nceput c.e+er. c.++eri* c.e+erit c.e+eri u* c.e+erGti* c.e+=ri#t Eu s "i #nceput c.e+eri cce+eri* c.e+erit c.e+eri u* c.e+eriti* cce+eri#t Eu a "i #nceput c.e+i**e c.e+i**e* c.e+i**et c.e+i**e u* cce+i**eti* c.e+i**e#t
Eer"u! c.e+i e*te G#tre"ui#Hat !a ;.r a +a*i5= #u ai G# eI+re*ia c.e+tu* sum% atu#ci cG#4 !G#/= ace*t 5er" eIi*t= u# i#;i#iti5 +a*i5% EIe +!u K ama"i #oeptus sum N a G#ce+ut a ;i iu"it% 2% G# a 4.ua cate/.rie *G#t cu+ri#*e cGte5a 5er"e care au ;.r e #u ai !a u#e!e ti +uri i !a a#u ite +er*.a#e% Ace*tea *G#t K
aio N 6ic1 a;ir in2uam B 7i# .a"i N a 5.r"i1 a /r=i -uae*. N te r./ a&e N te *a!ut sal&e N "i#e te@a /=*it &ale N r= Gi cu "i#e%
Aio N +ic, a"irm

I#4icati5 Pre+ent Imper"ect Per"ect Con3un#ti& p"e7ent Impe"ati&
7/% t ai. N +ic aie"a N+iceam ait N a +is aia* N s +ici aiat N ] ai* N +ici aie"a* N +iceai s +ic ( ait & +ice aie"at N +icea aia#t N s +ic 0I% 1 @ aie"a u*&+iceam 2 @ aie"ati* N +icea i ( aiu#t N +ic aie"a#t & +iceau +a"ti#ipiu% +"e7entK N% aie#*1 G% aie#ti* etc% N care +ice F.r a i#ter./ati5= ai*#e <N 6ici .areT> *e *curte6a= uneo"i n ainL
ai B .i
114
In2uam9 N +ic
I#4icati5 Pre+ent Imper"ect @iitor Per"ect I +erati5 Pre+ent
7/% 1 i#-ua N +ic 2 i#-ui* N +ici ( i#-uit N +ice 0I% 1 i#-ui u* N +icem 2 i#-uiti* N +ice i ( i#-uiu#t N +ic i#-uie"atN6icea i#-uie"a#t N6iceau i#-uie* N vei +ice i#-uiet N va +ice i#-uii N am +is i#-ui*ti N ai +is i#-uit N a +is i#-ue N +i @iitor i#-uit. N s +ici
Fa"i N a vorbi, a gri

I#4icati5 Pre+ent 7/% 1 2 @ ( ;atur N vorbete 0I% 1 @ 2 @ ( @ @iitor Per"ect *u N am vorbit e* N ai vorbit e*t N a vorbit *u u*Na vorbit e*ti* N a i vorbit *u#t N au vorbit /ai mult ca per"ect ;atu* ;ata ;atu ;ati ;atae ;ata era N vorbisem era* N vorbisei erat N vorbise era u* N vorbisem erati* N 4 vorbise i era#t N vorbise I +erati5 Pre+ent ; are N vorbete
;a".r N voi vorbi ;atu* ;a"itur N va ;ata vorbi ;atu ;ati ;atae ;ata
Geru#6iu I#;i#iti5 Pre+ent 0artici+iu Pre+ent Per"ect 7u+i# G% ;a#4i N de a vorbi ;ari NN a vorbi N% ;a#* N care D% ;a#4. N spre vorbete a vorbi .! ; a# ti*1 etc% Ac% a4 ;a#4u N pentru a vorbi A"!% ;a#4. N vorbind
;atu*1 @a1 @u ;atu N de vorbit 6= vorbit
n acea*t= a 4.ua cate/.rie *G#t cu+ri#*e i ur =t.are!e ;.r e i6.!ate K

a> Auae*. <5= r./>1 -uae*u u* <5= ru/= >% "> A5e1 a5ete <te *a!ut1 5= *a!ut>1 a5et. <;ii *a!utat> <;.r e r=6!eHe 4e i +erati5>% c> 7a!5e1 *a!5ete1 *a!5et. <;ii1 ;iHi1 *= ;ii *=#=t.*> M *a!5e"i* <5iit.r>1 *a!5ere <i#;i#iti5>% 4> Ea!e1 5a!ete <r= Gi1 r= G#eHi cu "i#e>1 5a!ere <i#;i#iti5>1 <a r= G#e cu "i#e>% e> Ce4. <4=1 *+u#e> cu *e#* 4e i +erati5% Q 7e i#terca!ea6= t.t4eau#a 4u+= u#u! *au ai u!te cu5i#te 4i# 5.r"irea 4irect= a cui5a% s*
115
EERBE NE0ER7'NALE Eer"e!e care *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= #u ai !a +er*.a#e a IlI-a <treia> 4i# *i#/u!ar *e #u e*c &e"be nepe"sonale. E!e *G#t /ru+ate G# ai u!te cate/.rii1 i 1% Ce!e care eI+ri = u# ;e#. e# a! #aturii ca K
"ulgurat , ;u!/er= "ulminat ; ;u!/er= gelat , G#/8eaH= $iemat N ier#ea6= grandinat ; ca4e /ri#4i#= ningit N #i#/e pluit N +!.u= rorat N ca4e r.u= tonat ; tu#= vesperascit N G#*erea6= lucescit ; *e !u i#ea6=
2% Eer"e i !.cuHiu#i 5er"a!e care au 4re+t *u"iect u# a!t 5er" !a G#trea/= ca K

convenit N *e cu5i#e decet N *e cu5i#e dedecet ; #u *e cu5i#e accidit d contingit O N *e G#tG +!= evenit I misgret , paen#tet ; i@e i!= = c=ie*c libet ; +!ace licet N e*te G#/=4uit oportet N tre"uie re"ert N i +.rt= necesse est N e*te #ece*ar constat N *e c.#*tat= piget ; G i +are r=u1 re/ret pudet ; i@e rui#e taedet ;
.4u! i#;i#iti5 *au . +r.+.6iHie
(% Eer"e!e care eI+ri = u# *e#ti e#t ca K

i@e *cGr"=
C% Ca 5er"e #e+er*.#a!e *G#t *.c.tite u#e!e 5er"e 4e ;.r = +a*i5= !a +er*.a#a a IlI-a 4i# *i#/u!ar ;=r= *u"iect 4eter i#at1 4ar a! c=r.r *u"iect +.ate ;i eI+ri at +ri#tr@. +r.+.6iHie c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!=1 caK
auditur N *e au4e creditur ; *e cre4e comperitur N *e a;!= dicitur N *e 6ice "ertur ; *e *+u#e narratur , *e +.5e*tete itur ; *e er/e itum est ; *@a er*
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ADEERBUL
0artea i#5aria"i!= 4e 5.r"ire1 care *e a!=tur= !G#/= u# cu5G#t i G# 4e.*e"i !G#/= u# 5er" *+re a@i .4i;ica G#He!e*u!1 *e #u ete a45er" 6adverbium=! A+r.a+e t.ate a45er"e!e *G#t ;.r ate 4i# *u"*ta#ti5e1 4i# a4Jecti5e1 4i# +r.#u e1 4i# 5er"e ;ie +ri# 4eri5are1 ;ie +ri# c. +u#ere1 ;ie +ri# *c8i "are 4e G#tre"ui#Hare% Du+= i4eea eI+ri at= +ri# e!e1 a45er"e!e *G#t 4e .+t cate/.rii K 1> 4e ti + M 2> 4e !.c M (> 4e ca#titate M C> 4e a;ir are M 5> 4e #e/areM 9> 4e G#tre"are M ,> 4e G#4.ia!= M 8> 4e .4% Ace*te a45er"e 5aria6= ca G#He!e* i eI+ri are 4u+= G#tre"area !a care r=*+u#4 i a#u e K ADEERBELE DE TIM0 a= La G#tre"area cG#4T 60uandoD=' nunc <acu >1 $odie <a6i>1 cras < Gi#e>1 nuper <4e curG#4>1 modo <a4i#ea.ri>1 antea < ai G#ai#te>1 0uondam, olim <.4i#i.ar=1 a!t= 4at=>1 pridie <G# aJu#>1 postridie <a 4.ua 6i>1 deinde, dein <a+.i1 4u+= aceea>1 postea <4u+= aceea>1 mane <4i i#eaHa>1 noctu <#.a+tea>1 interdiu <6iua>1 vespere <*eara>1 meridie <!a a ia6i>1 statirn <+e 4at=>1 e&templo 1 nun0uam <#ici.4at=>1 nonnun0uam <u#e.ri>% b= La G#tre"area cGt ti +T 60uamdiuD=' diu < u!t ti +>1 tamdiu <aa 4e u!t ti +>1 parumper <+e +uHi# ti +>1 paulisper <+e +uHi# ti +>% c= La G#tre"area 4e cGt ti +T 60uamdudumD=' 0uampridem <4e cG#4>1 dudum, iam dudum <G#c= 4e u!t ti +>1 pridem <4e u!t ti +> etc% ADEERBE DE L'C A45er"e!e 4e !.c r=*+u#4 !a u#a 4i# ur =t.are!e G#tre"=riK a> u#4eT 6ubiD=' $ic <aici>1 ibi <ac.!.>1 ibidem <t.t ac.!.>1 istic <aci!ea>1 illic <ac.!.>1 alibi <aiurea>1 "oris <a;ar=>1 intus <G#=u#tru> etc% "> 4e u#4eT 6undeD=' $inc <4e aici>1 illinc <4e ac.!.>1 istinc <4e aici>1 inde <4e ac.!.>1 indidem <t.t 4e ac.!.>1 aliunde <4e aiurea>1 undi0ue <4e +retuti#4e#i> etc% c> G#c.tr.T 60uoD=' $uc <G#c.ace>1 illuc <G#tr@ac.!.>1 istuc <G#tr@ac.ace>1 eo <ac.!.>1 eodem <G# *+re ace!ai !.c>1 alio <G#tr@aiurea> etc% 4> +e u#4eT 60uaD=' $ac <+e aici>1 istac <+e aici>1 illac <+e ac.!.>1 ea <+e ac.!.>1 eadem <t.t +e ac.!.>1 alia <+e aiurea> etc%
>>5
A':(RB( ( '( CAN;I;A;( R=*+u#4 !a u#a 4i# G#tre"=ri!e ur =t.are K a> cGtT 60uantum=' tantum <atGt>1 multum < u!t>1 parum <+uHi#>1 plus < ai u!t>1 plurimum <;.arte u!t>1 ali0uantum <+uHi#>1 nimis, nimium <+rea u!t>1 satis <4e*tu!> etc% N.t=% Du+= t.ate ace*te a45er"e 4e ca#titate eIi*t= u# c. +!e e#t ae6at G# ca6 /e#iti5 6genitivus 0uantitatis=! EIe +!uK multum vini <N u!t 5i#>1 tantum $ostium <atGHia 4u a#i>% "> 4e #te o"iL 60uotiesD=' toties <4e atGtea .ri>1 semel <. 4at=>1 bis <4e 4.u= .ri> etc% c> +G#= G#trucGtT 60uantopere=' tantopere <+G#= G#tr@atGta>1 tanlo <G#tr@atGta> G longe <cu u!t>1 multo <cu u!t>1 nim#o <cu +rea u!t>1 eo <cu atGt1 G#tru atGt> etc1 A':(RB( ( DE AFIRMAR( ita <a*t;e!>1 etiam <c8iar>1 vero <G#tr@a4e5=r>1 pro"ecto <4e *i/ur>1 e0uidem, 0uidem <ce e 4re+t>1 sane <4e *i/ur>1 immo <"a c8iar>1 scilicet, nimirum <a4ic=1 ;=r= G#4.ia!=>1 0uinetiam <"a G#c=> etc% ADEERBELE DE NEGARE non <#u>1 $aud <#ici>1 ne <#ici>1 ne0ua0uam, minime <#ici4ecu >1 nondum <G#c= #u> etc% ADEERBELE DE UNTREBARE num, -ne, nonne, utrum <.are>M cur, 0uare, 0uamobrem <+e#tru ceT>1 0uomodo <cu >1 0uemadmodum <G# ce c8i+>1 utrum ! ! ! an <.areT *auT>1 +e#tru G#tre"are 4u"!= etc% ADEERBELE DE UND'IAL "orte <4i# G#tG +!are>1 "orsit <+.ate>1 "ortasse <+.ate>1 "orsan <+.ate>1 "orsitan <+.ate>1 "ortassean <+.ate>1 "ortassis <+.ate> etc% A':(RB( ( DE MO' Acea*t= cate/.rie cu+ri#4e ce!e ai #u er.a*e a45er"e care arat= .4u! G# care *e ;ace !ucrarea i r=*+u#4 !a G#tre"area cu T Ce!e ai u!te 4i# ace*te a45er"e 4eri5= 4i# a4Jecti5e *au 4i# +artici+ii i *e ter i#= G# K @.1 @e1 @er1 @iter i a#u e K 1% A45er"e!e ter i#ate G#K -e, *au G#K@. *G#t 4eri5ate 4i# a4Jecti5e!e *au +artici+ii!e 4e c!a*a I@a <G#tGia> G# -us, -a, -um *au -er, -ra, -rum! E!e *e ;.r ea6= a*t;e!K *e aa6= ai G#tGi a4Jecti5u! *au +artici+iu! G# ca6u! /e#iti5 4i# *i#/u!ar1 *e *c8i "= ter i#aHia /e#iti5u!ui -i G# @e *au @.1 care *G#t ter i#aHii!e ace*t.r a45er"e% A*t;e! K
>>C
A4Jecti5 G% A45% a5aru*1 @a1 @u N <6/Grcit> a5ar@i avar-e N cu 6/irce#ie a+tu*1 @a1 @u N <+.tri5it> a+t@i apt-e N G# c8i+ +.tri5it i*er1 @era1 @u N #e#.r.cit i*er@i miser-e N G# c8i+ #e#.r.cit tacitu*1 @a1 @u N t=cut tac!t@i .r#=!u*1 @a1 @u N G +.4."it .r#=t@i a!u*1 @a1 @u N r=u a!@i eritu*1 @a1 @u N eritat er!t@i ;ecu#4u*1 @a1 @u N r.4#ic ;ecu#4@i tutu*1 @a1 @u N *i/ur tut@i raru*1 @a1 @u N rar rar@i *ecretu*1 @a1 @u N tai#ic *ecret@i De !a u#e!e a4Jecti5e a5e a45er"e ter i#ate 5eru*1 @a1 @u N a4e5=rat 5er@i certu*1 @a1 @u N *i/ur cert@i De !a a4Jecti5u! ".#u* a5e a45er"u!K bene , Ge#iti5 A45er" tacit-o N +e t=cute ornt-e N G# c8i+ G +.4."it mal-e; G# c8i+ r=u1 r=u merit-o , G# c8i+ eritat "ecund-e N G# c8i+ r.4#ic lut-o N G# *i/ura#H=1 *i/ur rar-o N G# c8i+ rar secret-o N G# c8i+ tai#ic% i G# @e i G# @.% ver-e i ver-o N cu a4e5=rat cert-e i cert-o N *i/ur "i#e% 2% A45er"e!e ter i#ate G# K @er *G#t ;.r ate 4e !a a4Jecti5e!e *au +arti@ci+ii!e 4e c!a*a a I!I@a <treia> care au tu!+i#a ter i#at= G# @#t *au @rt% De eIe +!u K A4Jecti5 Ge#iti5 A45er" sapient-er , cu G#He!e+ciu#e neglegent-er N cu #e+=*are nocenl-er N G# c8i+ 5=t= =t.r "lagranl-er N G# c8i+ ar6=t.r vigilanter N cu +ri5i/8ere sollert-er N cu i*teHi e% (% A45er"e!e ter i#ate G# @iter 4eri5= 4e !a a4Jecti5e!e 4e c!a*a a Ii@a <4.ua> cu 4.u= *au trei ter i#aHii G# @i*1 @. *au @er1 @i*1 @e1 cGt i 4e !a a4Jecti5e!e 4e c!a*a a I!I@a <treia> ter i#ate !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar G# I% De eIe +!u K *a+ie#* *a+ie#t@i* #e/!e/e#* #e/!e/e#t@i* #.ce#* #.ce#t@i* ;!a/ra#* ;!a/ra#t@i* 5i/i!a#* 5i/i!a#t@i* *.!!er* *.!!ert@i* A45er" util-iter N G# c8i+ ;.!.*it.r suav-iter N G# c8i+ +!=cut alacr-#ter ; cu 5i.iciu#e c celebr-iter N G# c8i+ 5e*tit "idel-#ter N cu cre4i#H= "lebil-iter ; G# c8i+ +! /=t.r "allac-iter , G# c8i+ G#e!=t.r "eroc-iter N G# c8i+ cru4 "ero&-iter , G# c8i+ r.4#ic simil-#ter N G# c8i+ a*e =#=t.r simplic-iter ; G# c8i+ *i +!u T.t G# acea*t= c!a*= e*te cu+ri#* i a4Jecti5u! au4aI1 /e#iti5 K audac-is, care ;ace a45er"u! au4acter N cu G#4r=6#ea!=% A4Jecti5 Ge#iti5 uti!i*1 @e uti!@i* *ua5i*@e *ua5@i* a!acer1 @ri*@e a!acr@i* ce!e"er@ri*@e ce!e"r@i* ;i4e!i*@e ;i4e!@i* ;!e"i!i*@e ;!e"i!@i* ;a!!aI ;a!!ac@i* ;er.I ;er.c@i* ;eraI ;erac@i* *i i!i*@e *i i!@i* *i +!eI *i +!ic@i* >>9
C% De Ia u#e!e a4Jecti5e 4e c!a*a a Ii@a <4.ua> i a III@a <treia> ;.!.*ete ca a45er" ca6u! acu6ati5 *i#/u!ar 4e /e# #eutru1 ca K 5irG4e < !a viridis, -e= ; 4e cu!.are 5er4e M ;aci!e <4e !a "ac#lis, -e= N cu uuri#H= 4iGGic;!e <4e !a di""ic#lis, -e= N cu /reutate M rece#* <4e !a recens= N 4e curG# 5% 7G#t u#e!e a4Jecti5e 4e c!a*a I <G#tGia> i a Ii@a <4.ua> 4e !a c 4eri5= a45er"e cu 4.u= ter i#aHii1 a4ic= atGt G# K @e1 cGt i G# @iter1 ca A4Jecti5 Ge#iti5 A45er" $umn-e i $uman-iter , cu . e#ie "irm-e i "irm-iter N cu t=rie ceTr-e i celer-iter ; G# c8i+ /ra"#ic miserabil-e i miserabil-iter , cu c. +=ti ire parc-e i parc-iter ; cu ec.#. ie 9% 7e ai ;.r ea6= a45er"e 4e !a a4Jecti5e1 *u"*ta#ti5e *au +artici+ii cu ter i#aHii!e K @tu*1 @*i 1 @ti 1 ca K ;u#4Gtu* N 4i# te e!ie <4e !a "undus ; ;u#4> M /re/Wti N +e tur e <4e !a gre+ ; cirea4a1 tur => M ra+ti N +ri# * u!/ere <4e !a rapio= M re/i.#=ti N +e Hi#uturi <4e !a regio , Hi#ut> I +.#Gtu* N G# a4G#ci e <4e !a penus ; *a#ctuar>1 8u a#itu* N . e#ete <4e !a $umanus, -a, -um= M 5ici**i N G# c8i+ i#5er* <4e !a vicis N rG#4> M 5ici*@ *=ti N rG#4 +e rG#4 <4e !a vicis N rG#4>% ,% De u!te .ri *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ca a45er"e ca6u! a"!ati5 *i#/u!ar a! u#.r *u"*ta#ti5e 4e !a 4i;erite 4ec!i#=ri ca K /rati* i /ratii* <4e !a gratia= N +e /rati* M rite N 4u+= ."icei <4e !a ritis N cere .#ie1 4ati#=>1 iure N +e 4re+t <4e !a ius ; 4re+t> M *+.#te N 4e !a *i#e <4e !a spons ; 5.i#H= <;=r= #. i#ati5>% 8% Dar ai *G#t a45er"e 4e .4 i a!te!e ;=r= .ri/i#e a4Jecti5a!=1 *u"*ta#ti5a!= *au 5er"a!=1 ca K ;ere N a+r.a+e +r*e*ertiu N ai cu *ea = ita N a*t;e! ter e Fc ca +a**i N ici@c.!. it. N 4e a*e e#ea +*e#e N a"ia1 a+r.a+e ;ru*tra N G# 6a4ar *ic N a*t;e! *.!u N #u ai . #i#. N G# t.ta! -u.-ue N c8iar i *a!te N ce! +uHi# a!iter N a!t;e! +.tiu* N ai 4e /ra"= #e-ui-ua N G# 6a4ar C. +ararea a45er"e!.r 4e .4 7+re 4e.*e"ire 4e ce!e!a!te cate/.rii 4e a45er"e1 #u ai adverbele de mod au grade de comparare! Ace*te /ra4e 4e c. +arare 4eri5= 4i# ace!ea a!e a4Jecti5e!.r G# c8i+u! ur =t.r K C. +arati5u! a45er"u!ui e*te i4e#tic cu c. +arati5u! a4Jecti5u!ui !a /e# #eutru1 iar *u+er!ati5u! a45er"u!ui *e ."Hi#e 4i# *u+er!ati5u! a4Jecti5u!ui1 G#!.cui#4u@*e ter i#aHia @u* +ri# @e% >E? 8D =#u*1 @a1 @u 8u =#@i ;ir u*1 @a1 @u ;ir @i ce!er1 @ri*1 @e ce!er@i* #ii*era"!!i*@e i*era"!!@i* +arcu*1 @a1 @u +arc@i
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apte N G# c8i+ +.tri5it "ecunde N G# c8i+ r.4#ic misgre N G# c8i+ #e#.r.cit male ; r=u bene; "i#e tuto & G# *i/ura#H= C. +arati5 aptius "ecundius miserius peius melius tutius 7u+er!ati5 aptisstme "ecundissime miserrime pessime optime tutissime i tutisslmo
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multum N u!t parum N +uHi# crebro ; 4e* prope N a+r.a+e diu ; 5re e G#4e!u#/at= stepe N a4e*ea magis plus minus crebrius propius diutius seepius ma&ime plurime minime creberrime pro&ime diutiss#me seepissime
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0re+.6iHia e*te +artea 4e 5.r"ire1 #e4ecGi#a"i!=1 care *e aa6= G#ai#tea *au G# ur a u#ui cu5G#t *+re a eI+ri a 4i;erite ra+.rturi% I# !i "a !ati#= +re+.6iHii!e *e c.#*truie*c u#e!e cu ca6u! acu6ati51 a!te!e cu ca6u! a"!ati51 iar cGte5a 4i#tre e!e i cu ca6u! acu6ati5 i cu ca6u! a"!ati5% 1% Au 4u+= e!e ca6u! acu6ati5 ur =t.are!e +re+.6iHiiK a#te1 a+u41 a41 a45er*u*1 +e#e*1 +.#e1 +.*t i +r*eter circu 1 circa1 citra1 ci* +r.+e1 +r.+tcr1 +er1 *ecu#4u er/a1 c.#tra1 i#ter1 eItra *u+ra1 5er*u*1 u!tra1 tra#*% i#!ra1 i#tra1 iuIta1 ."1 a#te N G#ai#te1 G# ;aH=K a#te lucem , G#ai#te 4e 6.riM a#te omnia ; G#ai#te 4e t.ateM a#te oculos ; G# ;aHa .c8i!.r a+u4 N !a1 !G#/=1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= 4u+= 5er"e!e 4e icare ;=r= a eI+ri a i icarea G#tr@. 4irecHie1 cGt i 4u+= 5er"e!e 4e re+a.* K a+u4 bonos N !G#/= cei "u#iM +u/#a a+u4 (annas N !u+ta !G#/= Ca##;;G% CG#4 G#*= e*te +u* G#ai#tea u#ui #u e 4e +er*.a#e1 eI+ri = #u #u ai G#He!e*u!P 4e K !a1 ci i aca*= !aK A+u4 me ; aca*= !a i#e M a+u4 (iceronem N aca*= !a Cicer. M a4 N !a1 c=tre1 +G#=1 *+re K cG#4 e*te cu u# 5er" 4e icare1 arat= 4irecHiaK discurrunt a4 ar a N a!ear/= !a ar e M cG#4 G#*= 4e+i#4e 4e u# 5er" 4e icare care #u arat= 4irecHia1 eI+ri = a+r.+ierea 4e ce5a K a4 (art$aglnem contendit ; *@a G#4re+tat *+re Cart8a/i#a M a4 mare N *+re are M cG#4 eI+ri = i4eea 4e ti +1 r=*+u#4e !a G#tre"area +G#= cG#4K a4 lucem N +G#= G# 6.riM a4 diem ; +G#= !a 6iu= M +u*= G#ai#te 4e #u era!e car4i#a!e1 *au G#ai#tea .ric=rui a!t cu5G#t care eI+ri = i4eea 4e #u =r1 atu#ci +re+.6iHia a4 eI+ri = a+r.Ii aHiaK a4 ducentos milites N +G#= !a 4.u= *ute 4e *.!4aHiM a4 unum N +G#= !a u#u!% Mai +.ate eI+ri a *c.+u! u#ei acHiu#i K a4 nullam rem ut#lis N "u# 4e #i ic1 *au ra+.rtu! ;aH= 4e ci#e5a K a4 voluntatem tuam ; 4u+= 5.ia ta M a4 summam ; G# t.ta!% a45er*u* i a45er*u N ;aH= 4e1 G +.tri5=1 ca K a45er*u* te ; ;aH= 4e ti#e <*u" .c8ii t=i> M a45er*u* deos impii ; #ecucer#ici ;aH= 4e 6eiM a45er*u* ali0uem dimicare N a !u+ta G +.tri5a cui5a <cu G#He!e* 4e 4u =#ie>% circa i circu N G +reJur1 4e Jur G +reJur1 ca K circa pectus N 4e Jur G +reJuru! +ie+tu!uiM circu opp#dum ; G +reJuru! .rau!uiM cu u# #u era! car4i#a! eI+ri = a+r.Ii aHia K circa 0uingentos N ca ci#ci *ute% >EE
#is i #it"a N 4i#c.ace1 +e*te1 +utG#4 eI+ri a i4eea 4e !.c K #it"a "lumen R$enum ; +e*te <4i#c.ace> 4e ;!u5iu! Ri#1 *au i4eea 4e ti + K #is paucos dies N +e*te cGte5a 6i!e% #ont"a N G +.tri5a1 n ;aH=1 ca K insula est #ont"a portum & eIi*t= o i#*u!= G# ;aHa +.rtu!uiM #ont"a $ostes patrise N G +.tri5a 4u a#i!.r +atriei% e"*a N c=tre1 ai a!e* cu *e#* ;a5.ra"i!1 +riete#.*1 caK mea e"*a deos pietas ; cucer#icia ea ;aH= 4e 6ei% e4t"a NN G# a;ar=1 eI+ri G#4 i4eea de !.c1 caK e4t"a muros N n a.a"a 6i4uri!.r1 e4t"a causam N G# a;ar= 4e c8e*tiu#e% in"a N *u"1 4u+=1 ca K in"a pontem N *u" +.41 in"a me N 4u+= i#e@ inte" N G#tre1 +ri#tre1 G# ti + 4e1 caK inte" "ines Nelvetiorum et Allo-brbgum N G#tre terit.riu! 8e!5eHi!.r i a! a!!."r./i!.r M inte" cenam dictavi $sec N G# ti +u! ci#ei a 4ictat ace*teaM inte" stationes $ostiurn & +ri#tre +.*turi!e 4e +a6= a!e 4u a#i!.r% int"a N G#=u#tru1 G#1 caK int"a munitiones N G#=u#tru G#t=rituri!.r1 int"a se& dies N G# a*e 6i!e% iu4ta N !G#/=1 +.tri5it cu K iu4ta murum N !G#/= 6i4 M iu4ta preeceptum )$emistoclis N +.tri5it cu +.ru#ca !ui T8e i*t.c!e% ." N G#ai#te1 4i# +rici#a1 ca K ." oculos versari , a ;i G#ai#tea .c8i!.rT ." Romam , G# ;aHa R. ei M ." metum N 4e <4i# +rici#a> ;ric=M ." eam rem *N 4i# acea*t= +rici#=% penes N G# +uterea1 ca 1penes prsetorem N G# +uterea +ret.ru!ui1 pen#s te N G# +uterea ta% pe" N +ri#1 G# ti + 4e1 1+e1 ca K pe" mare N +ri# < iJ!.cu!> are M pe" vias N +e 4ru uriM pe" duas noctes ; ti + 4e 4.u= #.+Hi M pe" $idos ; G# ti +u! J.curi!.r M pe" scelus ; +ri# #e!e/iuire M pe" aetatem , 4i# +rici#a 5Gr*teiM pe" deos immortales ; +e 6eii #e urit.ri% post% pon) <rar G#tre"ui#Hat> N 4u+=1 G#a+.i1 ca K post terga N 4u+= <!a> *+ate M +.*t tres dies ; 4u+= trei 6i!e M post $oc ; 4u+= acea*taM pone castra N G#a+.ia ta"arei% p"aete" N +e !G#/=1 a;ar= 4e1 ca K +r*eter ripam NN +e !G#/= a!M p"sete" naturam N G# a;ara <c.#tra> #aturiiM p"aete" (iceronem N a;ar= 4e Cicer.% p"ope N a+r.a+e1 caK p"ope solis occasum N a+r.a+e 4e a+u*u! *.are!ui% p"opte" N 4i# +rici#a1 a!=turi1 caK p"opte" viam sacri"icium "acere ; a ;ace *acri;iciu 4i# +rici#a c=!=t.rieiM p"opte" a0uee rivum ; a!=turi de <+e> a!u! u#ei a+e% se#undum N 4u+=1 +.tri5it cu1 4e@a !u#/u!1 caK se#undum arbitrium tuum N +.tri5it cu +=rerea ta M iter se#undum mare "acere N a c=!=t.ri 4e@a !u#/u! H=r u!ui =riiM $eres se#undum "iliam N .te#it.r 4u+= ;iic=% sup"a N 4ea*u+ra1 +e*te1 caK sup"a delp$inum sedens N e6G#4 deasup"a unui 4e!;i# M sup"a tuam sententiam ; +e*te +=rerea ta% 12
tra#* & +e*te1 ca K tra#* Niberum N +e*te E"ru M tra#* montes N +e* u#Hi% u!tra *N* 4i#c.!. 4e1 ca K u!tra modum N +e*te =*ur= M u!tra "idem 4i#c.!. <+e*te> 4e .rice cre4i#H= M u!tra castra N 4i#c.!. 4e ta"=r=% 5er*u* N c=tre <care *e aa6= 4e ."icei 4u+= *u"*ta#ti5u! 4eter i#a ca K navigare Italiam 5er*u* & a #a5i/a *+re Ita!ia M in "orum 5er*u* N c=tre ; G# a;ar= 4e +re+.6iHii!e 4e ai *u*1 *e ai /=*ete1 4re+t +re+.6iHie P u*-ue N +G#= !a1 ca K u*-ue 1iciilum mare ;P +G#= !a area 7ici!ieiM u*-ue Iovem N +G#= !a 3u+iter M u*-ue tempora Ale&andri ; +G#= G# 5re ea !ui A!eIa#4ru% Acea*t= +re+.6iHie e*te 4e*e.ri G#t=rit= +ri# +re+.6iHia a4K u*-ue a4 $anc astatem N +G#= G# acea*t= e+.c=% 2% Au 4u+= e!e ca6u! a"!ati5 ur =t.are!e +re+.6iHiiK a1 a"1 a"*-ue1 a"*\i 4e c.ra 1 c!a 1 cu 1 ePI OG d e *i#e1 te#u*1 +r.1 a" <G#tre"ui#Hat G#ai#te 4e 5.ca!e>1 a"* <G#tre"ui#Hat rare.ri G#ai#te 4e te *au G#ai#te 4e 5.ca!e *au 8> N 4e1 c=tre1 4e !a1 ca K a" urbe redit ; *e G#a+.ia6= 4e !a .ra M a puerit#a N 4i# c.+i!=rie M de"endere a" $ostlbus N a a+=ra 4e 4u a#iM a" init#o , 4e !a G#ce+utM a" all0uo laudtur , e*te !=u4at 4e c=tre ci#e5a M a"* te ; 4e !a ti#e% a"*-ue N ;=r= <G#tre"ui#Hat G# 4e.*e"i G# .+ere!e *criit.ri!.r 4e c. e4ii>1 ca K $oc a"*-ue te esset, $odie non viverem N 4ac= a*ta *@ar ;i +etrecut ;=r= ti#e1 #@a ai tr=i a*t=6i M 0uam "ortuntus ceteris sum rebus, a"*-ue una $ac "oret ; cGt 4e ;ericit *G#t G# ce!e!a!te +ri5i#He1 ;=r= 4e acea*ta u#a1 4ac= #@ar ;i% c!a N +e a*cu#*1 ;=r= tirea1 ca K c!a vobis & ;=r= tirea 5.a*tr=M c!a patre NN ;=r= tirea tatii% c.ra N G#ai#tea1 ca K c.ra poplo N G#ai#tea +.+.ru!uiM sentu c.ra N G#ai#tea *e#atu!ui% cu N cu1 *+re eIe +!u KP $abitre cu all0uo N a !.cui cu ci#e5a M cu meo "ratre N cu ;rate!e eu M e&it cu nuntlo N a ieit . 4at= cu 5e*tea% N.t=% Ci#4 G#*.Hete u# +r.#u e +er*.#a!1 +re+.6iHia cu *e aa6= 4u+= a"!ati5u! +r.#u e!ui i *e c.#t.+ete cu e!K ecu N cu i#e1 tccu N cu ti#e1 *ecu N cu e!1 #."i*cu N cu #.i1 5."i*cu N cu 5.i% Acea*t= G#tre"ui#Hare *@a eIti#*1 cu 5re ea1 i !a +r.#u e!e re!ati5K 0uocum ; cu care M 0uibuscum ; cu care% 4e N 4e1 4e*+re1 4i#1 ca K 4e lecto decidre ; a c=4ea 4i# +atM 4e civitte eiicere N a a!u#/a 4i# cetate <a eIi!a> M le& 4e ambitu , !e/ea 4e*+re c.ru+Hia e!ect.ra!= M $omo 4e plebe N . 4i# +.+.rM 4e puteo $aurtre N a *c.ate <a+=> 4i# +uH M 4e templo carcerem "acere N a ;ace G#c8i*.are 4i#tr@u# te +!u M captivum 4e rege "acere N a ;ace u# +ri6.#ier 4i#tr@u# re/e% eI <G#ai#te 4e 5.ca!=>1 e <G#ai#te 4e c.#*.a#=> N 4i#1 ca K pellere e "oro bonos < a i6/.#i 4i# ;.r +e cei "u#iM eI /o tempore & 4i# ace! ti +M vas eI auro N 5a* 4e aur M non longe eI eo loco abesse N a #u ;i 4e+arte 4i# ace! !.cM desilire e curru N a *=ri 4i# caru! *=u M eI lege , 4i# <4u+=> !e/e% >EL
+raB N G#ai#te1 4i#1 caK p"ae se agere N a G +i#/e G#ai#tea *a M p"ae se gerens N +urtG#4 G#ai#tea *a M nec lo0ui p"sB mserore potuit ; #ici #@a +utut 5.r"i 4i# +rici#a du"e"iiM p"ae metu N 4i# +rici#a ;ricii% p"o N +e#tru1 G#ai#tea1 ca K p"o patria mori ; a uri +e#tru +atrie M p"o patre esse N a ;i +e#tru <4re+t> tat= M p"o certo $abere ; a a5ea 4re+t !ucru *i/ur M p"o castris ; G#ai#tea ta"ereiM p"o tribunali N G#ai#tea tri"u#a!u!ui M sedens p"o sede (astoris N e6G#4 G#ai#tea te +!u!ui !ui Ca*t.r% *i#e N ;=r=1 ca K *i#e reglbus esse N a ;i ;=r= re/iM lectio *i#e ull delecta i one N citire ;=r= #ici . 4e*;=tare M sine ullo au&illo N ;=r= #ici u# aJut.r% te#u* N +G#= !a1 *e aa6= 4u+= *u"*ta#ti5u! 4eter i#at1 4e eIe +!u K (antabrico te#u* bello , +G#= !a r=6".iu! cu Ca#ta"riiM ;au"o tenus N +G#= !a u#te!e Tauru* M cG#4 acea*t= +re+.6iHie e*te 4u+= u# +r.#u e1 *e c.#t.+ete cu e!K Aacte#u* N +G#= aiciM HJP?ate#u*T N +G#= u#4e .areT (% 7e /=*e*c cGte5a +re+.6iHii care au 4u+= e!e *au ca6u! a#u7ati& cG#4 *e eI+ri = . i4ee 4e icare G#tr@. 4irecHie !a G#tre"area n#ot"oL *au au ca6u! ablati& cG#4 *e eI+ri = . i4ee 4e *tare +e !.c *au 4e re+a.* i r=*+u#4 !a G#tre"area undeL Ace*te +re+.6iHii *G#t ur =t.are!e K i# N G#1 *+re M *u" N *u"tM *u+er N 4ea*u+ra i subte" N 4e4e*u"t% I# N G#1 ;aH= 4e1 *+re M cu a#u7ati&ulK in urbem ibat N er/ea G# .ra M i# Hrientem N *+re r=*=ritM i# lucem , *+re !u i#= M pietas i# deos N e5!a5ie ;aH= 4e 6eiM i# au&il#um missi , tri ii G#tr@aJut.r M i# altitud#nem N G# G#=!Hi e M i# se& menses N +e ci#ci !u#iM i# dies N 4i# 6i G# 6i% In NN G#1 la M cu ablati&ulK in agri N G# ./.are1 +e cG + M esse i# armis , a ;i *u" ar e <G#ar aHi> M i# 1e0uanis ; !a *ec5a#iM i# intin1re ; G# 4ru 1 +e 4ru M i# principlo ; !a G#ce+ut% )ub N *u"1 *+re1 la M cu a#u7ati&ulK sub iugum mittere N a +u#e *u" Ju/ M sub galii cantum , +e !a cG#tatu! c.c.u!uiM sub vesperum ; *+re *ear= M sub lucem N *+re 6iu=% )ub N *u"t1 !a M cu ablati&ulK sub terra $abitre & a !.cui *u" += G#tM sub colle sas !a +.a!e!e 4ea!u!uiM sub oculis alicuius N *u" .c8ii cui5a% )upe" *** 4ea*u+ra1 +e*te M cu a#u7ati&ul1 supe" terrse tumulum nolit 0uic0uam stati nisi columellam ; +e*te /r= a4a 4e += G#t #@a 5rut *= *e ae6e 4ecGt . ic= c.!.a#= M stricto supe" capita gladio N cu *a"ia *c.a*= 4ea*u+*a ca+ete!.r M supe" omnes ; +e*te t.HiM alii supe" alios N u#ii +e*te a!Hii% )upe" N +e1 4e*+re1 cu ablati&ul1 supe" cerv#ce , +e /ru a6 M supe" ali0ua re scrib$e , a *crie 4e*+re u# *u"iect .arecare M "ronde supe" viridi ; +e ;ru#6e 5er6i% )ubte" N *u"1 4e4e*u"t cu a#u7ati&ul1 subte" togam B sub t./= ; subte" mcenia N 4e4e*u"tu! G#t=rituri!.r% )ubte" B *u"1 #a ablati&ul1 subte" densa testudlne iu$at )erre ca,u, N le +!ace *=@i +.arte #eca6uri!e *u" . 4ea*= +!at.e% 125
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0R'0'YIIA
0R'0'YIIA AFIRMATIE
Pater venit <Ei#e tata>% Pueri errant <C.+iii /ree*c>% E&perientia docet <G#cercarea G#5aH=>% Arbor non cseditur <0. u! #u e*te t=iat>% A0uila est regina avium <Eu!turu! e*te re/e!e +=*=ri!.r>% Guid est pietasD <Ce e*te e5!a5iaT>% +"opo7i,ia G# !i "a !ati#=1 ca i G# !i "a r. G#=1 e*te o *ndi"e eI+ri at= +ri# /rai *au +ri# *cri*% Ea e*te 4e trei ;e!uriK a> a.i"mati&% b6 ne*ati& i #6 inte"o*ati&. Avis volat <0a*=rea 6".ar=>% (ani ltrat <C!i#e!e !atr=>% Puer discit <C.+i!u! G#5aH=>% /agister discipulos docet <0r.;e*.ru! G#5aH= +e c.!ari>% 0r.+.6iHia care eI+ri =1 c.#*tat= *au G#t=rete u# ;a+t *e #u ete a.i"mati&. G# !i "a !ati#= a"irmarea *e ;ace +ri# verb!
0R'0'YIIA NEGATIE
Pater non cJtigat "ilium <Tat=! #u 4.Je#ete +e ;iu>% 3ostro rnore lo0uamur, non ret$orico <7= 5.r"i G# ;e!u! #.*tru1 #u G# ce! a ret.ri!.r>% Haud procul pater aberat <Tata #u era 4e+arte>% Haud scio <#u tiu>% /eus pater ne servum 2uidem punit <Tat=! eu #u +e4e+*ete #ici c8iar +e u# *c!a5>% Ne peccatum "eceris <7= #u ;aci 5reu# +=cat>% Ne . nostrum abest <Nu !i+*ete #i e#i 4i#tre #.i N t.Hi *G#te 4e ;aH=>% Nullus discipulus in ludo est <Nici u# c.!ar nu e*te G# c.a!=>% Nib.il victis prodest <Ni ic #u ;.!.*ete ce!.r G#5i#i>% Ne2ue dominum, #e-ue servum consul vituperavit <C.#*u!u! #@a .c=rit #ici +e *t=+G#1 #ici +e *c!a5>% Nun2uam civem improbum laudabimus <Nici.4at= #u 5. !=u4a +e u# cet=Hea# #eci#*tit>% Ammus discipulum sedulum, non pigrum <Iu"i +e c.!aru! *i!it.r1 #u +e ce! !e#e>% Ego non *?\O#e*ciu* <7G#t tiut.r>% Non possum non lo0ui <+.t 5.r"i>% 3untius nondum advenit <N@a *.*it G#c= ta;eta>% +"opo7i,ia% care t=/=4uiete u# ;a+t1 *e #u ete ne*ati&% G# !i "a !ati#= #e/area *e eI+ri = +ri#tr@ u# a45er"1 *au +ri# .ricare a!t cu5G#t care are 5re. ;u#cHie G# +r.+.6iHie% Cu5G#tu! #e/ati51 ;ie e! a45er"1 ;ie .ricare a!t= +arte 4e 5.r"ire1 4=1 G# /e#era!1 G#He!e* #e/ati5 G#tre/ii +r.+.6iHii% 7G#t G#*= ca6uri G# care #e/aHia *e re;er= nu !a +r.+.6iHia G#trea/=1 ci #u ai !a
Y9
1 1
u# *i#/u* c?*rtaE 4i# ea% n acea*t= G +reJurare a45er"u! *au cu5G#tu! #e/ati5 *e aa6= G#ai#tea cu5G#tu!ui +e care G! #ea/=1 #u G#ai#tea +re4icatu!ui% EIe +!u K amamus discipulum sedulum, non pigrum! I# c8i+ cu t.tu! 4e.*e"it 4e !i "a r. G#=1 #e/area1 G# !i "a !ati#=1 *e e4p"im p"int"-un sin*u" ad&e"b sau p"int"-un *i#/#r #u&nt ne*ati&. Dac= G#*= G# +r.+.6iHie eIi*t= 4.u= #e/aHii1 G#He!e*u! ei #u e*te #e/ati51 ci +uter#ic a;ir ati51 c=ci duple& negatio est a""irmatio! EIe +!u K ego non sum #e*ciu* <*G#t tiut.r>% G;.# possum non lo0ui <+.t 5.r"i>% A45er"e 4e #e/are G# !i "a !ati#= *G#t K Non +ri# care *e eI+ri = . #e/aHie /e#era!= M e! *e aa6=1 4e ."icei1 G#ai#tea 5er"u!ui% Bau41 +ri# care *e #ea/= u# *i#/ur cu5G#t1 ai a!e* a45er" *au a4Jecti51 G#ai#tea c=ruia *e aa6=% Ne% G#tre"ui#Hat ai cu *ea = G# eI+re*ia ne! ! ! 0uidem <#ici% % % c8iar>1 *+re a acce#tua u# cu5G#tM cu5G#tu! acce#tuat *e aa6= G#tre ace*te 4.u= a45er"e% Dac= G#*= ne e*te ae6at G#ai#tea u#ui 5er"1 G#tr@ . +r.+.6iHie i#4e+e#4e#t=1 eI+ri = . .+rire 4e a ;ace ce5a *au . 4.ri#H= K peccatum #e ecerisW <*= #u ;aci +=cat^>% Cu5i#te cu G#He!e* #e/ati5 ai *G#t K
0r.#u e #e8.t=rGte K nemo, ni$il, nullus, neuter etc% A45er"e K nondum, nun0uam, nus0uam etc% C.#Ju#cHiiK nec, ne0ue, neve, neu etc%
C.#Ju#cHii!e nec i ne0ue *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ai a!e* G# +r.+.6iHii!e #e/ati5e 4i*Ju#cti5e1 G# 4u"!etu!K ne0ue!!! ne0ue< ne0ue!!! nec< nec!!! ne0ue! De a*e e#ea *e /=*ete +r.#u e!e ne0ue 6nec= 0uis0uam G# !.c 4e et nemo i ne0ue 6nec= ullus G# !.c 4e et nullus! EIe +!u K nec 0uis0uam o""icio suo "unctus est %
:e"i une 'UO MUM
%uo muli, .#u*ti *arci#i*1 0aud *i i!i"u*1 iti#ere procedebant! Ne# c.r+u*1 ne2ue e.ru .re* +aria era#t% U#u* erat *u+er"u*1 a!ter .4e*tu* et *a+ie#*% Bic 5i!e 8.r4eu 1 iile aute ter/. +ecu#ia "erebat! Iile *u+er"u ca+ut e&tollebat et ti#ti##a"u!u iactabat! (omes .4e*tu* i!!iu* *u+er"ia t.!erare non potuit et ei dicebat' FNi ia *u+er"ia tumes, .I ;.rta**e "lebis X% F Nemo 4e *ua 5ita *ecuru* e*t1 ne# 2uis2uam +ericu!u i i#e#* 5itare potest R! 7u"it. latrones, 0ui 0aud +r.cu! aberant, 8a#c +r*e4a vident et eI i#*i4ii* advolant! Mu!u 1 4i5itii* .#u*tu 1 *aucia#t 4iri+iu#t-ue +ecu#ia 1 *e4 eiu* c. ite #e/!e/u#t% Ne !atr.#i"u* 2uidem 8.r4eu #ece**ariu erat% >KE
Tu#e i*er rnulus, cui *u+er"ia #iLi! #i*i ca!a itate attu!it1 ca*u *uu tri*te "levit! (omes .4e*tu* ei di&it' FMa/#*e .+e* *u#t +ericu!. ."#.Ii*e% 7e +er divitiae !atr.#u cu+i4itate movebuntR! 0r.i#4e #e *u+er"u* ;ueri* ^ X
Te = E0'CA DE AUR
0e 5re ea 6per7 e+.cii 6setas= 4e aur !i5e6i!e 6pratum= i ./.are!e 6ager= a5eau t.t4eau#a ;!.ri ;ru .a*e i 8.!4e 6seges= r.4#ice 6Isetus=! Nu eIi*ta 6sum= #ici . 4u =#ie G#tre .a e#i% Nici c8iar a#i a!e!e 6animal= #u *e te eau 6timeo= 4e . % De !a *i#e 6sporite sua= += G#tu! .;erea 6do= #ea u!ui . e#e*c 6genus $umanum= are "e!u/ 6copia= 4e !a+te1 4e iere 6mei= i 4e 5i#% Ni ic #u !e !i+*ea 6desum= .a e#i!.r% Erau #ecu#.*cute 6ignotus= ar e!e M .a e#ii #u a5eau #ici *cuturi 6scutum=, #ici *u!iHe 6$asta=, #ici !=#ci 6pilum=, #ici *="ii 6gladius=! Ei Gi +etreceau 5iaHa 6vitam agere= G#tr@. +ace 5e#ic= 6perpetuus=< #u au6i*er= *u#etu! 6strepitus= r=6".i#ic 6bellicus= a! trG LiHei 6tuba=! 'rae!e 6urbs= #u !e G#t=reau 6munio= #ici cu 6i4uri 6murus=, #ici cu a#Huri 6"ossa=! Nu 6nullus= eIi*ta 6sum= ar at= 6e&ercitus=, iar *.!4aHii #u c=4eau 6cado= G# !i#ia 4e !u+t= 6acies=! 0.;ta 4e "a#i 6avaritia= G#c= #u 6nondum= tic=!.i*e 6corrumpo= *u;!ete!e 6animus= i #ici 4e*;rG#area 6lu&uries=! Ni e#i #u 4.rea 6cupio= "./=Hii 6divitias= *au .#.ruri 6$onor=! 0e*te t.t 6ubi0ue= *t=+G#ea 6regno= 4re+tatea 6iustitia=!
Du+= Hvidius 0R'0'YIIA INTER'GATIE INDE0E53DENT
I% Guis venit <Ci#e 5i#e>T Ec0uid "ecisti <Ce ai ;=cut>T Tnde venis <De u#4e 5ii>T Guomodo vales <Ce ai ;aci>T Tbi "uit "rater tuus <U#4e a ;.*t ;rate!e t=u>T (ur pater rus pro"ectus non est <De ce #@a +!ecat tata !a Har=>T Guid dicis <Ce 6ici> T Guando advenerunt lega i pacem petituri <CG#4 au *.*it *.!ii *= cear= +ace>T @isne locum mutemus <Erei *= *c8i "= !.cu!>T Nu igitur peceamus <aa 4ar +=c=tui .are>T /inime <#ici 4e cu >% N.i e ad me veniesD @eniam <Eei 5e#i .are !a i#eT 5.i 5e#i>% Nu "acti Pamp$ilum piget <'are Gi +are r=u !ui 0a ;i!u* 4e ;a+ta *a>T <Ter% Andr! E1 (1 9>% @idemusne ut pueri ne verberibus 0uidem a contemplandis rebus per0uiren-dis0ue deterreantur <Nu 5e4e .are c= c.+iii #ici c8iar +ri# !.5ituri #u +.t ;i G#!=turaHi 4e a cerceta i a c.#te +!a !ucruri!e> T <Cic% %e "inibus, E1 181 C8>% 0r.+.6iHia i#ter./ati5= i#4e+e#4e#t= e*te aceea +ri# care *e ;ace . G#tre"are 4irect=% Ea G#ce+e cu u# +r.#u e1 cu u# a45er" *au cu . +articu!= G#tre"=t.are i a#u e K 1% Pronumele interogative +ri# care +.ate G#ce+e . +r.+.6iHie G#tre"=t.are *G#tK 0uis, 0uidD <ci#eT ceT>M 0ui, 0use, 0uodD <careT1 ceT> M 0uisnam, 0uidnamD <ci#e .are1 ce .areT> M ec0uis, >KK
ec0uidD <ci#eT1 ceT> M uter, utra, utrumD <care 4i# 4.i> M 0ualis, O 0ualeD <ce ;e!T>M 0uantus, 0uanta, 0uantumD <cGt1 cGt=T>M 0uotus, e 0uota, 0uotum <a! cGte!ea1 a cGteaT> M 0uotus0uis0ue, 0uota0use0ue, 0uotum0uid0ueD <a! cGte!ea1 a cGta1 ;iecareT> M 0uotD <cGtT>% 2% Adverbele +ri# care +.ate G#ce+e . +r.+.6iHie i#ter./ati5= *G#tK ubiD <u#4e> M 0uoD <G#c.tr.> M undeD <4e u#4e>M 0uaD <+e u#4e> M 0uandoD <cG#4> M 0uandiuD <cGt ti +> M 0uotiensD <4e cGte .ri> M 0uomodoD <cu 1 G# ce c8i+T> M curD <+e#tru ceT> M 0uareD <4e ceT> M 0uantopereD <G# ce =*ur=T>% (% Particulele G#tre"=t.are1 +ri# care +.ate G#ce+e . +r.+.6iHie i#ter./ati5= i#4e+e#4e#t=1 *G#t K a> @#e1 e#c!itic= a!i+it= !a *;Gritu! cu5G#tu!ui1 +ri# care *e ;ace G#tre"area i care e*te ae6at G# ;ru#tea +r.+.6iHiei G#tre"=t.are% 7e G#tre"ui#Hea6= acea*t= +articu!= G#tre"=t.are atu#ci cG#4 ce! care +u#e G#tre"area #u tie *au #u 5rea *= arate ce ;e! 4e r=*+u#* 5a c=+=ta1 a;ir ati5 *au #e/ati5% "> 3Eu 1 cG#4 ce! care G#trea"= *e atea+t= !a u# r=*+u#* #e/ati5% c> N.##e1 cG#4 *e atea+t= *au *e 4.rete u# r=*+u#* a;ir ati5%
N.t=% U#e.ri i ai a!e* G# G#tre"=ri!e ret.rice +.ate *= !i+*ea*c= cu t.tu! +r.#u e!e1 a45er"u! *au +articu!a G#tre"=t.are 4e !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei i#ter./ati5e i#4e+e#4e#te% G# ace*t ca6 G#tre"area e*te ar=tat= #u ai +ri# t.#u! cu care e*te r.*tit= +r.+.6iHia% EIe +!uK 3on iustus ego 0ui et consul rogavi et augurD <Nu *G#t . 4re+t eu care 5@a cerut +=rerea i ca c.#*u! i ca au/urT>% <Gic% %e nat! deor! II1 C1 11>%
II% Ttrum vales a# segrotasD <Eti *=#=t.* *au eti ".!#a5T>% Romamne eo a# $ic maneoD <Mer/ !a R. a *au r= G# +e !.cT> Iure a# iniuriaD <0e 4re+t .ri +e #e4re+tT> 1unt consules cives boni a# #.#T <7G#t c.#*u!ii cet=He#i "u#i *au #uT> Fuerunt probata consilia prsetoris, #ec#eT <F.*t@au G#cu5ii#Hate +r.+u#eri!e +ret.ru!ui1 .ri #uT>% Propo+i ia interogativ independent +.ate ;i G#4.it= <4u"!=> a4ic= 4i*Ju#cti5=% G# ace*t ca6 +ri a +r.+.6iHie i#ter./ati5= *e G#ce+e cu +articu!a utru 1 *au cu e#c!itica & #e1 iar a 4.ua +ri# +articu!a a#% CGte . 4at= *e *u+ri = +articu!a utrum *au an 4i# +ri a +r.+.6iHie i#ter./ati5=1 ai a!e* cG#4 G# a 4.ua +r.+.6iHie e*i*t= +articu!a G#tre"=t.are a##.# *au #ec#e% G# acea*t= G +reJurare G#tre"area re6u!t= 4i# i#t.#area ;ra6ei% Eer*iu#e AUGU7TI EETEBANU7 Cau*a 4ice"atI a+u4 Au/u*tu -ui4a eI 5etera#i*1 -ui +au!. 5i.!e#ti.r a45er*u* 5ici#.* ;uerat% Guis i!!u #.# #.5erat T F /eministine, i#-uit ii!e1 i +erat.r1 te i# Bi*+a#ia ta!u eIt.r*i**eTX Cu C*e*ar e i@
A@i *u*Hi#e +r.ce*u!%
>KL
#i**e *e 4iIi**etK FN.##e e i#i*ti -ui4e 1 cu 5e!!e* *u" -ua4a ar".re re*i4ere1 ;er5e#ti**i . *.!e1 -ue 4a eI tui* c. i!it.#i"u* +ae#u!a *ua *u"*tra5i**eT R Tu C*e*ar K F Aa. .4. #.# e i#eri T et -ui4e *iti c.#;ectu*1 -uia +e4i"u* ire a4 ;.#te +r.Ii u #.# +.tera 1 re+ere a#i"u* 5.!e"a M *e4 c. i!it. a-ua i8i i# /a!ea *ua attu!it X% & F 0.te* er/.1 i +erat.r1 a/#.*cere i!!u !i. i#e a# #.#T Utru ce#turi. a# i!e* a#i+u!ariu* eratT Aui 8. . eratT X C*e*ar ait *e a/#.*cere 8. i#e +u!c8re +.**e et a4iecitK F At tu ii!e #.# e* ^ X & F Merit.1 i#-uit ii!e1 e #.# a/#.*ci*1 #a 1 cu 8.c ;actu e*t1 i#te/er era M +.*tea a+u4 Mu#4a 1 i# acie1 .cu!u* i8i e;;.**u* e*t X% C*e*are +ee#ituit ."!i5i.#i* et a/e!!.*1 cau*a riI*a et !itiu 1 i!iti *u. 4.#a5it%
Du+= 1eneca
Te i 0'RUMBELUL I C''FANA
U# +.ru "e! i . c.H.;a#= 6pica= 5=6u*er= cG#45a 6olim= u# +=u# 6tavo=! C.H.;a#a a G#tre"atK Ci#e 6ec0uis= e*te acea*t= +a*=re 6avis=D Ee6i .are cGt 4e are 60uantus= c.a4= 6cauda= areT 0e#tru ce 6cur= er/e 6pro-cedo= aa 4e tru;a 6superbe=D Atu#ci +=u#u! i@a 4e*;=cut 6e&plico= c.a4a !ui G +e*triHat= 6gemmeus=! A 4.ua 6i 6postridie= c.H.;a#a cea "Gr;it.are 6maledicus= *+u#ea +.ru "e!u!uiK CGt 60uam= G i 4i*+!ace 6displiceo= +=u#u!^ CGt 4e #e+!=cut 6insuavis= e*te /!a*u! 6vo&= ace*tei +=*=ri^ CGt 4e urGte 6tseter= Gi *G#t +ici.are!e ^ 0e#tru ce #u tace 6sileo=D 0e#tru ce #u@i ac.+er= 6tego= +ici.are!eT Nu 5e4e e! .are cGt *G#t 4e urGteT E*te ai #e+!=cut .are /!a*u! !ui 6vo&= *au +ici.are!eT Dar "!G#4u! 6mitis= +.ru "e! a r=*+u#* 6respondeo=' F Eu #@a "=/at 4e *ea = 6observo= 4e;ecte!e 6vitium= +=u#u!ui1 ci ;ru u*eHea 6pulc$ritudo= c.r+u!ui !ui i 5arietatea i *tr=!ucirea 6nitor= +e#e!.r R! Cei "u#i 6bonus= caut= 6e&0uiro= !a 6in= a!Hii ca!it=Hi!e 6meritum=, iar cei r=i 6malas= 4e;ecte!e% Ci#e .are +.ate a5ea #u ai ca!it=HiT Nu e*te ai "i#e *= !u= G# *ea = ca!it=Hi!e cui5a i *= #u 5e4e 6video= 4e;ecte!eT 0R'0'YIIA 7IM0L
7UBIECTUL I 0REDICATUL
.allus cJntat <C.c.u! cG#t=>% Amicus advenit <7.*ete +riete#u!>% @irtus manet, divitiee pereunt <Eirtutea 4=i#uiete1 a5uHia +iere>% Filius laudtur <Fiu! e*te !=u4at>% 1apientia $onoratur <G#He!e+ciu#ea e*te .#.rat=>% (onsul pro"ectus est <C.#*u!u! a +!ecat>% 0r.+.6iHia a!c=tuit= #u ai 4i# *u"iect i +re4icat & #u ite +=rHi +ri#ci+a!e 4e +r.+.6iHie & e*te +r.+.6iHie *i +!=% >KF
j
)ubie#tul Hostis adventat <7.*ete 4u a#u!>% +uellae te&unt <Fete!e He*>% Iile laboral <Ace!a u#cete>% 7a+ie#* consulit <G#He!e+tu! +.5=Huiete>% abo"a"e neces-sarium est <A u#ci e*te #ece*ar>% Hpttur ut pate" &eniat <7e 4.rete *= &in tata>% )ubie#tul e*te +artea +ri#ci+a!= a +r.+.6iHiei 4e*+re care *e 5.r"ete G# ea% E! +.ate ;i eI+ri at +ri#tr@ u# *u"*ta#ti51 u# +r.#u e1 u# a4Jecti51 u# 5er" !a .4u! i#;i#iti5 *au c8iar +ri#tr@. +r.+.6iHie G#trea/=% 7u"iectu!1 G# /e#era!1 st n #a7ul nominati&% atu#ci cG#4 +re4icatu! +r.+.6iHiei e*te !a .4 +er*.#a!% E! *e aa6=1 4e ."icei1 G# ;ru#tea +r.+.6iHiei%
N.t=% 7u"iectu! +r.+.6iHiei #u e*te eI+ri atK a> cG#4 ar ;i u# +r.#u e +er*.#a!1 care *e *u"G#He!e/e G# +er*.a#a 5er"u!uiK clamo <*tri/>1 laboramus < u#ci >1 legitis <citiHi>% Dac= G#*= *e +u#e G# e5i4e#H= . a#u it= +er*.a#= *au *e arat= . .+.6iHie G#tre +er*.a#e 4i;erite1 +r.#u e!e +er*.#a!1 ca *u"iect a! +r.+.6iHiei1 e*te eI+ri at G# c8i+ *+ecia!K E/. libertatem peperi, 5.* pariam servare non vultis! <Eu 5@a +re/=tit !i"ertatea1 5.i #u 5reHi *@. +=*traHi aa cu 5@a +re/=tit@.>% <Cic% Aud! ad Nerenn! IE1 5(>% "> G#ai#tea 5er"e!.r i +er*.#a!e1 ai a!e* ce!e care eI+ri = u# ;e#. e# 4i# #atur= *au u# *e#ti e#tK "ulminat <;u!/er=>1 gelat 6#ng$iÒW:, grandinat <ca4e /ri#4i#=>1 vesperascit <G#*erea6=> etc%M miseret < i@e i!=>1 psenitet < = c=ie*c>1 piget <re/ret>1 pudet < i@e rui#e>1 Idet < i@e *cGr"=>M c> cG#4 *e eI+ri = . /G#4ire /e#era!=K dicunt <*e *+u#e1 *u"G#He!e* $omines=, crederea ai cre4e1 *u"G#He!e* tu=!
+"edi#atul a> Pueri ludunt <B=ieHii *e J.ac=>% 1cribse s#"ibunt <7ecretarii *criu>@/ilites pu*nant <'*taii !u+t=>% @irtus laudatu" <Eirtutea e*te !=u4at=>% "> 1ilea 4e#*a e*t <0=4urea e*te 4ea*=>% @era amici ia sempite"na est <A4e5=rata +riete#ie e*te trai#ic=>% 1apientia semper nii"abilis .uit <G#He!e+ciu#ea a ;.*t t.t4eau#a 5re4#ic= 4e a4 irat>% Incolse $alise Romani appel-labantu" <L.cuit.rii Ita!iei *e c8e au r. a#i>% (onsul annuus #"eatu" <C.#@ *u!u! *e a!e/e a#ua!>% (icero .+ti u* .rat.r #a"etur <Cicer. e*te *.c.tit ce! ai "u# .rat.r>% Augustus i +erat.r Gactu* e*t <Au/u*t *@a ;=cut G +=rat>% Ronim consules ;ueru#t <La R. a au eIi*tat c.#*u!i>% E*t iustitia <EIi*t= 4re+tate>% +"edi#atul e*te a 4.ua +arte +ri#ci+a!= a +r.+.6iHiei1 care eI+ri = . !ucrare1 . *tare *au . eIi*te#H= a *u"iectu!ui 4i# acea +r.+.6iHie% 0re4icatu! +r.+.6iHiei +.ate ;i eI+ri atK a= +ri#tr@u# verb predicativ !a .4 +er*.#a!1 care *e #u ete p"edi#at &e"balM b= +ri#tr@u# nume, a4ic= *u"*ta#ti51 a4Jecti51 +r.#u e1 +artici+iu1 G#*.Hit 4e u# 5er" auIi!iar *au #e+re4icati5 M ace*ta *e #u ete p"edi#at nominal. @erb au&iliar e*te sum care #u +.ate ;.r a *i#/ur u# +re4icat% Dar mai *G#t G# !i "a !ati#= i a!te 5er"e care1 *+re a ;.r a u# +re4icat1 au #e5.ie 4e . G#tre/ire +re4icati5=1 eI+ri at= +ri#tr@u# #u e% Ace*tea *G#tK 1 6
)i% <*G#t ;=cut1 4e5i#>1 evado <ie*1 *ca+ 4i#>1 e&isto <eIi*t>1 maneo <r= G#> i a!te cGte5a 5er"e !a ;.r a +a*i5= K creor <*G#t ;=cut>1 $abeor <*G#t *.c.tit>1 Jicor <*G#t *+u*1 #u it>1 nominor <*G#t #u it>1 nascor <*G#t #=*cut>1 vid1or <+ar1 *G#t 5=6ut>1 appellor <*G#t c8e at> etc% C8iar 5er"u! auIi!iar *u +.ate ;.r a *i#/ur u# +re4icat1 4eci 4e5i#e 5er" +re4icati51 atu#ci cG#4 +ri# e! *e eI+ri = o eIi*te#H=% A#o"dul p"edi#atului #u subie#tul 1% Pater scribit, tu legis <Tata *crie1 tu citeti>% Ego adsum, vos pro"ecti estis <Eu *G#t 4e ;aH=1 5.i aHi +!ecat>% Nostes pacantur <Du a#ii *G#t +aci;icaHi1 4.".rGHi>% +"edi#atul &e"bal *e ac.r4= cu *u"iectu! G# num" i pe"soan. 2% 3eptunus 4eu* erat <Ne+tu# era u# 6eu>% (orvus a5i* e*t <C.r"u! e*te o +a*=re>% Iniuria e*t Gaci#u* <Ne4re+tatea e*te . ;a+t= rea>% /ei amici +r*e4a latronum .ue"unt <0riete#ii ei au ;.*t +ra4a 8.Hi!.r>% *eo e*t animal .e"o4 <Leu! e*te u# a#i a! *=!"atec>% +"edi#atul nominal% eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti5 G#*.Hit 4e 5er" auIi!iar1 *e ac.r4= cu *u"iectu! *=u numai n #a7.
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(% 1tellse nuper magnarum calamittum +r*e#u#ti*e "uerunt <De cGt5a ti + *te!e!e au ;.*t 5e*tit.are!e u#.r ari #e#.r.ciri>% <Cic% %e nat! deor! II1 51 1C>% A0uila est re/i#a avium <Eu!turu! e*te re/e!e +=*=ri!.r>% Roma domina omnium gentium "uit <R. a a ;.*t *t=+G#a tutur.r #ea uri!.r>% +"edi#atul nominal eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# substanti& mobil <care are ;.r e +e#tru /e#u! a*cu!i# i ;e i#i#> se a#o"d cu *u"iectu! G# ca61 #u =r i /e#%
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C% Arbor 5iri4i* e*t <Ar".re!e e*te 5er4e>% Nostes #"udeles .ue"unt 5'ul manii au ;.*t cru6i>% Hmnia "acinora #.Iia *u#t <T.ate ;a+te!e re!e *G#t 5at=@ A =t.are>% 1ervus erat +atie#* <7c!a5u! era r="4=t.r>% 1enectus est ope"osa et semper a/e#* ali0uid <B=trG#eHea e*te acti5= i !ucrG#4 t.t4eau#a ce5a> : <Cic% (ato /aior, 81 29>% O +"edi#atul nominal eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# a4Jecti5 *au pa"tiTi #ipiu *e ac.r4= cu *u"iectu! G# #a7% num" i /e#% T
N.ta 1% Dac= *u"iectu! +r.+.6iHiei e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# 5er" !a .4u! i#;i#iti5 O *au +ri#tr@. +r.+.6iHie G#trea/=1 +re4icatu! #. i#a!1 ;.r at 4i#tr@u# a4Jecti5 i 5er" auIi!iar1 *e +u#e !a /e#u! #eutru K *er5are omnes captivos 4i;;ici!e ;uit <Greu a ;.*t *= cruH= : +e t.Hi +ri6.#ierii>% Errare ;au ai est <A /rei e*te !ucru . e#e*c>% N.ta 2% G# .+ere!e +.etice *e /=*ete #u e +re4icati51 eI+ri at +ri# a4Jecti51 +u* !a /e#u! #eutru1 4ei *u"iectu! e*te 4e a!t /e# K #uri a"i!e semper et 5ariu 6est= "emina <Fe eia e*te t.t4eau#a ;ii#H= #e*tat.r#ic= i *c8i "=t.are>% <Eer/% hEncis!, IE1 599>%
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5% (um premeretur initio u!titu4. ab iis, 0ui maiores opes ad unum ali0uem c.#Gu/ie"a#t1 virtute prsestantem <Fii#4c= 4e !a G#ce+ut 1 u!Hi ea era c.+!eit= 4e acei care a5eau ;.rHe ai ari1 *e re;u/ia !a m J i#* .arecare1 4i*ti#* +ri# 5irtute>% <Cic% %e o""ic! 21 C1>% 0ar* in ce*tiii4.^ *ta#t <0arte 4i# ei *tau !a i#trare>% (etera c!a**i*1 prsetoria nave . i**a1 0uantum 0use0ue navis remis valuit, ;u/eru#t <Du+= +ier4erea #a5ei c. a#4a#t <a ira!> re*tu! ;!.tei a ;u/it1 +e cGt au aJutat@. 5G*!e!e +e ;iecare 4i#tre c.r="ii% <Li5% III1 (81 11> %esectam segetem magna 5i* $ominum immissi corbibus "uderunt in )iberim <' are /!.at= 4e .a e#i1 tri i*= G#tr@ac.!.1 a a65Gr!it G# Ti"ru1 cu c.uri!e1 8.!4a *ecerat=>% <Li5% II1 51 (>% Uter-uX ducum signum pugnie 4a#t <Fiecare 4i#tre c. a#4a#Hi 4! *e #a!u! 4e !u+t=>% Mi**i *u#t $onoratissimus -ui*-ue <Au ;.*t tri ii .a e#ii cei ai .#.ra"i!i>% Dac= *u"iectu! e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti5 c.!ecti51 re+re6e#tG#4 +er*.a#e1 caK pars <+arte>1 multitudo < u!Hi e>1 turba </!.at=>1 vis <ceat=1 +G!c>1 e&ercitus <.a*te>1 legio <!e/iu#e>1 co$ors <c.8.rt=>1 manus < G#=1 ceat=>1 classis <;!.t=>1 cuG/u* <#.r.4>1 iuventus <ti#eret>1 nobilitas <#."i!i e>1 plebs <+.+.r>1 setas <5Gr*t=1 e+.c=> etc% +re4icatu!1 ;ie 5er"a!1 ;ie #. i#a!1 *e ac.r4=1 #u cu *u"iectu! /ra atica!1 eI+ri at +ri# *u"*ta#ti5u! c.!ecti51 ci 4u+= G#He!e* cu +er*.a#e!e re+re6e#tate +ri# *u"*ta#@ ti5u! c.!ecti5% T.t aa *e ;ace ac.r4u! +re4icatu!ui 5er"a! *au #. i#a! cG#4 *u"iectu! +r.+.6iHiei e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# +r.#u e #e8.t=rGt ca K uter0ue 1 0uis0ue <;iecare>% Ace*t ac.r4 *e #u ete construc ia ad intellectum sive ad s2nesin! 9% In pugna apud (annas multa i!ia militum ca+ti *u#t <I# !u+ta 4e Ia Ca##aG au ;.*t ;=cuHi +ri6.#ieri u!te ii 4e *.!4aHi>% Nostium 4u. i!ia truci4ati "uerunt <Au ;.*t ucii 4.u= ii 4e 4u a#i>% CG#4 *u"iectu! +r.+.6iHiei e*te eI+ri at +ri# *u"*ta#ti5u! i!ia < ii> ur at 4e a!t *u"*ta#ti5 G# ca6u! /e#iti51 +re4icatu! #. i#a! *e ac.r4=1 4u+= G#He!e*1 G# #u =r i /e# cu +er*.a#e!e eI+ri ate +ri# *u"*ta#ti5u! 4i# /e#iti5 i #ici 4e cu cu *u"iectu! /ra atica! eI+ri at +ri# *u"*ta#ti5u! milia! ,% Latiu Ca+ua-ue agro u!tWti *u#t <Cei 4i# Latiu i Ca+ua au ;.*t +e4e+*iHi +ri# +ier4erea ./.are!.r>% <Li5% EIII1 111 1(>>% lila ;uria <C!.4iu*> % % % -ui non pluris "ecerat Aonam %eam ! ! ! impunittem %%% e*t a**e@cutu* <Ace! C!.4iu*1 care1 G# #e"u#ia !ui1 #@a +u* ai u!t +reH +e 6eiHa cea "u#= a 4."G#4it t.tui *cutirea 4e +e4ea+*=>% <Cic% Pro /ilone=! Ca+ita eius coniurationis virgis cae*i et securi +ercu**i *u#t <C=+ete#ii!e ace!ui c. +!.t au ;.*t "=tuHi cu 5er/i!e i i6"iHi cu *ecurea>% <Li5% Z1 11 (>% CG#4 *u"iectu! +r.+.6iHiei e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u#u! 4i# *u"*ta#ti5e!eK caput <ca+1 c=+ete#ie>1 "ulmen <;u!/er>1 "uria <#e"u#ie>1 lumen <!u i#=1 !ucea;=r>1 monstrum < .#*tru1 "a!aur>1 scelus <cri => etc% G#tre"ui#Hate cu G#He!e* ;i/urat1 cGt i .rice #u e +r.+riu1 re+re6e#tG#4 #u e 4e +er*.a#=1 +re4icatu! #. i#a! ia /e#u!1 #u a! *u"iectu!ui /ra atica! eI+ri at +ri#tr@u#u! 4i# ace*te *u"*ta#ti5e1 ci a! +er*.a#ei *au a! +er*.a#e!.r +e care !e re+re6i#t= ace! *u"*ta#ti5%
8% (um (sesar omnes inimicos suos cicisset, nori eos trucidavit, sicuti erat ius victoris, sed omnibus indulsit eos0ue servavit! B*ec "uit (sesaris a/@nanimitas <Du+= ce C*e*ar a "iruit +e t.Hi +.tri5#icii *=i1 #u i@a uci*1 +recu era 4re+tu! "iruit.ru!ui1 ci *@a G#4urat 4e t.Hi i i@a cruHatM ace*t ;a+t a ;.*t =ri#i ia !ui C*e*ar>% Dac= *u"iectu! +r.+.6iHiei e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# +r.#u e 4e .#*trati51 care *e ra+.rt= !a u# ;a+t1 G#;=Hiat G# ;ra6a a#teri.ar=1 iar +re4icatu! #. i#a! e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti5 ca #u e +re4icati51 +r.#u e!e 4e .#*trati51 care ;.r ea6= *u"iectu!1 #u *e +u#e !a /e#u! #eutru1 ci ia /e#u! #u e!ui +re4icati5% A*t;e! G# eIe +!u! 4e *u* *u"iectu! 0o#% +ri# care *e G#;=Hiea6= i4eea a#teri.r eI+ri at=1 ia /e#u! #u e!ui +re4icati51 ma*nanimitas. A#o"dul p"edi#atului #u mai multe subie#te A. $. Ad rivum eundem lupus et a*nus &ene"ant <Lu+u! i ie!u! 5e#i*er= !a ace!ai rGu>% :i" et u4o" deo *ari sacri"icium immolant <B=r"atu! i *.Hia Jert;e*c u# *acri;iciu 6eu!ui Lar <a! c= i#u!ui>% Et G! /a&imus et *! Paullus et /! (alo iis temporibus ue"unt G# ace!e ti +uri> <Cic% ad Fam! I:% 91 1>% 1i tu et ;ullia 5a!eti*1 e*o et sua&issimus Cicer. 5a!e u* <Dac= tu i Tu!!ia *G#teHi *=#=t.i1 eu i +rea 4r=/=*t.*u! Cicer. *G#te "i#e>% <Cic% Ad! Fam! Ì:% 51 1>% ;u et nos una ad "orum i&imus <Tu i #.i a er* G +reu#= !a ;.r>% Dac= G#tr@. +r.+.6iHie eIi*t= 4.u= *au ai u!te *u"iecte 4e +er*.a#e i 4e #u ere 4i;erite1 p"edi#atul &e"bal *t= !a num"ul plu"al% !uG#4 +er*.a#a cu +rec=4ere a u#uia 4i#tre *u"iecte i a#u e +er*.a#a I <G#tGia>1 care are +rec=4ere a*u+ra +er*.a#e!.r a Ii@a <4.ua> i a I!I@a <treia>1 iar +er*.a#a a II@a <4.ua> a*u+ra ce!ei a IlI-a <treia>% 2% )enatus populus*He Romanus 0uondam de#"e&it <7e#atu! i +.+.ru! r. a# a 8.t=rGt cG#45a>% <Cic% (at! I1 5>% 7a+ie#tia et p"udentia anteponatur volupt i <G#He!e+ciu#ea i +re5e4erea *= ;ie ai +re*u* 4e +!=cere>% Dac= G#*= *u"iectu! u!ti+!u1 eI+ri at +ri# 4.u= *au ai u!te cu5i#te1 ;.r ea6=1 ca G#He!e*1 u# t.t u#ic i eI+ri = . i4ee /e#era!=1 +re4icatu! 5er"a! #u ai ia #u =ru! +!ura!1 ca ai *u*1 ci *e +u#e !a *i#/u!ar +e#tru c= *e c.#*i4er= c= *e ac.r4= cu i4eea /e#era!= eI+ri at= +ri# t.ate *u"iecte!e% (% Fama et vita deenditu" <Bu#u! re#u e i 5iaHa *G#t a+=rate>% (ono plurimum (2pri &i4it% Ip$icrates in )$racia, )imot$eus *esbi, ($ares in 1igeo <C.#.# a tr=it ;.arte u!t ti + G# Ci+ru1 I;icrate* G# Tracia1 Ti .teu G# Le*".*1 C8are* G# 7i/eu>% <C.r#% Ne+% ($abr! (>% 1uavittem Isocrates, vim %emost$enes 0abuit <I*.crate a a5ut ;ar ec1 De .*te#e 5i/.are> <G# e!.ci#H=>% T.tui cG#4 *u"iectu! u!ti+!u e*te ;.r at 4i# #u e 4e !ucruri *au 4e +er*.a#e1 care *G#t c.#*i4erate *e+arat u#u! 4e a!tu! i #ici 4e cu G# t.ta!itatea !.r1 +re4icatu! 5er"a! #u *e aa6= !a #u =ru! +!ura!1 ci *e ac.r4= #u ai cu u#u! 4i#tre >K9
*u"iecte1 4e ."icei cu ce! 4i#tGi eI+ri at1 *u"G#He!e/G#4u@*e +e#tru ;iecare 4i# ce!e ur =t.are M *e +.ate ac.r4a i cu ce! 4i# ur = eI+ri at 4ac= ace!a e*te ce! ai i +.rta#t 4i#tre *u"iecte% C% Tnus vir, unus annus nos !i"era5it <U# *i#/ur . 1 u# *i#/ur a# #e@a !i"erat>% Aut Arutus, aut (assius ita iu4ica5it <7au Brutu* *au Ca**iu* a Ju4ecat a*a>% Et ego et (icero meus G!a/ita"it % <Cic% ad ttic! IE1 1,1 (>% Dei G# +r.+.6iHie *G#t ai u!te *u"iecte1 +re4icatu! 5er"a! +.ate *ta !a #u =ru! *i#/u!ar1 ac.r4G#4u@ *e cu ce! 4i# ur = 4i#tre *u"iecte1 atu#ci cG#4 *u"iecte!e *G#t eI+ri ate +ri# #u e 4e !ucruri u#ite cu #u e 4e +er*.a#=1 .ri cG#4 *e arat= c= acHiu#ea e*te ;=cut= 4e ;iecare 4i#tre *u"iecte% Ace*t ac.r4 *e ;ace ai a!e* atu#ci cG#4 *u"iecte!e *G#t +rece4ate 4e c.#Ju#cHii 4i*Ju#cti5e ca K aut! ! ! aut< vel! ! ! vel< sive ! ! ! sive< ne0ue !!! ne0ue! 5% /are magnum et ignara lingua commercia +r.8i"e"a#t <Marea cea are i #ecu#.aterea !i "ii G +ie4icau c. erHu!>% <7a!!% Iug! ZEIII1 9>% .rammatice 0uondam et musice iu#ct;;G G#cru#t <Gra atica i u6ica au ;.*t .4i#i.ar= !e/ate G +reu#=>% <Aui#ti!% I1 1)1 1,>% CG#4 *u"iectu! u!ti+!u e*te eI+ri at +ri# *u"*ta#ti5e 4e.*e"ite ca G#He!e* i care ;.r ea6= . +!ura!itate 4e !ucruri *au +er*.a#e1 +re4icatu! 5er"a! *e +u#e !a #u =ru! +!ura!1 c.#;.r re/u!ii /e#era!e M iar 4ac= *u"iecte!e *G#t 4e ace!ai /e#1 atu#ci +re4icatu! #. i#a! *e ac.r4= cu *u"iectu! u!ti+!u #u #u ai G# +er*.a#=1 ci i G# /e#% B% 1% Filius et "ilia parentibus cari *u#t <Fiu! i ;iica *G#t 4ra/i +=ri#Hi!.r>% 1ervus et serva domino ;i4e!e* era#t <7c!a5u! i *c!a5a erau cre4i#ci.i *t=+G#u!ui>% Pavo et columba 4i**i i!!i i *u#t <0=u#u! i +.ru "e!u! *G#t ;.arte #ea*e =#=t.ri>% CG#4 *u"iectu! u!ti+!u e*te eI+ri at +ri# *u"*ta#ti5e 4e /e# 4i;erit1 +re4icatu! #. i#a! *e +u#e !a +!ura! !uG#4 /e#u! ce! ai tare 4i#tre /e#uri!e *u"iecte!.r & /e#u! a*cu!i# a5G#4 +rec=4ere ;aH= 4e /e#u! ;e i#i# i 4e ce! #eutru1 iar /e#u! ;e i#i# a5G#4 +rec=4ere ;aH= 4e ce! #eutru% 2% 1apientia et consilium bonum inter se c.#iu#cta *u#t <G#He!e+ciu#ea i +.5aHa "u#= *G#t !e/ate G#tre e!e>% Aoni mores, decus et pudicitia ei car= non ;ueru#t <7a!!% (at! 25> <Bu#e!e .ra5uri1 .#.area i rui#ea #u i@au ;.*t 4ra/i>% *ibertas, divitias, decus in oculis *ita *u#t <!i"ertatea1 "./=Hia i .#.area *G#t *u" .c8ii 5.tri>% <7a!!% (atil! 2)1 1C>% CG#4 *u"iectu! u!ti+!u e*te eI+ri at +ri# #u e 4e !ucruri 4e /e# 4i;erit1 +re4icatu! #. i#a! *t= !a #u =ru! +!ura!1 G#*= !a /e#u! #eutru% (% 1ulla cu 1cipione de iure civitatis leges inter se et condiciones c.#@tu!eru#t <7u!!a cu 7ci+i. au 4e6"=tut G#tre 4G#ii !e/i!e i c.#4iHii!e 4e*+re 4re+turi!e cet=He#i!.r> <Cic% P$ilip! ZII1 2,>% (eesar cum Pompeio a icu* esse non 5i4e"atur <CaO*ar #u *e +=rea *= ;ie +riete# cu 0. +eiu*>% >L?
Dac= *u"iectu! +r.+.6iHiei e*te G#*.Hit 4e u# *u"*ta#ti5 +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia cum, +re4icatu! 5er"a!1 cGt i ce! #. i#a!1 *e ac.r4= *au #u ai cu *u"iectu! /ra atica!1 ae6G#4u@*e !a #u =ru! *i#/u!ar1 *au *e +u#e !a #u =ru! +!ura!1 c.#*i4erG#4u@*e 4re+t *u"iecte atGt *u"*ta#ti5u! a;!at G# ca6u! #. i#ati5 cGt i *u"*ta#ti5u! +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia cum! C% Antonius et navis prsetoria ab $ostibus ca+ti *u#t <A#t.#iu* i c.ra"ia c. a#4a#tu!ui au ;.*t !uaHi +ri6.#ieri>% Mi***e *u#t ad pugnam duse legiones et prse"ectus e0uitum <Au ;.*t tri i*e !a !u+t= 4.u= !e/iu#i i c. a#4a#tu! ca5a!eriei>% Trbs et incolse sunt ca+ta <'rau! i !.cuit.rii !ui au ;.*t cuceriHi>% Dac= *u"iectu! u!ti+!u e*te eI+ri at atGt +ri# #u e 4e +er*.a#e cGt i +ri# #u e 4e !ucruri1 +re4icatu! *e +.ate ac.r4a .ri cu *u"iectu! ce! ai a+r.+iat *au cu #u e!e 4e +er*.a#=1 ae6G#4u@*e G#*= !a #u =ru! +!ura!1 *au ia /e#u! #eutru1 t.t !a #u =ru! +!ura!% Eer*iu#e BERCULE7 Fuerunt .!i i# Gr*ecia viri 5irtute aut c.r+.ri* r.".re e i#e#te* 0ui $eroes dicti sunt! Princeps $eroum Nercules "uit! Nic validus erat et omnes incolse GraeciaO eu $onorabant! Nercules "ilius I.5i* et A!c e#*e erat! Pater et mater Bercu!e amabant et eiu* i#4.!e conten i erant! Bercu!i1 a +uer.1 labor, industria et prudentia grata ;ueru#t% Ea te +e*tate magna multitudo 8. i#u 8.rre#4a .#*tra timebant! /ulta capita incolarum prseda i!!.ru erant et a" 8i* .#*tri* trucidati sunt! Bercu!e* !a".ra#ti"u* ci5i"u* auIi@!iu tu!it% Bre5i te +.re sene& et iuvenis, vir et "emina auIi!i. Bercu!i* servati "uerunt! 0ri . !e.#e 1 Ne *e.* *a!tu* 8a"ita#te 1 c!a5a stravit! Dei#4e a+ru ErD a#t8iu cepit 5i5u % Noc monstrum immanis erat et a/r.* circu circa vastabat! 0.*tea Di. e4e 1 T8raciae re/e 1 e-u.* *u.* 8u a#a car#e +a*ce#te 1 i+*i* e-ui* +a"u!u dedit! BD4r*e Ler#*eae1 5.!u i#i"u* cau4*e 5iat.re* e!i4e#ti*1 ca+ita abscidit! 7tD +8a!i !acu* aves, ;errei* +e##i*1 c.r@+.ra a/ric.!aru dilacerabant! Ea* *a/itti* trans"i&it! Mu!Hi a!ii labores a" Bercu!e perpetrati sunt! I4e. Gr*eci eu i# #u er. 4e.ru +.*ueru#t% Nic . #i"u* 8. i#i"u* venerandus erat! )u, soror tua et ego ipse !a".re* Bercu!i* admiramur!
Te i 0AMUNTUL I Y'NELE LUI
Natura += G#tu!ui #u e*te aceeai +retuti#4e#i 6ubi0ue=! I# Hi#uturi!e 6regio= te +erate 6temperatus= i65.are 6"ons= 4e*e 6creber= "r=64ea6= 6rigo= Hari#a 6solum= cea /ra*= 6pinguis=! I# ace*te Hi#uturi "=r"at .ri >L>
;e eie *G#t 8ar#ici 6industriosus= i !ucrea6= 6laboro= cu *Gr/ui#H= <4i!i@J genter= ./.are!e 6ager=! De aceea 8.!4e 6seges= "./ate 6leetus= ac.+eri Y 6operio= += G#tu! i u!Hi e 6multitudo= 4e .a e#i e*te 8r=#it= 6a$= +ri# ace*te r.a4e 6"ruges=! Earietatea 6varietas= i r.4#icia 6ubertas= +. i!.r 6arbor= e*te i#u#at= 6mirus= G# ace*te Hi#uturi% Di# acea*t= +rici#= 60uam ob rem= u#ca 6labor= i *tr=4a#ia 6industria= *G#t +!=cute .a e#i!.r% G# a!te Hi#uturi a!e += G#tu!ui !i+*a 6penuria= 4e a+= e*te are% Cer#i 6cselum= i 5=64u8u! 6set$er= *G#t !i+*ite 6vacuus= 4e #.ri 6nubes=! 0u*tiet=Hi 6solitudo= G#ti#*e 6vastus= i cG +uri 6campus= /.a!e 6nudus= *G#t ac.+erite 6obrutus= cu #i*i+ 6sabulum= /r.* 6altus=! Nici u# 6nullus= +. #u eIi*t= 6sum=, c=ci ariHa 6ardor= +rea are 6nimius= a *.are!ui O*.iO .tr=5ete 6in"esto= ace*te +=rHi 6pars= a!e += G#tu!ui 6terra=! G# Hi#uturi!e #.r4ice 6septentrio= ;ri/u! 6"rigus= 4e #e*u+.rtat ; t.ie@rabilis= .+rete 6pro$ibeo= 5iaHa 6vita=! ' i a#i a! #u +.ate tr=i ;cic.J ac.!. ;iPmiO% G# rare 6rarus= Hi#uturi a!e += G#tu!ui e*te 6sum= +ri =5ar= ;cerJ #eG#treru+t= 6perpeiuus=! Ac.!. 6illic= a 4.ri 6opto= *= tr=i i eu i tu i +riete#ii 6amicus= #.tri% 0R'0'YIIAT DEYE'LTAT Hmnes $omines boni virtutem amant <T.Hi .a e#ii "u#i iu"e*c 5irtutea>% In nostra civitate consul bonos cives ludat <G# cetatea #.a*tr= c.#*u!u! !au4= +e cet=He#ii "u#i>% Pueri in ludo lectiones discunt <G# c.a!= "=ieHii G#5aH= !ecHii!e>% G# !i "a !ati#= p"opo7i,ie de7&oltat e*te aceea care1 +e !G#/= +=rHi +ri#ci+a!e & *u"iect i +re4icat & cu+ri#4e i +=rHi *ecu#4are K at"ibute i #omplemente.
ATRIBUTUL
Nomo p"obus <. ci#*tit>% @irtus #la"a <Eirtute 5e*tit=>% Ho# prcmium <Acea*t= r=*+!at=>% te*tra domus <Ca*a 5.a*tr=>% @ir sapiens <B=r"at G#He!e+t>% *audamus mulierem !a".ra#te <L=u4= +e ;e eea u#cit.are>% @uinde#im viri rem publicam curaverunt <Ci#ci*+re6ece "=r"aHi *@au G#/riJit 4e tre"uri!e *tatu!ui>% %u& t.tu e&erc#tum ad victoriam du&it <Ge#era!u! a c.#4u* t.at= ar ata !a "irui#H=>% .loria 0o"um praeclara "uit <G!.ria ace*t.ra a ;.*t *tr=!ucit=>% Post victoriam magna erat Isetitia Romano"um <Du+= "irui#H= are era "ucuria r. a#i!.r>% Romanis erat ars re/e#4i populos <r. a#ii a5eau arta 4e a cGr ui +.+.are!e>% At"ibutul e*te +artea *ecu#4ar= 4e +r.+.6iHie1 care 4eter i#= u# *u"*ta#ti5% E! +.ate ;iK 1% At"ibut a4Jecti5a!1 cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# a4Jecti51 +r.#u e a4Jecti5a!1 +artici+iu *au #u era!% 2% At"ibut substanti&al% cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti51 +r.#u e *au 5er" !a .4u! /eru#6iu% >LE
At"ibutul ad3e#ti&al 1% Bono duci milites parent <'*taii *e *u+u# u#ui c. a#4a#t "u#>% Cla"us consul virtutibus e&cellit <C.#*u!u! 5e*tit *e 4i*ti#/e +ri# ca!it=Hi!e !ui>% Agricolse !a".ri.*i agrcs Gerti!e* laborant <0!u/arii u#cit.ri !ucrea6= ./.are!e r.4#ice>% Bic discipulus magistro obo+dit <Ace*t c.!ar a*cu!t= 4e +r.;e*.r>% Nominibus eru4iti* studium placet <'a e#i!.r G#5=HaHi !e +!ace *tu4iu!>% Puer *e4u!u* et puella i +i/ra lectiones discunt <B=iatu! 8ar#ic i ;ata *i!it.are G#5aH= !ecHii!e>% Apud Romanos -uattu.r vigilise noctem divi-debant <La r. a#i +atru *tr=Ji G +=rHeau #.a+tea G# +=rHi e/a!e>% Nomines a0uam "i"e#te* sJni sunt <'a e#ii care "eau a+= *G#t *=#=t.i>% Atributul ad7ectival, eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# a4Jecti51 +artici+iu1 +r.#u e a4Jecti5a! *au #u era!1 *e ac.r4= cu *u"*ta#ti5u! 4eter i#at G# ca+, numr i gen! E! (sesaris . #i et gratia et opibus "ruor ut ei* *au K (sesaris et .#i#i gratia et . #i"u* opibus "ruor ut ei* <M= ;.!.*e*c 4e t.at= trecerea i 4e t.ate "u#uri!e !ui C*e*ar ca 4e a!e e!e +r.+rii>% <Cic% Ad Fam! I1 9>% Atri"utu! a4Jecti5a!1 eI+ri at +ri# a4Jecti5 *au +artici+iu1 care 4eter i#= 4.u= *u"*ta#ti5e 4i;erite1 *e ac.r4= G# ca+, numr i gen cu ce! ai a+r.+iat 4i#tre *u"*ta#ti5e1 *u"G#He!e/G#4u@*e i +e !i#/= ce!=!a!t *u"*ta#ti5 ai G#4e+=rtat1 *au *e re+et= +e !G#/= ;iecare 4i#tre *u"*ta#ti5e% (% (enturio cum sui militibus, a civibus !=u4aHi1 ad triump$um iverunt <7utau! G +reu#= cu *.!4aHii *=i1 !=u4aHi 4e cet=He#i1 au er* *+re triu ;>% Persea 0uidem cum maiore "ilio P$ilippo tra4it.* A! Postumio in custodiam PM] misit <0e 0er*eu* *i +e ;iu! *=u ai are Fi!i+1 i@a +u* *u" +a6=1 G#cre4i#@ HG#4u@i !ui A% 0.*tu iu*>% <Li5% ZLE1 281 11>% _]5 Dac= atri"utu! a4Jecti5a! *e ra+.rt= !a 4.u= *u"*ta#ti5e !e/ate +ri# +re+.6iHia cum i ;.r G#4 G +reu#= u# /ru+1 ace*t & i3 atri"ut a4Jecti5a! *e +u#e !a +!ura!1 iar ac.r4u! *e ;ace 4u+= Q! G#He!e* cu *u"*ta#ti5e!e 4eter i#ate% PPO C% Ardor cseli et "aces, 5i**e nocturno tempore, magna prodigia nuntiabant eh <R.eaHa ceru!ui i ;!=c=ri!e <4e +e cer>1 5=6ute G# ti + 4e #.a+te1 +re5e*teau m ari +r=+=4uri>% <Cic% (at! III1 81 18>% Rs.l Dac= atri"utu! a4Jecti5a! *e ra+.rt= !a ai u!te *u"*ta#@ m ti5e1 e! *e aa6= #u ai !G#/= ce! 4i# ur = 4i#tre *u"*ta#ti5e ck *i *e ac.r4= cu acea*ta G# ca+, numr i gen! 4k 4 %% 51 5% Plura milia militum, in bello ca+ti1 sub iugum missi sunt <Mai u!te Ek ii 4e *.!4aHi1 +ri#i G# r=6".i1 au ;.*t trecuHi +e *u" Ju/>% %D CG#4 atri"utu! a4Jecti5a! 4eter i#= *u"*ta#ti5u! i!ia G#*.Hit E 4e u# /e#iti51 care re+re6i#t= ;ii#He *au #u e 4e +er*.a#=1 3 ac.r4u! #u *e ;ace 4i# +u#ct 4e 5e4ere *trict ;.r a!1 ci dup (i #n eles i a#u e K atri"utu! a4Jecti5a! *e ac.r4= G# gen i numr cu +er*.a#e!e G#;=Hiate 4e *u"*ta#ti5u! G# /e#iti5% _ri 9% /agna vis 6$ominum=, undi0ue c.!!ecti1 ad "orum se contulerunt <Mare /ru+ <4e .a e#i>1 a4u#aHi 4i# t.ate +=rHi!e *@au 4u* !a ;.r>% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e c.!ecti5e caK multitudo < u!Hi e>1 turba </!.at=>1 vis </ru+>1 pars <+arte>1 manus < G#=1 +G!c> etc% ;ac ca
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atri"utu! a4Jecti5a!1 +u* +e !G#/= e!e1 *= *e ac.r4e dup L;e;eJJ cu +er*.a#e!e care *e *u"G#He!e/ a ;i cu+ri#*e G# acea c.!ecta 5itate% At"ibutul substanti&al $. )emplum I.5i* <Te +!u! !ui 3u+iter>% At0eniensium opes <Bu#uri!e 1 ate#ie#i!.r>% Forum +.+u!i R. a#i <F.ru! +.+.ru!ui r. a#>% Agri i#c.!aru P st"enuo"um <'/.are!e !.cuit.ri!.r *t=ruit.ri>% 3on 0uius te +.ri* est oratio^ <Cu5G#tarea #u e*te +.tri5it= cu 5re ea acea*ta>% Petulantia magis est a4.!e*@#entium 2uam senum <Nea*tG +=ru! e*te <G#*uirea> ai u!t a ti#eri!.r 4ecGt a "=trG#i!.r <Cic% (ato maior, $$% (9>% Cuius&is 0ominis est errare, #u!!iu/ nisi insipientis est perseverare in errore <A /rei e*te ;ire*c +e#tru .ricare .ra1 a *t=rui G# /rea!= e*te ;a+ta #u ai a u#ui * i#tit> <Cic% P$il! ZII1 215>% (ato /aior salus +atriae "uit <Cat. ce! "=trG# a ;.*t *a!5area +atriei>% Hmnia bona pat"is .ilii 0uo0ue "iunt <T.ate "u#uri!e tat=!ui 4e5i# i a!e ;iu!ui>% Atri"utu! substanti&al% eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti51 +r.#u e *au 5er" G# .4u! /eru#6iu1 *t= G# #a7ul *eniti&. E! +.ate ar=ta K +oseso"ul i *e #u ete /e#iti5u* +.**e**i5u* Ace*t /e#iti5 +.*e*i5 *e +.ate G#tre"ui#Ha i G +reu#= cu ;.r e!e 5er"u!ui sum *au "io, ar=tG#4 +.*e*iu#ea1 4at.ria *au c.#5e#ie#He!e +er*.a#e!.r eI+ri ate +ri# ace! /e#iti5% N.t=% Cu5G#tu! templum *au Ides <te +!u1 *a#ctuar>1 +rece4at 4e . +re+.6iHie i ur at 4e #u e!e 6eu!ui c=ruia Gi a+arHi#e ace! te +!u *au *a#ctuar1 *e +.ate *u+ri a i *e eI+ri = #u ai +re+.6iHia ur at= 4e /e#iti5u! +.*e*i5 K @entum erat a4 Ee*tX <*e aJu#*e*e !a <te +!u!> Ee*tei>% <B.r% 1at!, >, 91 (5>% 2% Hpera #la"o"um a"ti.i#um magni"ica sunt <'+ere!e artiti!.r 5e*tiHi *G#t =reHe>% Aene"icium ei ;ratri* patrem delectavit <Bi#e;acerea ;rate!ui eu a 4e*;=tat +e tata>% 1ententia p"seto"is <7e#ti#Ha +ret.ru!ui>% Atributul substantival G# genitiv ai +.ate ar=ta auto"ul *au .ri/i#ea u#ui ;a+t% Ace*t /e#iti5 *e #u ete *eniti&us au#to-"is &el .ri/i#iX% (% Periculum belii <+ri eJ4ia r=6".iu!ui>% @ituperatio domini erga servos <'cara *t=+G#u!ui ;aH= 4e *c!a5i>% Adventus magistri <7.*irea +r.;e*.ru!ui>% /agnus erat /arco (atoni cultus sapientise <Marcu* Cat. a5ea are cu!t +e#tru G#He!e+ciu#e>% Iniuria so#io"um <Ne4re+tatea a!iaHi!.r>% Pcena #onsulis <0e4ea+*a c.#*u!u!ui>% Atributul substantival #n genitiv +.ate ar=ta subie#tul a4ic= +er*.a#a care *=5Grete !ucrarea eI+ri at= +ri# *u"*ta#ti5u! 4eter i#at% Ace*t /e#iti5 *e #u ete !eniti&us subie#ti&us. 'e a*e e#ea ace*t atri"ut *u"*ta#ti5a! G# /e#iti5 ai +.ate ar=ta obie#tul <c. +!e e#tu!> u#ei acHiu#i eI+ri at= +ri# *u"*ta#ti5u! 4eter i#atM ace*t /e#iti5 *e #u ete !eniti&us obie#ti&us. Ace*te 4.u= atri"ute *u"*ta#ti5a!e G# /e#iti5 6subiectivus i obiectivus= 4e+i#4 t.t4eau#a 4e u# *u"*ta#ti5 cu tu!+i#= 5er"a!= *au cu G#He!e* 5er"a!% Dac= ace*te *u"*ta#ti5e ar ;i tra#*;.r ate G# 5er"e!e 4i# care e!e 4eri5=1 *@ar a!c=tui +r.+.6iHii G# care /e#iti5u! *u"iecti5 ar 4e5e#i *u"iect1 iar ce! ."iecti51 IT
c. +!e e#t 4re+t% A*t;e!K periculum belii & bellum periclittur <R=6".iu! +ri eJ4uiete>% @ituperatio domini ;dominus vituperat <7t=+G#u! .c=r=te +e *c!a5i>% (ultus sapientise , colebat sapien-tiam <Cu!ti5a G#He!e+ciu#ea>%
Nota $. 7u"*ta#ti5e!e causa, gratia, instar, 4ei #u *G#t 4e .ri/i#= 5er"a!=1 +.t a5ea +e !G#/= e!e u# genitiv obiectiv! EIe +!e ' Abstinentiam insta" virtutis putamus 5n."-#area . *.c.ti 4re+t 5irtute>% ;ui causa pro"ectus sum <A +!ecat 4i# +rici#a ta>% Bene.i#ii *"atia ad te veni <A 5e#it !a ti#e +e#tru . "i#e;acere>% Nota ]. U#e!e *u"*ta#ti5e 4e .ri/i#= 5er"a!= au 4u+= e!e *u"*ta#ti5u! care !e 4eter i#= nu In ca+ul genitiv, cu e*te c.#*trucHia #.r a!=1 ci G# ca6u! G# care ar *ta +e !G#/= 5er"u! 4i# care 4eri5= *u"*ta#ti5u! 5er"a!% EIe +!e K oboedientia a/i*tr. <G# !.c 4e magistri= <a*cu!tarea 4e +r.;e*.r> M recessio "us <G#t.arcerea !a Har=>1 evasio domo <ieirea 4i# ca*=>%
C% .alii in milites (sesaris glebas pi#is iniiciebant <Ga!ii aru#cau a*u+ra *.!4aHi!.r !ui CaO*ar "u!/=rii 4e * .a!=> <G*e*% %e bel! gal! EII1 251 2> (ari$a-gine Romani suppelectiles ar/e#ti abstulerunt <Di# Carta/i#a r. a#ii au !uat ."i!e 4e ar/i#t>% Atributul substantival G# ca6u! genitiv care eI+ri = mate"ia *au *u"*ta#Ha1 4i# care e*te ;.r at *u"*ta#ti5u! 4eter i#at1 *e #u ete Ge#iti5u* ateriaM% Ace*t /e#iti5 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ai u!t G# +.e6ii i ;.arte rar G# +r.6=% G# +r.6= e! *e G#!.cuiete1 4e ."icei1 +ri#tr@u# a4Jecti5 K suppelectiles argenteas! 5% a> @ir .r4i#i* *e#at.rii <B=r"at 4i# .r4i#u! *e#at.ri!.r>% Nomo a/#aJ +ru4e#ti*B <' 4e are +re5e4ere>% Res a/#i !a".ri* <Lucru 4e u#c= are>% 3on u!Hi ci"i accipies $ospitem, sed u!Hi i.ci <Eei +ri i1 G# +er*.a#a ea1 u# .a*+ete 4i*+u* #u !a G#care u!t=1 ci !a are 5e*e!ie> <Cic% ad Fam! IZ1 291 C>% /! )or0uatus, +ri*cae ac nimis 4urae *e5eritati*1 ita locutus est <Marcu* T.r-uatu*1 <. > 4e . *e5eritate 4e a!t=4at= i +rea a*+r=1 a 5.r"it a*t;e!> <Li5% ZZII1 9)1 5>% b6 Hmnes el dicuntur el 0abentu" t2ranni, 0ui potestate sunt pe"petua in ea civitate, 0use libertate usa est <7e #u e*c i *G#t *.c.tiHi tira#i t.Hi aceia care au +utere #eG#treru+t= G#tr@u# *tat care ai G#ai#te *@a "ucurat 4e !i"ertate> <C.r#% Ne+% /ilt! 81 (>% Aritanni ca+i!!. sunt +r. i**. <"rita#ii *G#t <au> cu +=ru! !u#/ <Cae*% A! .! E1 1C1(>% @irgo +u!c8ra ;acie1 *e4 a/#aM 5irtuti* <Feci.ar= cu c8i+ ;ru .*1 4ar 4e . are 5irtute>% Atributul substantival ai +.ate ar=ta calitatea G# 4.u= c8i+uriK a> +ri# ca6u! /e#iti51 atu#ci cG#4 *e eI+ri = . ca!itate e*e#Hia!=1 +er a#e#t= i ai a!e* *u;!etea*c= a *u"*ta#ti5u!ui 4eter i#at% Ace*t /e#iti5 *e #u ete Ge#iti5u* -ua!itati*% "> +ri# ca6u! a"!ati5 atu#ci cG#4 *e eI+ri = . ca!itate te +.rar= i ai a!e* tru+ea*c= a *u"*ta#ti5u!ui 4eter i#at% 7e re arc= c= *u"*ta#ti5u!1 G# /e#iti5 *au G# a"!ati51 +ri# care *e eI+ri = . ca!itate1 e*te t.t4eau#a G#*.Hit 4e u# a4Jecti5 ca!i;icati5 *au 4e a!t cu5G#t 4eter i#ati5% 9% @o& 5.!u+tati* <cu5G#tu! +!=cere>% Fru/u alimenta car#i*-ue <A!i e#te ca ;ructe!e i car#ea>% Aliis ego te virtutibus, c.#ti#e#ti*e1 /ra5itati*1 iustitise% idei% ceteris omnibus, consulatu et omni $onore dignissimum iudicavi
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<Eu t.t4eau#a te@a *.c.tit +e ti#e ;.arte 5re4#ic 4e c.#*u!at sau 4e .ricare11 a!t= 4e #itate1 atGt +ri# a!te ca!it=Hi ca cea a *t=+G#irii 4e *i#e1 a *eri.6it=Hii1 J a 4re+t=Hii i a cre4i#Hei1 cGt i +ri# t.ate ce!e!a!te>% <Cic% Pro /urena, 2(> Atributul substantival, G# ca6u! genitiv, ai +.ate eI+ri a o e4pli#a"e *au . p"e#i7a"e a *u"*ta#ti5u!ui 4eter i#at% E! *e #u ete !eniti&us e4pli#ati&us &el appositi&us% c=ci +.ate *er5i ca a+.6iHie a *u"*ta#ti5u!ui +e !G#/= care e*te ae6at% ,% /agna pars #i&ium Romano"um conscribitur <E*te recrutat= . are +arte 4i#tre cet=He#ii r. a#i>% Guattuor co$ortes le*ionis in acerbissimum prcelium immittuntur <0atru c.8.rte 4i# !e/iu#e *G#t tri i*e G# "=t=!ia cea ai G#4GrJit=>% /odius Gru e#ti tibi datur 4e /rGu>% Atributul substantival i# ca6u! genitiv ai +.ate ar=ta t.tu! 4i# care *e ia . +arte i#4icat= +ri# *u"*ta#ti5u! 4eter i#at% E! *e #u ete !eniti&us pa"titi&us. Ace*t /e#iti5 +artiti5 4e+i#4e 4e *u"*ta#ti5e care eI+ri = . ca#titate *au o =*ur= caK gars <+arte>1 copia < u!Hi e1 "e!u/>1 multitudg < u!Hi e>1 numerus <#u =r>1 visg <ca#titate>1 modius < =*ur=1 "a#iH=>1 libra <!i5r=>1 pondo </reutate>1 talentum <ta!a#t>1 legio <!e/iu#e>1 co$ors <c.8.rt=> etc% Apo7i,ia 1% Ale&ander, "e4 /acedonum, multas gentes Asise subegit <A!eIa#4ru1 re/e!e ace4.#e#i!.r1 a *u+u* u!te #aHii 4i# A*ia>% Et genus et "ormam regina +e#unia donat <Re/e!e "a#u! GHi 4= i ;ru u*eHe i #."!eHe> <B.r% Epist! I1 91(,>% Atributul substantival care *t= G# acelai ca+ cu *u"*ta#ti5u! 4eter i#at *e #u ete a+.6iHie% 7u"*ta#ti5u! a+.6iHie *e ai ac.r4= cu *u"*ta#ti5u! 4eter i#at1 +e cGt e*te cu +uti#H=1 G# /e# i G# #u =r1 G# *+ecia! cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti5 ."i!% 2% (icero et Nortensius, #elebe""imi o"at)"es Romee, ab omnibus civibus $onorabantur <Cicer. i B.rte#*iu*1 cei ai 5e*tiHi .rat.ri ai R. ei1 erau ci#*tiHi 4e c=tre t.Hi cet=He#ii>% CG#4 *u"*ta#ti5u! a+.6iHie *e re;er= !a 4.u= *au ai u!te *u"*ta#ti5e 4eter i#ate1 *e aa6= !a #u =ru! +!ura!% (% +ue" in "orum veni ne0ue inde un0uam diutius 0uam -u*e*t.r <G# !.c 4e K cum 0usestor essem= a"ui <A 5e#it G# ;.r ca "=iat 6puer ; cum puer essem= i #@a !i+*it 4i# e! 5re e ai G#4e!u#/at= 4ecGt ca -u*e*t.r <cGt am ;.*t -u*e*t.r> <Cic% %e Hrat! II1 9)1 (95>% CG#4 *u"*ta#ti5u! a+.6iHie eI+ri = *tarea G# care *e a;!= *u"*ta#ti5u! 4eter i#at1 e! G#!.cuiete . +r.+.6iHie *u".r4.#at= 4i# care *@a +=*trat #u ai #u e!e +re4icati5% C% @erania +isonis <Eera#ia <*.Hia> !ui 0i*.> <0!i#% Epist! II1 2)>% Nas-drubal !is*onis <Ba*4ru"a! <;iu!> !ui Gi*/.>% <Li5% ZZE1 (,1 8> U#e.ri *u"*ta#ti5e!e K u&or <*.Hie>1 "ilius <;iu>1 "ilia <;iic=>1 servus <*c!a5>1 libertus <*c!a5 !i"erat1 !i"ert>1 G# r.! 4e a+.6iHie1 se *u+ri = 4i# +r.+.6iHie i *e +=*trea6= #u ai *u"*ta#ti5u! >LM
4eter i#at1 ur at 4e atri"utu! *u"*ta#ti5a! G# ca6u! /e#iti5% Acea*t= *u+ri are a a+.6iHiei *e a;!= i G# !i "a r. G#= G# eI+re*ii!e K /ria lui .$eorg$e, Petru al lui Ion!
Eer*iu#e CANI1 FIDELI77IMU7 CU7T'7
@illse cu*t.* e!i/e#4u* e*t amplissimi corporis, vasti latratus ut a!e@;icu +riu* au4itu1 4ei#4e c.#*+ectu terreat et #.##u#-ua #e 5i*u* -ui4e 1 $orribili ;re itu suo ;u/et !atr.#e insidiantem! 7it aute c.!5ri* unius i*-ue a/i* e!i/atur albu i# pastorali ca#e1 niger i# 5i!!atic. K #a varius c.!.r i# #eutr. e*t !au4a"i!i*% 0a*t.r1 custos .5iu 1 a!"u ca#e +r."at1 -u.#ia e*t "erse 4i**i i!i*1 magno0ue 4i*cri i#e .+u* e*t #e1 i# +r.+u!*a#4i* !u+i*1 +r. !u+. ca#e ;eriat% Ei!!aticu*1 -ui $ominum a!e;icii* .++.#itur1 *i !uce clara ;ur a45e#erit1 coloris causa, terri"i!i.r c.#*+icitur1 *i #i/er e*t% '" eam re timor latronum i#/e#* e*t% 0r."atur -ua4ratu* +.tiu* -ua !.#/u* aut "re5i*1 capite ta rnagno ut corporis pars 5i4eatur aIi a1 propendentibus auribus, nigris 5e! glaucis oculis, cruribus crassis et $irtis, cauda brevi, unguibus amplissimis! /agnus numerus luporum talem ca#e etuu#t% Ite ira cani i# !atr.#e* i#/e#* 5i4etur% I# ca#e 5irtu* ;i4e!itati* +er*+icua e*t%
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4re+t +r.;e*.r> <Cic% %e Hrat! III1 (51 1C1>% /arcus te a icu cognovit <Marcu* te@a cu#.*cut 4re+t +riete#>% Avaritia 8. i#e* c*ec.* reddit <Y/Grce#ia ;ace .r"i +e .a e#i> <Cic% Pro Ros! Amer! (51 1)1> 7.crate Apollo 8. c *a+ie#ti**i u indicavit <A+.!!. 1@a *.c.tit +e 7.crate ca +e ce! ai G#He!e+t . > <Cic% *selius, 21 ,>% (ives Cicer.#e c.#*u!e creaverunt <Cet=He#ii au a!e* c.#*u! +e Cicer.>% /eo iure te 8.c "e#eGiciu rogo <GHi cer Hie acea*t= "i#e;acere cu 4re+tu! eu> <A#t.#% ap! (ic! ad Attic! ZIE1 1(1 A%(>% (onsul *e#at.re* *e#te#tia rogavit <C.#*u!u! a cerut *e#at.ri!.r +=rerea> Iste unus inventus est 0ui +are#te* +retiu pro sepultura liberum posceret <7@a a;!at =*ta *i#/uru! care *= cear= 4e !a +=ri#Hi "a#i +e#tru G# .r G#tarea c.+ii!.r> <Cic% @err! I1 (1 ,>% 3on te celavi *er .#e Ampii <Nu Hi@a a*cu#* 5.r"e!e !ui A +iu*> <Cic% ad Fam! II1 191 (>% Pater Gi!iu 5erecu#4ia "lagitat <Tat=! cere <+reti#4e> re*+ect 4e !a ;iu>% /agister 4i*ci+u!.* !ecti.#e* docet <0r.;e*.ru! G#5aH= +e c.!ari !ecHii!e>% U#e!e 5er"e tra#6iti5e au G# !i "a !ati#= u# complement direct #ndoit! Di#tre ace*te 4.u= c. +!e e#te1 u#u! e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# #u e 4e +er*.a#=1 iar a!tu! +ri#tr@u# #u e 4e !ucru% Eer"e!e care au u# G#4.it c. +!e e#t 4irect *G#tK a> "acio, e""icio, reddo <;ac1 *=5Gre*c>1 creo, deligo, declaro, designo, renuntio <#u e*c1 a!e/1 +r.c!a 1 ar=t1 5e*te*c> M "> nomino, appello, dico, voco <#u e*c1 c8e 1 6ic>1 indico, e&istimo, puto, $abeo <ar=t1 *.c.te*c>1 cognosco, agnosco <cu#.*c> M c> $abeo <a a5ea>1 do, addo, adiungo, adscisco, capio, sumo <4au1 a4au/1 a!i+e*c1 iau> M 4> me prasbeo, me prsesto, per$ibeo < = ar=t1 = .;er> M e> rogo, oro <r./1 cer>1 "lagito <cer cu *t=rui#H=>1 celo <a*cu#41 t=i#uie*c>1 posco, reposco <cer> etc%
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1)% Induitur ar a <Gi +u#e ar e!e>% 3ube ca#4e#te* u er.* amictus Apollo <A+.!!. G "r=cat cu #.r +e u erii !ui a!"i> <B.r% (arm! I1 21 (1>% Hblitus Gacie cruore <MG#Jit +e ;at= cu *G#/e> <Tac% Ann! II1 1,>% luppiter te +.ra lauro ornatus <3u+iter G +.4."it cu !aur +e tG +!e> <Eer/% /neis III1 8)>% Eer"e!e 4e ;.r = +a*i5= cu G#He!e* re;!eIi51 a4ic= ace!ea care arat= c= acHiu#ea eI+ri at= +ri# 5er"u! 4e ;.r = +a*i5= *e r=*;rG#/e a*u+ra *u"iectu!ui1 *au a*u+ra u#ei +=rHi 4i# *u"iect1 +.t a5ea u# c. +!e e#t 4irect G# ca6u! acu6ati5% 0ri#tre ace*te 5er"e *e #u =r= ace!ea care G#*ea #= K a G "r=ca 6induo, amicio=, a G +.4."i 6orno=, a *e G#c.r.#a 6corono=! Eer*iu#e
A (ÀN'RI MA!NI FAMA
A!eIa#4er1 0uem Mace4.#e* regem creaverunt, milites arte "e!!a#4i edocuit! G* cu eI+e4it. a/ i#e loca deerta 7./4ia#.ru adiit, #.ctur#. iti#ere e&ercitum 4uce#*% A-uaru +e#uria *iti acce#4itM 4ei#1 cre*ce#te SSSO >F>
e*tu1 are#a* ;!a/ra#t1 .ra 5i*cera-ue +e#itu* uru#tur1 Aua ." re +ri u a#i i 4ei#4e 5ire* milites de"iciunt! 7e4 Ale&andrum #.# p&nituit $arum calamitatum, #e-ue verebalur eas< *+era"at e#i . #e* i!ite* *u.* $as calamitates pr`terire +.**e% Du. i!ite*1 -ui multas pugnas pugnaverant et penuriam a-uae u!tu dolebant, a#tece**era#t a/ e# a4 ca+ie#4u !.cu ca*tri*% Nu#e utri"u* a-ua /e*ta"a#t ut ;i!ii* *ui1 -ui i# e.4e a/ i#e era#t1 a-ua 4are#t% Iter c.#*titutu ibant! 7e4 iti#ere re/i .ccurru#t% Alterum eI 8i* puduit re/i a0uam #.# dare! Ita-ue1 utre re*.!ut.1 vas, 0uod *i u! ;ere"at1 i +!et i4-ue re/i +.rri/it% 0erc.#tatu* -ui"u* a0uam +.r@tare#t1 ;i!ii* ;erre c./#.*cit% Tu#e +.cu!. +!e#.1 *icut ."!atu e*t1 re44it.K F N.# *.!u*1 i#-uit1 bibere 5.!.1 #ec tam e&iguum dividere . #i"u* +.**u % E.* currite et 4ate !i"eri* 5e*tri* ^ Baec 5er"a A!eIa#4ri totum e&ercitum pervaserunt et neminem latuerunt! I4circ. i!ite* regem patrem appellaverunt!
Du+= Guintus (urtius Te = DEM'7TBENE7
Du+= .artea 6mors= !ui A!eIa#4ru1 +e care u!Hi 11 #u i*er= 6appello= tat=! 6pater= .*tai!.r1 u!te cet=Hi 6civitas= a!e Greciei1 *e +re/=teau 6paro= *=@i recGti/e 6vindico= !i"ertatea 6libertas=! Tutur.r cet=He#i!.r 6civis= !e era *i!= 6tsedet= 4e *c!a5ie 6servitus=! Cei 4i#tGi 6princeps= 4i#tre t.Hi care au 5.it 6volo= *= aru#ce 6reiicio= Ju/u! 6iugum= *c!a5iei au ;.*t At8e#ie#ii i Et.!ii% 7@a cu5e#it 6decet= Ate#ie#i!.r *= +re/=tea*c= ar at= 6e&ercitus= are i u!te c.r="ii 6navis=! R=6".iu! !@au +urtat 6gero= cu A#ti+ater1 +e care .*taii G! a!e*e*er= 6eligo= cGr uit.r 6du&= a! Greciei% I# aceeai 5re e 6tempus=, De .*t8e#e*1 i6/.#it 6pulsus= 4i# +atrie 6patria=, 4i# G#tW +!are Gi +etrecea 5iaHa 6ago vitam= G# Me/ara% Ate#ie#ii re/retau 6doleo= u!t eIi!u! !ui De .*t8e#e*% Dar ace*ta1 G#4at= ce 6ut= a a;!at 6cognosco= c= BD+eri4e a ;.*t tri i* 6mitto= 4e c=tre Ate#ie#i 4re+t *.! 6legatus= !a ce!e!a!te cet=Hi 6civitas=, 1@a ur at 6se0uor= +e ace*ta i 1@a a5ut c.!e/ 6collega= G# acHiu#ea *a% 0ri# e!.ci#Ha 6elo0uentia= *a1 De .*t8e#e* a a!i+it 6iungo= Ate#ie#i!.r 7icD.1 Ar/.*1 C.ri#tu! i +e ce!e!a!te cet=Hi% Di# acea*t= +rici#= 60uam ob rem= Ate#ie#ii au tri i* !a Me/ara . c.ra"ie care a *tr="=tut 6navigo= area i !@au rec8e at +e De .*t8e#e* 4i# eIi! 6revoco ab e&ilio=! Ate#ie#ii i ce!e!a!te cet=Hi +e care De .*t8e#e* !e@a G#5=Hat 6doceo= arta 4e a +urta r=6".i 6gero bellum= au +urtat !u+te 6pugnam pugno= /re!e +ri# care i@au r=*cu +=rat 6vindico= !i"ertatea% Du+= hustinus C. +!e e#tu! i#4irect (u verbe' In ca+ul dativ 1% (sesar . #i"u*1 0ui arma tulerant, manus prsecidit vitam0ue concessit <Tutur.r ce!.r care +urta*er= ar e1 Ca**ar !e@a t=iat Gi#i!e1 4ar !e@a !=*at 5iaHa> <Ca(7% A! .! EIII1 CC1 1>% /agister 4i*ci+u!i* libros pulc$ros tribuit <0r.;e*.ru! G +arte c.!ari!.r c=rHi ;ru .a*e>% >FE
0artea 4e +r.+.6iHie care G#tre/ete G#He!e*u! unui &e"b tra#6iti51 da" a*u+ra c=ruia !ucrarea *e r=*;rG#/e G# c8i+ indi"e#t% se numete #omplement indi"e#t. (l *t= G# ca6u! dati& i r=*+u#4e !a G#tre"area cui *au pentru cine! G# a;ar= 4e c. +!e e#tu! i#4irect G# ca6u! 4ati51 5er"e!e tra#6iti5e ai au i u# c. +!e e#t 4irect G# ca6u! acu6ati5% 2% Ma*nis &i"is omnia semper prospere eveniunt <'a e#i!.r ari t.ate !i *e G#tG +!= t.t4eau#a "i#e> <Cic% %e nat! deor! II% 991 19,>% Nostes, post victoriam, nemini pepercerunt <Du a#ii1 4u+= "irui#H=1 #@au cruHat +e #i e#i>% Filia (sesaris Pompeio nupsit <Fiica !ui Cae*ar *@a c=*=t.rit cu 0. +ei>% /ala consilia 0omini sapien,i 0uo0ue nocent <7;aturi!e re!e 4=u#ea6= c8iar i . u!ui G#He!e+t>% (ives probi !e/i"u* parent <Cet=He#ii .#eti *e *u+u# !e/i!.r>% #s, 0ui imperat aliis% servit ipse nulii #upidit,i <Ge! care +.ru#cete a!t.ra1 #u *!uJete e! G#*ui #ici u#ei +ati i> <Cic% de Rep! I% (C1 52%> 3on omnibus #i&ibus iussa consulis placent <Nu tutur.r cet=He#i!.r +!ac .r4i#e!e c.#*u!u!ui>% 3on licet bo&i% 0uod licet Io&i <Nu *e G#/=4uie u#ui ".u1 ce *e G#/=4uie !ui 3u+iter>% Guod ipse tibi suaseris, idem mini persuasum putato <Ceea ce te 5ei ;i +.5=Huit +e ti#e G#*uHi *= cre6i c= 5a ;i +.5aH= i +e#tru i#e> <Cic% ad Attic! ÌII% (81 2>% @oluptates iu&enibus male suadent <0!=ceri!e *;=tuie*c r=u +e ti#eri>% /edici non . #i"u* morbis medentur <Me4icii #u t= =4uie*c t.ate ".!i!e>% Aenedico iis 0ui me servaverunt< illis omnibus in periculis opi-tulabor <Bi#ecu5G#te6 +e aceia care @au *a!5at M Gi 5.i aJuta G# t.ate +ri@ eJ4ii!e>% %i""idimus #. i#i"u* 0ui voluptates ma&ime amant, sed "avemus illis 0ui sapientiam colunt <Nu a5e G#cre4ere G# .a e#ii care iu"e*c +rea u!t +!=ceri!e1 4ar *i +ati6= +e aceia care cu!ti5= G#He!e+ciu#ea>% U#e!e 5er"e1 care G# !i "a r. G#= *G#t tra#6iti5e i 4eci +.t a5ea u# c. +!e e#t 4irect G# ca6u! acu6ati5 *au *e tra4uc +ri#tr@u# 5er" G#*.Hit 4e +re+.6iHie1 au G# !i "a !ati#= c. +!e e#tu! !.r G# ca6u! 4ati5% Ace*te 5er"e *G#tK "ido < = G#cre4>1 di""ido <#u = G#cre4>1 noceo <5at= >1 "aveo, patrocinor <.cr.te*c> suadeo, persuadeo <*;=tuie*c1 c.#5i#/>1 studeo < = *tr=4uie*c1 4.re*c>1 medeor <!ecuie*c>1 parco <cruH>1 nubo < = c=*=t.re*c>1 ignosco <iert>1 impero <+.ru#ce*c>1 pareo, obcedio, obse0uor < = *u+u#>1 obtempero, dicto audiens sum <a*cu!t>1 benedico <"i#e@cu5i#te6>1 maledico <"!e*te >1 au&ilior, opitulor <aJut> etc% T.t aa *e c.#*truie*c i 5er"e!e i +er*.#a!e licet <e*te G#/=4uit> i libet <+!ace>% (% Ego .eli#ita,i nullius $ominis invideo <Nu +i6 uie*c ;ericirea #i =#ui>% Amicus meus nominibus p"obis consentit <0riete#u! eu e*te 4e aceeai +=rere cu .a e#ii .#eti>% 1alus patrise omnibus #ommodis #.*tri* anteponatur <7a!5area +atriei *= ;ie +u*= ai +re*u* 4e t.ate i#tere*e!e #.a*tre>% 3on omnia arma militibus prosunt <Nu t.ate ar e!e ;.!.*e*c .*tai!.r>% E&ercitus Romanus 8.*ti"u* terrorem iniecit <Ar ata r. a#= a "=/at /r.a6a G# 4u a#i>% /eus "rater bello super"uit <Frate!e eu a *c=+at <*u+ra5ieHuit> 4i# r=6".i>% /ultas voluptates 0omini obsunt <Mu!te +!=ceri 5at= = . u!ui>% Eer"e!e c. +u*e cu u#a 4i# +re+.6iHii!e ad, ante, cum 6con=, in, inter, ob, post, prse, sub i super, ;ie tra#6iti5e1 ;ie i#tra#6iti5e au c. +!e e#tu! !.r G# ca6u! dativ! %intre verbele tran+itive *e >FK
citea6= K aaao <a4au/>1 ad$ibeo <G#tre"ui#He6>1 adiungo <a!i+e*c>1 antepono <+u# ai +re*u*> M comparo <c. +ar1 +re/=te*c>1 corn-pono <a!c=tuie*c> M in"ero <a4uc G#1 +rici#ue*c>1 iniicio <aru#c G#>1 impono 1 oppono <.+u#> M postpono <+u# G# ur =1 +u# 4u+=> M prse"ero <+re;er>1 prse"icio <+u# G# ;ru#te> M subiicio <*u+u#>1 suppono <+u# *u">1 substerno <ater# 4e4e*u"t> etc% %intre verbele intran+itive *e citea6= K accede <a4au/>1 ad$sereo <a!i+e*c>1 adiaceo <aru#c !a>1 annuo <G#cu5ii#He61 a+r.">1 adspiro <#=6uie*c> M antecello <G#trec> M congruo, consentio <c.#*i t1 *G#t 4e aceeai +=rere> M e&cello < = 4i*ti#/1 G#trec> M insisto <*t=ruie*c>1 incumbo <G i ca4e G# *arci#=>1 intervenit= <i#ter5i#> M obrepo < = *trec.r>1 obversor < = G +.tri5e*c> M prsssideo <*tau ai +re*u*>1 prsevaleo <G#trec1 4e+=e*c> M suceumbo <ca4 *u">1 supersto <*tau 4ea*u+ra>1 supervenio <5i# +e*te> etc% De a*e e#ea au c. +!e e#tu! G# ca6u! 4ati5 t.ate c. +u*e!e 5er"u!ui *u cu . +re+.6iHie ca K adsum <*G#t ;aH=>1 desum <!i+*e*c>1 insum <*G#t G#1 iau +arte>1 inlersum <*G#t !a iJ!.c>1 prsesum <*G#t G# ;ru#te1 c. a#4>1 subsum <*G#t 4e4e*u"t>1 super-sum <*G#t ai +re*u*1 *u+ra5ieHuie*c>1 obsum <*G#t G +.tri5=1 5at= >%
Nota $. Di#tre c. +u*e!e 5er"u!ui sum cu . +re+.6iHie1 #u ai 5er"u! bsum <*G#t !i+*=>1 are c. +!e e#tu! *=u G# ca6u! ablativ +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia ab 6a=! EIe +!u K (onsul a" .;;ici. *u. non a"uit <C.#*u!u! #@a !i+*it 4e !a 4at.ria *a>% N.ta 2% U#e!e 4i#tre 5er"e!e c. +u*e cu +re+.6iHii!e ad, cum 6con=, in, G# !.c 4e c.#*trucHia c. +!e e#tu!ui i#4irect G# ca6u! 4ati51 ai +.t eI+ri a ace!ai c. +!e e#t i#4irect re+etG#4 +re+.6iHia 5er"u!ui G#ai#tea *u"*ta#ti5u!ui ae6at G# ca6u! cerut 4e +re+.6iHia re*+ecti5=% A*t;e! G# !.c 4e K accedere alicui *e +.ate eI+ri a accedere ad ali0uem <a *e a+r.+ia 4e ci#e5a> M irrumpere oppido N irrumpere in oppidum <a #=5=!i G# .ra>%
C% )u Mi!. 1 ciari**i#i. 5ir.1 ii.ii#u!ia audatcne mi a"ecu!a adsper-gis <0ri# !au4a ta tu *tr.+eti . +at= .arecare +e Mi!.1 +rea 4i*ti#*u! "=r"at> <Cic% In @at! 1,1 C1>% Cicer.#i populus Romanus, in contione, non unius diei /ratu!aHi.#e 1 sed aeter#itate i .rta!itate -ue donavit <0.+.ru! r. a#1 G# a4u#area *a1 a 4=ruit !ui Cicer. #u ;e!icit=ri +e#tru . *i#/ur= 6i1 ci eter#itate i #e urire> <Cic% In Pis! (1 ,>% Hmnes )$essaliee civitates i#ter;ectu 0e!.+i4a c.r.#i* aurei* et *tatui* ae#ei* !i"er.*-ue eius u!t. a/r. donarunt <T.ate .rae!e <cet=Hi!e> Te*a!iei au 4=ruit !ui 0e!.+i4a1 4u+= .arte1 c.r.a#e 4e aur i *tatui 4e "r.#61 iar c.+ii!.r !ui u!te ./.are> <C.r#% Ne+% Pelop! 51 5>% (um !ata ;.**a cu"icu!ari !ect. circumdedisset <Du+= ce a G +reJ uit +atu! *=u 4e cu!care cu u# a#H !at> <Cic% )use! E1 2)1 59>% Eer"e!e dono <4=ruie*c1 4au> adspergo <*tr.+e*c>1 circumdo <G +reJ uie*c1 G#c.#J.r>1 e&uo <4e6"rac>1 induo <G "rac>1 impertio <G +art>1 intercludo <G#c8i4>1 interdico <i#ter6ic> au . G#4.it= c.#*trucHieK tXI a> Nu e!e persoanei *ePaa6= G# ca6u! dativ, iar #u e!e lucrului G# ca6u! acu+ativ< *au K "> Nu e!e persoanei *e aa6= G# ca6u! acu+ativ, iar #u e!e lucrului G# ablativ& 5% Est i8i ali0uid <a ce5a> G# !.c 4e K Ego ali0uid $abeo! /urena Lucu!!. legatus "uit <Lucu!!u* a a5ut !.cHiit.r +e Mure#a> <Cic% Pro /ur! >Fi
91 2)>1 G# !.c 4e K *ucullus /urenam legatum $abuit! Est mi0i tecum amici ia, consuetudo, $ospitium <A cu ti#e +riete#ie1 !e/=turi 6i!#ice i 4e .*+ita!itate>% 3am mi0i cum viris "ortibus, 0ui censores pro&ime "uerunt, est amici ia <C=ci a +riete#ie cu "=r"aHi cura/i.i1 care 4e curG#4 au ;.*t ce#6.ri>% <Cic% Pro (luent! C21 11,>% P Ca6u! 4ati5 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= cu ;.r e!e 5er"u!ui *u *+re a G#!.cui . +r.+.6iHie]a! c=rei +re4icat ar tre"ui *= ;ie 5er"u! 8a"..% G#!.cuirea 5er"u!ui $abeo +ri# 5er"u! sum +r.5.ac= ur =t.area *c8i "are G# +r.+.6iHie K *u"iectu! 4i# +r.+.6iHia a! c=rei +re4icat e*te $abeo *e aa6= G# ca6u! dativ, iar c. +!e e#tu! 4irect 4i# acu6ati5 a! 5er"u!ui $abeo 4e5i#e *u"iect G# ca6u! #. i#ati5 a! +re4icatu!ui1 eI+ri at +ri# 5er"u! sum G# !.cu! !ui $abeo! Acea*t= c.#*trucHie *er5ete *+re a eI+ri a1 G# c8i+ cu t.tu! 4e.*e"it +er*.a#a care +.*e4= *au c=reia Gi a+arHi#e ce5a1 +u*= G# ca6u! 4ati5 i 4e aceea c.#*trucHia +.art= #u e!e 4e Dati5u* +.**e@**i5u*% Ace*t 4ati5 +.*e*i5 eIi*t= i G# !i "a r. G#= G# eI+re*ii!eK mi-e "oame, mi-e sete, mi-e dor! 9% 3on sc$olae sed 5it*e discimus <G#5=H= +e#tru 5iaH=1 #u +e#tru c.a!=% <7e#ec% E+% 1)9112> 1e&tus Roscius pr&dia coluit aliis% non sibi <7eItu* R.*ciu* a !ucrat .ii!e *a!e +e#tru a!Hii1 #u +e#tru *i#e>% <Cic% Pro! Rose! Amer!, 1,1 C9> Alessus militibus missionem petebat <B!e*u* cerea c.#ce4iu +e#tru *.!4aHii *=i>% <Tac% Ann! I1 19>% C. +!e e#tu! i#4irect1 care arat= +er*.a#a G# interesul *au G# dauna c=reia *e ;ace acHiu#ea eI+ri at= +ri# +re4icat *au +ri# 5er"1 *t= G# ca6u! dativ, #u it Dati5u* c. .4i 5e! i#c. @ .4i i *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= atGt +e !G#/= 5er"e!e tra#6iti5e1 cGt i +e !G#/= ce!e i#tra#6iti5e% G# !i "a r. G#= ace*t 4ati5 *e tra4uce +ri# *u"*ta#ti5 +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia pentru! >! @irtus sola nobis ne0ue datur dono% ne0ue accipitur <Nu ai 5irtutea #ici #u #i *e 4= #.u= G# 4ar1 #ici #u *e +ri ete G# 4ar <7a!!% lug! 851 (8>% Est i8i ali0uid 8.#.ri1 !au4i1 4ec.ri1 *a!uHi <EIi*t= +e#tru i#e ce5a *+re ci#*tire1 *+re !au4=1 *+re .#.are1 *+re G#tuire>% 1pero $omines i#te!!ectur.*1 2uanto sit omnibus odio crudelitas, et 2uanto amo"i probitas et clementia <7+er c= .a e#ii 5.r G#He!e/e *+re cGt 4e are ur= e*te +e#tru .a e#i cru6i ea1 i 4i +.tri5=1 *+re cGt 4e are 4ra/.*te e*te .#e*titatea i "u#=tatea> Cic% Ad Fam! l@, 191 2>% 1i Fa"i. !au4i datum est 0uod pingeret <De *@ar ;i *.c.tit +e#tru Fa"iu* *+re !au4= ceea ce +icta> <Cic% )use! 11 21 C>% Mi8i cives auIi!i. venerunt <Mi@au 5e#it cet=He#ii G#tr@aJut.r>% Pausanias 0uos A2+antii ceperat regis propin0uos, ti"i u#eri misit <0au*a#ia* Hi@a tri i* Hie G# 4ar +e ru4e!e re/e!ui1 +e care Gi ;=cu*e +ri6.#ieri G# Bi6a#H>% <C.r#% Ne+% Paus! 21 (>% G# !i "a !ati#= 4e*e.ri1 +e !G#/= 4ati5u! i#tere*u!ui1 *e a!=tur= u# a!t c. +!e e#t i#4irect t.t G# ca+ul dativ, +ri# care *e eI+ri = scopul *au destina ia +e#tru care *e ;ace acHiu#ea ar=tat= 4e +re4icatu! +r.+.6iHiei% Ace*t 4ati51 eI+ri at #u ai +ri# *u"*ta#ti51 #u e 4e !ucru1 *e #u ete Dati5u* ;i#a!i* i *e tra4uce G# !i "a r. G#= +ri# *u"*ta#ti5 +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia spre! E! *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= +e !G#/= 5er"e!e K >FF
a> esse <a ;i>1 "ieri <a 4e5e#i>1 a5G#4 G#He!e* 4eK a *!uJi !aM "> dare <a 4a>1 tribuere <a ac.r4a>1 ducere, <a *.c.ti>1 $abere <a a5ea>1 vertere <a G#t.arce> M c> donare <a 4=rui>1 capere <a !ua>1 mittere <a tri ite>1 re\i#@DFe\@e <a !=*a>1 au&ilio venire <a 5e#i G#tr@ aJut.r>% N.t=% Ace*t 4ati5u* ;i#a!i* *e +.ate tra4uce G# !i "a r. G#= ;=r= +re+.6iHie% EIe +!eK 0e#tru i#e e*te !au4=1 ci#*tire1 .#.are1 G#tuire% De *@ar ;i *.c.tit !ui Fa"iu* !au4= ceea ce +ictea6=% 8% Iiic i8i 0uis0uam misericordiam nominalD <0utea@5a .are *= i@Hi 5.r"ea*c= ci#e5a 4e*+re G#4urareT> <7a!!% (at! 521 11>% At ti"i repente venit ad me (aninius <Dar re+e4e i@Hi 5e#i Ca#i#iu* !a i#e>% <Cic% ad Fam! IZ1 21 1>% Guid mi$i (elsus agitD <Ce i@Hi ;ace Ce!*u*T <Aui#ti!% Z1 11 12C>% A!=turi 4e 4ati5u! ;i#a! *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= 4e*e.ri +e !G#/= +re4icat +r.#u e!e +er*.#a!e mi$i, tibi, sibi, nobis, vobis *+re a i#4ica . +er*.a#= care ia +arte !a acHiu#e #u ai .ra!icete1 #u i 4e ;a+t% Ace*ta *e #u ete Dati5u* et8icu*1 care 4e a!t;e! eIi*t= i G# !i "a r. G#= G# eI+re*ii!e K P@Hi@! lu i mi Hi@1 trinti!
N.t=% U#e!e 5er"e tra#6iti5e1 4i# !i "a !ati#=1 care au u# c. +!e e#t 4irect G# ca6u! acu6ati51 Gi *c8i "= G#He!e*u! atu#ci cG#4 c. +!e e#tu! !.r 4irect 4i# ca6u! acu6ati5 e*te G#!.cuit +ri#tr@u# c. +!e e#t i#4irect G# ca6u! 4ati5% EIe +!e K (aveo latronem ; = +=6e*c 4e 8.H M G#*= K caveo "ratri N = G#/riJe*c 4e ;rate!e eu M prospicio, provideo ali0uid ; +re5=4 ce5a M prospicio, provideo alicui N = /G#4e*c !a ce5a M convenire ali0uem , a *e G#tG!#i cu ci#e5a *+re a@i 5.r"i M convenire alicui rei, ad ali0uam rem, in rem , a c=4ea 4e ac.r4 4e*+re 5reu# !ucru M manei me ali0uid N = atea+t= ce5a1 manet mi$i ali0uid ; G i r= G#e ce5a M timeo, metuo, vereor ali0uem N = te 4e ci#e5a1 timeo, metuo, vereor alicui, de ali0uo , a G#/riJ.rare a*u+ra cui5a *au 4e*+re ci#e5a M cupio ali0uem , 4.re*c +e ci#e5a1 cupio alicui N 4.re*c "i#e!e cui5a%
9% /arco )ullio cognomen "uit Cicer.#i <M% Tu!!iu* a a5ut +.rec!a 4e Cicer.>% /eo amico nomen est Marcu*1 *au /eo amico nomen M=rci est <0riete#u! eu are #u e!e 4e Marcu*>% /eo amico nomen Marcu di&erunt <0riete#u!ui eu i@au 4at #u e!e 4e Marcu*>% Du+= eI+re*ii!e mi$i est nomen 6cognomen= i nomen dare, nomen dicere, #u e!e +r.+riu *e aa6= G# ca6u! 4ati51 ac.r4G#4u@*e G# ca+ i numr cu +r.#u e!e +er*.#a! *au cu *u"*ta#ti5u! 4i# ca6u! 4ati5% T.tui1 4u+= ace!eai eI+re*ii numele propriu ai +.ate *ta G# ca6u! nominativ *au G# ca6u! acu+ativ ca apo+i ie +e !G#/= *u"*ta#ti5u! nomen, *au *e +.ate +u#e G# ca6u! /e#iti5 ca atri"ut *u"*ta#ti5a! a! *u"*ta#ti5u!ui nomen! 1)% Mi8i sarcina subeunda est <Tre"uie *= *u+.rt . +.5ar=>% ' #i"u* moriendum est <T.Hi tre"uie *= .ar=>% B.#i* 5iri* $onesta 0userenda sunt <B=r"aHii "u#i tre"uie *= caute ce!e .#e*te> <Cic% %eo""ic! III1 91 (8>% Per-multa #."i* corrigenda sunt <;.arte u!te !ucruri tre"uie c.rectate 4e #.i>% G# dativ *t= subiectul logic 6nomen agentis= a! con7ugrii peri"rastice pasive< *u"iect /ra atica!1 G# ca6u! #. i#ati51 a! 5er"e!.r 4e c.#Ju/are +eri;ra*tic= +a*i5= e*te #u e!e <*u"*ta#ti51 a4Jecti51 +r.#u e> care G# ;.r = acti5= ar ;i c. +!e e#t 4irect G# ca6u! acu6ati5% Cu ace*t *u"iect /ra atica! *e ac.r4= >FM
G# ca61 #u =r i /e# +re4icatu! eI+ri at +ri# c.#Ju/area +eri;ra*tic= +a*i5=% Dac= #u eIi*t= *u"iect /ra atica!1 +re4icatu! +r.+.6iHiei eI+ri at +ri# c.#Ju/area +eri;ra*tic= +a*i5= *e +u#e !a #u =ru! *i#/u!ar1 !a /e# #eutru1 !a +er*.a#a a IlI-a. $$. Res tibi cognita est <Lucru! a ;.*t cu#.*cut 4e c=tre ti#e> <Cic% ad Fam! E1 191 2>% Ante scripta epistula prior mi0i legi ccepta est <7cri*.area *cri*= 4e ti#e ai G#ai#te a G#ce+ut a ;i citit= 4e i#e ai G#tGi> <Cic% ad Attic! `:I% 1(1 1>% Nabetur mi0i $onestissimus <E*te *.c.tit 4e c=tre i#e ce! ai .#e*t>% Cui non sunt auditse %emost$enis vigiliseD <De c=tre ci#e #@au ;.*t a;!ate 5e/8i!e !ui De .*t8e#eT>% 0e !G#/= 5er"e!e 4e ;.r = +a*i5=1 G#4e.*e"i !a ti +uri!e c. +u*e1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= u#e.ri 4ati5u! G# !.cu! a"!ati5u!ui cu +re+.6iHia ab 6a=! Acea*t= G#tre"ui#Hare a 4ati5u!ui G# !.cu! a"!ati5u!ui cu ab 6ablativus auctoris= *e G#tG!#ete G# .+ere!e +.etice i cu ti +uri!e *i +!e a!e ;.r ei +a*i5e K scriberis :a"io N 5ei ;i cG#tat 4e c=tJe Eariu*% <B.r% (arm! I1 9>% 12% It clamor c*e!. G# !.c 4e K it clamor ad caslum <7tri/=tu! er/e +G#= !a cer>% <Eer/% /neis, IE1 C51>% %ativul G# !.cu! acu6ati5u!ui cu +re+.6iHia ad *au in e*te ;.!.*it 4e +.eHi *+re a ar=ta inta +G#= !a care *au c=tre care e*te G#4re+tat= . icare% (u verbe' In ca+ul genitiv $. :i&o"um memini, nec tamen E+icuri licet oblivisci <G i a i#te*c 4e cei 5ii1 i t.tui #u e*te G#/=4uit *= uit +e E+icur> <Cic% %e "inib! E1 11 (>% 2(,e certe agnoscet et cum ali0uo dolore ;!a/iti.ru *u.ru recordabitur <E! G#*ui 4e *i/ur 5a recu#.ate i cu .arecare 4urere Gi 5a a i#ti 4e #e#.r.@ ciri!e *a!e> <Cic% In Pis! 91 1(>% /emento .rti* <A4u@Hi a i#te 4e .arte>% Frater meus miseretur et semper miserebitur 0ominum ineli#ium <Frate!e eu are i 5a a5ea t.t4eau#a i!= 4e .a e#ii #e;ericiHi>% Admoneo te p"uden,iV 5,i a i#te*c 4e +ru4e#H=>% G# /e#iti5 *e aa6= c. +!e e#tu! i#4irect 6.enitivus memo-rise= 4u+= 5er"e!e care G#*ea #= K a= a@i a i#tiK meminisse, recordari, reminisci< b= a a i#tiK monere, admonere, commonere< c= a uita K oblivisci< T.ate ace*te 5er"e *e #u e*c verbe memoriee! De a*e e#i iK d= a a5ea i!= K misereri!
Nota $. EI+re*ia u#i+er*.#a!= venit mi$i in mentem *e c.#*truiete cu ca6u! /e#iti5 K venit mi$i Platonis in mentem NG i 5iae G# i#te <+er*.a#a> !ui 0!at.>% <Gic% %e "inib!, :% $%]6 Nota ]. Eer"u! obliviscor <uit> +.ate a5ea u# c. +!e e#t i#4irect eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# nume de lucru +u* G# ca6u! acu+ativ *au G# ca6u! genitiv! Nu ai c. +!e e#tu! i#4irect eI+ri at +ri# #u e 4e +er*.a#= e*te +u* t.t4eau#a G# ca6u! genitiv! EIe +!e K Contum#-lias oblivisci non poterat *au K #ontumelia"um oblivisci non poterat <#u +utea uita .c=ri!e>% Dar *e 6ice K C*B*ari* non oblivisci poterat <#u +utea uita +e C*e*ar>% Nota I. Eer"u! miserari <a a5ea i!=1 a *e G#4ura> *+re 4e.*e"ire 4e misereri, are c. +!e e#tu! G# ca6u! acu6ati5% EIe +!e K In.eli#es misertus est <7@a G#4urat 4e cei #e;ericiHi>%
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2% (ommii regis auctoritas in Aritannia a/iii $abebatur <I#rGurirea re/e!ui C. iu* G# Brita#ia era *.c.tit= !a are +reH> <Ca**% A! .! IE1 211 ,>% Agere considerate plu"is est 0uam cogitare prudenter <A !ucra cu c8i"6uia!= e*te 4e ai are G#*e #=tate 4ecGt a cu/eta G#He!e+te*te>% <Cic% %e H""ic! I1 C51 19)>% T.t +ri# ca6u! genitiv *e eI+ri = c. +!e e#tu! i#4irect a! 5er"e!.r care G#*ea #= K a +reHui1 a a+recia G# c8i+ /e#era! ca sestimo <+reHuie*c>1 "acio <;ac1 a+recie6>1 duco <*.c.te*c>1 $abo a 1 *.c.te*c>1 pendo <c t=re*c1 5a!.re6>1 puto <*.c.te*c1 +u# +reH>% Ge#iti5e!e 4e+e#4e#te 4e ace*te 5er"e eI+ri = pre ul #n c$ip general, "r preci+are i nedeterminat i *G#t ur =t.are!eK magni, pluris, ma&imi, permagni < are1 ai are1 ;.arte are>1 plurimi <;.arte u!t>1 parvi <+uHi#>1 minoris < ai +uHi#>1 minimi <;.arte +uHi#>1 ni$ili <#ici 4e cu >1 tanti <atGt>1 0uanti <cGt>1 tan-tidem <c8iar atGt>1 *u"G#He!e/G#4u@*e +e !G#/= ;iecare 4i#tre ace*te /e#iti5e *u"*ta#ti5u! pretii! Ace*t c. +!e e#t i#4irect G# ca6u! /e#iti5 *e #u ete Ge#iti5u* +retii% 0e#tru a eI+ri a +reHu! +reci* i 4eter i#at *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ca6u! a"!ati5% (% )$emistocles absens +r.4iti.#i* damnatus est <Te i*t.c!e1 G# !i+*=1 a ;.*t .*G#4it +e#tru tr=4are> <C.r#% Ne+% )$emis! 81 2>% Ca+iti* arcessere <a G#5i#ui 4e . cri = ca+ita!=> <Cic% pro %eiot! rege, II1 ()>% Nsec duo, !e5i@tatis et ini"mitatis pleros0ue convincunt, aut si in bonis rebus contemnunt amicos, aut si in malis deserunt <0e cei ai u!Hi Gi G#5i#uie*c +e#tru ace*te 4.u= <+=cate> K a uur=t=Hii i a *!="iciu#ii1 ;ie c= G# ;ericire 4i*+reHuie*c +e +riete#i1 ;ie c=@i +=r=*e*c G# #e#.r.cire> <Cic% *&lius, 1,1 9C>% Postulavit *ucium A"ranium p"oditionis e&ercitus Acutius Ru"us apud Pompeium <Acutiu* Ru;u* a c8e at G# Ju4ecat= <a G#5i#uit> G#ai#tea !ui 0. +ei +e Luciu* A;ra#iu* +e#tru tr=4area ar atei>% <C*e*% Ael! .al! III1 8(1 2>% T.t G# genitiv *t= c. +!e e#tu! i#4irect a! 5er"e!.r care G#*ea #= K a G#5i#ui N accuso, arcesso, insimulo< a c8e a G# Ju4ecat= N postulo< a 4.5e4i 5i#a N convinco< a .*G#4i1 a c.#4a #a N damno, condemno< a ac8ita N absolvo! T.ate ace*te 5er"e *G#t cu#.*cute *u" #u e!e 4e verba iudi-cialia, iar c. +!e e#tu! !.r i#4irect1 +ri# care *e eI+ri = numele crimii, *u" ace!a 4e Ge#iti5u* cri i#i*% G#ai#tea ace*tui /e#iti5 *e *u"G#He!e/e cu5G#tu! crimine *au nomine! C% Intererat +atri* "ilium suum videre <0e tat=! G! i#tere*a *=@i 5a4= ;iu!>% Guod tua ni$il re"ert, percontari desinas61! G#cete6i a G#tre"a ceea ce #u te i +.rt=% <Tere#t% Ilec2r! E1 (1 12>% a= Eer"e!e i +er*.#a!eK interest <i#tere*ea6=> i re"ert au c.#*trucHia ur =t.areK persoana <*au !ucru! +er*.#i;icat> interesat *e +u#e G# ca6u! /e#iti51 atu#ci cG#4 e*te eI+ri at= +ri# substantiv! Dac= G#*= +er*.a#a i#tere*at= e*te eI+ri at= +ri#tr@u# pronume personal, ;ie G# *i#/u!ar1 ;ie G# +!ura!1 *e +u#e G# ca6u! ablativ singular de gen "eminin al pronumelui posesiv respectiv! b= 7+re a eI+ri a c#t de mult interesea+ +e ci#e5a u# !ucru *e +.ate G#tre"ui#HaK adverbele' magnopere < u!t>1 magis < ai 15S
u!t>1 ma&ime <;.arte u!t>1 parum <+uHi#>1 minime <;.arte +uHi#>M ad7ectivele de gen neutru G# numrul singular, caK multum < u!t>1 plus < ai u!t>1 plurimum <;.arte u!t>1 permultum <+rea u!t>1 tantum <atGt>1 0uantum <cGt>1 ali0uantum <cGt5a>1 ni$il <#i ic>1 ali0uid <ce5a>1 minus < ai +uHi#>1 minimum <;.arte +uHi#>M genitivele' magni < are>1 pluris < ai u!t>1 permagni <+rea are>1 parvi < ic>1 tanti <G#tr@atGt>1 0uanti <G#trucGt>% EIe +!uK Ee*tra1 iudices, $oc aIi e interest <0e 5.i Ju4ec=t.ri1 5= i#tere*ea6= ;.arte u!t acea*ta>% <Cic% Pro 1ull! 281 ,9> c> *ucrul re"eritor la care are cineva interes *e eI+ri = +ri# +re+.6iHia ad ur at= 4e ca6u! acu+ativ! EIe +!uK Ma/#i a4 8.#.@"em nost"um interest me 0uamprimum ad Trbem venire <M= i#tere*ea6= u!t1 *+re ci#*tea ea1 *= 5i# cGt ai curG#4 !a R. a1 <Cic% Ad Fam! ZEI1 11 1>% 4> *ucrul care ne interesea+ *e eI+ri =1 nu +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti51 ci +ri#K 1% pronume la gen neutru' 0o# "eipubli#se ma&ime interest <Acea*ta i#tere*ea6= ;.arte u!t re+u"!ica>M 2% in"initiv' omnium interest recte "acere <0e t.Hi i#tere*ea6= a ;ace "i#e acea*ta>M <Cic% %eFinibus, I1 221 ,2> (% propo+i ie completiv in"initival' .ma*ni interest esse Balen-dis Ianuariis in republic 4u.* c.#*u!e* <E*te 4e are i#tere* ca !a G#tGi ia#uarie *= ;ie 4.i c.#*u!i G# re+u"!ic=>M <Cic% Pro /urena, (,1 ,9>% C% propo+i ie interogativ indirect' Guid illius interest ubi sisL <Ce@1 i#tere*ea6= +e ace!a u#4e te a;!iTM <Cic% Ad Attic! l, C1 1)> 5% propo+i ie subordonat G#ce+=t.are cu ut *au #eK rei+u"!ic*e interest ut Cae*ar *a!5u* *it <E*te G# i#tere*u! re+u"!icii ca Cae*ar *= ;ie *=#=t.*>% <7uet.#iu*1 (aesar, 89> (u verbe' In ca+ul ablativ @ictoria militum cives metu liberavit <Birui#Ha .*tai!.r a !i"erat +e cet=He#i 4e *+ai =>% )uus sermo amicum eer.re levavit <E.r"e!e ta!e au uurat 4e Ja!e +e +riete#>% 1olvere ali0uem legibus <A *c.ate +e ci#e5a 4e *u" a*+ri ea !e/i!.r>% (omplementul indirect a! 5er"e!.r care G#*ea #=K a !i"era N libero, a uura N levo, a *c=+a1 a 4e6!e/a1 a *c.ate & solvo, e&solvo *t= G# ca6u! ablativ! N.t=% De*+re c. +!e e#tu! i#4irect1 G# ca6u! a"!ati5 cu +re+.6iHia ab 6a= *au ;=r= +re+.6iHie1 a! 5er"e!.r 4e ;.r = +a*i5=1 a *e 5e4ea R 1 4e !a c. +!e e#tu! 4irect% Eer*iu#e REGE7 ATBENIEN7#3M At8e#ie#*e*1 0uibus Iu++iter aIi e "averat, *.!i #.# ta#tu i#cre@ e#t. ci5itati*1 *e4 etia .ri/i#e /!.ria"a#tur% Nis +!ure* reges "uerunt! A#te Deuca!i.#i* te +.ra illis re& Cecr.+* "uit! ' e* i#c.!ae imperio >F9
re/i* obo+diebant! Cecr.+* magnis penculis i#c.!a* e&solvit -ue opitulatus est ut ur"e +u!c8ra c.#4ere#t% Buiu* re/i* u!tu intererat magnam et pollentem urbem $abere! (ecropi Cra#au* *ucce**it% Re/i* ;i!ia1 cui nomen At$is erat, re/i.#i nomen Atticam dedit! 0.*t Cra#au 1 A +8icti. re/#a5it1 c;ui +ri u* /inervse ur"e sacravit! Ci5e* civitati nomen At$enas di&erunt! Buiu* te +.ri"u* a-uaru 4i!u5ie* ai.re +arte +.+u!.ru Graeci*e a"*u +*it% Nuius calamitatis reI *e +er meminerat -u.4 $uic diluviei +auci i#c.!*e super"uerunt -ui a4 Deuca!i.#e 1 re/e T8e**a!iae1 rati"u* e5ecti *u#t% Nuic regi magno merito ;uit i#;e!Gce* i#c.!a* Attica* *er5are1 a -u. +r.+terea /e#u* 8. i#u c.#4itu e**e 4icitur1 -uia multis malis eorum medebatur! Buiu* re/i* te +.ri"u* #e . criminis accusatus #e-ue capitis damnatus e*t1 #a . #e* ci5e* .;;icia cupiditatibus anteponebant, et regi magna prsemia donabant! Dei#4e te#ueru#t At8e#i* re/#u A!/eu*1 T8e*eu*1 C.4ru*% 0.*t C.4ru #e . re/#a5it% 7e4 civitati nullse tune leges erant, -uia !i"i4. re/u +r. !e/i"u* 8a"e"atur% Le/itur ita-ue 7.!.#1 -ue At8e#ie#*e* plurimi sestimabant et cui leges instituendse erant! 1oloni omnia !e/i"u* provisa et constituta sunt!
Du+= hustinus Te i M'ARTEA UNEI TINERE FETE
F.arte tri*t 6tristis= GHi *criu Hie ace*tea% Fiica ai ic= 6minor= a !ui Fu#4a#iu* a! #.*tru1 care a5ea #u e!e 6nomen est= 4e Ea!eria1 a urit 6de"ungor=! 0e acea*t= ;iic= 6"ilia= Fu#4a#iu* . +reHuia 6sestimo= ;.arte u!t i . +u#ea ai +re*u* 6antepono= 4e t.ate a5uHii!e 6divitise=! Dar e4icii #@au +utut 6possum= !ecui 6medeor= ".a!a 6morbus= ei% T.ate !eacuri!e 6medi-camen= #u au ;.*t 4e #ici u# aJut.r 6au&ilium= ;etii% G# ;iecare 6omnis= c!i+= 6momentum= Fu#4a#iu* Gi a i#tea 6recordor= 4e 5irtutea 6virtus= ;etii% G#c= #u 6nondum= G +!i#i*e 6impleo= +atru*+re6ece 60uattuordecim= a#i i 4G#*a 6illa= a5ea 6sum= G#He!e+ciu#e 6prudentia= "=trG#ea*c= 6anilis= i . *eri.6itate 6gravitas= 4e atr.a#= 6matronalis=! Fu*e*e !./.4it= 6spon-deo= cu u# tG#=r 6iuvenis= 4i*ti#* 6egregius= i ;u*e*e a!ea*= 6eligo= c8iar 6etiam= 6iua 6dies= c=*=t.riei 6nuptise=! 0e t.Hi Gi i#tere*a 6interest= *.arta 6"ortuna= ace*tei ti#ere% Dar +e #eate+tate 6subito= ;ata 6puella= a urit 6vita decedere=! ' ^ ce .arte 6"unus= tri*t= i cu t.tu! 6plane= cu +!it= 6acerbus= +e#tru #.i t.Hi% C. +!e e#tu! a4Jecti5u!ui A4Jecti5e!e 4e .ri/i#e 5er"a!= *au cu G#He!e* 5er"a! au1 G# !i "a !ati#=1 u# c. +!e e#t i#4irect% Ace*t c. +!e e#t *t= G#tr@u#ui 4i# ca6uri!eK genitiv, dativ *au ablativ! # n c a + ui genitiv 1% (sesar, /!.riae et ;a aB a5i4u*1 rem publicam oppressit <Cae*ar1 4.rit.r 4e /!.rie i ;ai =1 a c.+!eit re+u"!ica>% Nominem, *a+ie#ti*e *tu4i.*u!X% >M?
p$ilosop$um appellamus <0e . u! rG5#it.r !a G#He!e+ciu#e1 G! #u i ;i!.*.;>% (icero #upidissimus erat potentise et p"se#la"i nominis <Cicer. era ;.arte 4.rit.r 4e +utere i 4e #u e *tr=!ucit>% %ominus te""se .astidiosus <7t=+G# +!icti*it 4e += G#t> <B.r% (arm! III1 11 (,>% G# genitiv obiectiv *t= complementul u#ui ad7ectiv care G#*ea #=K 4.ri#H=1 caK cupidus, avidus< rG5#=1 #=6ui#H=1 caK curiosus, studiosus< 4i*+reH N "astidiosus etc%
Not. A4Jecti5u! curiosus </riJu!iu1 #=6uit.r> +.ate a5ea c. +!e e#tu! *=u +u* G# ca6u! ablativ +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia in' Fraier meus in omnibus "ebus curiosus est <Frate!e eu e*te /riJu!iu < i#uHi.*> G# t.ate !ucruri!e>%
2% %u& peritus belii <C. a#4a#t i*cu*it !a r=6".i>% /ul i "uerunt memores *lo"ise a#ti-u*e <Mu!Hi au ;.*t a i#tit.ri 4e /!.rie *tr="u#=>% Ignarus et insuetus a"tis milita"is <Netiut.r i #e4e+ri#* cu eteu/u! .*t=e*c>% Hmnes cives $ominem, immemorem "e#e;icii1 oderunt <T.Hi cet=He#ii ur=*c +e . u! uit=t.r 4e "i#e;acere>% <Cic% %e o7"ic! II1 281 9(>% G# genitiv *t= 4e a*e e#ea c. +!e e#tu! a4Jecti5e!.r care G#*ea #= K a= cu#.atere1 recu#.atere K conscius, inscius, gnarus, ignarus< b= a i#tire1 uitare K memor, immemor< c= +rice+ere1 #e+rice+ere K peritus, imperitus, rudis< d= +re5e4ere1 #e+re5e4ere K prudens, imprudens< e= ."i#uit=1 #e."i#uit= K suetus, insuetus, insolens etc%
N.t=% U#e!e 4i#tre ace*te a4Jecti5e +.t a5ea c. +!e e#tu! !.r i#4irect G# ca6u! ablativ +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia in' non omnis civis i# re"u* ci5i!i"u* prudens est <#u .rice cet=Hea# e*te 5er*at G# tre"uri!e ."teti>%
(% /ul i participes e.ru #onsilio"um "uerunt <Mu!Hi au G +=rt=it +.5eHe!e e!e>% 1ocium et consortem *lo"ioi labo"is amiseram <0ier4u*e +e u# t.5ar= care G +=rt=ea u#ca ea /!.ri.a*=> <Cic% Arut! 11 2>% Ami-cum, alienum a*tuti*e1 amo <iu"e*c +e +riete#u! *tr=i# 4e .rice 5ic!e#ie>% G# genitiv *t= i c. +!e e#tu! a4Jecti5e!.r care G#*ea #= K a= +=rta1 #e+=rta K particeps, consors, e&pers, e&sors< b= 5eci#1 c. u# K a""inis, communis, soclus< c= +r.+riu1 *tr=i# K proprius, alienus etc% C% Italia omnium "u*um plena est <Ita!ia e*te +!i#= cu t.t ;e!u! 4e r.a4e>% Nominem in"elicem, omnium "e"um inopem, iuvare debemus <7G#te 4at.ri *= aJut= +e . u! #e;ericit1 !i+*it 4e t.ate !ucruri!e>% T.t G# genitiv *t= c. +!e e#tu! i#4irect a! a4Jecti5e!.r1 care G#*ea #= K a= !i+*= K inops, inanis< b= a"u#4e#H=K plenus, "ertilis, re"ertus, etc%
Not. A4Jecti5e!e care G#*ea #= !i+*= *au a"u#4e#H=1 +.t a5ea c. +!e e#tu! !.r i#4irect G# ca6u! a"!ati5 M acea*ta *e G#tG +!= ai a!e* cu a4Jecti5u! re"ertus< regio t"u-*ibus re"erta <Hi#ut +!i# 4e r.a4e>%
5% Filius pat"is similis est <Fiu! e*te a*e =#=t.r tat=!ui>% 1imple& est natura animi ne0ue $abet in se 0uic0uam admissum dispar sui at0ue dissimile
11 @ c% ((5
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<Natura *u;!etu!ui e*te *i +!= i #@are cu+ri#* G# ea #i ic 4e6"i#at i *tr=i# O 4e *i#e>% <Cic% (ato /aior, 211Q ,8>% G# genitiv *t= i c. +!e e#tu! a4Jecti5e!.r care G#*ea #=K J a= a*e =#are1 #ea*e =#are K similis, dissimilis, ai a!e* J cG#4 c. +!e e#tu! !.r e*te eI+ri at +ri# #u e 4e +er*.a#eM 1 b= e/a!itate1 #ee/aGitate K par, dispar, impar, se0ualis, irm-0ualis etc% 9% 1emper appetentes /!.riae Romani 7uerunt <r. a#ii au ;.*t t.t4eau#a 4.rit.ri 4e /!.rie> <Cic% Pro leg! /anii! (1 ,>% 1ervantissimus *e-ui <Ce! ai a+ri/ a+=r=t.r a! 4re+t=Hii>% <Eer/% hEneis, II1 C2,>% (2renaici p$ilosop$i virtutem censuerunt ob eam rem esse laudandam, 0uod e""iciens esset 5.!u+@tati* <Fi!.*.;ii 4i# Cire#aica au ;.*t 4e +=rere c= 5irtutea tre"uie *= ;ie !=u4at= t.c ai 4e aceea c= e*te +r.curat.are 4e +!=cere>% <Cic% %e o""ic! III1 ((1 119>% G# ca6u! genitiv *t= i c. +!e e#tu! i#4irect a! +artici@+ii!.r +re6e#te a!e 5er"e!.r tra#6iti5e1 ter i#ate !a ca6u! #. i#ati5 G# @a#* *au @e#*1 atu#ci cG#4 *G#t G#tre"ui#Hate ca *i +!e a4Jecti5e i arat= . 4e+ri#4ere *au . *tare +er a#e#t=% In ca+ul dativ 1% Nomo +atriWB utilis <' ;.!.*it.r +atriei>% (onsilia patris ;i!i. salu-taria sunt <0.5eHe!e tat=!ui *G#t +rie!#ice ;iu!ui>% Procellse #auti* no&im sunt <Furtu#i!e *G#t 5=t= =t.are c.r="ieri!.r>% G# dativ *t= c. +!e e#tu! i#4irect a! a4Jecti5e!.r care G#*ea #= K a= ;.!.*it.r1 #e;.!.*it.r K utilis, inutilis< b= 5=t= =t.r1 #e5=t= =t.rK no&ius, damnosus, ino&ius< c= +!=cut1 #e+!=cut1 +rie!#ic1 *a!utar K gratus, ingratus, salu-taris etc% 2% (atilina Ci#e"oni amicus non erat, 0uia omnia consilia (atilinae, rei+u"!icae no&ia, a consule pate"acta sunt <Cati!i#a #u era +riete# !ui Cicer.1 ;ii#4c= t.ate +!a#uri!e !ui Cati!i#a1 5=t= =t.are re+u"!icii1 au ;.*t 4ate !a i5ea!= 4e c=tre c.#*u!>% (ani, mi0i "idus, domum custodit et lat"oni contra-rius est <C!i#e!e1 4e5.tat ie1 +=6ete ca*a i e*te +.tri5#ic 8.Hu!ui>% T.t G# dativ *t= c. +!e e#tu! a4Jecti5e!.r care G#*ea #= K a= +riete#.*1 4u =#.* K amicus, inimicus, in"ensus< b= +rie!#ic1 +.tri5#ic K propitius, adversus, contrarius< c= cre4i#ci.*1 #ecre4i#ci.*1 4e5.tat K "idus, in"idus, "idelis etc%
Nota 1% A4Jecti5e!e care arat= K +riete#ie1 4u =#ie1 G +.tri5ire ca K "idus, amicus, adversus +.t eI+ri a c. +!e e#tu! !.r i +ri# +re+.6iHii!e K in, erga, adversus <;aH= 4e> ur ate 4e ca6u! acu6ati5 K non e"*a omnes amicus sum <#u *G#t +riete# ;aH= 4e t.Hi>% N.ta 2% Ace!eai a4Jecti5e care G#*ea #= K +riete#ie1 4u =#ie1 cG#4 *G#t ;.!.*ite ca *u"*ta#ti5e1 au c. +!e e#tu! G# ca6u! genitiv' %ocebimus ea, 0use videntur esse nobis utilia ne0ue sunt, 0uam sini &i"tutis inimi#a <E. ar=ta c= ace!ea1 care +ar c= #e *G#t ;.!.*it.are i #u *G#t1 cGt *G#t 4e +.tri5#ice 5irtuHii>% <Cic% %e o""iciis, III% 251 99>%
(% 3on semper "ilius +atri similis- est <Nu t.t4eau#a ;iu! e*te a*e e#ea tat=!ui>% /arcus, mi0i "initimus, agros "ertiles laborat <Marcu*1 5eci# ie1 !ucrea6= ./.are r.4#ice>% 7ME
I# dativ *t= 4e a*e e#ea c. +!e e#tu! a4Jecti5e!.r care G#*ea #= K a= e/a!1 #ee/a! K par, impar, dispar< b= a*e =#=t.r1 4i;erit K similis, dissimilis< c= 5eci#1 G#ru4it K "initimus, vicinus, a""inis, propin0uus etc% C% Res 5i!*e necesariee, 0omini sapien,i 0uo0ue idonese sunt <Lucruri!e #ece*are +e#tru 5iaH= *G#t +.tri5ite c8iar i . u!ui G#He!e+t>% Cu dativul *e c.#*truie*c i a4Jecti5e!e care G#*ea #= K +.tri5it1 #e+.tri5it1 #ece*ar1 ca K aptus, ineptus, idoneus, necessa-rius etc%
N.t=% U#e!e 4i#tre a4Jecti5e!e 4e ai *u* i G# 4e.*e"i aptus, idoneus, necessarius i c8iar a4Jecti5u! utilis 4e !a #r% 1 ai +.t a5ea c. +!e e#tu! !.r G# ca6u! acu+ativ +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia ad <!a1 *+re>% EIe +!u K 3onnulli cives ad nullam "em idonei sunt <U#ii cet=He#i #u *G#t +.tri5iHi +e#tru #ici u# !ucru>%
5% Agricola< strenui !a".re <a4 labo"em% labo"i6 assueti sunt <0!u/arii 8ar#ici *G#t 4e+ri#i cu u#ca>% A4Jecti5e!e assuetus <4e+ri#*1 ."i#uit>1 insuetus <#e4e+ri#*> au c. +!e e#tu! *au G# dativ, *au G# acu+ativ cu ad, *au G# ablativ! In ca+ul ablativ Nomines, summo 0ono"e digni, rempublicam servaverunt <'a e#i1 5re4#ici 4e cea ai G#a!t= ci#*tire1 au *!uJit re+u"!ica>% /atronae Romanse, e*"e*iis &i"tutibus pr&ditee, liberos domi bene educabant <D.a #e!e r. a#e1 G#6e*trate cu 5irtuHi a!e*e Gi e4ucau "i#e c.+iii G# ca*=>% 1oli latrones, 0onestitate vidui, a civibus non $onorabantur <Nu ai 8.Hii !i+*iHi 4e .#e*titate1 #u erau ci#*tiHi 4e cet=He#i>% Mei* re"u* contentus sum NN *G#t u!Hu it 4e !ucruri!e e!e>% I# ablativ *t= c. +!e e#tu! a4Jecti5e!.r care G#*ea #= K a= *tr=i# K alienus b= !i"er K liber c= /.! K vacuus, viduus d= curat1 ur4arK purus, impurus, immunis e= 5re4#ic1 #e5re4#ic K dignus, indignus "= u!Hu it1 #e u!Hu it K contentus, noncontentus etc%
:e"siune !RT(CI :(;(R()
Natura Gr*ec.* eIi ii* 4.#i* cu u!a5erat% Ci5e* e#i Graecaru ur"iu 5irtuti* et i#4u*tri*e eIe +!a1 ingenti laude digna et omnibus $ominibus utilia, re!i-ueru#t% A +ueri*1 ci5e* Gr*eci*e gloriae cupidissimi et clarorum "acinorum avidi era#t% A4 . #e* c.r+.ri* 5e! i#/e#ii e&ercitationes ap i ;ueru#t1 #Q 16
laboris patientes, ratione preediti, armorum periti, libertatis studioi, o""icii *e +er memores! Terra 1 pecori et "rugibus parum bonam, ira 4i!i/e#tia eIc.!ueru#tM ci5itate*1 magnorum monumentorum plenas, e/re/ii* !e/i"u* i#*truIeru#t% Idoneos *e ad bellum ee-ue ac commercium +ra**titeru#t% 7i u! nulii arti alieni era#t% Nu#e etia Graac.ru .+era *u+er*u#t1 ceteraru /e#tiu operibus dissimilia, et a/#a a4 irati.#e .5e#t% Ita-ue e.*1 litterarum ac scientise studiosos, a/i*tr.* #.*tr.* 5.ca u*%
;em 34 ECO AB BUN
Frate!e 6"rater= t=u i@a ;.*t c.!e/ 6ee0ualis= i ;iec=ruia 6uter0ue= 4i#tre #.i !e e*te +!=cut= 6gratus= a i#tirea 6memoria= a4.!e*ce#Hei 6adolesV centia= #.a*tre% CGt 60uam= 4e i*cu*it 6perttus= era e! 6iile= 4e a G#5=Ha 6disco= !i "a !ati#= ^ CGt 4e 4.rit.r 6cupidus= 4e a a*cu!ta 6audio= +e +r.;e*.r 6magister= W CGt 4e a4uc=t.r a i#te 6memor= 4e t.ate !ucruri!e 6res= au6ite 6audio= . *i#/ur= 4at= 6semel= i ;.!.*it.are 6utilis= 5ieHii 6vita=! De aceea a ieit 6egredior= 4i# c.a!= 6g2mnasium= G#c=rcat 6onustus= cu +re ii 6prsemium= c=ci 60uia= era G#6e*trat 6preeditus= cu ari 5irtuHi 6virtus=! i #u era ai +uHi# 6minus= G#c!i#at 6aptus= *+re a *er5i 6inservio= +e t.5ar=i 6sodalis=! A*t;e! 6ita= 4eci 6ergo= a ;.*t 4ra/ 6carus= tutur.r i #i e#i 6nemo= #@a ;.*t i#5i4i.* 6invidus= +e e! 5re.4at= 6un0uam= Nu e*te a*ta 4e*tu! 6satis= 4e i#u#at 6mirabilis= 4e *+u* 6dico=P Complementul #ompa"ati&ului i al supe"lati&ului A% 1% Ignoratio "uturorum malorum utilior est 2uam scientia <Necu#.aterea #e#.r.ciri!.r 5iit.are e*te ai ;.!.*it.are 4ecGt cu#.aterea !.r> *au ignoratio "uturorum malorum utilior est *cie#tia% <Cic% %e divin! II1 91 2(> Frater altior est 2uam amicus *au "rater altior est ami#o <Frate!e e*te ai G#a!t 4ecGt +riete#u!>% Guis Catone argutior "uitD <Ci#e a ;.*t ai i*teH 4ecGt Cat.T>% <C.r#% Ne+% (ato maior!=! C. +arati5u! a4Jecti5e!.r *au a! a45er"e!.r ;ace c. +araHia G#tre 4.u= ;ii#He *au 4.u= !ucruri% A! 4.i!ea ter e# a! c. +araHiei *e eI+ri = +ri# ca6u! #. i#ati5 *au acu6ati5 +rece4at 4e a45er"u! -ua 1 4u+= cu e "ru! G#tGi a! c. +araHiei *e a;!= G#tr@u#ui 4i# ace*te ca6uri% %eci membrul al doilea al compara iei st #n acelai ca+ ca i #nt#iul membru cu condi ia ca #naintea lui s "ie e&primat adverbul 2uam. Dac= G#*= *e *u+ri = a45er"u! 0uam 4i#ai#tea ter e#u!ui a! 4.i!ea a! c. +araHiei1 ace*ta *e aa6= G# ca6u! ablativ, #u it Ablativus comparationis!
I:ot. Dac= +ri u! ter e# 4e c. +araHie e*te !a a!t ca6 4ecGt #. i#ati5u! *au acu6ati5u!1 +e#tru a! 4.i!ea ter e# a! c. +araHiei *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= #u ai c.#*trucHia cu a45er"u! 0uam ur at 4e ca6u! +ri u!ui ter e# 4e c. +araHie K 3emini magis invideo 2uam Marc. <0e #i e#i #u@1 i#5i4ie6 ai u!t 4ecGt +e Marcu*>%
164
2% /agis idoneum, 2uam ego sum, ad eam causam reperies neminem <Nu 5ei a;!a +e #i e#i ai +.tri5it +e#tru ace*t +r.ce* 4ecGt *G#t eu>% Dac= +ri u! ter e# a! c. +araHiei e*te !a a!t ca6 4ecGt ter e#u! a! 4.i!ea1 i 4ac= G# a! 4.i!ea ter e# a! c. +araHiei #u *e G#He!e/e ace!ai 5er" ca G# +ri u! ter e#1 !i "a !ati#= c. +!etea6= a! 4.i!ea ter e# a! c. +araHiei1 tra#*;.r G#4u@1 G#tr@. +r.+.6iHie G# care +re4icat e*te 5er"u! sum, iar *u"iect ter e#u! a! 4.i!ea1 +rece4at 4e a45er"u! 0uam! (% Petrus est a/i* te erariu* 0uam Paulus <0etru e*te ai cute6=t.r 4ecGt 0a5e!>% C. +!e e#tu! c. +arati5e!.r ;.r ate cu a45er"e!e ma*is *au minus 4e !a a4Jecti5e!e G# K -ius% @eu*1 @uu*1 *e eI+ri = +ri# ace!ai ca6 ca i +ri u! ter e# a! c. +araHiei a5G#4 t.t4eau#a G#ai#te a45er"u! 2uam% atu#ci cG#4 e*te u# *u"*ta#ti5% C% Pol2bium se0uamur, 2uo nemo "u#t diligentior <7= ur = +e 0.!D"iu* 4ecGt care #i e#i #@a ;.*t ai c.#tii#ci.*>% <Cic% de Republ! I, (C>% Dac= a! 4.i!ea ter e# a! c. +araHiei e*te u# +r.#u e re!ati51 ace*ta *e eI+ri = #u ai +ri# ca6u! ablativ "r a45er"u! 0uam! 5% (icero auda#io" 2uam p"udentio" "uit <Cicer. a ;.*t ai G#4r=6#eH 4ecGt +re5=6=t.r>% /agis *tre#uu* est 0uam p"udens <e*te ai *t=ruit.r 4ecGt +re5=6=t.r>% F Dac= cei 4.i ter e#i ai c. +araHiei *G#t ;.r aHi 4i# a4Jec@ ti5e1 am#ndou ad7ectivele se pun #n gradul comparativ, a5G#4 a45er"u! 0uam G#ai#tea ter e#u!ui a! 4.i!ea% Dac= G#*= +ri u! ter e# a! c. +araHiei 4i#tre 4.u= a4Jecti5e e*te ;.r at 4i#tr@u# a4Jecti5 care are c. +arati5u! cu magis *au minus, a! 4.i!ea ter e# a! c. +araHiei1 eI+ri at t.t +ri# a4Jecti51 r= G#e G# /ra4u! +.6iti5 +rece4at 4e a45er"u! 0uam! 9% Asia mino" <A*ia ic=>1 .raseia maio" <Grecia are & Ita!ia *u4ic=>% 1cipio maio" <7ci+i. ce! "=trG#>% 7+re a eI+ri a 4i;ere#Ha 4e 5Gr*t=1 4e =ri e1 *au 4e 5ec8i e G#tre 4.u= ;ii#He *au 4.u= !ucruri1 #u e!e 4e ;ii#He *au 4e !ucruri *G#t G#*.Hite 4e a4Jecti5e G# /ra4u! c. +arati51 ;=r= a ;i eI+ri at ter e#u! a! 4.i!ea a! c. +araHiei% ,% (ato simpli#ius vitam rure agebat <Cat. Gi +etrecea +rea *i +!u 5iaHa !a Har=>% luventas #atura auda#io" est <Ti#ereHea 4i# ;ire e*te +rea G#4r=6#eaH=>% (omparativul, care #u e*te ur at 4e a! 4.i!ea ter e# 4e c. +araHie1 *au 4e u# c. +!e e#t1 are 4e ."icei #n eles de superlativ! B% $. !allo"um omniiini "ortissimi sunt Aelgse *au K inte" !allos omnes "ortissimi sunt Aelgse *au K eI Oallis . #i"u* "ortissimi sunt Aelgee <Di#tre /a!i cei ai cura/i.i *G#t "e!/ii>% <C*e*% A!.! I1 11 (>% C. +!e e#tu! u#ui *u+er!ati5 *e aa6= G# ca6u! genitiv, #u it .enitivus partitivus, *au G# ca6u! acu+ativ +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia inter, *au G# ca6u! ablativ +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia e&6e=! 165
2% 'o#tissimus urbis <ce! ai G#5=Hat 4i# .ra%>% CGte.4at= 4u+= u# *u+er!ati5 *e /=*ete u# *u"*ta#ti5 G# ca6u! /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar1 eI+ri G#4 . c.!ecti5itate% E! tre"uie *.c.tit 4re+t atri"ut G# ca6u! /e#iti5 a! u#ui *u"*ta#ti5 *u"G#He!e*K doctissimus 6inter incolas= urbis! (% :elo#issimus animalium est delp$inus <ce! ai iute 4i#tre a#i a!e e*te 4e!;i#u!> <0!i#% Nist! nat! IZ1 8>% Indus est "luminum aIi u* <I#4u! e*te ce! ai are 4i#tre ;!u5ii>% 7u+er!ati5u! are1 4e re/u!=1 /e#u! c. +!e e#tu!ui *=u 4i# ca6u! /e#iti5 *au 4i# acu6ati5 cu inter *au a"!ati5 cu e&! CG#4 G#*= *u+er!ati5u! e*te +re4icat #. i#a! G# +r.+.6iHie1 e! ia /e#u! *u"iectu!ui 4i# acea +r.+.6iHie1 #u a! c. +!e e#tu!ui *=u 4i# ca6u! /e#iti51 acu6ati5 cu inter, *au a"!ati5 cu e&! C% 1apientissimus 2uis2ue sententiam 0uo0ue aliorum rogat <T.Hi cei G#He!e+Hi cer i +=rerea a!t.ra>% 7u+er!ati5u! G#*.Hit 4e +r.#u e!e #e8.t=rGt 0uis0ue eI+ri = . t.ta!itate i *e tra4uce G# !i "a r. G#= +ri# a4Jecti5u! tot !a +!ura!1 ur at 4e +.6iti5u! a4Jecti5u!ui a;!at !a *u+er!ati5% 5% Apud Nelvetios lon*e nobilissimus "uit at0ue ditissimus Hrgetori& <La 8e!5eHi ce! ai #."i! i ce! ai "./at a ;.*t 'r/et.riI> <Cai*% A!.! I1 211>% 1ementes 2uam ma&imas "ecerunt <Au ;=cut *e =#=turi cGt ai ari>% <Cai*% A!.! I1 (1 1>% U#ii aut.ri !ati#i G#t=re*c *u+er!ati5u! +ri# K uniis <u#>1 multo <cu u!t>1 longe <+rea>1 0uam <cGt>% Eer*iu#e 7UEBI 7ue".ru /e#* e*t longe bellicosissima .ermanorum omnium! Eiri "ortiores *u#t -ua u!iere*1 *e4 8ai i+*ae audaciores *u#t servis! 7ue"i ce#tu +a/.* 8a"ere 4icu#tur1 e& 0uibus latissimus e4ia e.ru terra *itu* e*t% B.ru +a/.ru -u.ta##i* *i#/u!a i!ia ar at.ru "e!!a#4i cau*a eI ;i#i"u* e4ucu#t% Fortissimus 0uis0ue e.ru 4uI creatur% Re!i-ui1 -ui 4. i re a#e#t1 i!!.* a!u#tM 8i -u.-ue i# 5ice a##. +.*t i# ar i* *u#t1 i!!i 4. i re a#e#tM *ic #e-ue a/ricu!tura1 0ua #i8i! e*t utilius, #ec u*u* "e!ii i#ter ittitur% 7e4 +ri5aHi ac *e+araHi a/ri a+u4 e.* #u!ii *u#t #e-ue !.#/iu* a##. re a#ere i# u#. !.c. i#c.!e#4i cau*a !icet% Ne-ue u!t. ;ru e#t.1 *e4 a/#a +arte !acte at-ue +ec.re 5i5u#t u!tu -ue *u#t i# 5e#ati.#i"u*M #e-ue !.ci* "rigidissimis omnium 5e*titu u!!u +raeter +e!!e* 8a"e#t1 -uaru +r.+ter eIi/uitate a/#a c.r+.ri* +ar* e*t a+erta% E-ue*tri"u* +rce!ii* *a*+e eI e-ui* 4e*i!iu#t ac +e4i"u* +rce!ia#tur% Ne-ue e.ru .ri"u* turpius 0uid0uam 0uam e+8i+ii* uti% Ita "ortiores -ua prudentiores et magis temerarii 0uam sapientes +uta#tur%
(Ixsar
>MM
Te i LEGILE LUI LtCURGU7
LDcur/u* a G#t.c it 6instituo= !e/i +e#tru 7+arta#i% 0ri# ace*te !e/i 6le&= 4ecGt care #i ic #@a ;.*t ai ;.!.*it.r1 LDcur/u* a +.5=Huit 6suadeo= +e t.Hi !a cu +=tare 6parcimonia=! A .r4.#at 6iubeo= ca ;iecare 6singuli= <!ucru> *= ;ie cu +=rat 6emo= #u cu "a#i 6pecunia=, ci 6sed= +ri# *c8i " 6compensatio= 4e =r;uri 6mer&=! A G#!=turat 6tollo= G#tre"ui#Harea 6usus= auru!ui i a ar/i#tu!ui1 care *G#t ce!e ai 4=u#=t.are 6no&ius= 4i#tre t.ate !ucruri!e% A 4i*tri"uit 6divido= .ii!e 6"undus=, tutur.r G# c8i+ e/a! 6ae0ua-liter= G#tre t.Hi +e#tru ca +r.+riet=Hi!e 6patrimonium= e/a!ate 6ee0uatus= *= #u ;ac= 6reddo= +e #i e#i 6nemo= ai +uter#ic 6potens= 4ecGt a!tu! 6alter=! A .r4.#at 6iubeo= ca t.Hi *= .*+=te6e 6convivor= !a.!a!t= 6publice= ca #u cu 5a 6ne= "./=Hia 6divitiee= *au ri*i+a1 6lu&uria= 5reu#uia 60uis= *= ;ie t=i#uite 6occultum=! N@a G#/=4uit 6permitto= ti#eri!.r 6iuvenis= *= ;.!.*ea*c= 6utor= G#tr@u# a# 6annus= G#tre/ 6lotus= ai u!t 6amplius= 4ecGt . *i#/ur= 6unus= 8ai#= 6vestis= i ca #i e#i 60uis0uam= *= #u u "!e 6ingre-dior= ai /=tit 6culte= 4ecGt a!tu! 6alter= #ici *= =#G#ce 6epulor= ai G "e!u/at 6opulente=! A +.5=Huit 6prascipio= ca c.+iii 6puer= *= ;ie c=!=u6iHi 6deduco= #u *+re ;.r 6"orum=, ci *+re ./.r 6ager= ca *=@i +etreac= +ri ii a#i #u G# ri*i+= 6lu&uria=, ci G# *tr=4a#ie 6opus= i u#ci 6labor=! A 5.it 6colo= ca ei *= #u@i atear#= 6substerno= #i ic +e#tru 6causa= *. # 6somnus=! A .r4.#at 6iubeo= ca ;ete!e 6virgo= *= *e c=*=t.rea*c= 6nubo= ;=r= 6e*tre 6dos= ca *= ;ie a!e*e 6eligo= *.Hii!e 6u&or= #u "a#ii 6pecunia=!
Du+= hustinus
Complementul p"onumelo" 1% Aii 2uis civium iussis consulis non pruit <Ci#e5a 4i#tre cet=He#i #u *@a *u+u* .r4i#e!.r c.#*u!u!ui>% Nullus $ominum o""icio vacare potest <Nici u# . #u +.ate ;i !i+*it 4e ."!i/aHie>% <Cic% %e o""ic! I1 21 C>% U#e!e +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5e1 i#ter./ati5e *au #e4e;i#ite1 G#tre"ui#Hate ca *u"*ta#ti5e +r.#. i#a!e1 ca K 0uis <ci#e>1 0ui <care>1 0uispiam <ci#e .are>1 ullus <5reu#>1 alius <a!tu!>1 alter <a!tu! 4i# 4.i>1 ali0uis <ci#e5a>1 solus <*i#/ur> nullus <#ici u#u!>1 nemo <#i e#i>1 neuter <#ici u#u! 4i# 4.i>1 0uis0ue <;iecare>1 uter0ue etc% +.t ;i *.c.tite ca 5.r"e 4e ca#titate i atu#ci au 4u+= e!e u# c. +!e e#t G# ca6u! /e#iti51 +ri# care *e eI+ri = t.tu! 4i# care +r.#u e!e 4eter i#at e*te . +arte% Ace*t /e#iti5 *e #u ete .enitivus partitivus! a 2% Nomo sum< $umani nil a me alienam puto <7G#t . M t.t ce@i . e#e*c #u@ i e*te *tr=i#> <Tere#t% Neaut! I% $% 25>% M0il omnium rerum magis prodest 0uam labor <Ni ic 4i# t.ate !ucruri!e #u ;.!.*ete ai u!t ca u#ca>% @uod vi ii e&cogitari poterat in (atilina inveniebatur <I# ;ii#Ha !ui Cati!i#a *e a;!a .rice 5iciu *e +utea G#c8i+ui>% <7a!!% (at! @, 2>% T.t ca 5.r"= 4e ca#titate e*te *.c.tit #eutru! *i#/u!ar a! u#.r +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5e1 a4Jecti5e +r.#. i#a!e1 *au #u era!e #e4e;i#ite1 G#tre"ui#Hate #u ai !a #. i#ati5 *au acu6ati51 ca K >M5
id <acea*ta>1 illud <aceia>1 $oc <acea*ta>1 0uid <ce>1 ali0uid <ce5a>1 0uic0uam <.arece>1 ni$il <#i ic>1 0uod <.rice>1 ali0uantum <cGt5a>1 0uantum <cGt>1 tantum <atGt>1 tantundem <t.t atGt>1 multum < u!t> etc@ Fiecare 4i# ace*te cu5i#te 4e ca#titate +.ate a5ea u# c. +!e e#t G# ca6u! /e#iti5 care *e #u ete .enitivus partitivus *au .enitivus 0uantitatis! Complementul unui ad&e"b $. @iatores multum a0uas biberunt <C=!=t.rii au "=ut u!t= a+=>% 0aru#i armorum in .allia erat <Erau +uHi#e ar e G# Ga!!ia>% A45er"e!e 4e ca#titate ca K abunde <4i# "e!u/>1 a""atim <G# are ca#titate>1 largiter <4i# +!i#>1 multum < u!t>1 parum <+uHi#>1 nimis <+rea u!t>1 partim <G# +arte>1 satis <4e*tu!> etc% +.t a5ea u# c. +!e e#t care *t= G# ca6u! /e#iti5 #u it .enitivus 0uantitatis vel partitivus! 2% (o uroris venit <A aJu#* +G#= !a acea ;urie>% /igrandum Rlcdum aut ali2uo terrarum arbitror <Cre4 c= tre"uie *= = retra/ !a R8.4.* *au u#4e5a +e += G#t> <Cic% ad Fam! ZII1 2212>% *onge locorum Roma 6abest= <R. a e*te cu t.tu! 4e+arte>% ;Jbi terrarum esses ne suspicabar 0uidem <Nici #u "=#uia u#4e ai <+utea> ;i +e ;aHa += G#tu!ui> <Cic% ad Attic! E1 1)1 C>% 3e $odie 0uidem scire videmini 2uo amentiee progressi sitis <Nici c8iar a6i *e +are c= #u tiHi +G#= !a cGt= r=t=cire aHi aJu#*>% <Li5% ZZEIII1 2,1 12>% A45er"e!e 4e !.c1 ca K $ic <aici>1 ubi <u#4e>1 ubicum0ue <.riu#4e>1 unde <4e u#4e>1 0uo <+G#= u#4e>1 ali0uo <u#4e5a>1 $uc <G#tr@a@c.ace>1 nus0uam <#ic=ieri>1 longe <4e+arte> au c. +!e e#tu! !.r G# ca6u! /e#iti51 ai a!e* cG#4 ace*t c. +!e e#t e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u#u! 4i# *u"*ta#ti5e!e c.#crete1 caK gens <#ea >1 terra <+= G#t>1 locus <!.c> etc% i a45er"e!e eo <ac.!.> i $uc <G#tr@ac.ace> +.t a5ea u# c. +!e e#t G# /e#iti5 4ac= e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti5 a"*tract% (% /ilites reipublicse (atilinse ob&iam "uerunt <7.!4aHii re+u"!icii au G#tG +i#at +e Cati!i#a>% U#e!e a45er"e1 4eri5ate 4i# a4Jecti5e1 au c. +!e e#tu! !.r G# ace!ai ca6 ca i a4Jecti5e!e 4i# care 4eri5=% C% +"idie Balendas Ianuarias consules magistratum inibant <C.#*u!ii i#trau G# ;u#cHie G# aJu#u! Ca!e#4e!.r !u#ii ia#uarie>% +ost"idie eius diei! (sesar castra movit <A 4.ua 6i Cae*ar a utat ta"=ra>% <Cee*% A!.! I1 151 1>> A45er"e!e 4e ti + pridie <G# aJu#> i postridie <a 4.ua 6i au 4u+= 4G#*e!e u# c. +!e e#t G# ca6u! acu+ativ< 4ac= G#*= c. +!e e#tu! ace*t.r a45er"e e*te eI+ri at +ri# *u"*ta#ti5u! dies, *e aa6= G# ca6u! /e#iti5% C. +!e e#tu! i#terJecHiei 1% (n ipse capellas ago <Uite1 eu G#*u i G i G# c=+riHe!e>% (##e tuse litterse <Iat= *cri*.area ta>% >MC
I#terJecHii!e en <uite> i ecce <iat=> au c. +!e e#tu! G# ca6u! nominativ! 2% ' ^ "allacem $ominum spem "ragilem0ue "ortunamW <' ^ *+era#H= a =/it.are a .a e#i!.r i *.art= #e*tat.r#ic=> ^ <Cic% %e orat! III1 21 ,> ' ^ me $ominem in"elicem <' ^ #e;ericitu! 4e i#e>% +"o0 ^ vim incredibilem moles-tiarum <'1 ce i65.r #e*;Grit 4e G8#iri> ^ <Cic% ad Attic! Z1 1)1 9>% I#terJecHii!e H \1 $eu <8ei>1 pro$ <.8> au c. +!e e#tu! G# ca6u! acu+ativ! (% E*e1 animo ingrato <Eai 4e *u;!etu! #erecu#.*c=t.r>% Nei, tibi insano <5ai Hie1 #e"u#u!e> ^ I#terJecHii!e K vse <5ai^>1 $ei <ei> etc% au c. +!e e#tu! G# ca6u! 4ati5% C% Macte1 $omine "orti <curaJ1 . 5itea6>% I#terJecHia acte are c. +!e e#tu! G# ca6u! ablativ!
Eer*iu#e E0AMIN'NDA7
I# E+a i#.#4a1 a4 a/#a c.r+.ri* ;ir itate +!uia etia a#i i ".#a acce**era#t% Guod virtutum eIc./itari +.terat1 i# e. i#5e#ie"atur% Erat e#i .4e*tu*1 +ru4e#*1 /ra5i*1 +eritu* "e!ii1 ;.rti* W#u1 a#i . aIi .1 a4e. 5eritati* 4i!i/e#* ut #e i.c. -ui4e e#tiretur% I4e erat c.#ti#e#*1 c!e e#* a4 ira#4u a4 .4u 1 *tu4i.*u* au4ie#4i% Cu ali0uid mali i# ci5it=te +er+etratu e**et1 ei erat a""atim sapientise ut 5eritate i#5e#iret% Ite cu i# circu!u 5e#i**et i# -u. aut 4e re +u"!ica 4i*+utaretur1 aut 4e +8i!.*.+8ia *er . 8a"eretur1 nemo civium preesentium meliorem sententiam 4a"at1 et #u#-ua i#4e +riu* 4i*ce**it -ua a4 ;i#e *er . e**et a44uctu*% 0au+ertati* a4e. +atie#* ;uit ut 4e re+u"!ica ni$il bonorum +r*eter /!.ria ce+erit% I4e. 0uis $ominum eu #.# !au4aret #a !ubinam gentium 8. . c!ari.r 5iIit T En $ic "uit Epaminondas W
Du+= (ornelius 3epos Te A 0RIMEARA I EARA
A G#cetat 6cesso= iar#a 6$iems=! Ci#e 4i#tre .a e#i #u e*te ;ericit 6"eli&=, c=ci ce 60uid= r=u 6malum= ai cu +!it 6atro&= *e +.ate G#c8i+ui 4ecGt ;ri/u! 6"rigus= ier#iiT Eai 4e .a e#ii *=raci^ G#ce+e 6incipio= G#*= 6autem= u# #.u 6novus= ti + 6tempus= a! a#u!ui 6annus=, +ri =5ara 6ver= W Ni e#i 4i#tre .a e#i #u ai 4.rete 6desidero= ;ri/u! 6"rigus=< iar"a 6$erba= i ;!.ri!e 6"los= G "rac= 6vestio= += G#tu! 6terra= u!t ti + 6diu= /.!it 6nudatus= 4e cri5=H 6ventus a0uilo=! Ere e G#4e!u#/at= 6diu= ;ri/u! 6"rigus= a G#He+e#it 6impedio= ;!u5ii!e 6"lumen=! De*tu!= 6satis= 6=+a4= 6ni&= a ;.*t% 0e*te t.ate 6ubicum0ue= !.curi!e 6locus= *e 5e4ea 6video= #u ai 6solus= >M9
6=+a4=% Dar 6sed= acu 6nune=, +ri =5ara 6ver=, ;!u5ii!e !i"ere 6liber= *tr="at 6permeo= cG +uri!e 6campus=! Iat= 6en= +!u/aru! 6agricola= "r=64ea6= 6seco= += G#tu! 6terra= cu ;ieru! +!u/u!ui 6vomer= i 4= += G#tu!ui 6ager= "e!u/ 6abunde= 4e *e i#He 6semen=! Lu i#a 6lu&= *.are!ui 6sol= i iar"a #.u= 6novus= 4e*;=tea6= 6delecto= tur e!e 6pecus= i +=*t.rii 6pastor= 5e*e!i 6Isetus= ;ac *= r=*u#e 6persono= 4u "r=5i!e 6nemus= 4e *tri/=te 6clamor=! Iat= 6eece= cGt 4e are 60uantum= "ucurie 6gaudium= e*te +retuti#4e#i^ A+.i G# !.cu! +ri =5erii 5i#e 6venio= 5ara 6sestas=! Care 4i#tre "=ieHi 6puer= #u cG#t= 6canto=D R.a4e!e 6"ruges= ac.+er= 6operio= ./.are!e 6ager= i +!u/arii 6agricola= "ar#ici 6sedulus= cu!e/ 6colligo= atGtea 6tantum= "ucate 6"ruges=! Mu!t= 6multum= "ucurie 6laetitia= e*te +e*te t.t% Complementele #i"#umstan,iale 0artea *ecu#4ar= 4e +r.+.6iHie care G#tre/ete G#He!e*u! u#ui +re4icat *au a! u#ui 5er"1 eI+ri G#4 ;e!urite G +reJur=ri <circu *ta#He> *e #u ete #omplement #i"#umstan,ial. G# !i "a !ati#=1 c. +!e e#te!e circu *ta#Hia!e *G#t 4e ai u!te ;e!uri i a#u e K 1> 4e cau6=1 2> 4e .41 (> 4e !.c1 C> 4e ti +1 5> 4e i#*tru e#t1 9> 4e =*ur=1 ,> 4e re!aHie% (omplementul circumstan ial de cau+ 1% E&ercitus .ame interiit <Ar ata a +ierit 4e ;.a e>% 'i&e"sis duobus &itiis% a&a"itia el lu4u"ia laborabat civitas Romana <Re+u"!ica r. a#= *u;erea 4i# +rici#a a 4.u= 5icii 4i;erite1 !=c. ia 4e "a#i i 4e*;rGu!> <Li5% ZZZIE1 C1 2>% Regale civitatis genus non tam regni 0uam regis &itiis repudiatum est <'rG#4uirea re/a!= a *tatu!ui a ;.*t G#!=turat=1 #u atGt +ri# 5icii!e cGr uirii1 cGt +ri# ce!e a!e re/e!ui> <Cic% de *eg! III1 ,1 15>% Hratorum aut inte"itu aut u*a primas in causis agebat Nortensius <Fie 4i# cau6a .rHii1 ;ie 4i# cau6a ;u/ii .rat.ri!.r1 B.rte#*iu* 4eHi#ea +ri u! ra#/ G# e!.ci#Ha Ju4iciar=>% <Cic% Rrut! 991 ()8> iE/ri mo"bo *"a&i <B.!#a5i 4e ".a!= /rea>% Cau6a e;ecti5= *au .ti5u! care +r.5.ac= . acHiu#e *au . *tare ;.r ea6= #omplementul #i"#umstan,ial de #au7. Ace*t c. +!e e#t arat= cau6a care 4i# a;ar= +r.4uce a*u+ra *u"iectu!ui acHiu#ea *au *tarea eI+ri at= +ri# +re4icatu! *au 5er"u! 4i# +r.+.6iHie% Ace*t c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! *t= G# ca6u! ablati& ." p"epo7i,ie i *e #u ete Ablatieus causae e""icientis! E! *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ai a!e* cu 5er"e 4e ;.r = +a*i5= *au 5er"e i#tra#6iti5e1 caK intereo <+ier1 .r>1 cresco <cre*c>M *au c8iar cu a4Jecti5e 4e .ri/i#e 5er"a!= care au G#He!e* +a*i5 *au care +.t ;i tra#*;.r ate G# 5er"e 4e ;.r = +a*i5=1 ca K seger N a""ec-tus <".!#a5>% 2% 3aves onerarias %olabella ea mente comparavit ut Italiam peteret <D.!a"e!!a a +re/=tit c.r="ii 4e tra#*+.rt cu acea i#te#Hie ca *= atace Ita!ia> <Cic% ad Fam! ÌI% 1C1 1>% E.!u#tate discendi (icero in .rseciam ivit <Cicer. a er* G# Grecia 4i# 5.i#Ha 4e a G#5=Ha>% 17'
Cau6a i#teri.ar=1 a4ic= aceea care e*te cu+ri#*= c8iar G# *u"iect i@1 ;ace *= acHi.#e6e1 *e eI+ri = t.t +ri# ca6u! ablati& ;=r= p"epo7i,ie% #u it Ablativus causee moventis! Ace*t c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! 4e cau6= *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= cu 5er"e!e i eI+re*ii!e care G#*ea #= . *tare *u;!etea*c= *u" a c=rei i#;!ue#H= !ucrea6= *u"iectu!% (% 'eli#to dolere, #o""e#tione gaudere oportet <Tre"uie *= #e G#tri*t= 4e /rea!a *=5Grit= i *= #e "ucur= 4e 4.Ja#a> <Cic% *ml! 2C1 9)>% 3on dici potest 0uam "lagrem deside"io Trbis <Nu *e +.ate *+u#e cGt ar4 4e 4.ru! R. ei>% <Cic% ad Attic! E1 111 1>% Eer"e!e *au a4Jecti5e!e 4e .ri/i#= 5er"a!= care eI+ri = u# *e#ti e#t *au . *tare a c.r+u!ui +.t a5ea u# c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! 4e cau6= ae6at G# ca6u! ablativ "r prepo+i ie! a= 0ri#tre ace*te 5er"e *e citea6= K angor <*G#t G#/riJ.rat>1 ardeo <ar4 4e 4.ri#H=>1 delecto <4e*;=te6>1 doleo <Je!e*c1 *u;=r>1 e&sulto <tre*ar 4e "ucurie>1 gaudeo, Isetor < = "ucur>1 glorior < = ;=!e*c>1 msereo < = G#tri*te6>1 superbio < = tru;e*c> etc% b= 0ri#tre a4Jecti5e *e citea6= K an&ius <G#/riJ.rat>1 "essus <.".*it>1 lassus <.*te#it>1 maestus <tri*t>1 superbus <tru;a> etc% (icero elo2uentia e&cellit <Cicer. *e 4i*ti#/e +ri# e!.ci#H=>% @ir ma*ni-animi insignis <B=r"at G#*e #at +ri# =reHia *u;!etu!ui>% Eer"e!e K antecello <G#trec>1 e&cello < = 4i*ti#/>1 praesto <*G#t ai +re*u*> i a4Jecti5e!e K e&cellens <4i*ti#*>1 illustris <5e*tit>1 insignis <G#*e #at> +.t a5ea u# c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! 4e cau6= care cu+ri#4e G# e! i i4eea 4e i#*tru e#t% 5% Gui ob ali2uod emolumentum suum cupidius ali0uid dicere videnlur, iis credi non convenit <Nu *e cu5i#e *= cre4e G# acei art.ri care +ar c= *+u# ce5a cu ai u!t= G#;!=c=rare 4i# +rici#a 5reu#ui i#tere*> <Cic% pro Font! 81 1,>% Amo amicum ob se"&atam ami#itiam 5mi iu"e*c +riete#u! +e#tru +riete#ia !ui #e64ru#ci#at=>% %umnori& minimum p"opte" adoles#entiam domi poterat <Du #.riI a5ea ;.arte +uHi#= trecere G# Hara !ui 4i# +rici#a ti#ereHii !ui> <C*e*% A!.! I1 2)1 2>% EI *ere alieno commota civitas <7tatu! a ;.*t tu!"urat 4i# +rici#a 4at.rii!.r "=#eti> <Cic% de Rcp! II1 ((1 58>% @ua eI cau*a mul i cives ab o""icio de"ecerunt <Di# acea*t= +rici#= u!Hi cet=He#i au !i+*it 4e !a 4at.ria !.r>% Guod turn eI me doluisti nune ut duplicatur tuum eI me gaudium, praesiabo <0e#tru c= atu#ci ai *u;erit 4i# +rici#a ea1 acu 5.i ;ace aa ca *= *e G#4.ia*c= <4u"!e6e> "ucuria ta 4i# +rici#a ea> <Cic% ad Fam! ZEI1 211 (>% (ollis, 0ui vi& p"se multitudine $ominum cerni poterat <U# 4ea! care a"ia +utea ;i 6=rit 4i# cau6a u!Hi ii 4e .a e#i> <C*e*% A! .! EII1 CC1 1>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e cau6= *e ai +.ate eI+ri a +ri#tr@u#a 4i# +re+.6iHii!e ur =t.are cu *u"*ta#ti5u! G# ca6u! cu5e#itK a> p"opte" cu acu+ativul cG#4 *e eI+ri = u# ;a+t rea! i cu#.*cut 4e t.HiM "> ob cu acu+ativul cG#4 *e eI+ri = u# .ti5 care eIi*t= #u ai G# cu/etu! ce!ui care 5.r"eteM >5>
c> +rae cu ablativul #u ai cG#4 e*te 5.r"a 4e u# ."*tac.! *au . G +ie4icare +e#tru G#4e+!i#irea acHiu#ii eI+ri at= +ri# 5er"M 4> eI cu ablativul *+re a eI+ri a #u #u ai .ti5u! acHiu#ii ci i . c.#*eci#H= a ei% (omplementul circumstan ial de mod 1% Guid est aliud, .igantum modo% pugnare cum diis, nisi repugnare naturee <Ce a!t ce5a G#*ea #= a te !u+ta cu 6eii1 4u+= c8i+u! /i/a#Hi!.r1 4ecGt a te G +.tri5i #aturii> <Cic% (ato /aior, 21 5>% /iltiades *u a *e-uitate res ($ersonesi constituit <Mi!tia4e a .rG#4uit tre"uri!e 4i# C8er*.#e* cu cea ai are 4re+tate> <C.r#% Ne+.*1 /ilt! 21 2>% 1tellse circos suos orbes0ue con"iciunt #ele"itate mi"abili <7te!e!e G#4e+!i#e*c cercuri!e i .r"ite!e !.r cu . iuHea!= i#u#at=> <Cic% de Repub! EI1 151 15>% (sesar mbnu milita"i urbem occupavit <Cae*ar a .cu+at .rau! cu ;.rHa ar at=>% C8i+u! *au .4u! G# care *e ;ace . acHiu#e *au G +reJurarea care G#*.Hete acea acHiu#e1 ;.r ea6= #omplementul #i"#umstan,ial de mod care *t= G# ca6u! ablati&% 4e ."icei ;=r= +re+.6iHie1 ai a!e* cG#4 cu5G#tu!1 +ri# care *e eI+ri = ace*t c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia!1 G#*ea #= e! G#*ui F .4 X1 ca K modus < .4>1 ratio <c8i+>1 ritus <ritua!1 4ati#=>1 mos <."icei>1 *au cG#4 c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti5 ;=r= 4eter i#are% 2% Albucium cu multa &enustate et omni sale *ucilius risit <7criit.ru! Luci!iu* a rG* 4e A!"uciu* cu u!t ;ar ec i cu t.t *+iritu!> <Cic% %e "inibus, I1 (1 9>% /ilites ma*no #um *audio de 3umantinis triump$ant <7.!4aHii triu @;ea6= cu are "ucurie 4u+= r=6".iu! cu #u a#ti#ii>% Hpprimi me onereo""icii malo, 0uam id 0uod mi$i #um .ide semel impositum est, aut propter per"idiam abiicere, aut propter in"irmitatem animi deponere <0re;er *= ;iu *tri5it 4e +.5ara 4at.riei1 4ecGt *= aru#c 4e !a i#e1 4i# +rici#a #e*i#cerit=Hii1 ceea ce i@a ;.*t . 4at= i +u* cu cre4i#H=1 *au *=@1 +=r=*e*c 4i# +rici#a *!="iciu#ii *u;!etu!ui>% <Cic% pro Rose! Amer!, C1 1)>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e .4 *e eI+ri = +ri# ca6u! ablati& G#*.Hit 4e +re+.6iHia #um% atu#ci cG#4 *u"*ta#ti5u! e*te G#*.Hit 4e u# a4Jecti5 *au +r.#u e% Ace*t a"!ati5 *e #u ete ablativus sociativus!
Not. J:u se nt"ebuin,ea7 G#*= +re+.6iHia #um atu#ci cG#4 c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e .4 arat= *tarea u#ei +=rHi a c.r+u!ui1 c8iar 4ac= *u"*ta#ti5u! e*te G#*.Hit 4e u# a4Jecti5% EIe +!e K omni pede stare <a *ta "i#e +e +ici.are> M pedibus ae2uis con-gridi <a ataca G# ace!ai ti +> M urbs mbnu munitissima <.ra ;.arte G#t=rit cu G#a> M manibus *e-ui* <cu re6u!tat e/a!>%
(% (atilina semper ma*no #omitatu per Trbem ibat <Cati!i#a er/ea t.t4eau#a cu are a!ai +ri# R. a> <7a!!% (at! E1 2>% Nortensius ad me multis #um so#iis venit <B.rte#*iu* a 5e#it !a i#e cu u!Hi t.5ar=i>% CG#4 c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e .4 eI+ri = . G#*.Hire 4e +er*.a#e *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ca6u! ablati& cu +re+.6iHia #um% a;ar= 4e *u"*ta#ti5u! comitatus care *e +u#e !a ablativ "r prepo+i ie! >5E
N.ta 1% CG#4 *e eI+ri = . G#*.Hire +ri#tr@u# #u e 4e !ucru1 +e care ci#e5a G! +.art= cu *i#e1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ablativus sociativus, G#*.Hit t.t4eau#a 4e +re+.6iHia cum! EIe +!u K (atilina in senatu #um ar i* erat <Cati!i#a *ta G# *e#at G#ar at>% Nota ]. Ca!it=Hi!e trec=t.are i ai a!e* ce!e ;i6ice *e eI+ri = +ri# ca6u! ablativ "r prepo+i ie 6Ablativus 0ualittis=! EIe +!uK @irgo +u!c8ra ;acie <;eci.ar= cu ;aHa ;ru .a*=>M cani +r.+e#4e#ti"u* auri"u* <cGi#e cu urec8i "!e/i>M #i/ri* vel /!auci* o#ulis <cu .c8ii #e/ri *au a!"atri>% Ee6i i atri"utu! *u"*ta#ti5a! R 5 ">% :> r si u n e AC('J(MONH
Eicti Lace4*e .#ii1 more maiorum, #.# i+*i ta#tu 1 *e4 etia c.#iu/e* !i"eri-ue magno animo ;.rtu#a tu!eru#t% Ne . e#i i# acie *a!uHi +e+ercit% Mu!Hi 5iri propter vulnera .rtui *u#t% 7e4 #u!!a u!ier1 dolore commoto, a i**u c.#iu/e ;!e5it% Fi!i.ru .rte *e#e* !au4a"a#t #e-ue e.ru morte maesti era#t1 *e4 +er ur"e nudis pedibus i"a#t ut *auci.* eIci+ere#t% 0atri"u* i# acie cae*i* ;i!ii /ratu!a"a#tur% ' #e*1 multis cum lacrimis, *ua *.rte 4.!e"a#t1 -u.4 #.# i+*i +r. +atri*e !i"ertate ceci4era#t% 0ate#ti"u* . #i"u* 4. i"u* *auci.* magno cum gaudio eIci+ie"a#t1 5u!#era e.ru ma&ima cura cura"a#t1 !a**.* re;icie"a#t% Nu!!u* erat i# ur"e *tre+itu*1 #u!!a tre+i4ati.% Guam ob rem #e . magno comitatu 5ii* +r.ce4e"at% ' #e* re +u"!ica a/i* -ua +ri5ata ;.rtu#a !u/e"a#t%
Du+= hustinus I:e m A;ACU V ;JN(I-A;AB(R( ROMAN(
Du a#ii 6$ostis= +e #eate+tate 6de improviso= a!ear/= 6advolo= G# ar ;.rHat 6iter ma&imum= !a ta"=ra 4e iar#= 6$iberna= a !ui Cicer.% Ei G#ce+ 6incipio= *= atace cu are curaJ 6animus= !e/iu#ea% Ai #.tri re+e4e 6celeriter= a!ear/= 6concurro= !a ar e 6arma= i *e urc= 6conscendo= cu are a5G#t 6impetus= +e etere6e 6vallum=! 7G#t tri i*e 6mitto= 4e c=tre Cicer. *cri*.ri 6litterse= !a C*e*ar% Di# +rici#a !ait=Hii 6ignavia= ta;ete!e 6nuntius= *G#t ca+turate 6intercipio=! N.a+tea 6noctu= *.!4aHii ce!.r 12) 4e tur#uri 6turris= *G#t 4ete+taHi cu . iuHea!= 6celeritas= 4e #ecre6ut 6incredibilis=! G# 6iua 6dies= ur =t.are 6posterus= 4u a#ii atac= 6oppugno= ta"=ra 6castra= cu ai are curaJ 6"ortitudo= i u +!u 6compleo= a#Hu! 6 ossa=! I# ace!ai c8i+ 6ratio= *e re6i*t= 4i#*+re +artea a !.r #.tri% Di# +rici#a r=#i!.r 6vulnus= ca4 u!Hi *.!4aHi% Ace!ai !ucru 6idem= *e G#tG +!= 6"io= 4i# #.u 6deinceps= G# ce!e!a!te 6i!e% Nici . +arte 4i# ti +u! 6tempus= #.+Hii 6nocturnus= #u e*te G#treru+t= 6intermitto= u#ca 6labor=! Nici ce!.r ".!#a5i 6&ger= 4i# +rici#a r=#i!.r1 #ici ce!.r .".*iHi 6"essus= 4e u#c= #u !i *e 4= +uti#Ha 4e .4i8#= 60uies=!
(sesar
>5K
(omplementul circumstan ial de loc 0artea *ecu#4ar= 4e +r.+.6iHie care G#tre/ete G#He!e*u! u#ui 5er" i eI+ri = . i4ee 4e !.c *e #u ete #omplement #i"#umstan,ial de lo#. Ace*t c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia!1 G# !i "a !ati#=1 *e aa6= ;ie G# ca6u! ablativ, ;ie G# ca6u! acu+ativ, cu *au ;=r= +re+.6iHie1 ;ie G# ca6u! genitiv ;=r= +re+.6iHie1 +.tri5it cu G#tre"area !a care r=*+u#4e i cu cu5G#tu! +ri# care e*te eI+ri at% G#tre"=ri!e !a care r=*+u#4e c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c 4i# !i "a !ati#= *G#t G# #u =r 4e C <+atru> K ubiL <u#4e>1 2uoL <G#c.tr.>1 undeL 5de u#4e>1 2uaL <+e unde6. I. La G#tre"area uMT <u#4e> K 1% Regulus i# A."i#a captus est <Re/u!u* a ;.*t ;=cut +ri6.#ier G# A;rica>% In &ia Appia (lodius occisus est <C!.4iu* a ;.*t uci* +e ca!ea A++ia>% In impe"io populi RomJni <I# *t=+G#irea +.+.ru!ui r. a#>% <Cic% pro *igario, (1 ,>% 7+re a ar=ta !.cu! G# i#teri.ru! c=ruia *e G#tG +!=1 eIi*t= ce5a *au *e G#4e+!i#ete acHiu#ea eI+ri at= 4e +re4icatu! +r.+.6iHiei *au 4e a!t 5er"1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ca6u! ablati& cu +re+.6iHia i#1 #u it Ablativus loci! 2% a> R$odanus nonnullis lo#is vado transitur <I# u#e!e !.curi R.#u! e*te trecut +ri# 5a4>% <C*e*% A!.! I1 11 5>% Hppidum erai altissimo et munitissimo lo#o <'rau! *e a;!a +e u# !.c ;.arte G#a!t *i ;.arte G#t=rit>% <Cic% ad! Fam! ZE1 C1 1)>% 7e G#tre"ui#Hea6= t.tui ablati& ." +re+.6iHia i# *+re a eI+ri a u# c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c !a G#tre"area ubi% G# ur =t.are!e ca6uriK Cu *u"*ta#ti5u! lo#us <!.c> !uat cu G#He!e* +r.+riu *au ;i/urat 4ac= e*te G#*.Hit 4e u# a4Jecti5 *au de u# +r.#u e care@1 4eter i#=% "> %electus tota Italia $abiti sunt <7@au ;=cut recrut=ri G# t.at= Ita!ia>% A"ranius Petreius0ue toto .lumine Hibe"o naves con0uirere iubent <A;ra#iu* i 0etreiu* +.ru#ce*c *= *e caute c.r="ii!e +e t.t G#ti#*u! ;!u5iu!ui E"ru>% <C*e*% 5. 6. I% 911 C>% Medio templo statua Iovis erat <I# iJ!.cu! te +!u!ui era *tatuia !ui 3u+iter>% Cu .ricare a!t *u"*ta#ti5 G#*.Hit 4e u#u! 4i# a4Jecti5e!e K omnis <t.t1 G#tre/>1 universus </e#era!>1 totus <t.t>1 med#us < iJ!.ciu> *+re a arata !.cu! G# care *e G#tG +!= acHiu#ea *au *+aHiu! +e care ea *e G#ti#4e%
N.ta 1% 7e G#tG!#ete rare.ri ablativul "r +re+.6iHia in cG#4 *u"*ta#ti5u!1 +ri# care *e eI+ri = i4eea 4e !.c !a G#tre"area ubi, e*te G#*.Hit 4e a!t a4Jecti51 G# a;ar= 4e ce!e citate ai *u*1 #u #u ai !a +.eHi1 ci c8iar i G# .+ere!e !ui Cicer. *au CaO*ar% EIe +!e K /olus Ta*t. a#tr. ventos imperio premit <iE.!u* Hi#e *u" *t=+G#irea *a 5G#turi!e G#tr@. +eter= i e#*=> <4i# Eer/i!iu*1 iE#ei* I% 52>% +lano lito"e naves constituit <a .+rit c.r="ii!e !a H=r 4re+t>% <Cae*% A! .! IE1 2(1 9>% N.ta 2% 0.eHii Gi iau !i"ertatea <!ice#H= +.etic=> 4e a G#tre"ui#Ha ca6u! ablativ "r +re+.6iHia in cu u# #u e 4e Har=1 ;=r= a ;i G#*.Hit 4e 5reu# a4Jecti5% EIe +!u K /neas bellum ingens geret Italia <iE#ea* 5a +urta u# r=6".i ;.arte are G# Ita!ia>% <Eer/i!iu*1 hEneis I1 52>%
c> Ariovistus ca*tri* se tenebat <Ari.5i*tu* *t=tea G# ta"=r=>% <C*e*% A!.!, I1 C)18>% (sesar e&ercitum ca*tri* continuii <G*e*ar a reHi#ut ar ata G# >5L
ta"=r=>% <C*e*% A!.! II1 111 2>% *atina opera *ui Gi#i"u* continentur <'+ere!e !ati#e *G#t /r=#iHate G#tre 8.tare!e !.r>% Cu 5er"e!e care cu+ri#4 G# e!e i4eea 4e !.c1 ca K tenere, se tenere, continere, se continere c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c cu G#tre"area ubi, eI+ri at +ri# ca6u! ablativ "r +re+.6iHia in, ai cu+ri#4e i i4eea 4e i#*tru e#t +e !i#/= cea 4e !.c% 4> Aut ur"e1 aut +.rti"u* recipere <a +ri i *au G# .ra *au G# +.rturi>% <CQ*% A! (iv! I1 (51 5>% Iile $ostium se $abiturum numero con"irmat si aut Ambiorigem aut eius legatos Gi#i"u* *ui recepissent <E! Gi i#;.r ea6= c=@i 5a *.c.ti G# #u =ru! 4u a#i!.r 4ac= 5.r ;i +ri it G# 8.tare!e !.r *au +e A "i.riI *au +e *.!ii ace*tuia>% <Ca(7% A!.! E1 C11 C>% (onsules edi&erunt ne 0uis ur"e1 tect.1 !are1 e#*a $ostem reciperet <C.#*u!ii au +.ru#cit ca #i e#i *= #u +ri ea*c= +e 5reu# 4u a# G# .ra1 G# ca*=1 !a 5atr=1 !a a*=>% T.t +ri# ca6u! ablativ "r +re+.6iHia in *e eI+ri = c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c Ga G#tre"area ubi cu eI+re*ii!e K recipere < ai rar accipere=, ali0uem tect.1 ci5itate1 ur"e1 ce#i"u*1 e#*= etc% <a +ri i +e ci#e5a G# ca*=1 G# cetate1 G# .ra1 !a a*= etc>% e> Cart8a/i#e 0uotannis annui bini re/e* creabantur <G# ;iecare a#1 G# Carta/i#a1 *e a!e/eau cGte 4.i re/i +e u# *i#/ur a#>% <C.r#% Ne+% Nann! ,1 C>% At8e#i* /iltiades magnum e&ercitum paravit <I# Ate#a Mi!tia4e a +re/=tit . are ar at=>% <C.r#% Ne+% /ilt! 2>% Cu #u e!e 4e .rae i 4e i#*u!e ici 4e 4ec!i#area I <G#tGia> *au 4e 4ec!i#area a I!@a <4.ua>1 G#tre"ui#Hate #u ai !a #u =ru! +!ura! 6pluralia tantum=, cGt i cu ce!e 4e 4ec!i#area a IlI-a <treia>1 ;ie G# *i#/u!ar1 ;ie G# +!ura!1 c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c cu G#tre"area ubi *e eI+ri = +ri# ca6u! ablativ "r +re+.6iHia in! (% (ertius est me esse R. ae 0uam te At$enis <E*te ai *i/ur c= eu = a;!u !a R. a 4ecGt tu G# Ate#a>% Co"int0i mul i iuvenes artem lo0uendi discebant <G# C.ri#t u!Hi ti#eri G#5=Hau arta 5.r"irii>% Nu e!e 4e .rae i 4e i#*u!e ici 4e 4ec!i#area I <G#tGia> *au a I!@a <4.ua> G#tre"ui#Hate #u ai !a *i#/u!ar 6singularia tantum= *tau G# ca6u! /e#iti5 *+re a ar=ta !.cu! u#4e *e G#tG +!= . acHiu#e1 r=*+u#6G#4 !a G#tre"area ubi! Ace*t ca6 e*te . ur = a u#ui 5ec8i ca6 & !.cati5u* & 4i*+=rut 4i# !i "a !ati#=% C% 'omi mJnere malo <0re;er *= r= G# aca*=>% @idi $ominem numi iacentem <A 5=6ut u# . 6=cG#4 +e += G#t>% /eus "rater "u"i $abitat <Frate!e eu !.cuiete !a Har=>% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e domus <ca*=>1 $umus <+= G#t> i rus <+r.+rietate rura!=1 Hari#=> i@au +=*trat 5ec8iu! !.r locativ G# ;.r e!e K domi <aca*=>1 $umi <!a += Gut>1 ruri <!a Har=>% 5% I# .++i4. At8e#i* (icero artem dicendi didicit <Cicer. a G#5=Hat arta 5.r"irii G# .rau! Ate#a>% I# ur"e Eeii* <G# .rau! Eei>% CG#4 #u e!e +r.+riu 4e .ra *au 4e i#*u!= ic= e*te +rece4at 4e u#u! 4i# a+e!ati5e!eK urbs <.ra>1 oppidum <.ra>1 locus <!.c> atu#ci atGt a+e!ati5u! cGt i #u e!e 4e .ra *au 4e i#*u!=1 !a G#tre"area ubi, *e aa6= G# ca6u! ablativ +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia in! >5F
Dac= G#*= apelativul e*te ae6at 4u+= #u e!e +r.+riu 4e .ra *au 4e i#*u!= i@i *er5ete 4re+t apo+i ie, atu#ci a+e!ati5u! *t= G# ca6u! ablativ cu *au ;=r= +re+.6iHia in, iar #u e!e +r.+riu *t= G# ca6u! i +u* 4e 4ec!i#area c=reia Gi a+arHi#e <ce!e 4e 4ec!i#area I@a <G#tGia> *au 4e a Ii@a <4.ua> singularia tantum *tau G# ca6u! genitiv, iar ce!e pluralia tantum 4i# ace!eai 4ec!i#=ri cGt i ce!e 4e 4ec!i#area a I!I@a <treia>1 ;ie 4e #u =ru! *i#/u!ar1 ;ie 4e #u =ru! +!ura! *e aa6= G# ca6u! ablativ=! EIe +!e K Nannibal vi&it Ca"t0a*ine% in oppido 0uondam #eleb"i <A#i"a! a tr=it G# Carta/i#a1 .ra 5e*tit .4i#i.ar=>% <C.r#% Ne+% Nannib! 1>% ;"oise% in u"be ma*na% bellum atrocissimum "uit <La Tr.ia1 G# are!e .ra1 a ;.*t u# r=6".i ;.arte crG#ce#>%
Not. 7u"*ta#ti5u! domus cG#4 e*te G#*.Hit 4e u# +r.#u e +.*e*i5 *au 4e u# atri"ut *u"*ta#ti5a! G# ca6u! /e#iti51 *e aa6= *au G# ca6u! locativ *au G# ca6u! ablativ +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia in! EIe +!e K domi t X <aca*= !a ti#e> *au in domo tua <G# ca*a ta6; domi I"at"is mei <aca*= !a ;rate!e eu> *au in domo ."at"is mei <G# ca*a ;rate!ui eu>%
8. Apud Hel&etios longe nobilissimus "uit et ditissimus Hrgetori& <La 8e!5eHi ce! ai #."i! i ce! ai "./at a ;.*t 'r/et.riI>% <C*e*% 5.6. I% 21 $6. Apud Cannas magnum prcelium commissum est <La Ca##*e1 *@a 4at . are "=t=!ie> Nodie apud "at"em "ui <A*t=6i a ;.*t !a ;rate!e eu>% La G#tre"area ubi *+re a ar=ta G +reJuri i!e u#ei !.ca!it=Hi *au #u e!e u#ui +.+.r !a care *e G#tG +!= ce5a1 *au a! u#ei +er*.a#e G# a c=rei !.cui#H= *e +etrece acHiu#ea1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ca6u! acu6ati5 +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia apud. II. La G#tre"area 2uoL <G#c.tr.> 1% @ictus Antonius i# Gr*ecia pro"ugit <A#t.#iu* G#;rG#t a ;u/it G# Grecia>% Nannibal per Alpes in Italiam descendit <A#i"a!1 +e*te A!+i1 *@a c.".rGt G# Ita!ia>% <Li5% ZZI1 C>% Cu #u e!e 4e H=ri *au 4e i#*u!e ari1 c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c r=*+u#6G#4 !a G#tre"area 0uo, *e +u#e G# ca6u! a#u7ati& cu +re+.6iHia i#%
Not. T.tui1 cu #u e!e 4e H=ri1 4e i#*u!e ari *au cu .ricare *u"*ta#ti5 c. u#1 +.eHii !ati#i G#tre"ui#Hea6= acu+ativul "r +re+.6iHia in *+re a eI+ri a u# c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c care r=*+u#4e !a G#tre"area 0uo! EIe +!e K Italiam a&ina2ue venit litora <A 5e#it G# Ita!ia i +e H=r uri!e !a5i#ie#e> <Eer/% /neis, I1 2>% %evenere lo#os laetos et amoena &i"eta <Au *.*it !a #ite !.curi r.4#ice i !a #ite tu;iuri +!=cute>% <Eer/% /neis, :I% 999>%
2% a> @ictis e&ercitibus, Nannibal Romani ire constituit <Du+= G#;rG#/erea ar ate!.r <r. a#e>1 A#i"a! a 8.t=rGt *= ear/= !a R. a>% 'elum navigare <A #a5i/a *+re i#*u!a De!.*>% Na5i/a"at 7Dracu*a* <C=!=t.rea cu c.ra"ia *+re 7iracu6a>% 7+re a ar=ta 4irecHia *au Hi#ta *+re care *e G#4rea+t= ci#e5a1 c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c1 care r=*+u#4e !a G#tre"area 2uo% *t= G# ca6u! a#u7ati& ta" p"epo7i,ie% atu#ci cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# nume de ora *au de insul mic! b= Abi domum <0!eac= aca*=> 1 Post victoriam, (incinnatus "us-reversus est <Du+= "irui#H=1 Ci#ci##atu* *@a G#a+.iat !a Har=>% >5M
A#4 c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c1 r=*+u#6G#4 !a G#tre"area 0uo, e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u#u! 4i# *u"*ta#ti5e!e domus *au "us% *e aa6= t.t G# ca6u! acu+ativ "r prepo+i ie!
Not. Dac= *u"*ta#ti5u! domus e*te G#*.Hit 4e u# +r.#u e +.*e*i5 *au 4e u# *u"*ta#ti5 G# ca6u! /e#iti5 i are r.! 4e c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c1 cu G#tre"area -u.1 e! *t= G# ca6u! acu+ativ "r prepo+i ie! EIe +!u K 'oinum eai# consul venit <C.#*u!u! a 5e#it G# ca*a ea>% D. u Cra**i mul i senatores se contuTrunt <Mu!Hi *e#at.ri *@au 4u* aca*= !a Cra**u*>% Dac= G#*= *u"*ta#ti5u! domus e*te G#*.Hit 4e .ricare a!t +r.#u e a;ar= 4e ce! +.*e*i51 *au 4e u# a4Jecti51 e! *t= G# ca6u! acu+ativ cu +re+.6iHia in! EIe +!u K In domum pa"&am% sed pul#0"am te invito <Te +.;te*c G#tr@. ca*= ic=1 4ar ;ru .a*=>%
(% a> .alii ad clesiam pro"iciscuntur <Ga!!ii +!eac= *+re A!e*ia>% <GF*% A!.! EII1 981 2>% Cu #u e!e 4e .rae i 4e i#*u!e ici1 c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c1 r=*+u#6G#4 !a G#tre"area 0uo, *t= G# ca6u! acu6ati51 +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia a4 *+re a ar=ta c= icarea *e ;ace numai p#n #n #mpre7urimile oraului sau ale insulei mici, "r a intra #n interiorul lui! "> Nannibal ad A#ti.c8u con"ugit <A#i"a! a *c=+at cu ;u/a !a A#ti.8>% <C.r#% Ne+.*% Nannib!=! C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c r=*+u#6G#4 !a G#tre"area 2uo% cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# nume de persoan, *e +u#e t.t G# ca6u! a#u7ati& +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia ad. III. La G#tre"area undeL <4e u#4e>% 1% Removit pre`sidium eI lo#o <A a!u#/at tru+a 4e G#t=rire 4i# <ace!> !.c>% Pugnacit eI e2uo <A !u+tat 4e +e ca!>% Reverti eI iti#ere <A *e G#a+.ia 4i# 4ru >% EI a"bo"e suspendere <A *+G#6ura 4e c.+ac>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c1 r=*+u#6G#4 !a G#tre"area u#4e <4e u#4e>1 care G#tre/ete G#He!e*u! u#ui 5er" ce eI+ri = i4eea 4e icare1 *t= G# ca6u! ablati& cu +re+.6iHia eI *au e% E! a> Pompeius u#e"ia pro"iciscitur (anusium <Di# Luceria 0. +ei +!eac= !a Ca#u*iu >% <CF*% A!(! I1 2C1 1>% Ec0uam tu adve&isti ancillam R0odoL <N@ai a4u* tu .are . a#u it= *c!a5= 4i# R.4.*T> <0!aut% /ere! (9)>% /sc$ines At0enis cessit6 E*8i#e *@a retra* 4i# Ate#a>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c1 r=*+u#6G#4 !a G#tre"area unde% cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# #u e 4e .ra *au i#*u!= ic=1 *t= G# ca6u! ablati& ." p"epo7i,ie% *+re a ar=ta !.cu! 4e u#4e +!eac= ci#e5a% "> Amicus domo pro"ectus est <0riete#u! a +!ecat 4e aca*=>% Ru"e rediit sene& <B=trG#u! *@a G#a+.iat 4e !a Har=>% T.t G# ablati& G=r= +re+.6iHie *e aa6= i *u"*ta#ti5e!e domus i rus 6domo, rure= cG#4 *er5e*c 4re+t c. +!e e#te circu *ta#Hia!e 4e !.c r=*+u#6G#4 !a G#tre"area unde i eI+ri = plecarea de acas, de la tar!
12 @ c% ((5
>55
N.t=% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c1 r=*+u#6G#4 !a G#tre"area unde i eI+ri at +ri# #u e 4e .rae *t= G# ca6u! ablati& +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia a" <a>1 G# ur =t.are!e ca6uriK a= CG#4 *e +reci6ea6= c= . +er*.a#= +!eac= 4i# G +reJuri i!e u#ui .ra K CF*ar maturat a" U"be pro"icisci <C;;i*ar *e /r="ete *= +!ece 4i# R. a>% <Cae*% A! .! I1 ,1 1>% b= CG#4 *e eI+ri = #u ai i4eea 4e 4irecHie 4i#tr@u# a#u it !.c c=tre a!t a#u it !.c1 ;=r= *= eIi*te1 G# +r.+.6iHie1 u# 5er" 4e icare K Erat iter a .iullia in htaliani <EIi*ta 4ru 4i# Ga!!ia G# Ita!ia>% c= CG#4 *e +reci6ea6= c= ci#e5a +!eac= 4i# !.cui#Ha u#ei +er*.a#e K Frater meus a C"asso abiit <Frate!e eu a +!ecat 4i# ca*a !ui Cra**u*>%
(% a> Pellere ali0uem "e*no <a a!u#/a +e ci#e5a 4i# 4. #ie>% Amonit $ostes lo#o oppo"tuno <A G#!=turat <a *c.*> +e 4u a#i 4e +e +.6iHia +rie!#ic=>% %eiicere ali0uem 0ono"e <A r=*tur#a +e ci#e5a 4i# ra#/>% I# ca6u! ablati& ." p"epo7i,ie *t= c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c care r=*+u#4e !a G#tre"area unde <4e u#4e> atu#ci cG#4 4e+i#4e 4e u#u! 4i# 5er"e!e K moveo, amoveo <4e*+art1 G#!=tur> pello, depello, e&pello <a!u#/1 i6/.#e*c>M deiicio, eiicio <re*+i#/1 a65Gr!> etc% "> Intercludere ali0uem #ommeatu <a G +ie4ica +e ci#e5a 4e !a a+r.5i6i.#are>% Abstinere manus ab alienis <a@i G#4e+=rta Gi#i!e <a #u *e ati#/e> 4e "u#uri!e *tr=i#e>% Abstinere milites a p"aeda <a .+ri +e *.!4aHi 4e !a +ra4=>% %esistere #onatu <a re#u#Ha !a . G#cercare>% 1upersedere labo"e <a *e cruHa 4e o tru4=>% Pro$ibere ali0uem .u*a <a .+ri +e ci#e5a 4i# ;u/=>% Eer"e!e arceo, pro$ibeo <.+re*c> M e&cludo, intercludo <G#!=tur1 G#4e+=rte6> M abstineo <reHi#1 .+re*c> M desisto < = !a* 4e> M super-sedeo < = a"Hi#1 = cruH> etc% i +u# ca c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c !a G#tre"area unde <4e u#4e> *= ;ie eI+ri at +ri# ca6u! ablativ "r prepo+i ie *au *= ;ie +rece4at 4e u#a 4i#tre +re+.6iHii!e de% eI <e>1 ab <a>% /. +a"ente 7. 1estius natus est 0omine et sapien,i et san#to et se&e"o 5+. 7e*tiu* *@a #=*cut 4i#tr@u# tat=1 . +e cGt 4e G#He!e+t1 +e atGt 4e #e+ri8=#it i *e5er>% <Gic% pro 1estio, (1 9>% Nobili *ene"e nati <N=*cuHi 4i# #ea nobil6. <Cic% Fer% E1 ,)1 18)>% Illorum san*uine creatos <Y= i*!iHi 4i# *G#/e!e ace!.ra>% <Cic% %e lege agr! II% $% i=! O"i*inea *au ob"ia cui5a *e eI+ri = +ri# ca6u! ablati& ." p"epo7i,ie 6ablativus originis=! Ace*t a"!ati5 e*te G#tre"ui#Hat #u ai +e !G#/= +artici+ii!e care au G#He!e* 4e #atere1 ca K natus <#=*cut>1 prognatus <#=*cut>1 genitus <#=*cut>1 ortus <r=*=rit1 #=*cut>1 satus <*=4it1 #=*cut>1 creatus <6= i*!it1 #=*cut>1 oriundus <care *e 5a #ate>1 editus <i65.rGt1 #=*cut>%
1
Fa+tu! c= #u e!e 4e +er*.a#e1 G# r.!u! 4e c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c1 au c.#*trucHii a+arte <!a G#tre"area ubi, acu+ativ cu apud< !a G#tre"area 0uo, acu+ativul cu ad, iar !a G#tre"area unde, ablativul cu ab=, +e#tru c= ci#e5a #u +.ate ;i G# i#teri.ru!1 #u +.ate er/e G# i#teri.ru! i #ici #u +.ate +!eca 4i# i#teri.ru! u#ei +er*.a#e1 ci +.ate ;i ling, #n apropierea i +.ate +!eca de ling . +er*.a#=M i ;a+tu! c= #u e!e 4e .rae au i e!e c.#*trucHii i4e#tice cu ce!e a!e #u e!.r 4e +er*.a#e1 !a ace!eai G#tre"=ri1 4.5e4e*c c= acu+ativul cu apud, acu+ativul cu ad i ablativul cu ab, G#tre"ui#Hate cu #u e!e 4e .rae1 G# r.!u! 4e c. +!e e#te circu *ta#Hia!e 4e !.c1 eI+ri = K !a G#tre"area ubi e4erea ling o localitate, !a G#tre"area 2uo er/erea #n apropiere 4e . !.ca!itate1 !a G#tre"area unde +!ecarea 4e l#ng o localitate!
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0e !G#/= .ricare 4i#tre ace*te +artici+ii #u e!e +=ri#Hi!.r <tat= *au a => *au cu5G#tu! parens <+=ri#te> *au 5reu#u! 4i#tre *u"*ta#ti5e!e genus <#ea >1 gens, "amilia <;a i!ie>1 locus <!.c1 ."Grie>1 stirps <*+iH=1 #ea > *e +u# G# ca6u! ablati& " p"epo7i,ie.
Not. Dac= G#*= *e eI+ri = .ri/i#ea <."Gria> ai G#4e+=rtat=1 4i# *tr="u#i1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= t.t ca6u! ablativ, G#*= +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia ab <rar e&=! EIe +!e K Hrtus ab ;na#0o <7c.".rGt.r 4i# <*tr= .u!> I#ac8u*>% <B.r% (arm! II1 (1 21> M Prognati ab ;antalo <N=*cuHi <*c.".rGHi> 4i# <*tr= .u!> Ta#ta!u*>% <CaO*% A! .! IE1 181 1>
IE% La G#tre"area 2uaL <+e u#4e>% 1% P:osbidas pe" ;0ebas iter "ecit <Fe"i4a* a trecut +ri# Te"a>% <C.r#% Ne+% Pelop! I1 2>% +e" a#u* tradere <a trece 4i# G#= G# G#=>% +e" medios 0ostes <0ri# iJ!.cu! 4u a#i!.r>% Ali0uid pe" .o"um "erre <a 4uce ce5a +ri# iJ!.cu! ;.ru!ui>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c care r=*+u#4e !a G#tre"area 2ua <+e u#4e> *t= G# ca6u! a#u7ati& +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia pe" cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# #u e 4e .ra *au 4e i#*u!= ic=1 +recu i +ri# .ricare a!t *u"*ta#ti5 c. u#1 *+re a ar=ta ideea de strbatere! E! +o"ta Collina Trbem intravere <Au i#trat G# R. a +ri# +.arta C.!i#=>% <Li5% E1 C11 C>% (sesar te""a ma"i2ue omnes inimicos vicit <Cae*ar a G#5i#* +e t.Hi 4u a#ii *=i +e u*cat i +e a+=>% 'e4t"a 6parte= Pirseus, sinist"a (orint$us <0e +artea 4rea+t= era 0ireu!1 +e *tG#/a C.ri#tu!>% <Cic% ad Fam! I:% 51 C>% :ia Au"elia pro"ectus est <A +!ecat +e ca!ea A++ia>% <Cic% (at! II% C1 9>% n ablati& " p"epo7i,ie *t= c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c care r=*+u#4e Ia G#tre"area 2ua% cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u#u! 4i# *u"*ta#ti5e!e terra <+= G#t>1 mare < area>1 G# eI+re*iaK terra mari0ue <+e u*cat i +e a+=>1 via <ca!e>1 iter <4ru >1 pars <+arte> i ar=tG#4 calea *au #rumul +e u#4e trece ci#e5a% E% /ilites aggerem latum pedes t"e#entos t"i*inta% altum pedes o#to*inta e&tru&erunt <'*taii au G#=!Hat . G#t=ritur= !at= 4e trei *ute trei6eci 4e +ici.are i G#a!t= 4e .+t6eci 4e +ici.are>% <Li5% EII1 2C1 1>% Est locus in carcere, 0uod )ullianum appellatur, circiter duode#im pedes $umi depressus <I# G#c8i*.are *e a;!= u# !.c1 #u it Tu!ia#u 1 !a a4G#ci e ca 4e 4.u=*+re6ece +ici.are 4e !a += G#t>% <7a!!% (at! 551 (>% )eanum abest a *arino duode&i*inti milia passuum <Tea#u! e*te !a . 4e+=rtare 4e .+t*+re6ece ii 4e +ai 4e Lari#u >% <Cic% Pro (luent! 91 2,>% 7+re a eI+ri a G#ti#4erea G# *+aHiu a u#ei acHiu#i1 4i*ta#Ha *tr="=tut= 4e ci#e5a1 *au G#4e+=rtarea 4e !a u# !.c !a a!tu! *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= a#u7ati&ul " p"epo7i,ie. Ace*t acu6ati5 e*te G#*.Hit 4e u# #u era! car4i#a! cG#4 *e eI+ri = 4i*ta#Ha +reci*=%
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179
:e"siune +AU U) ;NMI IU) IN !R(CIA
0er*eu*1 Mace4.#u reI1 atr.I R. a#.ru 8.*ti* erat% Eiu* /!.ria i#/e#* erat -u.4 R. a#.*1 +ri u in )$essalia et 4ei#4e in Ill2ria 5icerat% 0au!u* %\E i!iu*1 nobili genere natus, +.*t-ua Romse c.#*u! ;actu* e*t1 0er*eu 5i#cere c.#*tituit% '" ea re in Italia a/#u eIercitu ec @ *cri+*it1 -ue terra mari0ue in /acedoniam tra4uIit% Ca*tra apud P2dnam +.*uit% A45e#tu* #.5i eIercitu* R. a#i #u!i a ;.r i4i#e apud /acedones .5it% 0au!u* JE i!Gu* aute 0er*eu 5i#cere *+era"at -u.4 ia domi ".#ura . e# 8a"uerat% Cu domo eIiret1 ei #u#tiatu e*t +erii**e eiu* cate!!a cui 0er*a #. e# erat% In /acedonia +rce!iu loco opportuno c. ittitur% Bre5i 0er*eu* 5ictu* e*t% 0.*t 8a#c 5ict.ria 1 0au!u* OE i!iu* in .rseciam ire c.#te#4it% 0ri . 8au4 a/#. c. itatu per )$essaliam %elp$os +etiit% %elp$is, in vestibu$ a/#i te +!i c.!u #a*1 -u*e a#tea 0er*ei *tatui* 4e*ti#ataT era#t1 *ui *tatui* 4e*ti#a5it% 0.*tea *ebadiam 5e#it% *ebadise te +!u Tr.+8.#ii a4iit% 0au!u* OE i!iu*1 via "acillim ($alcidem 5e#it ad Euri+i spectaculum! A ($alcide Aulidem traiecit1 ur"e c!ara *tati.#e -u.#4a ii!e #a5iu A/a e #.#e*e c!a**i*% Bi#c A/a e #.# #a5i"u* cur*u ad )roiam +etiit1 cu eiu* ;i!ia 5icti a ari*1 5.!u#tate 4ei1 a4 .ta e**et% In $ac urbe 0au!u* te +!u Dia#aT i#5i*it% G#4e Hropum 5e#tu e*t1 -u.4 .++i4u ab At$enis multa milia +a**uu a"erat% 0.*tre . At$enas ipsas, . #i /e#ere artiu i#*i/#e*1 +er5e#it% Bic mcenibus et tectis .+ti e rece+tu* e*t1 -ua @-ua Gra"ei a#tea a!i.* a45e#a* civitate, tectis et mensa #.# rece+era#t% Cu At$enis . #ia .#u e#ta +rFciara 5i4i**et1 0au!u* domum re5ertere *tatuit% Iter per medium mare et per Italiam ;acie#*1 Romam +er5e#it i"i-ue *e#atu* ei triu +8u 4ecre5it%
Du+= )itus *ivius ;em CW W;ORIA +RI(;(NU UI M(U
D.ri#4 6cupio= *= cu#.a*c= 6cognosco= 4i;erite 6varius= H=ri i .rae *tr=i#e 6alienus=, B.rte#*iu*1 +riete#u! eu1 #=*cut 6natus= G# R. a1 4i#tr@. ;a i!ie 6gens= #."i!= 6nobilis=, a +!ecat 6pro"iciscor= 4e aca*= cu +uHi#i 6pau-cus= +riete#i% De !a Bri#4i*iu 1 +ri# iJ!.cu! =rii1 a #a5i/at 6navigo= *+re A!eIa#4ria% G# A!eIa#4ria a 5i6itat .#u e#te!e ;ru .a*e 6monu-mentum= a!e ace*tui .ra% De !a A!eIa#4ria a trecut G# 7Dria% G# t.at= acea*t= c=!=t.rie 6iter=, +e u*cat i +e a+=1 a 4.rit 6cupio= *= cu#.a*c= +.4.a"e!e 6ornamentum= ;iec=rei H=ri 6civitas= +e care aca*= #u !e 5=6u*e% TrecG#4 +ri# 7Dria1 +e c=i 6via= 4i;erite1 a aJu#* 6pervenio= G# Me*.+.@ta ia1 G# a!e c=rei .rae 6mcenia= i !.cui#He 6tectum= a ;.*t "i#e +ri it% A+.i a er* 6eo= *+re Da a*c% Aici a 5i6itat ari!e te +!e% Di# Da a*c a >C?
+!ecat 6pro"iciscor= *+re ca*= i trecG#4 6traiicio= +ri# Ita!ia a aJu#* !a R. a1 u!Hu it 4e acea*t= ;ru .a*= c=!=t.rie% I*t.ri*irea 6narratio= ace*tei c=!=t.rii a au6it@. !a B.rte#*iu*1 +riete#u! eu% (omplementul circumstan ial de timp I% La G#tre"area 2uandoL <cG#4T> 1% Rem con"icit pau#is diebus <I*+r=5ete !ucru! G# +uHi#e 6i!e>% 1tella t"i*inta annis cursum con"icit <7teaua G#4e+!i#ete er*u! ei G# trei6eci 4e a#i>% Tti diebus de#e"n 3umidia decederet <7= +!ece 4i# Nu i4ia G# 6ece 6i!e>% <7=!i% hug! (81 9>% ;empo"ibus anti2uis mul i et clari oratores "uerunt <G# ti +uri!e 5ec8i au eIi*tat u!Hi .rat.ri 5e*tiHi>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e ti +1 care r=*+u#4e !a G#tre"area 2uando <cG#4> *t= G# ca6u! ablati& ." p"epo7i,ie 6Ablativus temporis= cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti5 care arat= ti +u! ca K tempus <ti +>1 annus <a#>1 dies <6i>1 $ora <.r=>% 3umrul +e !G#/= ace*te *u"*ta#ti5e *e eI+ri = +ri# numerale cardinale! 2% Ha# 0ieme multum nivis "uit <G# acea*t= iar#= a ;.*t u!t= 6=+a4=>% IN.*tra *etate <+e 5re ea #.a*tr=>% @uin2uat"ibus "re0uenti sentu causam tuam egi <La *=r"=t.area Mi#er5ei <-ui#-uatru*>1 G#tr@. e4i#H= #u er.a*= a *e#atu!ui a *u*Hi#ut cau6a ta>% <Cic% ad Fam! ÌI% 251 1>% (4t"ema sene#tute (ato linguam greecam didicit <La "=trG#eHe G#ai#tat= Cat. a G#5=Hat !i "a /reac=>% <Cic% %e Hrat! 11 2)9>% (onsules rem publicam pa#e bello2ue gere-bant <C.#*u!ii cGr uiau tre"uri!e *tatu!ui G# ti + 4e +ace *i 4e r=6".i>% <ti5% II1 11 1>% T.t G# ca6u! aT>!ati5 ." p"epo7i,ie *t= c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e ti +1 care r=*+u#4e !a G#tre"area 2uando% atu#ci cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti51 care arat= i4eea 4e ti + #u ai G# c8i+ ;i/urat ca K setas <5Gr*t=1 e+.c=1 5re e>1 senectus <"=trG#eHe>1 memoria <a i#tire>1 pa& <+ace>1 bellum <r=6".i> G# eI+re*ia K pace bello0ue <G# +ace i r=6".i>1 cG#4 *G#t G#*.Hite 4e u# a4Jecti5 *au a!t= 4eter i#are% (% Iuitio anni slrenas accepimus <La G#ce+utu! a#u!ui a +ri it 4aruri>% Eius ad&entu sol ortus est <La *.*irea !ui a r=*=rit *.are!e>% O##asu solis stellse lucent <La a+u*u! *.are!ui !uce*c *te!e!e>% G# ca6u! ablati& ." p"epo7i,ie *t= c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e ti +1 !a G#tre"area 2uando% atu#ci cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri# 5reu#u! 4i# *u"*ta#ti5e!e K initium <G#ce+ut>1 principium <G#ce+ut> *au +ri# 5reu# *u"*ta#ti5 4e 4ec!i#area a IE@a <+atra> care G#*ea #= u# e5e#i e#t *au . G +reJurare 4e ti + ca K adventus <*.*ire>1 discessus <+!ecare>1 e&itus <ieire>1 ortus <r=*=rit>1 occasus <a+u*> etc%
N.t=% 0e !G#/= *u"*ta#ti5e!e care arat= i4eea 4e ti +1 !a G#tre"area 2uando <cG#4>1 #u =ru! *e eI+ri = +ri# numerale ordinale! EIe +!e K )e#undo bello Punico <G# a! 4.i!ea r=6".i +u#ic>% )eptimo de#imo anno post eius consulatum <G# a! a+te*+re6ece!ea a# 4u+= c.#*u!atu! ace!uia>% 1umus anno millesimo nonin*enteslmo 2uin2ua*esimo oeta&o <7G#te G# a#u! . ie #.u= *ute ci#ci6eci i .+t>%
181
II. La G#tre"area 2uamdiuL <cit ti +T> Gusedam bestiolse unum tantum diem vivant <U#e!e /G6e tr=ie*c 4.ar . *i#/ur= 6i>% <Cic% )use! I1 (91 9C>% )roia a .rsecis de#e"n a##.* oppugnalur <Tr.ia e*te atacat= 4e /reci ti + 4e 6ece a#i>% 7eI 0o"as pugnatum est <Lu+ta s-a 4at ti + 4e a*e .re>% 'iem noetem2ue milites in opere versantur <Yi i #.a+te .*taii *e G#4e!et#ice*c cu !ucr=ri!e>% +e" &i*inti annos .rseciam visi-tavit <A 5i6itat Grecia ti + 4e 4.u=6eci 4e a#i #eG#treru+Hi>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e ti +1 care arat= durata timpului +e#tru . acHiu#e i r=*+u#4e !a G#tre"area 0uamdiu <cit ti +> *t= G# ca+ul acu+ativ, G#*.Hit 4e numeral cardinal! CG#4 *e eI+ri = durata ne#ntrerupt a !ucr=rii1 c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e ti + !a G#tre"area 0uamdiu <cGt ti +> *t= G# ca+ul acu+ativ cu prepo+i ia pe". III. La G#tre"area e42uo tempo"eL *au 2uamdudumL <4e cG#41 4e cGt ti +>% lam te"tium annum grammaticam disco <G#5=H /ra atica 4e trei a#i>% Ab0in# annos t"i*inta Romse magna prodigia "uerunt <Acu trei6eci 4e a#i au a5ut !.c !a R. a ari i#u#i>% Ante 0os *eI e#*e* maledi&isti mi$i <Cu a*e !u#i ai G#ai#te ai 5.r"it r=u 4e*+re irie>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e ti + care r=*+u#4e !a G#tre"area eI 2uo tempo"e <4e cG#4> *au 2uamdudum <4e cGt ti +> *t= G# #a7ul a#u7ati& ." p"epo7i,ie% 4ar G#*.Hit 4e u# numeral ordinal! 0e#tru a eI+ri a ti +u! *cur* G#tre u# ;a+t +etrecut G# trecut i . e#tu! G# care *e 5.r"ete1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= a45er"u! ab0in# ur at 4e u# *u"*ta#ti5 G# ca6u! a#u7ati& G#*.Hit 4e nume"al #a"dinal. Dac= G#*= c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e ti +1 r=*+u#6G#4 !a G#tre"area e& 0uo tempore, care arat= ti +u! *cur* G#tre u# ;a+t +etrecut G# trecut i . e#tu! 5.r"irii1 e*te +rece4at 4e a45er"u! ante% *e eI+ri = +ri# *u"*ta#ti5 G# ca+ul acu+ativ atu#ci cG#4 ace*t *u"*ta#ti5 e*te G#*.Hit 4e +r.#u e!e 4e .#*trati51 0i#% 8*ec1 0o# i nume"al #a"dinal.
Not. Dac= *u"*ta#ti5u! +ri# care *e arat= ti +u! *cur* G#tre u# ;a+t +etrecut G# trecut i . e#tu! 5.r"irii #u e*te G#*.Hit 4e #u era!1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= +re+.6iHii!e ab <a> <4e !a>1 eI <e> <4i#1 4e !a>1 *au +.*t1 ur ate 4e *u"*ta#ti5 G# ca6u! cerut 4e ;iecare 4i# e!e% EIe +!e K Ab 0o"a .cta5a ad vesperum <De !a .ra a .+ta +G#= *eara>% Ab U"be #ondita <De !a c!=4irea R. ei>% <Li5% I1 1>% EI illo tempo"e <Di# ace! ti +>% +ost u"bem #onditam <4u+= G#te eierea R. ei>% 0e#tru a eI+ri a ti +u! *cur* 4e Ia u# ;a+t +etrecut G# trecut i pn G# . e#tu! a!tei acHiu#i1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= +re+.6iHii!e a" i in *au ad ur at= ;iecare 4e u# *u"*ta#ti5 G# ca6u! re*+ecti5%
IE% La G#tre"area 2uanto tempo"eL <G# cGt ti +>% Aellum no&em annis gessit <A +urtat r=6".iu! G# #.u= a#i>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia!1 ar=tG#4 ti +u! +reci* G# care ci#e5a ;ace acHiu#ea i r=*+u#6G#4 !a G#tre"area 0uanto tempore, *e eI+ri = +ri# ca6u! ablati& ." p"epo7i,ie% 4ar G#*.Hit 4e u# numeral cardinal! >CE
E% (icero a##.* tre* et *eIa/i#ta natus mortuus est <Cicer. a urit I# 5Gr*t= 4e ai6eci i trei 4e a#i>% Amicus meus 5ice*i u a##u a/it <0riete#u! eu are 4.u=6eci a#i>% EGr*ta cui5a *e eI+ri = +ri# 4.u= c8i+uriK a= +ri# +artici+iu! +er;ect +a*i5 #atu* G#*.Hit 4e *u"*ta#ti5u! a##u* +u* G# ca6u! acu6ati5 cu u# #u era! car4i#a!M b= +ri# eI+re*ia a##u a/ere1 a5G#4 +e !G#/= *u"*ta#ti5u! annum u# #u era! .r4i#a!% Eer*iu#e AUATTU'R iETATE7 0'0ULI R'MANI 7i -ui* +.+u!u R. a#u -ua*i 8. i#e c.#*i4eret1 -uattu.r /ra4u* eiu* 5it*e i#5e#iet% 0ri a aeta* *u" re/i"u* ;uit +r.+e ducentos 0uin0uaginta per annos, 0uibus annis cu ;i#iti i* !uctatu* e*tK 8aec erit eiu* i#;a#tia% 7e-ue#* aeta* a Aruto (ollatino0ue c.#*u!i"u* i# (laudium Fulvium0ue consules ducentos 0uin0uaginta annos +atet1 0uibus Ita!ia *u"e/it% B.c ;uit te +u* 5iri* ar i*-ue i#citati**i u M i4e. -ui* a4u!e*ce#tia eiu* 4iIerit% De8i#car; (assaremAugustumducenti sunt a##i1 0uibus totum .r"e +aca5itK 8*ec ia i+*a iu5e#ta i +erii et -ua*i -u*e4a r."u*ta aturita*% Initio 8uiu* *etati* re*+u"!ica ".#i* !e/i"u* i#*tituta e*t% Ab Augusto in sseculum nostrum 8au4 u!t. i#u* 4uce#ti *u#t a##i1 0uibus i#erHia Cee*arur# -ua*i c.#*e#uit1 #i*i -u.4 Traia#i +ri#ci+i. temporibus, +raeter *+e .#I#iu 1 i +erii *e#ectu* re5ire*cit% E&trema senectute, #e-uitia G*e*aru 1 i +eriu R. a#u 4i!a+*u e*t%
Florus
Te = De*+re *tarea *a#itar= 6s a nit as= a .*tai!.r r. a#i Tre"uie *= *e ia =*uri 6provideo= ca .*taii 6miles= *= #u 6ne= *taHi.#e6e 6commoror= 5ara 6mstas= ;=r= 6sine= c.rturi 6tentorium7 i #ici *= 6ne= =r=@!uia*c= 6iter "acio= +e iar#= 6$iems= a*+r= 6s`vus= +ri# 6=+e6i 6ni&= i !a+.@5iH= 6pruina=< ca 6ne= ar ata 6e&ercitus= *= #u G#tre"ui#He6e 6utor= a+= 6a0ua= #e*=#=t.a*= 6perniciosus= *au !=ti#.a*= 6paluster=< c=ci "=utura 6potus= 4e a+= rea 6malus=, a*e =#=t.are 6similis= cu 5e#i#u! 6venenum=, ai a!e* 6prsesertim= !a G#ce+utu! 5erii 6initium, eestas= c=!4ur.a*e 6torridus=, +rici#uiete 6genero= .tr=5irea 6pestilentia= +e#tru "=ut.ri 6bibo=! La ti + 6tempus= +rie!#ic 6opportunus= *.!4aHii *= ;ie G#/riJiHi 6curo= +ri# eteu/u! 6ars= e4ici!.r 6medicus=! Dar cei +rice+uHi 6peritus= G# tre"uri!e .*t=eti 6res militaris= au ;.*t 4e +=rere 6puto= c= eIerciHii!e 6e&ercitium= 6i!#ice 6cotidianus= cu ar e 6arma= c.#tri"uie 6prosum= !a *=#=tatea 6sanitas= '=tM!'r a! D!u!t 6plus= 4ecGt e4icii% Acu 6ab$inc= u!Hi a#i a a5ut +e#tru acea*ta u!te 4.5e6i1 6e&emplu!e!=! De a.eea .#4%5iFBO@ii <@_QXQM XX >CK
5.it 6volo= ca i#;a#teritii 6pedes= *= ;ac= eIerciHii 6e&cerceor= ;=r= 6sine= G#treru+ere 6intermissio=, +e +!.i 6imber= *au +e 6=+e6i 6ni&= *u" ac.+er= Giit 6tectum=, iar G# ce!e!a!te 6reli0uus= 6i!e 6dies= +e cG + 6campus=! Dac= +e ti + 4e t.a #= 6 autumnalis= *au 4e 5ar= 6sestivus= u# #u =r are 6mul-titudo= 4e .*tai *taHi.#ea6= 6consisto= 5re e ai G#4e!u#/at= 6diu= G# ace!eai !.curi 6locus=, 4i# .!i+*irea 6coniagio= a+e!.r ia #atere 6nascor= e ".a!= 6morbus= ;.arte +ri eJ4i.a*= 6perniciosus= care #u +.ate ;i *t=5i!it= 6pro$ibeo= 4ecGt +ri#tr@. 4ea*= 6"re0uens= utare 6mutatio= a ta"erii 6castra=! Ti + 4e u!Hi a#i a ;.*t G#tre"ui#Hat= 6ad$ibeo= acea*t= et.4= 6ratio=!
@egetius
(omplementul circumstan ial instrumental 1% /ilites $ostem *ladio "eriunt <'*taii i6"e*c +e 4u a# cu *a"ia>% 3atura oculos tem"issimis memb"anis vestivit et seepsit <Natura a G "r=cat i a G#c.#Jurat .c8ii cu +ie!iHe ;.arte *u"Hiri>% <Cic% %e nat! %eorum II1 5,1 1C2>% (msar di&it ma*no se Tium p"semio remuneraturum <C*e*ar a 6i* c=@1 5a r=*+!=ti cu . are rec. +e#*=>% <Cae*% A!.! I1 CC1 1(>% E&ercitum omni dis#iplina milita"i erudivit <A G#5=Hat ar ata cu t.at= 4i*ci+!i#a .*t=ea*c=>% <C.r#% Ne+% Ip$icr! 21 C>% Admiratione a""iciuntur ii 0ui anteire ceteris &i"tute putantur <7G#t a4 iraHi aceia care *G#t *.c.tiHi c= 4e+=e*c +e cei!a!Hi +ri# 5irtute>% <Cic% %e o""ic! II1 1)1 (,>% Nomines labo"e assiduo et #otidiano assueti <'a e#i 4e+ri#i cu u#ca *t=ruit.are i 6i!#ic=>% <Cic% %e orat! III1 151 58>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! +ri# care *e eI+ri = inst"umentul *au mi3lo#ul +ri# care *au cu aJut.ru! c=ruia *e ;ace . acHiu#e *e +u#e G# ca6u! ablati& ." p"epo7i,ie i *e #u ete Ablativus instrumenti! E! *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= +e !G#/= t.t ;e!u! 4e 5er"e *au a4Jecti5e 5er"a!e ca K orno, e&orno <G +.4."e*c>1 vestio <G "rac>1 seepio <G#c.#Jur>1 instruo <a!c=tuie*c>1 erudio <G#5=H>1 dono <4=ruie*c>1 remuneror <r=*+!=te*c>1 imbuo 1 e&polio <4e*+.i>1 assue"acio <4e+ri#4>1 instituo <.rG#4uie*c>1 assuesco <4e+ri#41 ."i#uie*c>1 $ilaro < = G#5e*e!e*c>1 delecto, oblecto <4e*;=te6>1 a""icio <c.+!ee*c>1 preeditus <G#6e*trat>1 assuetus <4e+ri#*> i cu a!te 5er"e ai a!e* G# ;.r = +a*i5=% 2% Res pe" e4plo"ato"es cognita est <Lucru! a ;.*t a;!at +ri# cercetai>% Gu& comperta sunt pe" me <Ace*tea au ;.*t a;!ate +ri# i#e>% Dac= i#*tru e#tu! e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# #u e 4e +er*.a#= *t= G# #a7ul a#u7ati& +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia pe".
N.t=% C.#*trucHia c. +!e e#tu!ui circu *ta#Hia! i#*tru e#ta! cu +re+.6iHia per +.ate ;i G#!.cuit= +ri# ablativul *u"*ta#ti5u!ui opera G#*.Hit 4e +r.#u e +.*e*i5 *au 4e u# /e#iti5K opera tua <+ri# .*te#ea!a ta>1 opera lictorum <cu .*te#ea!a !ict.ri!.r>%
(% Interiores Aritanni la#te et #a"ne vivunt <Brita#ii ai 4i#!=u#tru! H=rii tr=ie*c cu !a+te i car#e>% <C*e*% 5.6. E1 1C1 2>% Olus#ulis nos soles pascere <'"i#uieti *= #e 8r=#eti cu !e/u e>% <Cic% ad Attic! EI1 11 1(>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! i#*tru e#ta! G# ca6u! ablati& ." +re+.6iHie *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= +e !G#/= 5er"e!e care G#*ea #=K alo <8r=#e*c>1 pasco, pascor < =#G#c1 G#treHi#>1 vivo <tr=ie*c> etc% Ace*t c. +!e e#t i#*tru e#ta! +e !G#/= ace*te 5er"e1 ai *u* ar=tate1 *e eI+ri = #u ai +ri# #u e 4e !ucruri% >CL
C% /ul i deorum benei#io perverse utuntu" <Mu!Hi .a e#i ;.!.*e*c r=u "i#e;aceri!e 6ei!.r>% <Cic% %e nat! %eorum III% 281 ,)>% 3emo parum diu vi&it 0ui virtutis per"ec ie pe"e#to !u#ctu* est mune"e <N@a tr=it +rea +uHi# ace!a care a G#4e+!i#it G# 5iaH= 4at.ria G#trea/= a u#ei 5irtuHi 4e*=5Grite>% <Cic% )use! I1 C51 1)9>% (sesar Alesia potitus est <C*e*ar a +u* *t=+G#ire +e A!e*ia>% <CaG*ar1 5.6. :II% 89>% n ablati& " p"epo7i,ie *t= c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! i#*tru e#ta! a! verbelor deponente' "ruor < = "ucur>1 "ungor < = ac8it1 G#4e+!i#e*c>1 potior <+u# *t=+G#ire>1 utor < = ;.!.*e*c>1 vescor < = 8r=#e*c> i a! c. +u*e!.r !.r caK ab/or <a"u6e6>1 de"ungor <ter i#1 *;Gre*c>1 per"ungor <G#4e+!i#e*c cu t.tu!>1 per"ruor < = "ucur +e 4e@a G#tre/u!>%
N.t=% Eer"u! potior <+u# *t=+G#ire> ai +.ate a5ea c. +!e e#tu! *=u i#*tru e#ta! i G# ca6u! genitiv, ai a!e* cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri# *u"*ta#ti5u! res! Augustus "e"um potitus est <Au/u*tu* *@a ;=cut *t=+G# +e aut.ritatea *u+re =>%
5% Antioc$ise urbs e"uditissimis 0ominibus libe"alissimis2ue studiis a""luebat <'rau! A#ti.8iei era +!i# 4e .a e#i ;.arte G#5=HaHi i 4e *tu4ii!e ce!e ai !i"era!e>% <Cic% Pro Arc$ia, (1 C>% Animus per somnum curi* vacuus est <I# ti +u! *. #u!ui *u;!etu! e*te !i+*it 4e /riJi>% <Cic% de %ivin! II% 111 2,>% hmplevit dolium &ino 5A u +!ut u# "ut.i cu 5i#>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! i#*tru e#ta! G# ablativ "r prepo+i ie *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= cu 5er"e!e care G#*ea #=K a"u#4e#H=K abundo, a""luo, redundo< u +!ereK compleo, impleo, e&pleo, repleo, suppleo< *aturareK satio, saturo, "arcio< *tr.+ireK conspergo, respergo< G#/r= =4ire K cumulo, obruo, onero< cretere1 G "./=Hire K augeo, locupleto< !i+*= K egeo, careo, indigeo etc1 cGt i cu a4Jecti5e care G#*ea #= K +!i# N plenus< r.4#ic N "ecundus, "ertilis, largus< u +!ut N con"ertus, re"ertus< !i+*it N inops, egenus, inanis< /.! N vacuus etc% Ace*t c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! i#*tru e#ta!1 G# ca6u! ablativ, cu #u e 4e !ucru1 *e #u ete Ablati&u #opiiV &el inopise
Not. Cu 5er"e!e care G#*ea #= a"u#4e#H= *au !i+*= complementul circumstan ial instrumental *e +u#e G# ca6u! ablativ "r prepo+i ie c8iar i atu#ci cG#4 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# *u"*ta#ti5 c.!ecti5 re+re6e#tG#4 +er*.a#eK Tterum i!ite a"mato complent cu .*tai G#ar aHi>% <Eer/% hEneis, II1 52>%
9% 3i$il opus est simulatione et alla#iis <Nu e #e5.ie1 G#tru #i ic1 4e +re;=c=t.rie i G#e!=ciu#e>% <Cic% %e Hral! II% C91 191>% Guid &e"bis opus estL <La ce e #e5.ie 4e cu5i#teT> 3i$il erat cur p"ope"ato opus c**et<Nu era #ici u# .ti5 *= *e /r="ea*c=>% <Cic% pro /ilone, 191 C9>% Prius0uam incipias eonsulto et ubi consulueris mature Gact. .+u* est <G#ai#te 4e a G#ce+e ce5a1 e*te #e5.ie 4e c8i"6uia!= i 4e G#4at= ce ai c8i"6uit e*te #e5.ie 4e eIecutare /ra"#ic=>% <7a!!% (at! 11 9>% Guid .+u* est a.i"ma"eL 5 a ce e*te #e5.ie 4e a;ir areT> <Cic% ad Attic! EII1 (1 1>% 3une opus est te animo &aie"e% ut corpore possis <Acu e*te #e5.ie ca tu *= ;ii *=#=t.* !a *u;!et1 ca *= ai +utere *i !a tru+>% <Cic% ad Fam! ZEI1 1C1 2>% EI+re*ia u#i+er*.#a!= opus est <e #e5.ie> are ur =t.area c.#*trucHieK lucrul, 4e care ci#e5a are #e5.ie1 se +u#e G# ca6u! ablativ "r prepo+i ie, iar persoana, care are acea #e5.ie1 G# ca6u! dativ! >CF
Dac= !ucru!1 4e care ci#e5a are #e5.ie1 e*te eI+ri at +ri#tr@. +r.+.6iHie1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= *au i#;i#iti51 *au u# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti5 *au ai rar ca6u! a"!ati5 a! u#ui +artici+iu +er;ect +a*i5%
.4u!
Not. Dac= eI+re*ia opus est 4e5i#e +er*.#a!=1 atu#ci !ucru! 4e care ci#e5a are #e5.ie 4e5i#e *u"iect i *e +u#e G# ca6u! #. i#ati51 iar 5er"u! est a! eI+re*iei *e ac.r4= cu ace*t *u"iect M #u ai +er*.a#a care are acea #e5.ie r= G#e G# ca6u! 4ati5 K Au*e mili-tibus opus e"ant% du& "acile reperiebat <C. a#4a#tu! a;!a u.r ce!e 4e care *.!4aHii a5eau #e5.ie>% <C.r#% Ne+% )$emis! >=! Fratri tuo multa opus sunt <Frate!e t=u are #e5.ie 4e u!te>%
,% O#to*inta talentis emit duas tabulas (sesar <C*e*ar a cu +=rat 4.u= ta"!.uri cu .+t6eci 4e ta!a#Hi>% Multo *a#/ui#e stetit victoria <Eict.ria *@a cGti/at cu u!t *G#/e>% <Li5% ZZIII1 ()1 2>% Guanti emptseD & F +a"&o X% & Guanti ergoD & F O#tussibus X% <Cu cGt au ;.*t cu +=rateT & cu +uHi#% Cu cGt 4eciT Cu .+t ai>% <B.r% 1atur! II1 (1 159>% Nabe eam #entu"a minis <i#e@. +e#tru . *ut= 4e i#e < .#e4=>% <0!aut% Pers! 992>% & Guanti docesD & a ;alento ^ <Cu ce +reH 4ai !ecHiiT Cu u# ta!a#t>% ;"i*inta milibus nummum di&istis cum $abitare <Mi@aHi *+u* c= e! !.cuiete <. ca*=> +e trei6eci ii *e*terHi>% <Cic% pro (luentio, ,1 1,>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! i#*tru e#ta! G# ca6u! ablativ "r prepo+i ie *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= 4e a*e e#ea cu 5er"e!e care G#*ea #= K a cu +=ra N emo, redimo, loco< a c.*ta N sto, consto, sum< a +reHui N sestimo, duco etc% 0ri# ace*t a"!ati5 #u it Ablativus pretii *e eI+ri = pre ul $otrit i determinat, G#*.Hit 4e #u era!e car4i#a!e1 cu care *e cu +=r=1 *e 5i#4e1 *au *e +reHuiete ce5a%
Nota $. T.t ca 5er"e!e care G#*ea #= cu +=rare *au 5G#6are *e c.#*truie*c cu a"!ati5u! i a4Jecti5e!e K venalis <4e 5G#6are>1 carus <*cu +>1 vilis <ie;ti#>% %omus (eesaris etiam t"i*inta talentis #a" non erat <Ca*a !ui Ca**ar c8iar cu trei6eci 4e ta!a#Hi #u era *cu +=>% Nota ]. CG#4 pre ul, cu care *e cu +=r=1 *e 5i#4e *au *e +reHuiete ce5a e*te nedeterminat *au general *e eI+ri = +ri# ca6u! /e#iti5 a! a4Jecti5e!.r K tanti, 0uanti, pluris, magni, parvi, minoris etc% <Ee6i .enitivus pretii=!
(omplementul circumstan ial de msur 1% Amicos sola #a"itate metimur <0e +riete#i Gi =*ur= #u ai 4u+= 4ra/.*tea !.r>% Altera sententia de"init amicitiam pa"ibus o..i#iis ac &oluntatibus <A 4.ua +=rere !i itea6= +riete#ia #u ai !a *er5icii i "u#=5.i#H= a*e =#=t.are>% <Cic% %e amici ia, 58>% Omni illi et &i"tute et laude par <A*e =#=t.r !ui i +ri# t.at= !au4a i +ri# t.at= 5irtutea>% <Cic% pro Plancio 111 2,>% T.t ca u# c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! i#*tru e#ta! e*te *.c.tit c. +!e e#tu!1 +ri# care *e arat= =*ura *au 4i;ere#Ha G#tre 4.u= +er*.a#e *au 4.u= !ucruri% Ace*t c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! *e eI+ri = +ri# ca6u! ablati& ;=r= +re+.6iHie1 #u it Ablativus mensurse i *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= cu 5er"e!e K metior < =*.r>1 pendo <cG#t=re*c1 =*.r>1 iudico <Ju4ec1 a+recie6>1 de"inio <!i ite61 4e;i#e*c>1 termino <*;Gre*c1 8.t=r=*c> etc% i cu a4Jecti5e!e K par <e/a!>1 similis <a*e =#=t.r> etc% >CM
2% Filius patri et &i"tute et animo congruebat <Fiu! *e +.tri5ea cu tat=! atGt G# 5irtute cGt i cu *u;!etu!>% Actio omnibus congruens menti <AcHiu#ea .rat.ric= G# ac.r4 cu /G#4irea G# t.ate>% Hmnes ordines ad conservandam rem-publicam mente et &oluntate consentiunt <T.ate c!a*e!e *.cia!e *G#t 4e aceeai +=rere cu i#e atGt +ri# cu/etu! cGt i +ri# 5.i#Ha 4e a *a!5a re+u"!ica>% <Cic% In (atil! I1 9>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e msur G# ca6u! ablativ "r prepo+i ie *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i cu 5er"e!e K congruo < = +.tri5e*c>1 consentio < = a*e uie*c1 *G#t 4e aceeai +=rere>1 dis-crepo, dissideo < = 4e.*e"e*c> etc% (% @uanto diutius considero, ta#t. mi$i res videtur obscurior <Cu cGt re;!ecte6 ai u!t ti +1 cu atGt c8e*tiu#ea i *e +are ai G#tu#ecat=>% <Cic% 3at!, $% 9)>% @uanto magis tran0uilla omnia "oris erant, tanto miseriee plebis cres-cebant <0e cGt t.ate G# a;ara <H=rii> erau ai !i#itite1 +e atGt creteau *u;eri#He!e +.+.ru!ui>% <Li5% EI1 (C1 1>% C. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! 4e msur, G# ca6u! ablativ "r prepo+i ie *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i +e !G#/= c. +arati5e1 *au 5er"e i eI+re*ii1 care G#*ea #= c. +araHie1 *u+eri.ritate1 i#;eri.ritate *au e/a!itate% G#ai#tea ace*t.r c. +arati5e1 5er"e i eI+re*ii 4e c. +arare *e ;.!.*e*c1 G#tre a!te!e1 a"!ati5e!e #eutre caK multo <cu u!t>1 ali0uanto <G#tru cGt5a>1 ni$ilo <G#tru #i ic>1 dimidio <+e Ju =tate>1 0uo %%% eo, 0uanto ! ! ! tanto <+e cGt% % % +e atGt>% C% Tri sunt magnitudine paulo in"ra elep$antos <G#ce +ri5ete =ri ea1 urii <tauri *=!"atici> *G#t cu +uHi# ai +reJ.* ca e!e;a#Hii>% <Caa*1 A!.! :I% 281 1>% +aulo ante ad me venit /arcus <Cu +uHi# ai G#ai#te a 5e#it Marcu* !a i#e>% Multo citra erat R$odanus, ingens "luvius <Cu u!t < ai> G#c.ace era R.#u!1 ;!u5iu ;.arte are>% G#ai#tea a45er"e!.r 4e ti + ante <G#ai#te> i post <4u+=>1 ar=tG#4 cu cGt ti + nainte *au dup *e ;ace acHiu#ea1 cGt i G#ai#tea a45er"e!.r 4e !.c1 care cu+ri#4 G# e!e . i4ee 4e c. +arare ca in"ra < ai J.*>1 supra < ai *u*>1 citra <4i#c.ace>1 ultra <4i#c.!.> *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ace!eai c. +!e e#te circu *ta#Hia!e 4e =*ur= ca ce!e +re5=6ute !a R (%
Nota $. CG#4 5re *= +reci6= ti +u! +ri# citre1 eI+ri = i4eea 4e a#teri.ritate *au +.*teri.ritate +ri# a45er"e!e ante i post% +rece4ate 4e ca6u! a"!ati5 *au +ri# +re+.6iHii!e ante *au post ur ate 4e *u"*ta#ti5e G# ca6u! acu6ati51 4ar G#*.Hite 4e #u era!e car4i#a!e *au .r4i#a!e% EIe +!u K Du."u* ante diebus I (lodius trucidatus est, *au K duos ante dies$ (lodius trucidatus est <Cu 4.u= 6i!e G#ai#te C!.4iu* a ;.*t uci*>% <Cic% Pro /ilone=! @ua"to post die% *au post 2ua"tum diem% *au K post 2uattuo" dies amicus Roma abibit <0riete#u! 5a +!eca 4i# R. a +e*te +atru 6i!e>% Nota ]. Re+etarea +eri.4ic= a u#ei acHiu#i *e eI+ri = +ri# a4Jecti5u! +r.#. i#a! 0uis0ue G#*.Hit 4e numeral ordinal i ae6ate G# ca6u! ablativ! )e#undo 2uo2ue mense <Di# 4.u= G# 4.u= !u#i>%
5% (astra @ercingetorigis non lon*o spatio a (sesaris castris distabant <Ta"=ra !ui Eerci#/et.riI #u era !a are 4i*ta#H= 4e ta"=ra !ui C*e*ar>% <C*e*%
Q% EI+ri area ace*tei i4ei +ri# ;.r u!a K F cu 4.u= 6i!e G# ur = X e*te *tr=i#= 4e ;irea !i "ii r. G#e1 c=ci ace!e 6i!e *G#t a#teri.are1 #u +.*teri.are <ur =t.are> . e#tu!ui acHiu#ii 5er"a!e% Li "a r. G#= a .te#it aici cu/etarea !ati#=%
>C5
A!.!, EII1 291 2>% 3on lon*o spatio a )olosatium "inibus aberant <Nu erau !a are 4e+=rtare 4e 8.tare!e <Hara> T.!.*aHi!.r>% <Cae*% A!.! I1 1)1 1>% 3e0ue u!!a re longius absumus a natura "erarum <0ri# #ici u# !ucru #u *t= +rea 4e+arte 4e ;irea ;iare!.r>% <Cic% %e o""ic! I1 5)>% Cu 5er"e!e abesse <a ;i !i+*=> i distare <a ;i 4e+arte> *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= t.t ablativul msurii *+re a eI+ri a distan a *au deprtarea 4e !a u# !.c ia a!tu!1 *au cu a!te eI+re*ii *+re a ar=ta !a ce 4i*ta#H= 4e u# +u#ct 4at *e *=5Grete . acHiu#e%
N.t=% 7u"*ta#ti5e!e lapis <+iatr=> i milliarium < i!=> +u*e G# ca6u! ablativ *au G# ca6u! acu+ativ cu +re+.6iHia ad *G#t G#tre"ui#Hate *+re a eI+ri a 4i*ta#Ha 4e !a u# !.c !a a!tu!K Deci . ab Ur"e lapide *au K Ad de#imum ab Trbe millia"ium <La 6ece i!e 4e !a R. a>%
(omplementul circumstan ial de rela ie >! /ulieres nudee "racc8ia et !acert.* <Fe ei cu "raHe!e /.a!e> <Tac% .erm! 1,>% /iles ;e ur tragula ictus <'*ta !.5it cu . *u!iH= G# c.a+*=> <Li5% ZZI1 ,1 1)>% Noc concussa metu e#te <Y/u4uit= !a i#te +ri# acea*t= *+ai =>% <Eer/% /neis, ZII1 C98>% Cu u#e!e 5er"e acti5e i#tra#6iti5e *au 4e ;.r = +a*i5= i cu u#e!e a4Jecti5e 4e .ri/i#e 5er"a!= *+re a ar=ta #u e!e u#ei +=rHi 4i#tr@u# t.t a*u+ra c=reia *e ra+.rtea6= *au *e r=*;rG#/e G#He!e*u! eI+ri at +ri# 5er" *au a4Jecti51 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= complementul circumstan ial de rela ie! Ace*t c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! 4e re!aHie *t= G# ca6u! acu6ati5 ;=r= +re+.6iHie i *e #u ete Accu@*ati5u* re!ati.#i* G#tre"ui#Hat ai a!e* G# !ucr=ri +.etice% 0e#tru c= G#tre"ui#Harea ace*tui acu6ati5 4e re!aHie a ;.*t G +ru utat= 4i# !i "a /reac=1 e! *@a ai #u it i Accu*ati5u* /raecu* O Ace*t c. +!e e#t 4e re!aHie *e tra4uce G# !i "a r. G#= cu eI+re*ia K FIn ceea ce privete X%
Not. Ace*t acu6ati5 4e re!aHie *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i cu eI+re*ii!e K genus <4i# +u#ct 4e 5e4ere a! #ea u!ui>1 omnia <4i# t.ate +u#cte!e 4e 5e4ere>1 alia <4i# a!te +u#cte 4e 5e4ere> K 8ui *enus estisD <Ci#e *G#teHi 4i# +u#ct 4e 5e4ere a! #ea u!uiT>% @iri omnia clari <B=r"aHi 5e*tiHi 4i# t.ate +u#cte!e 4e 5e4ere>%
2% /ardonius, natione /edus, "ugatus est <Mar4.#iu*1 e4 G# ce +ri5ete #aHia1 a ;.*t +u* +e ;u/=> <C.r#% Ne+% Pausanias, 11 2>% Ista securitas *+ecie 0uidem blJnda, sed rea+*e u!ti* !.ci* repudianda est <Acea*t= !i+*= 4e /riJi1 a4e e#it.are G# ceea ce +ri5ete a+are#Ha1 tre"uie re*+i#*= G# rea!itate 4i# u!te +u#cte 4e 5e4ere> <Cic% %e amici ia, 1(1 C,>% 3on solum /e#ere sed etiam *e#te#tia amico similis sum <M= a*e =# +riete#u!ui #u #u ai G# ceea ce +ri5ete ;irea1 4ar c8iar G# ceea ce +ri5ete +=reri!e> <Cic% %e amic! 1C1 21>% 7+re a ar=ta *u" ce ra+.rt *au G# ce !i it= . G#*uire *e +.ate atri"ui u#ei +er*.a#e *au u#ui !ucru1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ca+ul ablativ "r prepo+i ie #u it Ablativus relationis sive limi1
G#cercarea 4e a c.#*i4era acea*t= c.#*trucHie ca +r.+rie !i "ii !ati#e #u e*te G#te eiat=1 c=ci *e G#tG!#ete #u ai G# +.e6ie i a c=+=tat ai are G#tre"ui#Hare G# .+ere!e +.etice 4i# e+.ca !ui Au/u*tu*1 *cri*e *u" +uter#ica i#;!ue#H= a !iteraturii e!e#e%
>CC
tationis ai a!e* cu cu5i#te!e K sententia, opinione <G# ceea ce +ri5ete +=rerea>1 testimonio <*+re =rturie>1 more <G# ceea ce +ri5ete 4ati#a>1 nomine <cu #u e!e>1 cognomlne <cu +.rec!a>1 genere <G# ce +ri5ete #ea u!1 ;irea>1 verbo <G# ce +ri5ete 5.r"a> etc% Eer*iu#e DE TRIUM0BI7 ET LARGITI'NE AUGU7TI C.#;ecti* "e!!i* Au/u*tu*1 $umeros toga picta amictus et caput corona laurea ornatus, -ui#-uie* triu +8a5itK +ri u +.*t 4e5ictu 7ci+i.#e 1 cuiu* *+.!ia per multos milites /ere"a#tur% N.# u!t. +.*t 4e Iu"a re/e1 cuiu* re/#u longo spatio a ;i#i"u* i +erii distabat! B.c re/#u 1 multis divitiis plenum, "erro igni0ue 5a*tatu e*t% I/itur Au/u*tu*1 cui #e . virtute et gloria congruebat, multis civitatibus potitus est et +.*t 8a* 5ict.ria*1 e.4e e#*e1 *e4 i#teriecti* 4ie"u*1 -uater triu +8a5it% Rur*u* *e e!1 paucos post dies, 4e *u+erati* 0. +ei !i"eri*% Ga!!ic. triu +8. a*ce#4it Ca+it.!iu a4 !u i#a% A4 i4 usus est 0ua-draginta elep$antis, 4eItra at-ue *i#i*tra !Dc8#uc8.* gestantibus! 0.#tic. triu +8. i#ter +. +a ;ercu!a triu 5er".ru +r*etu!it titu!u K 5e#i1 5i4i1 5iei% 0.*t-ua rerurn potitus est, 5etera#i* !e/i.#i"u*1 prseda onuslis, i# +e4ite* *i#/u!.* *u+er "i#a1 -u*e i#iti. ci5i!i* tu u!tu* #u era5erat1 5ice#a -uater#a i!ia #u u 4ectit% 0.+u!. +raater ;ru e#ti 4e#.* .4i.*1 ac t.ti4e .!ei !i"ra*1 trece#.* -u.-ue #u .*1 -u.* +.!!icitu* .!i erat1 5iriti 4i5i*it% A4iecit e+u!u et 5i*cerati.#e 1 -uae se&aginta talentis sestirnata est et +.*t Bi*+a#ie#*e 5ict.ria 4u. +ra#4ia -u*e carne, piscibus et omnibus alimentis abundabant! Na cu +riu* +ra#4iu +arce #e-ue +r. !i"era!itate *ua +r*e"itu iu4icaret1 0uinto post die a!iu4 +r*e"uit% ' #ia1 0use populo opus erant, tri"ue"a#tur% Aua ." re 4i*ci u* a/#.* 8. i#e* #.# "ortuna, *e4 virtute et magnanimitate *e*ti ari%
Du+= 1uetonius
Te = INELUL LUI GTGE7 Du+= ce 6cum= += G#tu! 6terra=, +!i# 6re"erlus= 4e r.a4e 6"ruges= *e c=*ca*e 6discedo= +ri# cGte5a 60uidam= +!.i 6imber= ari1 GD/e*1 +=*t.r 6pastor= re/a! 6regius=, care a5ea #e5.ie 6opus est= 4e 8ra#= 6alimentum= 4e care ace! Hi#ut 6regio= era +!i# 6abundo=, a c.".rGt 6descendo= !a acea c=*c=tur= 6$iatus= i ac.!. 6ibi= a ."*er5at 6animadverto= u# ca! 6e0uus= 4e ara = 6a$eneus= G# a!e c=rui c.a*te 6latus= erau ui 6"ores=! De*c8i6G#@4u@!e 6aperlo= a 5=6ut 6video= c.r+u! 6corpus= u#ui . 6$omo= .rt 6mor-tuus=, /a!"e# 6lividus= !a ;aH= 6"acies= care1 G# ceea ce +ri5ete =ri ea >C9
6magnitudo= #u *e +.tri5ea 6congruo= cu a!t 6alter= . % Ace*t . a5ea G# 4e/et 6digitus= u# i#e! 6anulus= 4e aur 6aureus=, care c.*ta 6consto= . *ut= 4e 4i#ari 6denarius=! G#4at= ce 6ut= 1@a * u!* 6detra$o=, 1@a G "r=cat 6induo= e! G#*ui 6ipse=! A+.i *@a 4u* 6me recipio= !a . a4u#are 6concilium= a +=*t.ri!.r% Ac.!. 6ibi= cG#4 6cum= a G#t.r* 6converlo= ;aHa 6palam= ace!ui i#e! *+re ;aO +a! = 6palma=, #u era 5=6ut 6video= 4e #i e#i 6nullus=, e! G#*ui 6ipse= G#*= 6autem= 5e4ea t.ate M e! 6idem= era 5=6ut 4i# #.u 6rursus= cG#4 6cum= a G#t.r* 6inverto= i#e!u! !a !.c 6locus=! De aceea 6ita0ue=, ;.!.*i#4u@*e 6utor= 4e acea*t= G#*uire 6opportunitas= a i#e!u!ui1 a uci* 6interimo= +e re/e!e ;]eM6J care +u*e*e *t=+G#ire 6potior= +e ace! Hi#ut 6regio= i #i e#i 60uis0uam= #u 1@a +utut 5e4ea G# acea*t= <,XPcO ;a+t= 6"ac#nus=! G# curG#4 6mo&= +ri# "i#e;acerea 6bene"icium= i#e!u!ui a aJu#* 6e&orior= re/e a! LD4iei%
Du+= Cicer.
0R'0'YIIA INDE0ENDENTA UNTREBUINAREA M'DURIL'R Indi#ati&ul $. D?aK imperat <C. a#4a#tu! .r4.#=>% Amicus advenit <A *.*it +riete#u!>% %F\.* pulc$er est <F!.area e*te ;ru .a*=>% %ecorum est pro patria mori <E*te ;ru .* a uri +e#tru +atrie> <B.r% (arm! III% 21 1(>% OFF venitD <Ci#e a 5e#itT>% G# !i "a !ati#=1 ca i G# !i "a r. G#=1 +r.+.6iHia care eI+ri = . /G#4ire cu G#He!e* 4e+!i#1 ;=r= !e/=tur= *au 4e+e#4e#H= 4e a!t= /G#4ire1 *e #u ete p"opo7i,ie independent. n +r.+.6iHii!e i#4e+e#4e#te 5er"u! *e +u#e1 G# /e#era!1 !a .4u! indi#ati&% care e*te .4u! realit ii *au a! siguran ei! 0ri# e! *e eI+ri = ;a+te *au *t=ri rea!e1 *i/ure *au *.c.tite ca *i/ure1 ;ie G# c8i+ a;ir ati51 ;ie #e/ati51 ;ie G#tre"=t.r1 atu#ci cG#4 G#tre"area cere u# r=*+u#* +.6iti5 i *i/ur% 2% Ad mortem te, (atilina, duci iussu consulis iam pridem opo"tebat <G#c= 4e u!t ar ;i tre"uit *= ;ii 4u* !a .arte1 Cati!i#a1 4i# +.ru#ca c.#*u!u!ui <Cic% FIn (atilinam X1 I1 2>% @erum ego $oc, 0uod iam pridem "actum esse opo"tuit% certa de causa nondum adducor ut "aciam<G#*= ceea ce ar ;i tre"uit *= ;ie ;=cut G#c= 4e u!t1 4i#tr@u# .ti5 *i/ur #u *G#t G#c= 8.t=rGt *@. ;ac> <Cic% In (atilinam, I1 21 5>% *o0ui possum <A +utea 5.r"i>% +ossum perse0ui permulta oblectamenta rerum rusticarum <A +utea G#ira G#c= ;.arte u!te 4e*;=t=ri a!e 5ieHii 4e !a Har=> <Cic% (ato /aior, 191P 55>% 'ebuisti% @atini, etiamsi "also venisses in suspicionem Publio 1estio, tamen mi$i ignoscere <Ar ;i tre"uit t.tui1 Eati#iu!e1 *= = ierHi1 c8iar 4ac= 0u"!iu* 7e*tiu* te@ar !i "=#uit ;=r= te ei> <Cic% In @atin!, 11 2>% Guo e& senatus consulto con"estim te inter"ectum esse, (atilina, #on&enit <0.tri5it ace*tei 8.t=rGri a *e#atu!ui1 *@ar ;i cu5e#it *= ;i ;.*t uci* +e 4at=1 Cati!i#a> <Cic% In (atil!, I1 21 C>% Nece**e est consulem rebus publicis curare <Ar ;i #e5.ie ca c.#*u!u! *= +.arte /riJ= 19'
4e tre"uri!e ."teti>% Me!iu* est patrem ad me venire <Ar ;i ai "i#erOca tata *= 5i#= !a i#e>% Illud +.tiu* prascipiendum uit ut diligentiamS$d$ibe-remus in amicitiis comparandis <Ar ;i tre"uit *= a5e G# 5e4ere ai 4e /ra"= ace*t !ucru ca *= 4e+u#e t.at= *tr=4a#ia *+re a #e +re/=ti +riete#ii> <Cic% %e amici ia, 191 9)>% iE-uiu* autem e"at id voluntate "ieri <Ar ;i ;.*t ai 4re+t ca acea*ta *= *e ;ac= 4i# +r.+rie 5.i#H=>% <Cic% %e o" "ie, I1 91 28>% I# !i "a !ati#= 5er"e!e K debeo <tre"uie1 4at.re6> M possum <+.t> M decet, convenit <*e cu5i#e>1 oportet, necesse est <e*te #e5.ie> i a!te eI+re*ii i +er*.#a!e ca melius est <e*te ai "i#e>1 se0uum est <e*te 4re+t> *G#t G#tre"ui#Hate !a ti +uri!e .4u!ui i#4icati5 *+re a eI+ri a . /G#4ire care G# !i "a r. G#= *e eI+ri = c.rect +ri# ti +uri!e .4u!ui .+tati5% A*t;e! ti +u! +re6e#t a! .4u!ui i#4icati5 4e !a ace*te 5er"e e*te G#tre"ui#Hat G# !.cu! ti +u!ui i +er;ect a! .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti5 <G# !i "a r. G#= ar ;i eI+ri at +ri# +re6e#tu! .4u!ui .+tati5>1 iar ti +uri!e i +er;ect1 +er;ect *au ai u!t ca +er;ect a!e .4u!ui i#4icati5 4e !a ace!eai 5er"e *G#t ;.!.*ite G# !.cu! ti +u!ui ai u!t ca +er;ect a! .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti5 <G# !i "a r. G#= ar ;i ti +u! +er;ect a! .4u!ui .+tati5>% (% @uae#um2ue mi$i p"oponetu" "ortuna subeatur <'rice *.art= i *e 5a 8=r=6i1 . 5.i *u+.rta> <Cic% In (atil!, I:% $% 2>% @uos#um2ue audi&i 0uacum0ue potui ratione, placavi <0e .rici#e a ;i au6it1 i@a ;i +.t.!it1 +ri# .rice iJ!.c a ;i +utut> <Cic% ad Guintum "ratrem, I% 21 C>% @uo#um2ue me &e"to% adspectus $ostiles video <'ri G#c.tr. @a G#t.arce1 5=4 #u ai +ri5iri 4u =#.a*e> <7e#eca p0il.6. Ut#um2ue *e a""ectum videri et animum audientis moveri 5.!ei orator, ita certum vocis admovebit sonum <'ricu ar 5.i u# .rat.r *= +ar= *t=+G#it 4e u# *e#ti e#t i ca *u;!etu! a*cu!t=t.ru!ui *= ;ie icat 4e ace!ai *e#ti e#t1 G# ace!ai c8i+ G*i 5a *c8i "a ;!eIiu#i!e 5.cii>% <Cic% Hrator, 1,1 55>% M.4u! indi#ati& *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= 4e a*e e#ea G# +r.+.6iHii!e i#4e+e#4e#te1 care G#ce+ cu +r.#u e #e4e;i#ite1 a!c=tuite 4i#@tr@u# +r.#u e G#4.it *au c. +u*e cu +articu!a cum0ue, caK 0uis0uis <.rici#e>1 0uot0uot <.ricGt>1 0uicum0ue <.ricare>1 0ualis-cum0ue <.rice ;e!>1 utercum0ue <.ricare ar ;i>% G# !i "a r. G#= ace*t i#4icati5 *e tra4uce +ri# .4u! .+tati5% C% Arutum, 0uem non minus amo 0uam tu, psene di4i% 0uam te <0e Brutu*1 +e care G! iu"e*c #u ai +uHi# 4ecGt ti#e i a+r.a+e a ;i *+u*1 t.t atGt ca i +e ti#e> <Cic% ad Attic!, E1 2)19>% +"ope &in#ebat au&ilio loci paucitas ni iugo circummissus @eiens in verticem collis evasisset <Nu =ru! !.r ic a+r.a+e ar ;i "iruit cu aJut.ru! +.6iHiei1 4ac= 5eie#ii G#c.#JuraHi +e +i*c1 #u *@ar ;i *trecurat *+re 5Gr;u! +i*cu!ui> <Li5% II1 5)1 1)>% M.4u! indicativ *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G#*.Hit 4e a45er"e!e paene i p"ope% ai a!e* !a ti +uri!e trecute *+re a eI+ri a ceea ce a+r.a+e *@ar ;i G#tG +!at *au ceea ce era cGt +e aci *= *e G#tG +!e% Ace*t i#4icati5 e*te 4e*e.ri G# !e/=tur= cu . +r.+.6iHie c.#4iHi.#a!= irea!= #e/ati5= G#ce+=t.are cu c.#Ju#cHia nisi *au ni <4ac= #u>% P >9>
Eer*iu#e COE7AR ALE7IAM CIRCUMEALLAT Cae*ar1 -ui ur"e citiu* eI+u/#are debuit, a48.rtatu* a4 !a".re i!ite*1 A!e*ia circu 5a!!are instituit! I+*u erat .++i4u A!e*ia i# c.!!e *u .1 a4 .4u e4it. !.c.% Cuiu* c.!!i* ra4ice* 4u.1 4ua"u* eI +arti"u* ;!u i#a subluebant! A#te i4 .++i4u +!a#itie* circiter i!ia +a**uu tria i# !.#/i@ tu4i#e patebat< re!i-ui* eI +arti"u* c.!!e*1 e4i.cri i#teriect. *+ati.1 +ari a!titu4i#e .++i4u cingebant! C*e*ar1 0uantacum0ue "uerunt 8*ec u#i e#ta #atura!ia1 .++i4u prope eI+u/#are potuit #i*i *u" ur. ea +arte c.!!i*1 -uae a4 .rie#te *.!e *+ecta"at1 c.+i*e Ga!!.ru complevissent ;.**a -ue et aceria *eI i# a!titu4i#e +e4u perdu&issent! Eiu* u#iti.#i*1 -uae a" R. a#i* i#*titue"atur1 circuitu* u#4eci i!ia +a**uu tenebat! Guo-cum0ue adspe&isti, u#i e#ta R. a#.ru .++i4u cingebant! Ca*tra .++urtu#i* !.ci* era#t +.*ita1 i"i-ue ca*te!!a 5i/i#ti tria ;acta1 -ui"u* i# ca*te!!i* i#ter4iu *tati.#e* +.#e"a#tur1 #e -ua *u"ita eru+ti. ;ieret% BXc ea4e #.ctu eIcu"it.ri"u* ac ;ir i* +r*e*i4ii* te#e"a#tur% Du+= (sesar Te = TRUFIA 0EDE07ITA RG#4u#ica 6$irundo= era *.ra 6soror= +ri5i/8et.arei 6luscinia= i a5ea .4i#i.ar= 6olim= . 5.ce 6vo&= r=*u#=t.are 6canorus= i 4u!ce 6suavis=! Ni e#i #@ar ;i +utut 6possum= G#trece 6supero= atu#ci 6tune= /!a*u! ei +e care t.Hi ar ;i tre"uit 6debeo= *=@1 a*cu!te 6audio= cu +!=cere 6libenter=! RG#4u#ica !.cuia 6$abito= G# +=4uri 6silva= i +e 6in= ./.are 6ager= u#4e 4e*;=ta 6delecto= +e +=*t.ri 6pastor= i +e +!u/ari 6agricola= +ri# cG#tece 6cantus= 4u!ci 6dulcis= i +!=cute 6iucundus=! CGt +e ce 6prope= era *= uit 6obliviscor= ceea ce 60uod= G# +ri u! rG#4 6in primis= tre"uia *= *+u# 6dico=' c8iar i 6ipse= +=*=ri!e 6avis= a*cu!tau cu +!=cere 6libenter= cG#tece!e ei% Dar rG#4u#ica era tru;a= 6superbus=! F De ce1 a 6i* ea 6in0uam=, a cG#tat 6cano= +G#= acu 6ad$uc= +e#tru urec8i!e 6auris= H=r=#etiT 6rusticus=! 0e#tru ce 6cur= !.cuit.rii 6incola= .rae!.r 6urbs=! .ricu 60ualiscum0ue= ar ;i ei1 *= #u a*cu!te 6audio= G#c= 6nondum= /!a*u! rG#4u#iciiT A ;i ai "i#e *= er/ 6eo= !a .ra ^ X% Aa4ar 6igitur= a +=r=*it 6relin0uo= !.curi!e 4e Har= 6rus= i *@a G#4re+tat 6peto= *+re .ra% Dar 6sed= G# .ra 6urbs= #i e#i #u@i G#4re+ta 6intendo= urec8i!e *+re 6ad= cG#tece!e 6cantus= +=*=rii 6avis= tru;ae 6superbus=, atGt 4e are 6tantus= era 6/. .tu! 6strepitus= 4ru uri!.r 6via= i a! ;.ru!ui 6"orum=! Li+*eau 6desum= a*cu!t=t.rii 6auditor= +e#tru rG#4u#ica% i a*t;e! 6ita0ue= G# *curt ti + 6brevi=, rG#4u#ica a +ier4ut 6amitto= +ractica 6usus= u#ei arte 6ars= #etre"ui#ci.a*e 6inutilis=! C.#Ju#cti5u! 1% Uti#a ego vobis amicus tertius a4*eri"erer <' ^ 4ac= a ;i *.c.tit i eu a! trei!ea +riete# +e#tru 5.i> <Cic% )uscul!, E1 221 9(>% Uti#a istam calli>9E
ditatem $ominibus dii #e 4e4i**e#t <De #@ar ;i 4at 6eii .a e#i!.r acea*t= 4i"=cie> <Cic% %e 3at! %eorum, III1 ()1 ,5>% Ita me dii a e#t^ <Aa *=@ i aJute 6eii^> <Tere#t% Neauton!, IE1 (18>% Noc omen a5ertat luppiter <3u+iter *= G#!=ture 4e !a #.i acea*t= #e#.r.cire> <Cic% P$ilip!, III1 1C1 (5>% G# +r.+.6iHii!e i#4e+e#4e#te1 G# a;ar= 4e i#4icati51 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= .4u! con7unc ie *+re a eI+ri a 4i;erite c8i+uri 4e /G#4ire%A*t;e! +ri# ace*t .4 *e eI+ri = . dorin rea!i6a"i!= *au #erea!i6a"i!= i a#u e K 4.ri#Ha rea!i6a"i!= *e eI+ri = +ri# ti +uri!e +re6e#t *au +er;ect a!e .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti51 iar cea #erea!i6a"i!= +ri# i +er;ectu! *au ai u!t ca +er;ectu! ace!uiai .4% Ace*t .41 +ri# care *e eI+ri = . 4.ri#H=1 *e #u ete C.#iu#cti5u* .+tati5u*1 +rece4at 4e*e.ri 4e i#terJecHia utinam *au o si! 0e#tru eI+ri area u#ei 4.ri#He #e/ati5e *e +u#e c.#Ju#cHia #e G#ai#tea c.#Ju#cti5u!ui% 2% a> 3e di""icilia .+te u* <7= #u 4.ri !ucruri /re!e 4e rea!i6at> <Cic% @err!, IE1 ,1 15>% (ommilitones, .ria ur et morte nostra eri+ia u* e& obsi-dione legiones <Ca ara6i1 *= uri i +ri# .artea #.a*tr= *= *c=+= !e/iu#i!e 4i# G +re*urare>% )ales *i u*1 0uales videri et $aberi velimus <7= ;i aa cu a 5rea *= +=re i *= ;i *.c.tiHi> <Cic% %e H""ic, 11 91>% 3e .GGe@ra u* nos periculis sine causa <7= #u #e eI+u#e +ri eJ4ii!.r ;=r= .ti5> <Cic% )uscul, I1 (2>% G# +r.+.6iHii!e i#4e+e#4e#te con7unctivul e*te G#tre"ui#Hat i atu#ci cG#4 5re *= eI+ri = u# #ndemn +ri# +er*.a#a I <G#tGia> 4i# *i#/u!ar *au +!ura!% Ace*t c.#Ju#cti5 +.art= #u e!e 4e C.#iu#cti5u* 8.rtati5u*% i +e !G#/= ace*t c.#Ju#cti5 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= c.#Ju#cHia #e% "> 3emo de nobis unus eIce!!at <Ni e#i 4i#tre #.i *= #u *e 4e.*e"ea*c= e! *i#/ur> <Cic% )use, E1 (91 1)5>% Eadem omnibus est origo< neminem 4e@*+eIeri* <T.Hi a5e aceeai ."Grie M 4eci *= #u 4i*+reHuieti +e #i e#i>% 1ic iniurias "ortunas, 0uas 7erre ne0ueas, de"ugiendo re!i#-ua* <A*t;e! *= *ca+i +ri# ;u/= 4e !.5ituri!e *.artei +e care #u !e +.Hi G#4ura> <Cic% )use, E1 C11 118>% 7it $omo velo& ad audiendum, tar dus ad dicendum <' u! *= ;ie /ra"#ic !a a*cu!tare i 6="a5#ic !a 5.r"=>% 0e#tru eI+ri area1 G# .4 /e#era!1 a u#ui ordin, a u#ui #ndemn *au a u#ui s"at *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= +er*.a#a a Ii@a <4.ua> 4i# *i#/u!ar a ti +u!ui +re6e#t 4e !a .4u! con7unctiv care *e #u ete t.t C.#iu#cti5u* 8.rtati5u*% 0er*.a#a a I!!@a <treia> a ace!uiai .4 i ti + e*te G#tre"ui#Hat= atu#ci cG#4 G#4e #u!1 *;atu! *au .r4i#u! e*te a4re*at u#ei a#u ite +er*.a#e% (% 3e *it sane summum malum dolor, malum certe est <N@. ;i 4urerea ce! ai are r=u1 t.tui e*te 4e*i/ur u# r=u> <Cic% )use! II1 51 1C>% 7i#t $omines mali, eos adiuvare non desinam <'r ;i r=i .a e#ii1 t.tui #u 5.i G#ceta a@i aJuta>% CG#4 *e eI+ri = . concesie, . mrturisire *au . supo+i ie, a4ic= atu#ci cG#4 *e a4 ite rea!i6area u#ui ;a+t1 ;=r= G#*= a@1 *.c.ti ca rea!1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6=1 G# +r.+.6iHii!e i#4e+e#4e#te1 t.t .4u! con7unctiv, !a ti +uri!e pre+ent *au per"ect Ace*ta *e #u ete C.#iu#cti5u* c.#ce**i5u*%
1( & c% ((5
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Not. CG#4 G#*= *u+.6iHia *au c.#ce*ia a4 it u# ;a+t c.#trar rea!it=Hii1 atu#ci *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= +er*.a#a a Ii@a <4.ua> a timpului imper"ect 4e !a .4u! con7unctiv' %icoru $oc malum (iceroni "uisse, non credam <'ricGt ai *+u#e c= Cicer. a a5ut acea*t= #e#.r.cire #u 5.i cre4e>%
C% 3i$il magis ."!eeta5erit animum 0uam amici ia "idelis <Ni ic #@ar ;i +utut *= 4e*;=te6e ai u!t *u;!etu! ca . +riete#ie 4e5.tat=>% Guis #e/et cum /o actum esse prmclareD <Ci#e ar +utea #e/a c= *@a +r.ce4at cu 4G#*u! G# c8i+ *tr=!ucitT> <Cic% %e Amici ia, (1 11>% CG#4 G# +r.+.6iHia i#4e+e#4e#t= u# ;a+t *au u# !ucru e*te G#;=Hiat ca posibil *au admisibil, cG#4 *e 4= a;ir aHiei . #ua#H= 4e G#4.ia!= *au cG#4 ci#e5a 5.r"ete cu .4e*tie *au cu +.!iteHe% atu#ci *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= .4u! c.#Ju#cti5 !a ti +u! pre+ent *au per"ect ;=r= 4i*ti#ct= 4e.*e"ire% Ace*t c.#Ju#cti5 *e #u ete C.#iu#cti5u* +.te#tia!i*%
N.t=% 0e#tru a eI+ri a . posibilitate contrar realit ii, ai a!e* G# G#tre"=ri!e ret.rice1 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= timpul imper"ect a! .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti5 K /sesti redeunt in castra< #"ede"ea victos esse <7e G#t.rc triti G# ta"=r= M ai ;i cre6ut c= au ;.*t G#5i#i>% <Li5% II1 C(1 9>% Poterat 1e&tilius impune negare< 0uis rc4ar/ueretT <0utea 7eIti!iu* *= t=/=4uia*c= cu #erui#are M ci#e !@ar ;i +utut 4e6 i#HiT>% <Cic% %e Finibus, II1 1,1 55>%
5% Nsec cum viderem, 0uid a/ere 1 iudicesD C.#te#4ere contra tribunum 8 plebisD <CG#4 5e4ea ace*tea1 ce +utea ;ace1 .#.raHi Ju4ec=t.riT *= = G +.tri5e*c tri"u#u!ui +.+.ru!uiT> <Cic% Pro 1estio, 911 C2>% (sesar in eam spem venerat se sine pugna rem con"icere posse' cur "ortunam +eric!itareturT <C*e*ar c=+=ta*e *+era#Ha c= 5a +utea i*+r=5i trea"a ;=r= !u+t= M atu#ci +e#tru ce ar ;i G#cercat *.arta u#ui r=6".iT> <Cee*% A! (iv!, I1 ,211>% Ego tibi ira*cerer1 mi "raterD W <7= = G#ii eu +e ti#e1 ;rate 4ra/=T ^> <Cic% Ad, Guintum "ratrem, I1 (1 1>% Guam0uam 0uid !.-uar1 te ut ulla res "rangatD <De a!t;e! ce *=@Hi ai 5.r"e*c M e*te .are cu +uti#H= *= te G#;rW#/= 5reu# !ucruT> <Cic% In (ali*, I1 91 22>% ' G#tre"are G#4.ie!#ic=1 ai a!e* G# 4i*cur*uri1 ar=tG#4u@*e t.t.4at= #e*i/ura#Ha cui5a care 4e!i"erea6= a*u+ra 8.t=rGrii 4e !uat1 *e eI+ri = t.t +ri# .4u! con7unctiv !a ti +u! imper"ect, 4e +re;eri#H=% Ace*t .4 *e #u ete C.#iu#cti5u* 4u"itati5u* *i5e 4e!i"erati5u*% Eer*iu#e EILLICU7 E!i/e#4u* e*t 5i!!icu* ru*tici* .+eri"u* a" i#;a#te 4uratu*% Me4ia# sit aetati* et ;ir i r.".ri*1 +eritu* reru ru*ticaru 1 aut certe aIi ae cur*e% 7acri;icia #i*i eI +r*ece+t. 4. i#i ne "ecerit< 8aru*+ice* *a/a*-ue1 -ui ru4e* a#i .* a4 i +e#*a* ac 4ei#ce+* a4 ;!a/itia c. +e!!u#t1 ne i# 5i!!a admi-serit! 3e 8i* ;i4ucia $abeamus! Ne-ue ur"e 1 #e-ue u!!a* #u#4i#a* noverit #i*i e e#4*e 5e#4e#4*e-ue a!icuiu* rei cau*a% Cu!ta 5e*tita -ue ;a i!ia a/i* uti!iter -ua 4e!icate $abeat! Nec ta#tu .+eri* a/re*ti* arti;eI sit, *e4 et a#i i 5irtuti"u* i#*tructu*1 ut #e-ue re i**e #e-ue cru4e!iter imperet! Fuerit i# iu5e#tute i +ru4e#*1 i# aturitate *e +er *a+ie#* e*t. ^ Ia >9L
i!ia 5etera1 -uaT #u#e eI.!e5eru#t1 utinam possint ."Hi#eriK ne c.#*er5i* #i*i i# re 4. i#i utatur M ne ci"u #i*i i# c.#*+ectu ;a i!iaT ca+tai%
Du+= (olumel#a Te = IN7TRUIREA 7'LDAIL'R
C. a#4a#tu! 6du&=, 4ac= c.#4uce 6duco= recruHi 6tiro= *au 6vel= .*tai 6miles= 4e6."i#uiHi 6desuetus= 4e u!t ti + 6diu= cu .a*tea 6arma=, *= cercete6e 6e&ploro= cu ate#Hie 6diligenter= +uteri!e 6vis=, *u;!ete!e 6animus= i 4e+ri#4erea 6consuetudo= ;iec=rei !e/iu#i 6singuli, legio=! 7=@i a*u e 6sumo= aut.ritatea 6auctoritas= i *e5eritatea 6severitas= cea ai are 6magnus=, *= +e4e+*ea*c= 6vindico= t.ate /ree!i!e 6culpa= .*t=eti (militar i,)9 *= *e crea4= 6credo= c= #u *e iart= 6ignosco= #ici u#uia 6nullus= 4i# cei care /ree*c 6erro=! G# acea*t= +ri5i#H= *= i it= 6imitor= +e G#ai#taii 6maiores= #.tri 6noster=! Fie +e4ea+*a 6po+na= cGt 60uam= 4e a*+r= 6asper=, *.!4aHii "u#i *e 5.r *u+u#e 6pareo= c. a#4a#tu!ui 6du&= "u# 6saga&=! Gi#4 4u a#ii 6$ostis= ri*i+iHi 6dispersus= *e G +r=tie 6oberro= *= +ra4e 6prsedor=, atu#ci 6tune= *= tri it= 6mitto= c=!=reHi 6e0ues= G#cercaHi 6probatus= *au 6sive= i#;a#teriti 6pedes= cu recruHii 6tiro= +e#tru ca1 4u+= a!u#/area 6"undo= 4u a#i!.r 6$ostes=, cu ace*t +ri!eJ 6oceasio= i ce!.r 4i#tGi 6iile= *= !e crea*c= 6cresco= 4i"=cia 6peritia= i ce!.r!a!Hi 6reli0uus= G#4r=6#ea!a 6audacia=! ' 4ac= 6utinam= .*taii ar ;i ate#Hi 6intentus= !a +.5eHe!e 6pree-ceptum= c. a#4a#tu!ui 6du&=< ei ar +utea 6possum= G#5i#/e 6supero= t.t4eau#a +e 4u a#i% La trecerea 6transitus= ;!u5ii!.r 6"luvius= i !a /reut=Hi!e 6di""icultas= 4ru uri!.r 6via= *= .rG#4uia*c= 6dispono= *ur+ri6e 6super-ventus= ;=r= tirea 6scio= #i =#ui 6nullus= i *= #=5=!ea*c= 6invado= e! 6ipse= +re/=tit 6paratus= a*u+ra 4u a#i!.r care@i iau 6capio= G#carea 6cibus= *au care 4.r 6dormio= *au #u "=#uie*c 6suspicor= #i ic%
Du+= @egetius
Imne"ati&ul 1% 1ecrelo amicos admone% lauda palam <0e +riete#i 4.Je#ete@i G# tai#=1 4ar !au4=@i +e ;aH=>% )e2uimini% manipulares, et imperatori operam vestram date <Ur aHi@11 .*tai1 i 4aHi c. a#4a#tu!ui *+riJi#u! 5.*tru>% 1i placuerit, mecum indutias Gacite <De 5eHi /=*i cu ca!e1 ;aceHi u# ar i*tiHiu cu i#e> <Li5% ZZZ1 191 1(>% Muta iam istam mentem, mi$i cre4e <7c8i "=@Hi ace*t /G#41 cre4e@ => <Cic% In (atil!, I1 (1 9>% Obli&is#e"e csedis at0ue incendiorum <Uit= . .ru! i +GrJ.!u!> <Cic% In (atil!, I1 (1 9>% Patres conscripti, *u"5e#ite misero mi$i, ite obviam iniuriee W <'#.raHi *e#at.ri1 5e#iHi G# aJut.ru! eu1 #e#.r.citu! 4e i#e1 *t=5i!iHi #e4re+tatea ^> <7a!!% Iug!, ZIE1 25>% G# +r.+.6iHii!e i#4e+e#4e#te *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i .4u! impe"ati&% care e*te .4u! 5.i#Hii eI+ri ate *u" ;.r a u#ui .r4i#1 a u#ei ru/= i#Hi1 *au a u#ui G#4e # a4re*at cui5a% M.4u! imperativ are 4.u= ti +uri1 pre+ent i viitor, care *G#t G#tre"ui#Hate G# c8i+u! ur =t.r K Ti +u! +re6e#t1 G#tre"ui#Hat ai 4e*1 eI+ri = u# .r4i#1 G# /e#era!1 a c=rui G#4e+!i#ire tre"uie *= ;ie i e4iat=%
13*
>9F
]. I*nos#ito saspe alteri, nun0uam tibi <7= ierHi a!tuia cGt ai 4e*1 Hie #ici.4at=>% (urii valetudini tuse consulueris, turn #onsulito naoigationi <CG#4 5ei ;i +urtat /riJ= 4e *=#=tate1 G#/riJete@te i 4e #a5i/aHie> <Cic% Ad Fam!, @ZEI1 C1 (>% Regio imperio duo sunto ii0ue consules appellanto" <D.i a/i@ *traHi *= ai"= +uterea re/a!= i acetia *= *e #u ea*c= c.#*u!i> <Cic% %e *egibus, III% (1 8>% Ti +u! &iito" a! i +erati5u!ui1 cu G#tre"ui#Hare ai +uHi# 4ea*=1 eI+ri = u# .r4i# care tre"uie *= ;ie eIecutat 4u+= . .arecare *cur/ere 4e 5re e% Ace*t ti + a! i +erati5u!ui e*te ;.!.*it ai a!e* G# teIte 4e !e/i1 G# teIte 4e tratate i G# aIi e *au +r.5er"e% 0ri# ace*t ti + a! i +erati5u!ui *e ai +.ate eI+ri a . ru/= i#te *au u# G#4e # *t=ruit.r%
Nota $. Ti +u! 5iit.r a! .4u!ui i +erati5 ter i#at G# @t. e*te *trict ."!i/at.riu G# teIte!e 4e !e/i M 4ar +ri# e! *e eI+ri = i . +.ru#c= a+r.a+e ."!i/at.rie1 .ri 4e eGte .ri . e#tu! acHiu#ii 4i# 5iit.r e*te 4eter i#at +ri#tr@. +r.+.6iHie *ecu#4ar= a! c=rei +re4icat e*te !a ti +u! 5iit.r% /emento patrise, 0uia $sec nos servabit <A4u@Hi a i#te 4e +atrie1 c=ci ea #e 5a *a!5a>% Nota 2% De*e.ri ;.r e!e .4u!ui i +erati5 i ai a!e* ce!e a!e ti +u!ui +re6e#t *G#t G#*.Hite 4e 5re. eI+re*ie .arecare ce *er5ete1 ;ie *+re a G#t=ri1 ;ie *+re a G#4u!ci u# .r4i#1P . ru/= i#te *au u# G#4e # eI+ri at +ri# ace*t .4% Ace*te eI+re*ii *G#tK 0useso <r./%>1 sis <4i# si vis= <4ac= 5rei>1 sultis <4i# si vultis= <4ac= 5reHi>1 sodes <4i# si audes= <4ac= G#4r=6#eti>1 age, agite, agedum <8ai1 8ai4eHi>1 modo <#u ai>1 proin < ai rar proinde= <4eci1 ca atare>% Cura1 0useso, (iceronem nostrum <Ai /riJ=1 r./u@te 4e Cicer. a! #.*tru>% <Cic% Ad Attic! II1 21 1>% Agitedum clamorem t.!!ite <Bai4eHi1 *tri/aHi>% <Li5% III% 921 C>%
(% a> Ne ce**a5eri*1 opus tuum perage <7= #u te .+reti1 i*+r=5ete !ucrarea ta>% Ne 4u"ita5eri* <7= #u *tai !a G#4.ia!=>% Ne 4iIeri* h.c<7= #u 6ici a*ta>% %e me niliil ti ueriti* <Di#*+re +artea ea *= #u 5= te eHi 4e #i ic> <Cic% Ad Attic, IE1 191 1,>% "> Ne pro cognitis 8a"eat incognita <7= #u ia 4re+t cu#.*cute ce!e #ecu#.*cute>% '+rirea 4e a ;ace . acHiu#e & modus pro$ibitivus & *e eI+ri = G# ai u!te c8i+uri i a#u e K a= +ri# a45er"u! ne ur at 4e +er*.a#a a I!@a <4.ua> a ti +u!ui pe".e#t a! .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti5M b= +ri# a45er"u! ne ur at 4e +er*.a#a a III@a <treia> *i#/u!ar a ti +u!ui p"e7ent a! .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti5%
Not. Persoana a Ii-a <4.ua> 4i# *i#/u!ar a pre+entului .4u!ui con7unctiv +rece4at= 4e ne *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= *+re a eI+ri a . .+rire atu#ci cG#4 *u"iectu! e*te /e#era! i #e4eter i#atK Isto bono utare dum adsit, cum absit #e re-uira* <F.!.*ete@te 4e ace*t "u# cG#4 G! ai1 cG#4 GHi !i+*ete1 *= #u@1 re/reHi>% <Cic% (ato /aior, 1)1((>%
c> Ainas gemmas ne amplius "elin2uito <7= #u !ai <!a 5iH=> ai u!t 4e 4.i .c8i> <Cat.1 %e Re rustica, ZLIII1 C9>% '+rirea 4e a ;ace . acHiu#e 6modus pro$ibitivus= *e ai +.ate eI+ri a +ri# a45er"u! ne ur at 4e +er*.a#a a Ii@a <4.ua> *au a III@a <treia> 4i# *i#/u!ar a ti +u!ui 5iit.r a! i +erati5u!ui1 care *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G# teIte!e 4e !e/i i G# .+riri a#a!.a/e teIte!.r 4e !e/i% >9M
4> N.!ite socios vestro au&ilio eI*+.!iare <7= #u !i+*iHi +e a!iaHi 4e aJut.ru! 5.*tru>% N.ii a"ire Roma <7= #u +!eci 4i# R. a>% '+rirea 4e a ;ace . acHiu#e *e ai +.ate eI+ri a +ri# imperativul pre+ent a! 5er"u!ui nolo & #.ii1 #.!ite & < ai rar nolito, nolitote= ur ate 4e i#;i#iti5u! +re6e#t a! 5er"u!ui +ri# care *e eI+ri = acHiu#ea% e> Ca5e eegrotes <7= #u te G ".!#=5eti>% Ca5ete a!e4icere consulibus <7= #u 5.r"iHi r=u 4e*+re c.#*u!i>% '+rirea *e ai +.ate eI+ri a +ri# i +erati5u! +re6e#t a! 5er"u!ui caveo < = ;ere*c> ur at 4e i#;i#iti5u! +re6e#t *au 4e +re6e#tu! c.#Ju#cti5u!ui a! 5er"u!ui +ri# care *e eI+ri = acHiu#ea% ;> 0ac #e 0uid aliud cure*<7= #u te G#/riJeti 4e a!tce5a> <Cic% AdFam!, ZEI1 111 1>% '+rirea *e ai eI+ri = +ri# eI+re*ia K ;ac #e ur at= 4e .4u! con7unctiv!
Not. Ti +u! pre+ent a! .4u!ui imperativ, +rece4at 4e #e1 eI+ri G#4 o .+rire e*te rar G#tre"ui#Hat i E0uo ne #"edite% )eucri^ <Tr.ie#i1 #u 5= G#cre4eHi G# ace*t ca! <tr.ia#>% <Eer/% hEneis, II1 C8>% ai a!e* 4e c=tre +.eHiK
I#;i#iti5u! 1% Prseterea 0uotidie castra .5ere1 iu&ta ac si $ostes adessent, vallo et "ossa u#ire1 vigilias crebras +.#ere1 et eas ipse cum legatis circu ireM item in agmine modo in primis, modo in postremis, ssepe in medio a4e**e <0e !G#/= a*tea 6i!#ic Gi uta ta"=ra1 . G#t=rea cu a#H i +ara+et ca i cG#4 4u a#ii ar ;i 4e ;aH=1 +u#ea *tr=Ji 4e*e i !e i#*+ecta e! G#*ui G#*.Hit 4e !.c.te#e#Hii *=iM 4e a*e e#ea1 G# c.!.a#=1 era cG#4 G# ;ru#tea ei1 cG#4 G# c.a4a ei1 cG#4 !a iJ!.cu! ei> <7a!!% Iugurt$!, ZLE1 2>% G# #araHiu#i1 cG#4 *G#t ai u!te +r.+.6iHii1 a!e c=r.r +re4icate ar tre"ui *= ;ie !a ti +u! i +er;ect a! .4u!ui i#4icati51 *+re a *e 4a *ti!u!ui . 5ariaHie1 e5itG#4u@*e .#.t.#ia1 *criit.rii !ati#i G#tre"ui#Hau ti +u! pre+ent a! modului in"initiv G# !.cu! i +er;ectu!ui .4u!ui i#4icati51 ai a!e* cG#41 G# ace*te #araHiu#i se e&prim o #nirare de "apte succesive! Ace*t i#;i#iti5 *e #u ete i#;i#iti5 i*t.ric% 1ubiectele ace*t.r +re4icate1 eI+ri ate +ri# .4u! i#;i#iti51 *tau G# ca6u! nominativ! 2% /e miserum W )e, ista virtute, "ide, probitate, in tantas asrumnas propler me i#ci4i**e ^ <Ne#.r.citu! 4e i#e1 tu1 cu 5irtutea1 cre4i#Ha i .#e*titatea ta1 *= ca6i G#tr@atGtea #e5.i 4i# +rici#a ea ^> <Cic% Ad Fam!, ZIE1 111>% 3on mi$i !icere meam me rem solum!!! lo0ui at0ue cogitareD W <7= #u i *e G#/=4uie ie1 ca r= a* *i#/ur *= 5.r"e*c *i *= cu/et 4e*+re tre"uri!e e!eT 1>% <0!aut% (as!, I1 11 1>% G# e&clama ii, *+re a eI+ri a mirarea, indignarea .ri mi$nirea *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ti +uri!e .4u!ui i#;i#iti51 ;ie *i#/ur1 ;ie cu u# *u"iect G# ca6u! acu6ati51 ;=r= *= 4e+i#4= 4e . a!t= +r.+.6iHie% Ace*ta *e #u ete i#;i#iti5 eIc!a ati5% >95
E er *i u# e 'RAT3' CICER'NI7 B; <iATTLINAM F Aua ." r. 1 ut **e+e ia 4iIi1 pro"iciscere, ac1 *i i8i i#i ic.1 a +ra4ica*1 tu. c.#;!are 5i* i#5i4ia 1 recta perge i# eI*i!iu % 3oii credere! +.+u!u te *er5aturu e**e M 5iI ;era *er .#e* 8. i#u *i i4 ;eceri*M 5iI .!e i*tiu* i#5i4i*e1 *i i# eI*i!iu 1 i**u c.#*u!i*1 ieri*1 *u*ti#e".% 7i# aute *er5ire eee !au4i et /!.riaT a5i*1 egredere cu i +.rtu#a *ce!era@t.ru W#u1 con"er te a4 Ma#!iu 1 c.#cita +er4it.* ci5e*1 secerne te a "c i*1 in"er +atriaT "e!!u 1 eI*u!ta i +i. !atrici#i.1 ut a e #.# eiectu* a4 a!ie#.*1 *e4 i#5itatu* a4 tu.* i**e 5i4eari*% (ave speres -ue -ua ci5iu te rete#@ turu e**e% E.* aute 1 !ict.re*1 de"enditote *e +er c.#*u!e #e ei -ui4 a!i Gati!i#a i#;erat R! Ta!i"u* 5er"i* c.#*u! i# Cati!i#a 5er"i* i#a* miscerc, *e#atu orare et a#i .* +atru i# . #e* +arte* versare!
Du+= Cicer.
Te = UN '70 LA RAMAM 7c!a5i!.r 6servus=, G#ti#4eHi 6pono= a*a 6mensa= i *er5iHi 6oppono= ci#a 6cena=! E.i1 +riete#i1 G +.4."iHi 6orno= ca+ete!e 6capul= 5.a*tre cu c.r.a#e 6corona= 4e tra#4a;iri 6roa= i *= #e G#ti#4e 6accumbo= +e ace*te +er#e 6pulvinus=! 7c!a5u!e1 a4u 6"ero= er5ete 6mantele= i *.!#iHa 6salinum= 4e ar/i#t 6argenteus=! 7= #u uiHi 6obliviscor= ;ar;urii!e 6lan&= i !i#/uri!e 6coc$lear=! U +!e 6impleo= +a8are!e 6poculum= W 0riete#i 6amicus=, *= #u !=*aHi 6relin0uo= +a8are!e /.a!e 6vacuus=! 7= /u*taHi 6degusto= 4i# ace*t Ja ".# 6perna= a e*tecat 6condio= cu =*!i#e 6oliva=! Dar *= #u 6nolo= 4i*+reHuiHi 6"astidio= #ici +r=Jituri!e 6crustulum=, cirei!e 6cerasum= i i/4a!e!e 6am2gdala=! 0ri# a*t;e! 6talis= 4e cu5i#te 6verbum= /a64a 6:ospcs= i#5ita 6invito= +e u*a;irii 6conviva=, !e .;erea 6o""ero= G#c=ri 6cibarium= "u#e i 5i# 6vinum= i *e "ucura 6gaudeo= 4e 4e*;=tarea 6delectatio= u*a;iri!.r%
FRAYA
Li#/5itii1 a4ic= .a e#ii 4e tii#H= care *tu4ia6= 5.r"irea . e#ea*c=1 4au 4e ."icei cu5G#tu!ui F ;ra6= R u# *e#* ;.arte cu+ri#6=t.r% Aa1 /=*i !a u#u! 4i#tre ei 4e;i#iHia K F Fra6a +.ate ;i 4e;i#it= ca ;.r a *u" care *e eI+ri = i *e +erce+e i a/i#ea 5er"a!= cu aJut.ru! *u#ete!.r X l! Iar *+re a != uri ;.r u!a +rea /e#era!= 4at= !a G#ce+ut1 a4au/= K F Fra6a cu+ri#4e t.ate /ra4e!e1 4e !a articu!aHii!e /r.*.!a#e +ri# care c.+i!u! ;.r u!ea6= . #ece*itate +G#= !a a +!u! +eri.41 ar .#i.* !e/=#at1 G# care Gi G "rac= /G#@ 4irea u# De .*t8e#e*1 u# Cicer. *au u# B.**uet X 2% G# acea*t= acce+Hiu#e1 ;ra6= *e #u ete .rice ;.r = +e care . G "rac= /G#4irea eI+ri at= +ri# *u#ete!e 5.cii . e#eti% Ca ur are1 u#ii /ra atici au c=utat *= 4ea i G# /ra atic= acea*t= acce+Hiu#e cu5G#tu!ui F ;ra6= X Aa1 /=*i G#trP. /ra atic= ur =t.are!e K F N.i /G#4i G# ;ra6e1 5.r"i G# ;ra6e% C.+i!u! care *tri/= F c=!ue!u! ^ X ;ace . ;ra6= K F5reau c=!ue!u! care e*te c.!. G# 5itri#= X% Nu ai G# 4icHi.#ar *e /=*e*c cu5i#te *e+arate K G# i#tea #.a*tr= cu5i#te!e #u eIi*t= 4ecGt .r/a#i6ate G# ;ra6e% CG#4 a G#5=Hat a 5.r"i1 #@a G#5=Hat cu5i#te1 ci ;ra6e c. +!et1 a!c=tuite R *% Cu t.ate ace*tea1 aceeai /ra atic=1 5rG#4 *= G#;=Hie6e 4i;erite ;.r e 4e eI+ri area /G#4irii1 !e@a G +=rHit !a G#ce+ut G# K ;ra6e *i +!e i ;ra6e c. +!eIe% Iar cG#4 a 5rut *= != urea*c= ter e#u! F ;ra6= c. +!eI= X a ;.*t ."!i/at= *= recur/= !a ;.!.*irea ter e#u!ui F +r.+.6iHie X K F Fra6a c. +!eI= *e c. +u#e 4i#tr@u# t.ta! 4e +r.+.6iHii1 4i#tre care ;iecare cu+ri#4e u# 5er" R C1 4u+=$ ce 4e*+re ;ra6a *i +!= *+u*e*e K F Fra6a #.r a!= cu+ri#4e u# 5er"1 +rece4at 4e *u"iectu! *=u i ur at 4e c. +!e e#te!e *a!e X5% N.i1 !ucrG#4 aici ca /ra atici1 #u ca !i#/5iti1 *G#te ."!i/aHi *= 4= ter e#i!.r F +r.+.6iHie X i F ;ra6= X *e#*uri +reci*e1 i a#u e #.i e#Hi#e +e#tru aceti 4.i ter e#i *e#*u! c!a*ic ac.r4at !.r% De aceea *+u#e c= K Fra+a este un ansamblu de propo+i ii, care, "orm#nd #mpreun un tot, e&prim #n mod complet o g#ndire!
1% I% Ee#4rDe* & *e langage, +% 821 0ari*1 1921% 2% Ibidem, +% 82 & 8(% (% C8ar!e* Bru#eau et Marce! Beu!!uD & .rammaire prati0ue de la langue "ran aise, +% 9,1 0ari*1 19(8% C% Ibidem, +% 98% 5% C8ar!e* Bru#eau et Marce! Beu!!uD& .rammaire prati0ue de la, langue "ran aise, +% 9,1 0ari* 19(8%
>99
Aa1 cG#4 *+u#e cu5!#tu! @olo, care c.#*tituie . +r.+.6iHie1 4ac= 5re ca ace!a1 care@1 au4e *au G! citete1 *= G#He!ea/= ."iectu! 5.i#Hei #.a*tre1 +ute *=@i a4=u/= G#c= u# e!e e#t1+ri# care G#He!e/erea /G#4irii #.a*tre *= ;ie ai c. +!et=1 i *+u#e 1 *+re +i!4= K F @olo discere <5reau *= G#5=H1 *= = cu!ti5> *au @olo ut pro patria agas <5reau *= !ucre6i +e#tru +atrie> etc% I# ace*t .41 /G#4irea #.a*tr=1 *+re a ;i eI+ri at= ai c. +!et1 a recur* !a /ru+area !a u# !.c a 4.u= +r.+.6iHii1 care ;.r ea6= G +reu#= u# t.t% Acea*ta e*te . ;ra6=% Fra6a G#*= e*te . ;.r = c. +!eI= 4e eI+ri are1 /ru+G#4 !a u# !.c ai u!te +r.+.6iHii & care i e!e *G#t /G#4iri1 4ar ai *i +!e & i *ta"i!i#4 ra+.rturi G#tre e!e% De aceea1 5.r"irea G# ;ra6e cere . i#te ai e5.!uat=1 G#ai#te 4e a G#c8e/a atari eI+ri =ri1 . u! a /G#4it G# +r.+.6iHii i6.!ate1 ra+.rturi!e G#tre ace*te /G#4iri i6.!ate ;=cG#4u@*e G# i#tea 5.r"it.ru!ui1 *+re +i!4= K 3imis piuit! Frumentis in agri ali0uid detrimenti allatum est! Prata viridiora sunt <A +!.uat +rea u!t% GrG#e!.r 4e +e ./.are !i *@a a4u* .arecare +a/u"=% Li5e6i!e *G#t ai 5er6i>% G# i#tea 5.r"it.ru!ui *@a ;=cut !e/=tura G#tre ace*te /G#4iri i6.!ate1 !e/=tur= care +.ate ;i eI+ri at= G# ;e!u! ur =t.rK 3imis piuit, 0uamobrem "rumentis in agri ali0uid detrimenti allatum est, at prata viridiora sunt <A +!.uat +rea u!t1 4e aceea +e ./.are /rG#e!e au *u;erit .arecare +a/u"=1 !i5e6i!e G#*= *G#t ai 5er6i>% G# ca6u! 4e ;aH= +r.+.6iHii!e /G#4ite *e+arat ai *u*1 aici #u i@au *c8i "at ;.r a1 ci #u ai au ;.*t !e/ate G#tre e!e +ri# #ite cu5i#te #u ite c.#Ju#cHii 6coniungo , !e/ G +reu#=1 u#e*c>1 care *ta"i!e*c a#u ite ra+.rturi1 i a#u eK 0uamobrem, ra+.rt 4e c.#*eci#H=1 4e ur are1 4e c.#c!u6ie & c.#Ju#cHie c.#c!u*i5= & iar at, ra+.rt 4e .+.6iHie *au ra+.rt a45er*ati5 & c.#Ju#cHie a45er*ati5=% Dar G#tre ace!eai +r.+.6iHii +ute *ta"i!i i a!t;e! 4e ra+.rturi i +ute *+u#e K Guia nimis piuit, ali0uid detrimenti "rumentis in agri allatum est, at prata viridiora sunt <Fii#4c= a +!.uat +rea u!t1 *@ a a4u* .arecare +a/u"= /rG#e!.r +e ./.are1 4ar !i5e6i!e *G#t ai 5er6i>% Du+= .4u! cu *G#t eI+ri ate ra+.rturi!e G#tre +r.+.6iHii!e care a!c=tuie*c . ;ra6=1 a5e ai u!te ;e!uri 4e ;ra6e% FRAYA F'RMATA 0RIN 3UZTA0UNERE @eni, vidi, viei <A 5e#it1 a 5=6ut1 a G#5i#*>% 3on dies imperii tecum, e&ercitam dividam <Nu 6i!e!e 4e c. a#4=1 <ci> ar ata . 5.i G +=rHi cu ti#e>% <T% Li5% ZZII1 2,19>% G# ;ra6a @eni, vidi, viei, /=*i trei +r.+.6iHii care eI+ri =1 ;iecare G# +arte1 . acHiu#eK *.*irea ac.!.1 eIa i#area *ituaHiei1 G#;rG#/erea 4u a#u!ui% Dar t.ate !a u# !.c caracteri6ea6= u# . e#t 4i# 5iaHa !ui C*e*ar K G#;rG#/erea ;.arte ra+i4= a ar atei *e#at.ria!e1 a;!ate *u" c. a#4a !ui 0. +eiu*% 0e#tru a eI+ri a re+e6iciu#ea cu care a ;.*t cGti/at= acea*t= 5ict.rie1 C*e*ar a e5itat eI+!icaHii!e a =#u#Hite a*u+ra ;a+te!.r care i@au a*i/urat *ucce*u!1 ci *@a u!Hu it *= G#ire ;=r= #ici . !e/=tur= G#tre e!e trei 5er"e1 a4ic= trei acHiu#i1 ;=r= #ici u# c. e#tariu1 care1 ./!i#4i#4 er*u!
'.200
e5e#i e#te!.r1 !e G#;=Hiea6= ai +!a*tic1 ai +re/#a#t +e#tru *u;!etu! citit.ru!ui% n ;ra6a 3on dies imperii tecum, e&ercitum dividam, 5.r"it.ru!1 G# !.c *= +r.#u#He 4.u= +r.+.6iHii G#tre/i1 u#i#4u@!e +ri#tr@. c.#Ju#cHie K F E.i G +=rHi cu ti#e #u 6i!e!e 4e c. a#4=1 ci 5.i G +=rHi c8iar ar ata X1 !e@a G#irat u#a !G#/= a!ta1 *u+ri G#4 +re4icatu! 4i# +ri a i c.#Ju#cHia 4e !e/=tur= i a ."Hi#ut . eI+ri are ai *curt=1 4ar ai +!a*tic=1 a4ic= . eI+ri are care *e i +ri = ai +uter#ic G# *u;!etu! +er*.a#ei c=reia *e a4re*a% H g#ndire comple&, adic o "ra+, ale crei propo+i ii s#nt e&primate separat ar a "i #n" iate con7unc iile care stabilesc raporturile dintre ele, se numete ."a7 .o"mat p"in 3u4tapune"e% a4ic= #u ai +ri# ae6area +r.+.6iHii!.r u#a !G#/= a!ta 6iu&ta & !G#/=>% Atari ;ra6e *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= K 1% CG#4 5re *= ;ace . e#u erare 4e acHiu#i1 care t.ate *e re;er= !a aceeai +er*.a#= *au !a aceeai G +reJurare1 i ai a!e* cG#4 5re *= caracteri6= acea G +reJurare +ri# /ra4aHia G# care *@au +etrecut ace!e acHiu#iK F Abiit, e&cessit, evasit, erupit <A +!ecat1 a ieit 4i# .ra1 a !uat@. !a ;u/=1 a HG#it 4i# .ra>% 0ri# ace*te cu5i#te caracteri6ea6= Cicer. +!ecarea !ui Cati!i#a 4i# R. a1 cG#4 a 5=6ut c= i@a ;.*t 4e*c.+erit= i#te#Hia cri i#a!=% Aici acHiu#i!e 4i# ce!e +atru +r.+.6iHii *G#t ae6ate G# .r4i#e a*ce#4e#t=% 2% CG#4 5re *= eI+ri = ai +uter#ic . a#tite6= *au . .+.6iHie G#tre 4.u= i4eiK @incere scis, Nannibal, victoria uti nescis <7= G#5i#/i tii1 Ba#i"a!1 <4ar> *= te ;.!.*eti 4e 5ict.rie #u tii>% <T% Li5%1 ZZII1 511 C>% I# ;ra6a K Est $sec, iudices, non scripta, sed nata le&, 0uam non didi#imus% non acce+i u*1 non !e/i u*1 al e& natura ipsa ab"ipuimus% 0ausimus% e4p"e-ssimus <EIi*t=1 Ju4ec=t.ri1 acea*t= !e/e1 #u *cri*=1 ci G##=*cut=1 +e care #@a G#5=Hat@.1 #@a +ri it@. 4e !a a!Hii1 #@a citit@.1 ci a * u!*@.1 a *.r"it@.1 a *t.r*@. 4i# ;irea . e#ea*c= G#*=i>1 Cicer. G#ir=1 G# +artea 4e iJ!.c1 trei 5er"e G# care ;ace . *i +!= e#u erare1 4ar care ar +utea cu+ri#4e i . /ra4aHie 4e*ce#4e#t=M a+.i G#ir= 4i# #.u trei 5er"e1 care G#*= cu+ri#4 . +uter#ic= /ra4aHie a*ce#4e#t=% A*t;e!1 JuIta+u#erea1 ;.!.*it= G# a!c=tuirea u#ei ;ra6e1 4= *ti!u!ui ai u!t= 5i.iciu#e1 ai u!t= e#er/ie%
FRAZA FORMAT PRIN COORDONARE

1% Gui alieno loco cum e0uitatu Nelvetiorum prodium committunt et pauci de nostris cadunt <Acetia 4au . !u+t= cu c=!=ri ea 8e!5eHi!.r G#tr@u# !.c #e;a5.ra"i! i ca4 cGHi5a 4i#tre ai #.tri>% <CaT*% A!.! I1 15>% Acea*t= ;ra6= e*te ;.r at= 4i# 4.u= +r.+.6iHii +ri#ci+a!e1 c=ci ;iecare 4i#tre e!e1 4ac= e*te !uat= *i#/ur=1 are G#He!e*% 0ri a +r.+.6iHie #e i#;.r ea6= 4e*+re 4area u#ei !u+te1 iar cea 4e a 4.ua 4e*+re re6u!tatu! !u+teiM 4eci1 cea 4e a 4.ua a4au/= u# e!e e#t #.u !a ;a+tu! cu+ri#* r# +ri a% k 2'1
ir
1i un0uam de bonis et "ortibus viris potestas vobis iudicandi "uit%%%% fDac= 5re.4at= aHi a5ut 5.i +uterea 4e a Ju4eca & 4e a 5= +r.#u#Ha & cu +ri5ire !a "=r"aHii 4e trea"= i "ra5i% % %> <Cic% Pro /T!, C>% Persuadent Rauracis et )ulingis et *atobicis ut cum iis pro"iciscanlur fC.#5i#/ +e rauraci *i +e tu!i#/i *i +e !at."ici *= +!ece G +reu#= cu ei> fCae*% A!.! I1 5>% Et e*te c.#Ju#cHia c.+u!ati5= cea ai ."i#uit=% 0ri# ea *e !ea/= 4.u= +r.+.6iHii1 care re+re6i#t= i4ei <acHiu#i> 4e.*e"ite1 4ar +e care aut.ru! !e G#tru#ete G# aceeai ;ra6=1 G# !.c *= !e eI+ri e *e+arat% Aa1 G# !.c *= 6ic= K F Ace*ta a ;=cut u# c. +!.t a! #."i!i ii% E! a c.#5i#* +e c.#cet=He#ii *=i *= ia*= 4i# Hara !.r X1 c=ci acHiu@u#i!e *G#t 4e.*e"ite1 !e u#ete G#tr@. ;ra6= +ri# c.#Ju#cHia et, a4=u/i#4 i4eea 4i# a 4.ua +r.+.6iHie !a cea 4i# +ri a & c=ci *e re;er= !a aceeai +er*.a#= &@ i ;.r G#4 4i# a G#4.u= u# t.t *i#tactic1 . ;ra6=% Ace!ai !ucru e*te G# ;ra6a a 4.ua K recreat et re"icit, u#4e acHiu#ea 4e G#5i.rare i +!ic= #u ai +r.4ucerea 4e "u#= 4i*+.6iHie1 G# ti + ce aceea 4e G#t=rire G#*e #ea6= 4area 4e +uteri #.i1 i +e care aut.ru! !e@a u#it G# aceeai ;ra6=1 c=ci cea 4e a 4.ua re+re6i#t= u# e!e e#t #.u a4=u/at !a +ri a1 u# *+.r 4e 5ita!itate% I# ace!ai .4 e*te G#tre"ui#Hat= c.#Ju#cHia et G# a 4.ua ;ra6=1 cG#4 !ea/= 4.u= +=rHi 4e +r.+.6iHie 4e ace!ai ;e!1 4.u= ca!i;icati5e atri"uite !ui 0. +eiu* K sapientissimi et iustissimi 6viri=, +recu i G# ;ra6a a treia1 u#4e !ea/= 4.u= +=rHi 4e +r.+.6iHie 4e ace!ai ;e!1 4.u= ca!i;icati5e a!e +er*.a#e!.r +e care !e #u ete *u"*ta#ti5u! viris' bonis et "ortibus! G# a +atra ;ra6= a5e ai u!te *u"*ta#ti5e care au ace!ai r.! G# +r.+.6iHie1 i a#u e 4e c. +!e e#te i#4irecte a!e 5er"u!ui persuadent' Rauraci*1 Tu!i#/i*1 Lat."ici*% Aici aut.ru! a G#tre"ui#Hat +r.ce4area #.r a!=1 4e a a4=u/a !a +ri u! +e ce!e!a!te1 !e/G#4u@!e +ri# et! De aceea a 6i* K Rauricis el )ulingis el *atobicis! Dar G#tr@u# atare ca6 *e ai G#tre"ui#Hea6= i . a!t= +r.ce4are1 i a#u e 4e a *u+ri a cu t.tu! c.#Ju#cHia1 *+u#G#4 K Persuadent Rauricis, )ulingis, *atobicis ut! ! ! i ace*t ;e! 4e eI+ri are *e G#tG!#e*te 4e*tu! 4e 4e*% ' a!t= +r.ce4are *e 5a cu#.ate !a !it1 b=! 0r.ce4eu! cu *u+ri area c.#Ju#cHiei ar ;i c.#*tituit ;i/ura *ti!i*tic= #u it= as2ndeton< iar 4ac=1 trecG#4 +e*te +r.ce4eu! #.tat ai *u* ca #.r a!1 ar ;i +u* c.#Ju#cHia et i G#ai#tea +ri u!ui c. +!e e#t i ar ;i 6i* K Persuadent et Rauricis et )ulingis et *atobicis ut! % % 1 ar ;i c.#*tituit ;i/ura *ti!i*tic= #u it= pol2s2nt$eton! T.ate ace*te trei .4a!it=Hi *e G#ti!#e*c G# .+ere!e *criit.ri!.r !ati#i% "> /i$i vero ni$il un0uam populare placuit, eam0ue optimam rempu-blicam duco, 0uam $ic consul constituit <Mie G#*= #u i@a +!=cut #i ic +.+u!ar1 E?K
i c.#*i4er c= cea ai "u#= re+u"!ic= e*te aceea +e care a ae6at@. ace*ta G# ca!itate 4e c.#*u!>% In eo itinere persuadet (astico 1e0uano ut regnum in civitate tia oca-parei< item0ae %umnorigi Nseduo- ut idem conaretur persuadet, ei-ue "iliam suam in matrimonium dat <G# acea*t= c=!=t.rie c.#5i#/e +e Ca*ticu* 7e-ua#u! ca *= .cu+e 4. #ia G# cetatea *a M i 4e a*e e#ea c.#5i#/e +e Du #.riI Be4uu! *= G#cerce ace!ai !ucru i@i 4= i# c=*=t.rie +e ;iica *a>% <Cae*% 5.6.l9 (>% Hmnium rerum divinarum at0ue $umanarum vim, naturam ce *a*-ue nosse <A cu#.ate +uterea1 #atura i cau6e!e tutur.r !ucruri!.r 4u #e6eieti i . e#eti>% 1enatus populus0ae Romanus <7e#atu! i +.+.ru! r. a#>% Ius potes-tatem0ue $abere <A a5ea 4re+tu! i +uterea>% )erra mari0ue <0e u*cat i +e are>% Ferro igni0ue <0ri# *a"ie i ;.c>% %omi militia+0ue <I# ti + 4e +ace J i@# ti + 4e r=6".iM G#=u#tru i@# a;ar=>% 1e sua0ue omnia <0e *i#e i t.ate 1 a!e !.r>% 3octes et dies , 3octes dies0ue <N.+Hi i 6i!e>% Rerum divinarum et $umanarum scientia & Hmnium divinarum $umanarumnue rerum consemio <tii#Ha !ucruri!.r 4u #e6eieti i . e#eti% Ac.r4u! tutur.r !ucruri!.r 4u #e6eieti i . e#eti>% 1ibi liberis0ue et gen i 3umidarum <7iei i c.+ii!.r *=i i #ea u!ui #u i@6i!.r>% Hrtus solis et lunse reli0uorum0ae siderum <R=*=ritu! *.are!ui i a! !u#ii i a! ce!.r!a!te a*tre>% Iugurt$am bene"iciis aggressus est statim0ue eum adoptavit <A c=utat *= cGti/e +e 3u/urta +ri# "i#e;aceri i <4e aceea> 1@a a4.+tat G#4at=>% <7a!!% Iugurt$! 9>% C.#Ju#cHia & -ue *ta"i!ete ra+.rt c.+u!ati5 a;ir ati5 G#tre +r.+.6iHii i G#tre +=rHi 4e +r.+.6iHie 4u+= ace!eai #.r e ca i et, #u ai c= ea #u *e aa6= #ici.4at= G#ai#tea +r.+.6iHiei *au +=rHii 4e +r.+.6iHie +e care . !ea/= 4e cea 4i#ai#te1 ci t.t4eau#a 4u+= +ri u! cu5G#t a! ace*teia1 a!i+i#4u@*e !a e!% Ea e*te u# cu5G#t e#c!itic% Aa1 cu @-ue *G#t !e/ate ce!e 4.u= +r.+.6iHii +ri#ci+a!e cu +re4icate!e placuit, duco! De a*e e#ea ce!e trei +r.+.6iHii +ri#ci+a!e cu +re4icate!e persuadet, persuadet, dat, ae6G#4u@*e G#tre +ri a i a 4.ua 6item0ue= i G#tre a 4.ua i a treia 6ei0ue=! Dar G# ti + ce cu et *e !ea/= +r.+.6iHii *au +=rHi 4e +r.+.6iHii care re+re6i#t= !ucruri 4i;erite1 cu -2ue *e !ea/= !ucruri care *G#t c.#ce+ute ca u#ite G#tre e!e G# .4 #atura!% CG#4 a5e ai u!te +=rHi 4e +r.+.6iHie 4e ace!ai ;e!1 a 5=6ut c= +ute G#tre"ui#Ha +r.ce4area #.r a!= 4e !e/=tur= cu et1 +e care@1 +u#e G#ai#tea ;iec=ruia1 G#ce+G#4 cu a 4.ua <Rauraci* et Tu!i#/i* et Lat."ici*>1 *au . *u+ri = +e*te t.t <Rauraci*1 Tu!i#/i*1 Lat."ici*>1 *au . +u#e G#ai#tea ;iec=ruia <et Rauraci* et Tu!i#/i* et Lat."ici*> *au . *u+ri = G#tre t.ate ce!e!a!te1 a;ar= 4e u!ti a1 u#4e G#tre"ui#H= G#*= +e -0ue 6vim, naturam causas0ue=! C.#Ju#cHia -2ue *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G#tr@. u!Hi e 4e eI+re*ii1 a+r.a+e cri*ta!i6ate aaK senatus populus0ue Romanus, terra mari0ue, domi militiae0ue! G# a!te!e G#*= -0ue +.ate ;i G#!.cuit E?L
cu et' noctes et dies & noctes dies0ue, rerum divinarum et $uma-narum , divinarum $umanarum0ue rerum! CG#4 a5e ai u!te +=rHi 4e +r.+.6iHie 4e ace!ai ;e!1 4ar G#tre 4.u= 4i#tre e!e e*te . !e/=tur= #atura!= ai *trG#*=1 G#tre ace*tea ;ace !e/=tura cu -0ue' 1ibi liberis0ue et gen i 3umidarum! Nu t.t4eau#a G#*= acea*t= 4i*ti#cHie +are Ju*ti;icat= K Hrtus solis et lume reli0uarum0ue siderum, 4ei i aici !u#a i *te!e!e +.t ;i c.#*i4erate c= ;.r ea6= u# /ru+ i *.are!e a!t /ru+ *u" ra+.rtu! ti +u!ui cG#4 Gi arat= !u i#a% U#e.ri +ri# @-ue ;ace . !e/=tur= care cu+ri#4e G# ea i . .ti5are1 cu a5e G# u!ti a ;ra6=% Nu *e rec. a#4= G#tre"ui#Harea c.#Ju#cHiei@-ue 4u+= cu5i#te care *e ter i#= G# c1 care e*te . ;.r = re4u*= a *u;iIu!ui 4e .#*trati5 ceK $ic, $une, $oc, nune, tune, sic etc% Dac= +ri u! cu5G#t a! +=rHii 4e +r.+.6iHie care tre"uie !e/at= e*te . +re+.6iHie1 *e ."i#uiete1 +e#tru eu;.#ie1 *= *e +u#= -0ue 4u+= cu5G#tu! ur =t.rK in ea0ue re, G# !.c 4e in0ue ea re< de tota0ue re, G# !.c 4e de0ue tota re< e& illis0ue causis, G# !.c 4e e&0ue illis causis! c> %iu at-ue acriter pugnatum est <7@au !u+tat u!t ti + i cu G#5eru#are>% <Cg8% A!.! I1 29%>% In omni cselo at-ue terra <G# t.t ceru! i +e += G#t>% In ma&imis periculis $uius urbis at2ue imperii, gravissimo at2ue acer-bissimo reipublicae casu, socio at2ue adiutore consiliorum periculorum0ue meorum *! Flacco %%% <G# ce!e ai ari +ri eJ4ii a!e ace*tui .ra i a!e ace*tei +uteri1 G# cea ai /rea i cea ai crG#ce#= G +reJurare a *tatu!ui1 t.5ar=u! *i aJut=t.ru! +!a#uri!.r *i +eric.!e!.r e!e ;ii#4 L% F!accu* % % %>% <Gic% Pro Flacco 1>% E& totis ripis in unum at2ue angustum locum tela iaciebantur <Di# t.ate +=rHi!e a!uri!.r *e aru#cau *=/eHi a*u+ra u#ui *i#/ur !.c i ace!a G#/u*t>% A"ricanus indigens meiD /inime $ercle! Ac ne ego 0uidem illius <Are A;rica#u* #e5.ie 4e i#eT D.a #e ;erete & #ici4ecu & i #ici eu 4e F1>% <Cic% %e Amic! ()>% & (ognostine $os versusD , At2ue memoriter! <& Cu#.ti ace*te 5er*uriT & Ba c8iar !e tiu +e 4e r.*t>% Guse Punica religione servata "ides ab Nannibale est< at-ue in vincula omnes coniecit <Ace*t cu5G#t 4at a ;.*t +=*trat 4e Ba##i"a! cu *cru+u!.6i@tatea carta/i#e6=M *i & ca ur are & i@a aru#cat +e t.Hi G# !a#Huri>% <T% Li5% ZZZII1 9>% (arus ee0ue mi$i est ac patri suo <Mi@e t.t aa 4e 4ra/ ca i tat=!ui *=u>% Alio ingenio at-ue tu <Cu a!t caracter 4ecGt ti#e>% Ra+.rt c.+u!ati5 a;ir ati5 *ta"i!e*c i c.#Ju#cHii!e at-ue1 ac% De.*e"irea G#tre e!e e*te c= ac *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G#ai#te 4e c.#*.a#e1 iar at0ue G#ai#te 4e 5.ca!e i 4e $, +utG#4u@*e ;.!.*i G#*= i G#ai#te 4e c.#*.a#e 6ac ne, ac patri< at0ue acriter, at0ue imperii, at0ue acerbissimo, at0ue adiutore, at0ue angustum, at0ue in< 4ar iK at0ue terra, at0ue memoriter, at0ue tu=! G# /e#era! G#tre"ui#Harea ace*t.r c.#Ju#cHii Hi#tete *= *c.at= G# re!ie; ter e#u! G#ai#tea c=ruia *G#t +u*e K diu at0ue E?F
acriter & u!t ti + i cu G#5eru#are1 4G#4u@*e ter e#u!ui cai eI+ri = G#5eru#area . i +.rta#H= ai are 4ecGt 4uratei% T.tP aa imperium +re6i#t= ai are i +.rta#H= 4ecGt urbs, acer@bissimus 4ecGt gravissimus, adiutor 4ecGt socius! At2ue +u* !a G#ce+ut 4e ;ra6=1 *au 4e ;ra/ e#t 4e ;ra6i1 cu caracter 4e i#4i5i4ua!itate1 are ce5a 4i# G#He!e*u! !ui i .% *au eI+ri = c.#*eci#Ha K at0ue memoriter < ac ne ego 0uidem illius, at0ue in vincula omnes coniecit! Du+= a#u ite cu5i#te care eI+ri = . i4ee 4e c. +araHie 6par, pariter, similis, dissimilis, as0ue, alius, aliter, diversus, idem= a! 4.i!ea ter e# 4e c. +araHie e*te !e/at +ri# ac *au at0ue' carus sp,0ue mi$i est ac patri suo! Alio ingenio at0ue tu! 4> (sesar suos a proelio continebal ac satis $abebat in praesenlia $ostem rapinis, pabulationibus populationibus0uv pro$ibere <CaO*ar .+rea +e ai *=i 4e !a !u+t= i *e u!Hu ea 4e.ca 4at= *= G +ie4ice +e 4u a# 4e !a Ja;uri% 4e !a a+r.5i6i.#area cu #utreH i 4e !a 4e5a*t=ri>% Norum omnium "ortissimi sunt Aelgc, propterea 0uod a cultu at-ue $umu-nitate provincise longissime absunt, minime0ne ad eos mercatores ssepe commeant at-ue ea, 0cse ad e77eminandos animos pertinent, important pro&imi0uv suni .ermanis, 0ui trans R$enum incolunt, 0uibuscum conlinenter bellum gerunt <Di#tre t.Hi acetia cei ai "ra5i *G#t "e!/ii1 +e#tru c= *G#t ;.arte 4e+=rtaHi 4e ;e!u! 4e 5iaH= i 4e ci5i!i6aHia +r.5i#ciei1 i +e#tru c= ;.arte rar 5i# #e/u*t.ri !a ei i !e a4uc ce!e ce ti#4 !a .!eirea *u;!ete!.r1 i +e#tru c= *G#t ;.arte a+r.+iaHi 4e /er a#i1 care !.cuie*c 4i#c.!. 4e Ri#1 cu care +.art= r=6".aie #ec.#te#it>% <Cae*% A!.! I1 1>% In eo itinere persuadet (astico 1e0uano, cuius pater regnum in 1e0uanis inultos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet< tte -ue %umnorigi Nseduo, "ratri %iviciaci, 0ui eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac ma&ime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur, persuadet, eJP-ue "iliam suam in matrimonium dat <G# aceeai c=!=t.rie +e Ca*ticu* 7e-ua#u!1 a! c=rui tat= a5u*e*e u!Hi a#i 4. #ia !a *e-ua#i i ;u*e*e #u it a ic a! +.+.ru!ui r. a# 4e c=tre *e#at1 G! c.#5i#/e *= .cu+e 4. #ia G# cetatea *aM i 4e a*e e#ea +e Du #.riI Be4uu!1 ;rate!e !ui Di5iciacu*1 care G# ace! ti + a5ea c.#4ucerea G# cetate i era ;.arte a/reat 4e +.+.r1 G! c.#5i#/e *= G#cerce ace!ai !ucru1 *i@i 4= +e ;iica *a G# c=*=t.rie>% <CaX% A! .! I, (>% 1ed me recreat et re"icit (n Pompei, sapientissimi et iustissimi viri, con-silium! <Dar = G#5i.rea6= i = G#t=rete c8i"6ui#H= !ui C#% 0. +eiu*1 "=r"atu! ce! ai G#He!e+t i ce! ai 4re+t>% <Cic% Pro /T! 2%> G# +ri u! eIe +!u a5e . ;ra6= ;.r at= 4i# 4.u= +r.+.6iHii +ri#ci+a!e1 G# ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are1 #.tat +ri# c.#Ju#cHia ac% Iar G# a 4.ua +r.+.6iHie a5e trei c. +!e e#te circu *ta#Hia!e G# ca6u! a"!ati5 6rapinis, pabulationibus, populationibus=, G# ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are1 care #u e*te #.tat 4ecGt +ri# c.#Ju#cHia & 2ue +u*= !a ce! 4e a! trei!ea% G# a! trei!ea eIe +!u a5e . ;ra6= ai "./at=1 G# care *e /=*e*c trei +r.+.6iHii +ri#ci+a!e1 G# ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are1 #.tat +ri# c.#Ju#cHia & 2ue% +u*= atGt !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei a 4.ua 6item0ue=, cGt i !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei a treia 6ei0ue=! Dar G# E?M
+ri a +r.+.6iHie +ri#ci+a!= /=*i i 4.u= +r.+.6iHii *ecu#4are1 G# ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are1 care G#ce+ cu +r.#u e!e re!ati5 cuius, au +re4icate!e obtinuerat, appellatus erat i *G#t !e/ate +ri# c.#Ju#cHia et% G# a 4.ua +r.+.6iHie +ri#ci+a!= a5e 4e a*e e#ea 4.u= +r.+.6iHii *ecu#4are1 G# ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are1 care G#ce+ cu +r.#u e!e re!ati5 0ui, au +re4icate!e obtinebat, acceptus erat i *G#t !e/ate +ri# c.#Ju#cHia ac% G# a! 4.i!ea eIe +!u a5e . *i#/ur= +r.+.6iHie +ri#ci+a!= cu +re4icatu! 7ortissimi sunt! A5e G#*= trei +r.+.6iHii circu *ta#Hia!e 4e cau6=1 G# ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are1 care G#ce+ cu c.#Ju#cHia propterea 0uod, au +re4icate!e absunt, commeant, pro&imi sunt, iar ra+.rtu! c.+u!ati5 4i#tre e!e e*te #.tat +ri# c.#Ju#cHia & -ue1 +u*= atGt !a G#ce+utu! ce!ei 4e a 4.ua 6minime0ue=, cGt i !a G#ce+utu! ce!ei 4e a treia 6pro&imi0ue=! A5e ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are c.+u!ati5 G#tre 4.u= c. +!e e#te circu *ta#Hia!e 4i# +ri a +r.+.6iHie circu *ta#Hia!= 4e cau6=1 #.tat +ri# c.#Ju#cHia at-ue 6a culta at0ue $umanitate=! Mai /=*i u# ra+.rt c.+u!ati5 G#tre +re4icate!e commeant, important, #.tat +ri# c.#Ju#cHia at-ue% Dei ace*te 4.u= +re4icate *G#t !e/ate +ri# c.#Ju#cHia propterea 0uod 4e re/e#ta !.r 6"ortissimi sunt=, cu t.ate ace*tea aut.ru! #@a +u* G#tre e!e c.#Ju#cHia & 0ue, +e care a +u*@. G#tre ce!e!a!te cau6a!e1 ci a +u* at0ue, +e#tru c= G# i#tea *a ace*te 4.u= +re4icate re+re6i#t= u# *i#/ur ;a+t & a4ucerea =r;uri!.r & 4e*+=rHit G# 4.u= e!e e#te G# eI+ri are & ;acerea 4ru u!ui i i +.rtarea =r;uri!.r% 0e#tru aceea1 aut.ru! !e@a +u* G# /ru+ +e +ici.r 4e e/a!itate cu ce!e!a!te cau6a!e1 !e/G#4u@!e . 4at= cu & 0ue, iar G#tre e!e !e@a !e/at cu a!t= c.#Ju#cHie c.+u!ati5=% Di# eIa i#area ;e!u!ui cu e*te eI+ri at ra+.rtu! 4e c..r4.#are c.+u!ati5 G# ce!e trei ;ra6e 4e ai *u*1 c.#*tat= c= *criit.rii care Gi *u+ra5e/8ea6= *ti!u! & 4e acea*t= 4at= e*te 5.r"a 4e Cae*ar & G#tre"ui#Hea6= c.#Ju#cHii!e c.+u!ati5e1 G# ;ra6e!e ai "./ate1 cu .arecare rG#4uia!=1 +u#G#4 . c.#Ju#cHie G#tre c..r4.#ate!e +ri#ci+a!e1 a!ta G#tre *ecu#4are!e c..r4.#ate1 a!ta G#tre +=rHi!e 4e +r.+.6iHie c..r4.#ate% Cu t.ate ace*tea /=*i i a"ateri1 c8iar !a u#ii *criit.ri ari1 cu e*te ca6u! cu ;ra6a a +atra 11 G# care aceeai c.#Ju#cHie et !ea/= i +r.+.6iHii!e +ri#ci+a!e 6recreat et re icit= i atri"ute!e a4Jecti5a!e 6sapientissimi et iustissimi= B e> Nis rebus "iebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus "acile "initimis bellum in"erre possent <Di# ace*te !ucruri re6u!t= c= ei i r=t=ceau & *e icau & +e . G#ti#4ere +rea ic= *i #u +uteau t.c ai u.r *= +.arte r=6".i 5eci#i!.r>% _CF*% A! .! I, E!= 0e#tru a eI+ri a ai +uter#ic !e/=tura 4i#tre 4.u= +r.+.6iHii1 care *e /=*e*c G# ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are c.+u!ati51 *e +u#e c.#Ju#cHia et *au @& 0ue !a G#ce+utu! ;iec=reia% G# ace*t ca6 et! ! ! et, , 0ue! ! ! , 0ue au G#He!e*u!K +e 4e . +arte% % % +e 4e a!t= +arte%
P1 Fra6a e*te !uat= 4i# Cicer.1 Pro /ilone, I1 2%
E?5
I4eea F +e 4e . +arte% % % +e 4e a!t= +arte X *e eI+ri = j +ri# cu5i#te!e cum! ! ! turn! E! a> (assar subslitit #e-ue $ostes lacessivit <CQ*ar *@a .+rit i #@a 8=rHuit +e 4u a#i>% Guse si opposita /iloni putarem, cederem tempori, iudices, ne# inter tanTmO vim armorum e&istimarem esse orationi locum <Dac= a cre4e c= ace*tea@PT tru+e!e &au ;.*t ae6ate G# c.#tra !ui Mi!.1 a ce4a *ituaHiei1 Ju4ec=t.ri1 i #@a *.c.ti c= e*te !.c +e#tru u# 4i*cur* & 4e a+=rare & G# iJ!.cu! u#ei aa 4e ari ;.rHe 4e ar e>% <Cic% Pro /T! 2%> C.#Ju#cHii!e c.+u!ati5e #e/ati5e *G#tK #e-ue1 #ec%E!e G#*ea #=K i #uM cu+ri#4 G# e!ePi i4eea c.+u!ati5= +e care . re4= FiX i #e/aHia F #uX% E!e !ea/= . +r.+.6iHie #e/ati5= 4e u#a a;ir ati5=K substitil ne0ue lacessivit< cederem nec e&istimarem! G# G#tre"ui#Harea u#eia *au a!teia 4i#tre e!e *e ur ea6=1 G# /e#era!1 rG#4uia!a ar=tat= +e#tru at0ue, ac! b= %emetrius 12rus, vetus et non ignobilis dicendi magister <De etriu* 7Dru*1 +r.;e*.ru! 4e .rat.rie ce! 5ec8i i #u ;=r= re#u e>% <Cic% Arutus, 911 (19>% Patior, iudices, et non moleste "ero me laboris mei, cos virtutis vestrse "ructum esse laturos <M= G#5.ie*c1 Ju4ec=t.ri1 i *u+.rt #u cu /reutate c= 5. +ri i r.4u! eu a! .*te#e!ei e!e1 5.i a! 5re4#iciei AO.a*tre>% <Cic% In @err! I1 1>% Guis (atilinam senator ita adspe&it, ut perditum civem ac non potius ut importunissimum $osteml <Care *e#at.r a +ri5it +e Cati!i#a aa ca +e u# cet=Hea# rui#at & c.ru+t & i #u ai 4e /ra"= ca +e 4u a#u! ce! ai *u+=r=t.rT> Cic% In (atil! I@= CG#4 G#tr@u# ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are c.+u!ati5 #e/ati5 #e/aHia *e a+!ic= u#ui cu5G#t 4i# +r.+.6iHie i #u +r.+.6iHiei G#tre/i1 G# !.c 4e ne0ue *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= et non' et non ignobilis, et non moleste! Iar 4ac= G# +r.+.6iHie *e /=*ete cu5G#tu! potius, *e +u#e 4e +re;eri#H= ac non, +recu i cG#4 #u ai *e#*u! +r.+.6iHiei cu+ri#4e i4eea !ui potius, ;=r= a ;i eI+ri atK 1i suo nomine ac #.# impulsii, tuo "ecisset <Dac= ar ;i !ucrat +e c.#tu! *=u i #u ai 4e /ra"= 4i# G#4e #u! t=u>% c> 3am ne# $ostes moverunt arma ne2ne consul in agrum eorum legiones indu&it <C=ci #ici 4u a#ii #@au !uat ar e!e i #ici c.#*u!u! #@a 4u* !e/iu#i!e +e terit.riu! !.r>% <T% Li5% ZLIII1 9>% Ne2ue consilium mi$i placct ne2ue auctor probatur <Nici *;atu! #u@1 a+r."1 #ici aut.ru! #u i@e +e +!ac>% Publio tuo ne2ue opera ne2ue consilio ne2ue labore ne2ue gratia ne2ue testimonio de"ui <Lui 0u"!iu* a! t=u #u i@a re;u6at #ici aJut.ru!1 #ici *;atu!1 #ici u#ca1 #ici trecerea ea1 #ici rec. a#4area>% <Cic% Ad Fam! @, 1,>% Du+= cu ct *e re+eta G#ai#tea ;iec=rei +r.+.6iHii *au G#ai#tea ;iec=rei +=rHi 4e +r.+.6iHie +e#tru a eI+ri a ai +uter#ic !e/=tura 4i#tre e!e1 t.t aa *e re+et= #e-ue +e#tru a eI+ri a ai +uter#ic ra+.rtu! 4e c..r4.#are c.+u!ati5 #e/ati5% I# ace*t ca6 ne0ue! ! ! ne0ue *e tra4uce cuK #ici%% % #ici% E?C
4> Guamobrem itta arma, centurioties, co$ortes nori periculum nobis, sed preesidium denuntiant, ne2ue solum ut 0uieto, sed etiam ut magno animo simus $ortantur, ne2ue au&ilium modo de"ensioni mese, &enim etiam silentium pollicentur! <De aceea ace!e ar e1 ce#turi.#i1 c.8.rte #u a#u#H= . +ri eJ4ie +e#tru #.i1 ci u# *+riJi# i #e G#4ea #= #u #u ai *= ;i cu *u;!etu! !i#itit1 ci c8iar *= ;i cu curaJ1 *i +r. it #u #u ai aJut.r a+=r=rii e!e1 ci c8iar !i#ite>% <Gic Pro /T! (>% Dac= +r.+.6iHia G# care *e a;!= non solum 6non modo=! ! ! sed etiam 6verum etiam= e*te !e/at= +ri#tr@. c.#Ju#cHie c.+u!ati5= a;ir ati5=1 !e/=tura *e ;ace +ri# #e-ue1 a*t;e!K ne0ue solum 6ne0ue modo=! ! ! sed etiam 6verum etiam=! e> Norse cedunt, et dies, et menses, et anni, ne# preeteritum tempus um2uam revertitur <Trec .re!e i 6i!e!e i !u#i!e i a#ii1 i ti +u! care a trecut #u *e ai G#t.arce #ici.4at=>% <Cic% %e 1en! 19> C.#Ju#cHia ne2ue +u*= G#ai#tea cu5i#te!.r 0uis0uam <ci#e5a>1 0uid0uam <ce5a>1 ullus <5reu#u!>1 us0uam <u#4e5a>1 um0uam <5re.4at=> ca+=t= *e#* e/a! cu et nemo 1 et ni$il 1 et nullus 1 et nus0uam 1 et num0uam % (% a> Tt in corporibus magnee dissimilitudines sunt, sic in animis e&sistunt etiam maiores varietates <Du+= cu G# c.r+uri *G#t 4e.*e"iri ari1 t.t aa G# *u;!ete eIi*t= ;e!uri i c8iar ai ari>% <Cic% %e H""! I% ()1 1),>% (sesar splendidam 0uamdam rationem dicendi tenet, voce, motu, "orma etiam magni"ica <C*e*ar are u# *tr=!ucit ;e! 4e .rat.rie1 +ri# 5.ce1 +ri# /e*t1 c8iar +ri# G#;=Hiarea *a =reaH=>% <Cic% Arutus, ,51 2,1>% (ommisit scelus at2ue etiam gloriatur se commisisse <A c. i* cri a i c8iar *e G#4rete c= a c. i*@.>% Insector, posco at2ue a4e. "lagito <Caut1 cer1 "a G#c= i#*i*t & +reti#4>% Etia 1 G# r.!u! 4e c.#Ju#cHie c.+u!ati5=1 a5G#4 *e#*u! F i c8iar X1 +u#e u# acce#t 4e.*e"it a*u+ra i4eii +e care . a4au/= K "orma etiam magni"ica! 7e +u#e 4e ."icei G#ai#tea cu5G#tu!ui +e care G! *c.ate G# re!ie;1 4ar *e +.ate +u#e i G# ur a !ui% U#e.ri1 +e#tru a =ri acce#tuarea +e care . +u#e1 etiam e*te +rece4at 4e at2ueK at0ue etiam gloriatur! CG#4 i4eea care *e a4au/= cu acce#tuare re+re6i#t= u# ;e! 4e c.rectare a ce!ei 4i#ai#te1 G# !.c 4e at0ue etiam *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= at0ue adeo K at0ue adeo "lagito! "> /e 2uo2ue $eec ars decepit % Gua de causa Nelve ii 2uo2ue reli0uos .allos virtute prsecedunt <Di# acea*t= cau6= i 8e!5eHii & 8e!5eHii 4e a*e e#ea & G#trec +e cei!a!Hi /a!i G# 5iteJie>% <C((7% A!.! I1 1>% C.#Ju#cHia 2uo2ue% a4=u/i#4 u# e!e e#t #.u !a ce!e G#;=Hiate ai G#ai#te1 +u#e acce#t #u ai a*u+ra cu5G#tu!ui1 G# ur a c=ruia e*te ae6atK me 0uo0ue, Nelve ii 0uo0ue! c> )imeo %anaos et dona "erentes <M= te 4e /reci *i cG#4 a4uc da"u"i6. <Eer/% /n! II1 C9>%
$/ - #. II."O
E?9
Et nos ergo manum "erulae subdu&imus, .t nos consilium dedimus 5uiie1 privatus ut altum dormiret % Et e*te G#tre"ui#Hat u#e.ri cu r.!u! !ui 0uo0ue, are eIact ace!ai *e#*1 G#*= *e aa6= G#ai#tea cu5G#tu!ui +e care G! acce#tuea6=M et nos, el dona! Eer*iu#e DE BELGARUM C'NIURATI'NE Cu e**et C*e*ar i# citeri.re Ga!!ia !e/i.#e*D?e e**e#t c.!!.cat*e i# 8i"er#i*1 cre"ri a4 eu ru .re* a4;ere"a#tur1 !itteri*/Se ite La"ie#i certi.r ;ie"at . #e* Be!/a* c.#tra +.+u!u R. a#u c.#iurare ."*i4e*?e i#ter *e 4are% C.#iura#4i 8a* e**e cau*a*K +ri u -u.4 5erere#tur #e a4 e.* eIercitu* #.*ter a44uceretur M 4ei#4e1 -u.4 a" #.##u!!i* Ga!!i* *.!!icitare#tur1 +arti -ui +.+u!i R. a#i eIercitu 8ie are at0ue i#5etera*cere i# Ga!!ia .!e*te iPere"a#t1 +arti -ui1 ."i!itate et !e5itate a#i i1 #.5i* re"u* *tu4e"a#tM a" #.##u!!i* etiarn, -u.4 i# Ga!!ia a +.te#ti.ri"u* at0ue ii* -ui a4 c.#4uce#4.* 8. i#e* ;acu!tate* 8a"e"a#t 5u!/. re/#a .ccu+a"a#tur1 ne0ue ii ea re i +eri. #.*tr. c.#*e-ui +.**e *+era"a#t%
Du+= (iesar
C'N3UNCIILE DI73UNCTIEE C.#Ju#cHii 4i*Ju#cti5e *e #u e*c ace!ea care !ea/= G#tre e!e i4ei care *e eIc!u4 u#a +e a!ta1 ;ie c= ace!ea *G#t +r.+.6iHii G#tre/i1 ;ie c= *G#t +=rHi 4e +r.+.6iHie 4e ace!ai ;e!% C.#Ju#cHii!e 4i*Ju#cti5e *G#tK aut1 5e!1 5e1 *i5e1 *eu & *au1 ;ie% 1% a> An est 0uis0uam, 0ui $oc ignoret, cum de $omine occiso 0useratur, aut negri solere omnino esse "actum, aut recte et iure "actum esse de"endiD <'are e*te ci#e5a care *= #u tie c=1 atu#ci cG#4 *e ;ace . cercetare cu +ri5ire !a u# . uci*1 *e ."i#uiete ca *au *= *e t=/=4uia*c= cu t.tu! c= *@a ;=cut1 *au *= *e 7u*Hi#= c= *@a ;=cut +e 4re+t i !e/a!T>% <Cic% Pro /T! 8>% Aut e*te c.#Ju#cHia 4i*Ju#cti5= cea ai +uter#ic=% 0ri# ea *e eIc!u4 i4ei a c=r.r 4i;ere#H= e*te rea!=1 cate/.ric= K aut negri aut de"endi! "> Iugurt$a e&istimbat ese ali0uid Romse pretio aut gratia e""ecturum <!u/urta *.c.tea c= !a R. a 5a rea!i6a ce5a +ri# "a#i *au +ri# trecerea *a> <7a!!% Iug! 29>% Guod ego preetermitto, ne tanti "acinoris immanitas aut e&stitisse, aut non vindicata esse videatur <Eu trec +e*te ace*t !ucru1 ca *= #u r= G#= i +re*ia c= /r.6=5ia u#ei aa 4e ari cri e *au a eIi*tat *au a r= a* #e+e4e+*it=>% <Cic% In (at! I1 1C>% 7e#*u! !ui aut i r.!u! *=u 4e a i#4ica eIc!u4erea G#tre i4ei *e +=*trea6= i cG#4 e*te +u* #u ai G#ai#tea i4eii a 4.ua +recu i cG#4 e*te +u* G#ai#tea ;iec=ruia K pretio aut gratia< aut e&stitisse aut non vindicata esse! E>?
c> Aut inimicitias aut labores aut sumptus suscipere nolunt <Nu 5.r *= ia a*u+ra !.r #ici 4u =#ii1 #ici .*te#e!i1 #ici c8e!tuie!i>% <Cic% %e H""! I1 9>% Ac iam illa omitto' ne0ue enim sunt aut obscura aut nori multa commissa postea % <Cic% In (at! I1 15>% G#tr@. +r.+.6iHie #e/ati5= aut G#!.cuiete +e nec, 4e.arece1 4ac= *@ar +u#e nec ar 4a . a;ir aHie K ne0ue sunt aut obscura aut non multa< nolunt suscipere aut inimicitias aut labores aut sumptus! 4> Permulti aut omnes <F.arte u!Hi *au c8iar t.Hi>% Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetse <0.eHii 5.r *au *= a4uc= ;.!.* *au *= 4e*;=te6e>% <B.r% Ep! ad Pisones, (((>% U#e.ri aut% #.tG#4 4i;ere#Ha 4i#tre 4.u= i4ei & care e*te rea!= & !a*= i +re*ia c= +u#e u# acce#t 4e.*e"it +e cea 4e a 4.ua% 2% a> Pauci $onore et gloria ampli"ica i &el corrumpere mores civitatis &el corrigere possunt <U# #u =r ic 4e .a e#i1 G#=!HaHi +ri# 4e #it=Hi i +ri# /!.rie1 *G#t *u;icie#Hi *au +e#tru a c.ru+e *au +e#tru a G#4re+ta .ra5uri!e cet=Hii>% <Cic% %e *eg! III% 1C1 (2>% h@i$il est tam conveniens ad res &el secundas 5e! adversas 0uam amici ia <Ni ic #u ca4e aa 4e "i#e ca +riete#ia *au G# ;ericire *au G# #e#.r.cire>% <Cic% %e Amic! 1,>% del pace 5e! bello clarum "ieri licet <7au G# ti + 4e +ace *au G# ti + 4e r=6".i e*te cu +uti#H= *= 4e5i#= ci#e5a *tr=!ucit>% <7a!!% %e (oniur! (at! (>% C.#Ju#cHia 4i*Ju#cti5= 5e! !ea/= #.Hiu#i care G# ;.#4 *e eIc!u4% Aa corrumpere mores i corrigere mores *G#t acHiu#i cu t.tu! .+u*e u#a a!teia M t.t aa res secundas i res advers&< +recu i pa& i bellum! Dar 4ac= !u= *ea a cu *G#t G#ca4rate G# ;ra6e!e re*+ecti5e ace*te i4ei .+u*e1 c.#*tat= c=1 4e ;a+t1 +ri# c.#Ju#cHia vel, ;iecare +erec8e re+re6i#t= u# *+.r +e#tru acHiu#ea eI+ri at= 4e 5er"u! cu care *e a;!= G# !e/=tur=% A*t;e!1 G# +ri a ;ra6=1 +.*i"i!it=Hi!e 4e i#;!ue#H= a!e u#ui /ru+ ic 4e .a e#i1 4ar care i@au cGti/at u# +re*ti/iu1 *G#t =rite1 +utG#4 acHi.#a a*u+ra .ra5uri!.r i G# r=u i G# "i#e% Ace!ai !ucru *e /=*ete i G# ;ra6a a 4.ua1 u#4e *e arat= r.!u! ;ru .* a! +riete#iei i G# ;ericire i G# #e#.r.cire% T.t aa *t= !ucru! i cu +uti#Ha ca ci#e5a *= 4e5i#= i!u*tru1 4i# a treia ;ra6=1 care r= G#e aceeai i G# ti + 4e +ace i G# ti + 4e r=6".i% Aa c= +ute *+u#e c=1 G# ti + ce aut e#Hi#e eIc!u4erea reci+r.c= 4i#tre #.Hiu#i i G# ;a+t #u #u ai G# ;.r a 4e eI+ri are 6aut negri aut de"endi=, vel, ;=cG#4 eIc!u4erea reci+r.c= G# ;.r a 4e eI+ri are1 G# ;a+t G#*= tre6ete G# *u;!et a4=u/area u#ei #.Hiu#i !a cea!a!t= 4i# +u#ctu! 4e 5e4ere a! acHiu#ii 5er"u!ui 4e care 4e+i#4 ace!e #.Hiu#i% A*t;e!1 aut e*te . c.#Ju#cHie 4i*Ju#cti5= ai +uter#ic= 4ecGt vel! "> @enit Epicurus, $omo minime malus, &el potius optimus <A 5e#it E+icuru*1 . #ici4ecu r=u1 *au ai 4e/ra"= ;.arte "u#>% E>>
Guantum virtutis $abeant, &el $oc ipso cognoscimus, 0uod imitri non 1 possumus <CGt 4e are +utere & 5a!.are & au1 c8iar < =car> 4i# acea*ta J +ute cu#.ate1 ;ii#4c= #u@i +ute i ita>% 6Guintil! Z1 518> 1ummum bonum a virtute pro"ectum &el in ipsa virtute silum est <Bi#e!e *u+re +.r#ete 4i# 5irtute *au1 ai "i#e 6i*1 Gi are *e4iu! c8iar G# 5irtute>% Pueri ludis &el "amem et sitim per"erunt <C.+iii1 cG#4 *e J.ac=1 ra"4= c8iar 1 4e ;.a e i 4e *ete>% C.#Ju#cHia 5e! e*te G#tre"ui#Hat= u#e.ri +e#tru a ;ace . c.rectare a i4eii eI+ri ate +ri# cu5i#te!e 4i#ai#te K minime malus vel potius optimus M a virtute pro"ectum vel in ipsa virtute situm! A!te.ri *er5ete +e#tru a G#t=ri i4eea eI+ri at= +ri# cu5G#tu! *au cu5i#te!e care Gi ur ea6= K vel $oc ipso< vel "amem et sitim! I# ace*t 4i# ur = ca6 *e +.ate tra4uce cu F c8iar X% c> Parens dicitur pater aut mater vel genitri& <0=ri#te *e #u ete tat=! *au a a *au aceea care 1@a #=*cut>% CG#4 G# aceeai ;ra6= a5e 4e G#tre"ui#Hat 4.u= c.#Ju#cHii 1 4i*Ju#cti5e1 cu aut #.t= 4i;ere#Ha rea!=1 cu vel +e cea 4e eI+ri are K pater aut mater< mater vel genitri&! G#tre mater i genitri& e*te 4i;ere#H= #u ai 4e cu5i#te1 c=ci a G#4.i ter e#ii #u e*c aceeai ;ii#H= M G#tre pater i mater e*te 4i;ere#H= rea!=1 c=ci ;iecare ter e# #u ete a!t= ;ii#H=% (% Ais tervv eum vidi <L@a 5=6ut 4e 4.u= *au 4e trei .ri>% )imet testis ne 0uid plus minusre, 0uam sit necesse, dicat <Mart.ru! *e te e *= #u *+u#= ce5a ai u!t *au ai +uHi# 4ecGt tre"uie>% <Cic% Pro Flacco, 51 12>% Nominem mortuum in urbe ne sepelito neOe urito <7= #u G# .r G#te6i *au *= #u ar6i G# .ra1 +e . u! .rt>% <Cic% %e *eg! II1 2(%> C.#Ju#cHia 4i*Ju#cti5= @5e ;ace ace!ai *er5iciu ca vel, 4ar !ea/=1 G# /e#era!1 u# ter e# & u# cu5G#t & 4e a!tu! M rare.ri !ea/= +r.+.6iHii% Du+= c.#Ju#cHia ne, *e +u#e -ve G +reu#= cu ne 6neve= G# !.c 4e et ne *au 4e aut! C% @eniet tempus mortis, et 0uidem celeriter, *i5e relractabis, *i5e prope-rabis <Ea 5e#i cea*u! .rHii1 i c8iar re+e4e1 ;ie c= 5ei t=r=/=#a1 ;ie c= te 5ei /r="i & cu *au ;=r= 5.ia ta>1 <Cic% )use! I1 (11 ,9%> Ita si&e casu, *i5e consilio deorum immorlalium, 0uae pars civitatis Nclvetise insignem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps po+na persolvit <A*t;e!1 ;ie +ri#tr@. G#tG +!are1 ;ie cu c8i"6ui#H= 6ei!.r #e urit.ri1 care +arte a cet=Hii 8e!5eHii!.r a4u*e*e . #e#.r.cire i +.rta#t= +.+.ru!ui r. a#1 aceea a +ri it +e4ea+*= cea 4i#Hii>% <CaT*% A!.!, I1 12>% Ascanius *avinium urbem matri *eu noverese reli0uit <A*ca#iu* a !=*at .rau! La5i#iu a ei *au & a4ic= & a ei 5itre/e>% <T% Li5% I1 (%> )eu recte *eu perperam "acere cceperunt <Au G#ce+ut *= !ucre6e cu 4re+tate *au ;=r= 4re+tate>% )i&e $abes 0uid, *i5e ni$il $abes scribe tamen ali0uid <Fie c= ai ce5a1 ;ie c= #@ai #i ic1 *crie t.tui ce5a>% <Cic% Ad Att! ÌI% 12%>
C.#Ju#cHii!e 4i*Ju#cti5e *i5e1 *eu #.tea6= eIc!u4erea reci+r.c= a 4.u= #.Hiu#i1 4ar a u#.ra 4e ai +uHi#= i +.rta#H=% Ra+.rtu! 4e c..r4.#are 4i*Ju#cti5= *ta"i!it +ri# sive i seu #u e*te aa 4e e#er/ic ca ce! ;.r u!at +ri# aut!
C'N3UNCIILE ADEER7ATIEE
C.#Ju#cHii a45er*ati5e *e #u e*c ace!ea care1 *ta"i!i#4 u# ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are G#tre 4.u= +r.+.6iHii *au 4.u= +=rHi 4e +r.+.6iHie 4e ace!ai ;e!1 *c.t G# re!ie; .+.6iHia care e*te !atre e!e% C.#Ju#cHii!e a45er*ati5e *G#t K at1 *e41 aute 1 5eru 1 5er. N 4ar1 G#*=% at-ui1 ta e#1 #i8i!. i#u* N cu t.ate ace*tea% ceteru N 4ar1 4e a!t;e!% 1% a> & Arevis a natura nobis vita data est! & At memoria bene redditse vitee sempiterna est! <& 7curt= 5iaH= #i *@a 4at 4e #atur=% & Dar a i#tirea u#ei 5ieHi "i#e +urtate e*te 5e#ic=>% <Cic% P$il! ZIE1 12>% /ors pro&ime imminet senectu i! At ne adulescentes 0uidem pro certo saiunt se crastinum etiam victuros esse! <M.artea a e#i#H= "=trG#eHea ;.arte +e curG#4% Dar #ici ti#erii c8iar #u tiu G# .4 *i/ur c= 5.r tr=i Gi#e>% 3on ego, at tu a""uisti! <Nu eu1 ci tu ai ;.*t 4e ;aH=>% At e*te cea ai +uter#ic= c.#Ju#cHie a45er*ati5=% F.r a 5ec8e a ;.*t a*t1 care *e ai +=*tra G# teIte 4e !e/i i G# a#u ite ;.r u!e% Cu at *e i#tr.4uce G# 4ia!./uri u# r=*+u#* c.#trar ce!.r a;ir ate K Arevis vita! ! ! At memoria!!! sempiterna! De a*e e#ea *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G# 4ia!./uri!e +re*u+u*e1 cG#41 re+etG#4u@*e . a;ir aHie1 i *e 4= u# r=*+u#* +.tri5#ic1 *e ;ace . ."iecHie K /ors imminet senectu i! At ne adulescentes 0uidem ! ! ! T.t aa G# r=*+u#*uri!e *au a;ir aHii!e u#4e caut= *= *e *c.at= re+e4e i acce#tuat G# re!ie; . .+.6iHie K 3on ego, at tu! At e#i i at 5er. =re*c ."iecHia% "> 1i non 6si minus= dives, at <at ta e#1 at certe> sui rebus contentus erat <Dac= #u era "./at1 4ar G# .rice ca6 <4ar ce! +uHi#> era u!Hu it cu !ucruri!e *a!e>% Du+= . c.#4iHi.#a!= #e/ati5=1 at1 u#e.ri G#t=rit +ri# ta e# *au% certe re*trG#/e 5a!.area a;ir aHiei 4i# c.#4iHi.#a!= *au c8iar . a#u!ea6=% c> At tu, pater deum0ue $ominum0ue, $inc saltem arce $ostes W <Dar tu1 tat= *i a! 6ei!.r *i a! .a e#i!.r1 G#4e+=rtea6= =car 4e aici +e 4u a#i>% <T% Li5% I1 121 5>% @estram, iudices, se0uitatem una (luentium mater oppugnat! At 0um mater > <Dre+t=Hii 5.a*tre1 Ju4ec=t.ri1 *e .+u#e *i#/ur= a a C!ue#ti!.r% Dar ce a = ^>% <Cic% Pro (I! ,)1 199>% At +u#e ai u!t= e#er/ie G# +.ru#ci i G# eIc!a aHii% At *e aa6= t.t4eau#a !a G#ce+utu! ;ra6ei1 a! +r.+.6iHiei *au a! +=rHii 4e +r.+.6iHie +e care . !ea/=%
Cu at *e +.ate #.ta i . tra#6iHieK At /arius!!! <Dar@! iar & Mariu* % % %>% 2% a> Alcibiades prseclaro erat ingenio praeditus, *e4 mira animi :vila: 1 <A!ci"ia4e* era G#6e*trat cu . i#te!i/e#H= ;.arte *tr=!ucit=1 4ar eu . uuri#H= 1 *u;!etea*c= ui it.are>% <C.r#% Ne+% Alcib!= Hratorias e&ercitaliones non tu 0uidem reli0uisii, *e4 certe p$ilosop$iam 1 illis anteposuisti <Tu G#tr@ a4e5=r #@ai +=r=*it eIerciHii!e .rat.rice1 4ar1 e5i4e#t1 1 ai +u* ;i!.*.;ia ai +re*u* 4e e!e & ai 4at +re;eri#H= ;i!.*.;iei>% <Cic% ;ie 1 Fato, 21 (>% 7e4 e*te . c.#Ju#cHie a45er*ati5= +uter#ic= i e*te cea ai I G#tre"ui#Hat=% Ea *e aa6= t.t4eau#a !a G#ce+utu! ;ra6ei1 +r.+.@ 1 6iHiei *au +=rHii 4e +r.+.6iHie +e care . !ea/=% 0ri# ea *e a4uce . re*tricHie a;ir aHiei a#teri.are K pr&claro ingenio, sed mira levitate! De a*e e#ea *e *ta"i!ete . .+.6iHie K non reli0uisti, sed anteposuisti illis! "> Htii "ructus est non contentio animi, *e4 rela&atio <R.4u! re+au*u!ui e*te #u G#c.r4area *u;!etu!ui1 ci 4e*ti#4erea>% <Cic% %e Hrat! II1 5>% Animi 0ui valent bonis, 0uamvis sint pauperes, non pauperes illi putandi sunt, sed divites <Cei care G#*ea #= ce5a +ri# ca!it=Hi!e *u;!etu!ui1 4ei *i#t *=raci1 #u tre"uie *.c.tiHi *=raci1 ci "./aHi>% 0ri# c.#Ju#cHia *e4 *e a#u!ea6= a;ir aHia a#teri.ar= ;=cut= G#tr@. +r.+.6iHie #e/ati5=K non contentio, sed rela&atio< non pauperes, sed divites! Du+= . +r.+.6iHie #e/ati5= *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= sed <N ci>1 #u at! c> 7e4 mittamus $os< veniamus iam ad Romanos <Dar *=@i !=*= +e acetia M *= 5e#i acu !a r. a#i>% )ed $sec $actenus W <Dar ace*tea +G#= aici^ *au K Dar % % % 4e*tu! 4e*+re ace*tea^>% 7e4 $sec alia 0usestio est< nos ad propositum revertamur <Dar acea*ta e*te a!t= c8e*tiu#e% N.i *= #e G#t.arce !a *u"iectu! #.*tru>% <Cic% )use! III% 51 11>% )ed G#treru+e #araHiu#ea *au ar/u e#tarea i *er5ete ca tra#6iHie !a a!t= i4eeK sed mittamus $os, veniamus ad< sed alia 0usestio est, nos revertamur< sed $eec $actenus=! (% a> .2ges a nullo videbatur, ipse aute omnia videbat <GD/e* #u era 5=6ut 4e #i e#iM e! G#*= 5e4ea t.ate>% <Cic% %e H""! III% 91 (8>% Guid tandem iti mali non "ecissentD 3on "ecissent aute T Immo, 0uid non "eceruntD <G# *;Grit1 ce #@ar ;i ;=cut aceti tic=!.iT N@ar ;i ;=cut1 a 6i*T Ba1 ce #@au ;=cutT>% Pergin aute T 3onne ego possum, "urci"er, te perdereD % <0!aut% Amp$! ((9>% C.#Ju#cHia autem *ta"i!ete u# ra+.rt a45er*ati51 #.tG#4 .+.6iHia cu ai +uHi#= +utere i cu .arecare caracter 4e c.#ti#uitate% Ea *e aa6= t.t4eau#a 4u+= +ri u! cu5G#t a! +r.+.6iHiei% E>L
"> Hmne vitium turpe est< vitium autem est invidia< ergo invidia turpis est <'rice 5iciu e*te rui#.* M i#5i4ia e*te u# 5iciu1 4eci1 i#5i4ia e*te ce5a rui#.*>% Gui "ortis est, idem est "idens< 0ui aute est "idens, is pro"ecto non e&ti-mescit! <Ci#e e*te cura/i.*1 ace!a are G#cre4ere M ci#e G#*= are G#cre4ere1 ace!a 4e*i/ur #u *e G#*+=i G#t=>% /agnus dicendi labor, magna res, magna dignitas, summa autem gratia! <'rat.ria e*te tru4= are1 crea6= *ituaHii ;ru .a*e1 +re*ti/iu are1 4ar ai +re*u* 4e t.ate . trecere eIce+Hi.#a!=>% <Cic% Pro /ur! 1(1 29>% @er adeo "rondi nemorum, ver utile silvis! <0ri =5ara G#*= e*te +rie!#ic= ;ru#6iu!ui 4u "r=5i!.r1 e*te ;.!.*it.are +=4uri!.r>% C.#Ju#cHia aute i#tr.4uce +re i*a i#.r= G#tr@u# *i!./i* M vitium autem< G#tr@. ar/u e#tare *c.ate G# re!ie; ar/u e#tu! ca+ita!M 0ui autem! "idens est< G#tr@. ;ra6= cu ai u!te +=rHi1 *c.ate G# re!ie; u!ti u! e "ru K summa autem gratia! U#e.ri aute e*te G#!.cuit +ri# a4e.1 ai a!e* !a +.eHi% C% :e"um de $is satis dictam est <Dar 4e*+re ace*tea *@a 5.r"it 4eaJu#*>% :e"um ad (rassum revertamur <Dar *= #e G#t.arce !a Cra*u*>% %e meo 0uodam amore glorise, nimis acri "ortasse, &e"um tamen $onesto, vobis con"itebor <De*+re 4ra/.*tea ea 4e /!.rie1 +.ate +rea 5ie1 4ar t.tui ci#*tit=1 5= 5.i ;ace =rturi*ire>% <Cic% Pro Arc$! 28>% :e"um e*te . c.#Ju#cHie a45er*ati5= t.t aa 4e +uter#ic=1 4u+= cu e*te i sed! i verum G#treru+e #araHiu#ea *au ar/u e#tarea1 i#tr.4ucG#4 . i4ee #.u= K verum satis dictum est, verum revertamur! A*t;e!1 verum i#tr.4uce u# !ucru1 G# ti + ce G#!=tur= a!tu!% :e"um *e aa6= t.t4eau#a !a G#ce+utu! ;ra6ei *au a! /G#4irii +e care . !ea/=% 0e#tru a #.ta . .+.6iHie +uter#ic= i +r. +t= *e G#t=rete cu tamen' nimis acri, verum tamen $onesto! A!te.ri *e G#t=rete cu enimvero, *e aa6= !a G#ce+utu! ;ra6ei i c.#*tituie . a;ir aHie +uter#ic=K verum enimvero & 4ar G# a4e5=r% 5% a> Frons, oculi, vultus perssepe mentiuntur, oratio &e"o ssepissime <Fru#tea1 .c8ii1 ;aHa i#t ;.arte a4e*ea1 5.r"a G#*= i#te 4e ce!e ai u!te .ri>% 1ocrates &e"o dicebat obcediendum esse legibus vel iniusta iubentibus <7.crate G#*= *+u#ea c= tre"uie *= #e *u+u#e !e/i!.r c8iar cG#4 +.ru#ce*c !ucruri #e4re+te>% (unctanter sub Augusto, 0uem timebat< enim&e"o audita mutatione prin-cipis! ! % <Cu *;ia!= *u" Au/u*t1 4e care *e te ea M 4ar a;!G#4u@*e 4e *c8i "area G +=ratu!ui% % %>% C.#Ju#cHia 5er. *ta"i!ete u# ra+.rt a45er*ati51 G#*= ai *!a" 4ecGt verum! Ea e*te ;aH= 4e verum ceea ce e*te autem ;aH= 4e sed! 7e aa6= t.t4eau#a 4u+= +ri u! cu5G#t 4i# +r.+.6iHie% Ea ;ace !e/=tura G#tre ter e#i1 cu . *!a"= .+.6iHie K perssepe ! ! ! s`pissime< *au 4u+= ar/u e#te *.c.tite #u atGt 4e c.#5i#/=t.are1 i#tr.4uce u# ar/u e#t ai c.#5i#/=t.rK 1ocrates vero! E>F
Eer. *e G#t=rete cu a!te cu5i#te i 4= K e#ii#5er.1 care sea aa6= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei i a#u#H= +uter#ic . a;ir aHieMe tu 5er. *e aa6= !a G#ce+ut i a#u#H= c= eI+u#erea ia . R G#t.r*=tur= M ia 5er.1 a/e &e"o a#u#H= trecerea !a . +arte noui i ai i +.rta#t= M sie &e"o N 4ar G# rea!itate% U#e.ri 5er. ;ace #u ai tra#6iHia !a . a!t= +arte a c8e*tiu#iiK J 1m2rnsei vero ! ! ! N cGt +ri5ete +e 7 ir#e#i%%%% "> & Fuisti saspe, credo, in sc$olis p$ilosop$orum! & :e"o% ac liben:r 0uidem! <& Ai ;.*t 4e*e.ri1 cre41 G# c.!i!e ;i!.*.;i!.r% & Da <G#tr@a4e5=r>1 i c8iar cu +!=cere>% <Cic% )use! II1 111 29>% Nu tre"uie c.#;u#4at= c.#Ju#cHia a45er*ati5= vero cu a45er"u! &e"o% care *e aa6= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei i *er5ete +e#tru a ;ace . a;ir areK 4a1 G# a4e5=rK vero, ac libenter 0uidem! 9% 3on mseret, at2ui ridet <Nu e*te G8#it1 "a c8iar ri4e>% Regulus (art$aginem rediit! At2ui sciebat gravissima sibi ab illis parri supplicia! <Re/u!u* *@a G#t.r* !a Carta/i#a% Dar tia c= i *e +re/=te*c 4e c=tre aceia c8i#uri!e ce!e ai /r.6a5e>% Guodsi virtutes sunt pares, paria etiam vitia necesse est! At2ui pares esse virtutes "acillime perspici potest! <C=ci 4ac= 5irtuHi!e *G#t e/a!e1 e/a!e tre"uie *= ;ie i 5icii!e% Ei "i#e & .ri & c= 5irtuHi!e *G#t e/a!e *e +.ate 5e4ea ;.arte u.r>% <Cic% Parad! (1 1>% C.#Ju#cHia at2ui <;.r at= 4i# at i a45er"u! 0ui= #.tea6= .+.6iHia G#tre 4.u= i4eiK non mseret, at0ui ridet! Dar c.#c. ite#t cu ."iecHia ;ace i . a;ir aHie K at0ui sciebat! I# ar/u e#tare1 +u#e i#*i*te#H= *au reia u# ar/u e#tK at0ui pares esse virtutes! Ea *e aa6= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei% ,% Iugurt$a, tametsi regem "icta locutum intelligebat, tamen benigne respondit! <!u/urta1 4ei G#He!e/ea c= re/e!e a 5.r"it !ucruri i a/i#are1 cu t.ate ace*tea a r=*+u#* cu "u#=5.i#H=>% <7a!!% hug! 11>% 3e0ue illi ta e# ad cavendum ololus aut astutias deerant % <7a!!% (at! 29>% ;amen arat= c= !a u# ;a+t +rece4e#t1 recu#.*cut ca a4e5=rat1 *e .+u#e . i4ee #.u=% 7e aa6= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei *au 4u+= +ri u! cu5G#t% De ."icei e*te +rece4at G# +r.+.6iHia a#teri.ar= 4e . c.#Ju#cHie c.#ce*i5= 6tametsi=! 8% Guse ni0ilominus% ut ego absim, con"ici possunt <Ace*te !ucruri G#tru #i ic ai +uHi# & cu t.ate ace*tea & *e +.t eIecuta1 c8iar 4ac= eu #@a ;i 4e ;aH=>% M0ilominus <N cu #i ic ai +uHi#1 cu t.ate ace*tea> arat= c= u# ;a+t #u G +ie4ic= +e a!tu!% 9% Guippe verbis pa& erai, #ete"um re bellum asperrimum erat <G# a4e5=r G# cu5i#te era +ace1 G# ;a+t= G#*= era r=6".iu! ce! ai crG#ce#>% 1ed re& simulabat ese negotii gratia properare< #ete"um proditionem timebat, 0uam vitare posse celeritate putabat <Dar re/e!e *i u!a c= *e /r="ete +e#tru #ite a;aceri1 G# rea!itate G#*= *e te ea 4e tr=4are1 4e care cre4ea c= +.ate *c=+a +ri# iuHea!=>% <7a!!% lug! ,9>% E>M
Erant prseterea complures paulo occultius consilii $uiusce participes % ! ! Ceteru iuventus plera0ue, sed ma&ime nobilium, (atilinee inceptis "avebai <0e !G#/= ace*tea erau ai u!Hi +=rtai ai ace*tui +!a# ce5a ai G# a*cu#* % % % De a!t;e! cea ai are +arte 4i# ti#eret1 4ar ai cu *ea = 4i#tre #."i!i1 a/reau +!a#uri!e !ui Cati!i#a>% <7a!!% (at! 1,>% Ceteru <N 4ar1 4e a!t;e!1 cu t.ate ace*tea1 4i# c.#tr=> #.tea6= . .+.6iHie +uter#ic=% 7e aa6= t.t4eau#a !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei% Nu e*te G#tre"ui#Hat aa 4e*% 1)% 0e#tru a eI+ri a . i4ee a45er*ati5= 4u"!=1 +e care #.i . 4= +ri# K #u #u ai%%% ci i1 !i "a !ati#= ;.!.*ea eI+re*ii!e K non modo *au non solum *au non tantum +e#tru +artea G#tGi <#u #u ai> i *e4 etia *au 5eru etiam +e#tru +artea a 4.ua <N ci i>%
Eer*iu#e ALEZANDER MAGNU7 ET 0BUI00U7 MEDICU7
Cu Tar*u A!eIa#4er 5e#i**et1 ca+tu* CD4#i ;!u i#i* a ce#itate1 +!e#u* +u!5eri* ac *u4.ri*1 i# +r*e;ri/i4a a-ua *e +r.iecit% Tu re+e#te tW#tu* #er5.* eiu* .ccu+a5it ri/.r1 ut1 i#terc!u*a 5.ce #.# *+e* .4. re e4ii1 sed #ec 4i!ati. +ericu!i i#5e#iretur% U#u* erat eI e4ici*1 #. i#e 08i!i++u*1 -ui *.!u* re e4iu +.!!iceretur M at et i+*u 0ar e#i.#i* +ri4ie a Ca++a@4.cia i**ae e+i*!u!*e *u*+ectu ;acie"a#t% Aui1 i/#aru* i#;ir itati* A!eIa#4ri1 *cri+*erat a 08i!i++. e4ic. ca5eretM #a c.rru+tu i!!u a Dari. i#/e#ti +ecu#ia e**e% Tu#e reI aut e4ic. ;i4e tri"uere aut .r". +erire .+.rte"at% Tutiu* tamen ratu* e*t 4u"i*e *e ;i4ei e4ici cre4ere -ua i#4u"itate .r". +eriret% Acce+t. i/itur +.cu!.1 e+i*tu!a* e4ic. tra4i4itM .cu!.* vero i#ter "i"e#4u i# 5u!tu !e/e#ti* i#te#4it% Ut *ecuru c.#*+eIit1 I;;Gti.r ;actu* e*t1 *a#itate -ue -uarta 4ie rece+it%
C'N3UNCIILE CAUYALE
C.#Ju#cHii c..r4.#at.are cau6a!e *e #u e*c ace!ea care *er5e*c ca . Ju*ti;icare1 . eI+!icare *au . c.#;ir are a i4eii eI+u*e G#ai#te% De u!te .ri +r.+.6iHia G# care *e /=*e*c e!e #ici #u e*te G#ca4rat= G# aceeai ;ra6= cu cea !a care *e re;er= eI+!icaHia1 ci G#ce+e ;ra6= #.u=% U#e.ri u#e!e 4i#tre e!e au caracter curat 4e a45er"e% E!e *G#tK nam% nam2ue% enim% etenim% 2uippe N G# a4e5=r1 c=ciM #i iru 1 5i4e!icet1 *ci!icet1 #e +e N G# a4e5=r1 4e*i/ur1 e c!ar1 5e6i "i#e% 1% Interim cotidie (sesar Nseduos "rumentum, 0uod essent publice polli-citi, "lagitare! Na propter "rigora "rumenta in agri matura non erant <G# ace*t ti + C*e*ar cerea 6i!#ic 8e4ui!.r /rGu! +e care@1 +r. i*e*er= G# #u e!e *tatu!ui% G# a4e5=r & c=ci & 4i# cau6a ;ri/u!ui /rGu! #u era c.+t +e ./.are>% <Ca% A!., I1 19>% E>5
Ita ancipiti prcelio diu at0ue acriter pugnalum est! Na $oc toto prcelio, 1 cum ab $ora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum $ostem videre nemo d potuit! <A*t;e! *@au !u+tat u!t ti + i cu G#5eru#are G#tr@. !u+t= cu re6u!tat nesi*u". G# a4e5=r & c=ci & G# t.at= acea*t= !u+t=1 4ei *@au !u+tat 4e !a 1 .ra a a+tea +G#= *eara1 #i e#i #@a +utut *= 5a4= +e 4u a# G#t.r* @ a +=r=*i#4 ;r.#tu!>% <C*e*% A! .! I1 29>% (eesari nun iatura est Ariovistum cum sui omnibus copiis ad occupandum J @esontionem contendere! Id ne accideret magnopere sibi prsecavendum (sesar 1 e&istimabat! Na -ue omnium rerum, 0uee ad bellum usui erant, summa erat O in eo oppido "acultas! <Lui C*e*ar i *@a a#u#Hat c= Ari.5i*t *e G#4rea+t= cu J t.ate tru+e!e *a!e *= .cu+e Ee*.#ti.% C*e*ar *.c.tea c= e! tre"uie *= ia cu 1 a#tici+aHie t.ate =*uri!e *= #u *e G#tG +!e acea*ta% G# a4e5=r & c=ci @G# ace*t .ra era cea ai are G#!e*#ire +e#tru t.ate !ucruri!e care erau 4e ;.!.* G# r=6".i>% <Cae*% A! .! I1 (8>% *egionis nonse et decimai milites, pilis emissis, con"ectos vulneribus Atre-bates ;#a $is ea pars obvenerat= celeriter in "lumen contulerunt! <'*taii !e/iu#ii a #.ua i a 6ecea1 4u+= ce au aru#cat *u!iHe!e1 au G +i#* G# ;!u5iu i# /ra"= +e Atre"aHii1 c.+!eiHi 4e r=#i1 <c=ci acea*t= +arte & a ;r.#tu!ui & !e c=6u*e ace*t.ra G# ;aH=>% <Cae*% A! .! II1 2(>% & Perdidisti omnem operam! & Na 0ui perdidiD <i@a ;.*t 4e/ea"a t.at= .*te#ea!a% & Dar cu i@a ;.*t 4e/ea"aT>% C.#Ju#cHia nam *e aa6= t.t4eau#a !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei% Ea eI+ri = . Ju*ti;icare 6"lagitare, nam non matura erant= a acHiu#ii 4i# ;ra6a a#teri.ar=1 . c.#;ir are 6acriter, nam nemo potuit videre=, . eI+!icaHie 6nam 4i# +ara#te6=O% Na -ue *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= 4e ."icei G#ai#te 4e 5.ca!e 6nam-0ue omnium= i cu ace!eai G#He!e*uri ca nam, #u ai c= e*te ;.!.*it ai +uHi#1 i +.ate ;i ae6at i G# a!t !.c G# +r.+.6iHie 4ec!t !a G#ce+ut% Na G# i#ter./aHii 4= ai u!t= +utere G#tre"=rii% 2% 1ilent e#i leges inter arma nec se c&spectari iubent, cum ei, 0ui e&spec-tare velit, ante iniusta po+na luenda sit, 0uam iusta repetenda <C=ci & G# a4e5=r & a uHe*c !e/i!e G# iJ!.cu! ar e!.r i #u +reti#4 *= ;ie ate+tate1 cG#4 ace!a1 care ar 5rea *= !e ate+te1 ar tre"ui *= +ri ea*c= . +e4ea+*= G# a;ar= 4e !e/e1 G#ai#te 4e a *e a+!ica cea !e/a!=>% <Cic% Pro /T! 1)>% 3on e#i corona consessus vester ornatus est, ut solebat <C=ci & G# a4e5=r & c. +!etu! 5.*tru 4e Ju4ecat= #u e*te G#c.#Jurat 4e cercu! au4it.ri!.r1 cu *e ."i#uia>% <Cic% Pro /T! 2>% 3on e#i dubito 0uin probaturus sim de"ensionem meam <C=ci & G# a4e5=r & #u = G#4.ie*c c= 5= 5.i 4.5e4i +u#ctu! 4e 5e4ere +e care@1 *u*Hi# G# a+=rare>% <Cic% Pro /T! 11>% 3on e#i est illa de"ensio contra vim um0uam optanda, sed nonnum-0uam est necessaria! <G# a4e5=r acea a+=rare G# c.#tra 5i.!e#Hei #u e*te #ici.4at= 4e 4.rit1 4ar u#e.ri e*te #ece*ar=>% <Cic% Pro /T! 1C>% & 3ec tamen iile erat sapiens! , Guis e#i $ocD aut 0uandoD aut ubiD <&i cu t.ate ace*tea ace!a #u era G#He!e+t% & Dar ci#e a *+u* acea*taT *au cG#4T *au u#4eT> <Cic% %e Fin! IE1 2C1 95>% Ius et omne $onestum sua sponte est e&petendum< ete#i omnes viri boni ipsam ee0uitatem et ius ipsum amant <Ce e*te 4re+t i ce e*te ci#*tit tre"uie E>C
4.rit 4e !a *i#e M c=ci t.Hi "=r"aHii 4e trea"= iu"e*c ec8itatea i 4re+tatea>% Eius autem legationis princeps est Neius .etenim est primus civitatis=! <G#*= c.#4uc=t.ru! ace*tei *.!ii e*te Beiu* <c=ci & G# a4e5=r & e! e*te ce! 4i#tGi 4i# cetate>% <Cic% In @err! IE1 ,>% C.#Ju#cHia e#i #u *e aa6= #ici.4at= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei1 ci 4u+= u# cu5G#t *au 4.u=% Ea are ace!eai G#tre"ui#H=ri ca nam, 4ar cu ai +uHi#= e#er/ie1 a4ic= a4uce . Ju*ti;icare 6silent enim leges, u#4e Ju*ti;ic= .artea atacat.ru!ui G# !e/iti = a+=rareO1 . c.#;ir are 6non enim dubito 0uin probaturus sim G# care rea;ir = a;ir aHia a#teri.ar= c= Mi!. a ;.*t ce! atacat1>1 . eI+!icaHie 6non enim est optanda, sed necessaria=! I# G#tre"=ri *e ;.!.*ete G# i#ter./aHii!e 5ii i G#*u;!eHite i care re+re6i#t= . +r.+.6iHie #e/ati5= 6Guis enim $oc ;4iIit1>T N 3emo $oc 6di&it=! (tenim are ace!ai r.! ca enim, G#*= *e aa6= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei% (nim G#t=rete i a!te c.#Ju#cHii a45er*ati5e1 a;ar= 4e vero' at enim, verum enim! (% 3e0ue lamen senatus provinciam invilus dederat' 2aippe "cedum $ominem a republica procul esse volebat! % Et illud intellego, Guirites, omnium ora in me conversa esse< 2uippe mea bene "acta reipublicse procedunt! % <Cic1 In (atil! II>% /ene incepto desistere victam nec possse Italia )eucrorum avertere regemD @uippe vetor "atis <Eu .are *=@ i +=r=*e*c +!a#u! G#5i#*= i *= #u +.t G#4e+=rta +e re/e!e Tr.ie#i!.r 4e !a Ita!iaT De *i/ur *G#t G +ie4icat= 4e 4e*ti#>% <Eer/% /n! I1 (,@(8>% C.#Ju#cHia 2uippe G +!i#ete ace!eai r.!uri ca i nam i enim! 7e aa6= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei% U#e.ri *e G#tG!#ete i G +reu#= cu enim' 0uippe enim! G +reu#= cu u# +r.#u e re!ati5 60uippe 0ui= G#*e #ea6= K e! <eu> care% C% (ur, improbe, car se non ali0uid patrise tanto emetiris acervoD Tni nimi"um recte tibi semper erunt res! <De ce1 ie!u!e1 #u 4ai i *cu +ei #.a*tre +atrii ce5a 4i# /r= a4a ta aa 4e areT Ee6i "i#e1 #u ai Hie GHi 5a e4ea t.t4eau#a "i#e a5erea>% )uus &ideli#et salutaris consulatus, perniciosus meus <Bi#eG#He!e*1 c.#*u!atu! t=u a ;.*t *a!5at.r1 a! eu +ericu!.*>% Et ego s#ili#et $oc nesciebam W <i1 5e6i 4.a #e1 eu #u tia acea*ta^>% & 3on istam dicit voluptatem! & %icat 0uamlibet< #e +e eam dicit in 0ua virtutis nulla pars insit! 6, Nu +e acea*ta . #u ete e! +!=cere% & Nu ea*c@. +e .ricare M 4e*i/ur c= . #u ete +e aceea G# care #u eIi*t= #ici . +arte 4e 5irtute>% Postulaturus eras! GuandoD post dies triginta< nempe si te ni$il impediret, si voluntas eadem maneret <A5eai 4e /G#4 *= ceri% CG#4T 4u+= trei6eci 4e 6i!e M 5e6i "i#e1 4ac= #u te@. G +ie4ica #i ic1 4ac= Hi@ar r= G#e ace!ai /G#4 "u#>% E>9
C.#Ju#cHii!e ui iru 1 5i4e!icet1 *ciiicet1 #e +e +.t eI+ri a d ra+.rturi +e care !e eI+ri = nam i enim, +recu e*te c.#;ir@1 area G# nempe eam dicit, 4ar 4e ce!e ai u!te .ri eI+ri ie ace!e ra+.rturi G# *e#* ir.#ic1 nimirum tibi uni, videlicet tuiu! consulatus, sciiicet ego nesciebam, nempe si ni$il te i +e4t;M C'N3UNCIILE C'NCLU7IEE C.#Ju#cHii c.#c!u*i5e *e #u e*c ace!ea care !ea/= G#tre e!e 4.u= +r.+.@1 6iHii1 4i#tre care cea 4e a 4.ua re+re6i#t= c.#c!u6ia1 c.#*eci#Ha *au ur a I i4eii 4i# cea 4i#ai#te% c E!e *G#tK ita-ue1 i/itur1 er/. N 4eci1 aa4ar1 +ri# ur areM e.1 i4e.1 i4circ. N 4e aceea1 +ri# ur areM -ua ."re 1 -uare1 -ua+r.+ter1 -u.circa1 -ua4ecau*a N 4e aceea1 +ri# ur areM +r.i#4e N 4eci1 +ri# ur are% 1% Nis omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, 0uod %iviciaci "ralris summum in populum Romanum studium cognoverat! Ita-ue1 prius0uam 0uic0uam 1 conaretur, %iviciacum ad se vocari iube <Tutur.r ace*t.r !ucruri *e G +.@ = tri5ea u#u! *i#/ur1 c= e! cu#.*cu*e 6e!u! ;.arte are a! !ui Di5iciac1 ;rate!e ace!uia1 ;aH= 4e +.+.ru! r. a#% Aa4ar1 G#ai#te 4e a G#cerca ce5a1 +.ru#cete ca Di5iciac *= ;ie c8e at !a e!>% <CF*% A! .! I1 19>% Eo de media nocte (eesar 3umidas et (retas sagittarios et "unditores 4 Aaleares subsidio oppidanis miltit< 0uorum adventu Aelgis spes potiundi oppidi discessit! Ita-ue1 paulisper apud oppidum morati, ad castra (sesaris omnibus copiis contendunt <Du+= ie6u! #.+Hii C*e*ar tri ite ac.!. +e #u i6i i +e *=/etaii creta#i i +e +r=tiaii "a!eari G# aJut.r .r=e#i!.r1 !a a c=r.r *.*ire "e!/i!.r !e@a +ierit *+era#Ha 4e a +u#e G#a +e .ra% Aa4ar & 4e aceea & 4u+= ce au 6=".5it +uHi# !G#/= .ra1 *@au G#4re+tat cu t.ate tru+e!e *+re ta"=ra !ui C*e*ar>% <C*e*% A! .! II1 ,>% Ita notri acriter in $ostes, signo dato, impetum "ecerunt, ita-ue $ostes repente celeriter0ue procurrerunt, ut spatium pila in $ostes coniiciendi non daretur! <Cu atGta G#5eru#are au #=5=!it ai #.tri G# c.#tra 4u a#i!.r1 4u+= ce *@a 4at *e #a!u!1 i cu atGta iuHea!= *@au #=+u*tit a*u+ra 4u a#i!.r1 G#cGt #u *@a ai !=*at 4i*ta#t= +e#tru a aru#ca *u!iHe G# 4u a#i>% <CQ*% A! .! I1 52>% C.#Ju#cHia ita-ue e*te cea ai G#tre"ui#Hat= c.#Ju#cHie c.#c!u*i5=% Ea *e aa6= t.t4eau#a !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei care re+re6i#t= ur area i4eii *au i4ei!.r a#teri.are% Ea *er5ete +e#tru a a#u#Ha re!uarea 4i*cuHiei a*u+ra *u"iectu!ui re*+ecti51 4i*cuHie G#treru+t= +ri# 4i/re*ii% C.#Ju#cHia ita-ue N aa4ar1 4eci1 #u tre"uie c.#;u#4at= cu a45er"u! ita !a care *e +.ate a4=u/a c.#Ju#cHia c.+u!ati5= , 0ue' ita N aa 4e1 ita-ue N i aa 4e N et itaK ita acriter et ita repente N ita acriter ita0ue repente ; aa 4e G#5eru#at i aa 4e re+e4e% C.#Ju#cHia are acce#tu! +e a#te+e#u!ti a1 a4ic= +e iK ita0ue, G# ti + ce cu5G#tu! care@i *ea =#= !a ;.r =1 4ar e*te ;.r at 4i# 4.u= cu5i#te cu *e#*u! !.r +r.+riu1 are acce#tu! +e a 4i# cau6a e#c!iticei -0ue' ita0ue! EE?
2% Est i*itu" $sec, iudices, nori scripta, sed nota le&, ut, si vita nostra in vim et in tela aut latronum aut inimicorum incidisset, omnis :onesta ratio esset e&pediendse salutis! <EIi*t= 4eci1 Ju4ec=t.ri1 acea*t= !e/e1 #u *cri*=1 ci G##=*cut=1 ca1 4ac= 5iaHa #.a*tr= ar ;i c=6ut G# +uterea i ar e!e *au a!e tG!8ari!.r *au a!e 4u a#i!.r1 .rice .4a!itate 4e a G#!e*#i *a!5area *= ;ie 4rea+t= & .#.ra"i!=>% <Cic% Pro /T! 1)>% (ur i*itu" incendium curise, oppugnationem ssdium /! *epidi contra rempublicam senatus "actam esse decrevitD <Atu#ci1 4e ce a 8.t=rGt *e#atu! c= i#ce#4ierea *=!ii *e#atu!ui1 a*e4ierea !.cui#Hei !ui M% Le+i4u* *@a ;=cut G# c.#tra i#tere*e!.r *tatu!uiT>% <Cic% Pro /T! 1(>% Guid i*itu"L Noc pueri possunt, viri non poteruntD <Deci ceT & #um a*taT & C.+iii +.t acea*ta1 <iar> "=r"aHii #@. 5.r +uteaT>% <Cic% )use! II1 1C>% I/itur are G#tre"ui#Hare t.t aa 4e 4ea*= ca i ita0ue i cu ace!ai *e#* i r.!% i cu i*itu" *e a#u#H= re!uarea *u"iectu!ui% 7e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G# G#tre"=ri care re+re6i#t= . ."iecHie1 *au eI+ri = i#4i/#area i G#4.ia!a K (ur igitur senatus decrevitD Guid igiturD 7e +.ate ae6a i !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei i 4u+= u# cu5G#t% (% (ogito, e"*o sum <Cu/et1 4eci eIi*t>% & Istuc ego iam satis scio! , Guid e"*o% 0uod scis, me rogasD <& A*ta . tiu 4e*tu! 4e "i#e% & Atu#ci1 4e ce = G#tre"i ce tiiT>% <0!aut% Pseud! 91C>% Guid e"*oL Audacissimus ego e& omnibusD /inime! <A4ic= ceT Eu *G#t ce! aG G#4r=6#eH 4i#tre t.HiT Nici4ecu >% <Cic% Pro Rose! Am! 11 2>% ("*o e*te c.#Ju#cHia care i#tr.4uce c.#c!u6ii!e ai cate/.rice1 4e .r4i#1 !./ic% De aceea e*te G#tre"ui#Hat= !a a#u#Harea c.#c!u6iei G# *i!./i* e% Are G#tre"ui#Hare ai re*trG#*=% 7e +.ate ae6a i !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei i 4u+= u# cu5G#t% G# G#tre"=ri a#u#H= . ."iecHie 60uid ergo me rogas 0uod scisD= *au . G#tre"are cu r=*+u#* #e/ati5 60uid ergoD audacissimus ego ! ! !D /inime=! C% E. scuta /i proZ aureis donis congesta <De aceea au ;.*t /r= =4ite a*u+ra ei *cuturi!e G# !.c 4e 4aruri 4e aur>% <T% Li5% I1 111 8>% Ideo asdi"icare $oc velle <De aceea 5rea *= c!=4ea*c= acea*ta>% <0!aut% /ost! 1)28>% C.#Ju#cHii!e eo% ideo% idei"#o *G#t ;.r ate 4i# +r.#u e!e 4e .#*trati5 is, ea, id! Au . G#tre"ui#Hare ai re*trG#*= 4ecGt ita0ue i igitur! E!e G#*= *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G +reu#= cu et, at0ue, nec, G# ti + ce igitur #u e*te ;.!.*it% Nu *e 6ice et igitur, at0ue igitur, igitur0ue, nec igitur, ci et ideo, ideo0ue, et ideirco et ob eam causam, nec ideo, nec ideirco etc% 5% @uamob"em adeste animis, iudices, et timorem deponite <De aceea Ju4ec=t.ri1 ;iHi cu curaJ i a!u#/aHi ;rica>% \PCic% Pro /T! L= @uamob"em illa arma, centuriones, co$ortes non periculum nobis, sed prsesidium denuntiant! <De aceea & +ri# ur are &@ ace!e ar e1 ce#turi.#i1 c.8.rte #u a#u#H= . +ri eJ4ie +e#tru #.i1 ci u# *+riJi#>% <Cic% Pro /T! (>% EE>
@ua de cau*a Nelve ii 0uo0ue reli0uos .allos virtute prsecedunt <Di# care cau6= & 4e aceea & i 8e!5eHii G#trec +e cei!a!Hi /a!i G# 5iteJie>% <C*e*% A! .! 111>% @uap"opte" $oc maneat in caus0, iudices <Ei "i#e & 4e aceea & *= r= G#= *ta"i!it G# +r.ce* ace*t !ucru1 Ju4ec=t.ri> <Cic% Pro /ii! 11>% +"oinde istud "acias ipse, 0uod "aciamus nobis suades <0ri# ur are *= ;aci tu G#*uHi ceea ce #e *;=tuieti *= ;ace #.i>% +"oinde 0uasi e&itus rerum, non $ominum consilia legibus vindicentur <Deci & *e 4i*cut= & ca i cu re6u!tatu! ;a+te!.r1 #u +!a#uri!e .a e#i!.r *e +e4e+*e*c +ri# !e/i> %<Cic% Pro /T! 19>% Cu5i#te!e 2uamob"em% 2ua"e% 2uap"opte"% 2uo#i"#a% 2ua 4e cau*a1 c. +u*e 4i# +r.#u e!e re!ati5 0ui, 0use, 0uod i a!te cu5i#te1 G +!i#e*c r.! 4e c.#Ju#cHii c..r4.#at.are c.#c!u*i5e% De a*e e#ea p"oinde% c. +u* 4i# a45er"u! inde i +re+.6iHia pro! E!e *e aa6= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei% Her* # # e DE CN% 0'M0EI RO!A;ION( hta0ue e/. i+*e 4ecre5i1 cu c*e4e i# A++ia 5ia ;acta e**e c.#*taret1 #.# eu 1 -ui *e 4e;e#4i**et1 c.#tra re +u"!ica ;eci**e1 *e41 cu i#e**et i# re 5i* et i#*i4i*e1 cri e# iu4ici. re*er5a5i1 re #.ta5i% At enim C#% 0. +eiu* r./ati.#e 6propunere, proiect de lege= *ua et 4e re et 4e cau*a iu4ica5itM tu!it enim r./ati.#e F 4e ca*4e1 -u*e i# A++ia 5ia ;acta e**et1 i# -ua 0% C!.4iu* .cci*u* e**et X% Aui4 ergo tu!itT Ne +e ut -uaTreretur% Aui4 +.rr. -uaere#4u e*tT ;actu #e *itT At c.#*tat% A -u.T At +aret% Ei4it igitur etia i# c.#;e**i.#e ;acti iuri* ta e# 4e;e#@*i.#e *u*ci+i +.**e% Au.4 #i*i 5i4i**et +.**e a"*.!5i eu -ui ;ateretur1 cu 5i4eret #.* ;ateri1 #e-ue -uaeri u -ua iu**i**et1 #ec 5."i* ta "a#c *a!utare i# iu4ica#4. !ittera <A N a"*.!5.> -ua i!!a tri*te <C NT e.#4e #.> 4e4i**et% Mi8i 5er. C#% 0. +eiu* #.# .4. #i8i! /ra5iu* c.#tra Mi!.#e iu4ica**e1 *e4 etia *tatui**e 5i4etur1 -ui4 5.* i# iu4ica#4. *+ectare .+.rteret% 3am -ui #.# +c*#a c.#;e**i.#i1 *e4 4e;e#*i.#e 4e4it1 i* cau*a i#teritu* -u*ere#4a 1 #.# i#teritu +uta5it% Di# (icero
FRAZA FORMATA PRIN SUBORDONARE

1% Nuc omnes undi0ue, 0ui controversias $abent, conveniunt! <Aici *e a4u#= 4i# t.ate +=rHi!e t.Hi cei care au #eG#He!e/eri>% <C*e*% A! .! EI1 1(>% 2% Idem "acit (aesar, e0uitatum0ue omnem, 0uem e& omni provincia et Nseduis coactum $abebat, prsemittit, 0ui videant 0uas in partes $ostes iter "aciant <Ace!ai !ucru ;ace Cae*ar i tri ite G#ai#te t.at= c=!=ri ea1 +e care . *trG#*e*e 4i# t.at= +r.5i#cia i 4e !a 8e4ui1 ca *= ."*er5e G# ce +=rHi er/ 4u a#ii>% <Cae*% A! .! I1 15>% EEE
I# +ri a ;ra6= a5e . +r.+.6iHie +ri#ci+a!=1 c=ci *+u*= *i#/ur= are G#He!e* K Nuc omnes undi0ue conveniunt! A5e i +r.+.6iHia 0ui controversias $abent, care *+u*= *i#/ur= #u are G#He!e*1 4e aceea *e #u ete +r.+.6iHie *u".r4.#at= *au *ecu#4ar=% Ea *er5ete ca *= != urea*c= +e omnes 6$omines= 4i# +r.+.6iHia +ri#ci+a!=1 *er5i#4u@i 4e atri"ut% G# acea*t= ;ra6= a5e 4eci1 G#tre +r.+.6iHii!e care . ;.r ea6=1 ra+.rt 4e *u".r4.#are% Fra+a "ormat dintr-o propo+i ie principal i una sau mai multe subordonate se numete "ra+ .o"mat p"in subo"dona"e. I# a 4.ua ;ra6= a5e 4.u= +r.+.6iHii +ri#ci+a!e !e/ate G#tre e!e +ri# c.#Ju#cHia c..r4.#at.are c.+u!ati5= -0ue' Idem "acil (&sar e0uitatum0ue omnem prsemittil! G#tre ace*te +r.+.6iHii a5e ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are% T.t G# acea*t= ;ra6= /=*i +r.+.6iHia 0uem e& omni provincia et Nseduis coactum $abebat, care *+u*= *i#/ur= #u are G#He!e* i != urete cu5i#tu! e0uitatum 4i# +r.+.6iHia 4i#ai#te% E*te 4eci +r.+.6iHie *ecu#4ar= i *e a;!= G# ra+.rt 4e *u".r4.#are ;aH= 4e +r.+.6iHia 4i#ai#te% Mai /=*i i +r.+.6iHia 0ui videant, care 4e a*e e#ea e*te *ecu#4ar= i != urete +e prs+mittit 4i# a 4.ua +ri#ci+a!=1 ar=tG#4 *c.+u! cu care a ;.*t tri i*= G#ai#te ca5a!eria M 4eci e*te G# ra+.rt 4e *u".r4.#are ;aH= 4e a 4.ua +r.+.6iHie +ri#ci+a!=% Mai /=*i i +r.+.6iHia 0uas in partes $ostes iter "acianl, care e*te *ecu#4ar= i != urete +e videant 4i# +r.+.6iHia *ecu#4ar= 4i#ai#tea ei1 *er5i#4u@i 4e c. +!e e#t 4irectM 4eci e*te G# ra+.rt 4e *u".r4.#are ;aH= 4e acea +r.+.6iHie% A*t;e!1 G# acea*t= ;ra6= /=*i i ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are i ra+.rt 4e *u".r4.#are% Fra+a "ormat din propo+i ii Intre care se gsete i raport de coordonare i raport de subordonare +icem c este "ormat p"in c..r4.#are i *u".r4.#are% (% La ;ra6a ;.r at= +ri# c..r4.#are a c.#*tatat c= tre"uie *= eIi*te ce! +uHi# 4.u= +r.+.6iHii +ri#ci+a!e% La cea ;.r at= +ri# *u".r4.#are a c.#*tatat c= tre"uie *= ;ie . +r.+.6iHie +ri#ci+a!= i u#a *au ai u!te *u".r4.#ate% La ;ra6a ;.r at= +ri# c..r4.#are i *u".r4.#are a 5=6ut c= tre"uie *= ;ie ce! +uHi# 4.u= +r.+.6iHii +ri#ci+a!e i ce! +uHi# . +r.+.6iHie *u".r4.#at=% 0r.+.6iHia care #u !i+*ete 4i# #ici u#a 4i# ce!e trei cate/.rii 4e ;ra6e e*te cea +ri#ci+a!=% De aceea tra/e c.#c!u6ia c= K Hrice "ra+ trebuie s cuprind cel pu in o propo+i ie principal! Du+= r.!u! +e care@1 au G# ;ra6=1 +r.+.6iHii!e *u".r4.#ate *G#tK atri"uti5e1 c. +!eti5e1 circu *ta#Hia!e K te +.ra!e1 cau6a!e1 c.#ce*i5e1 c.#4iHi.#a!e1 ;i#a!e1 c.#*ecuti5e1 c. +arati5e *au .4a!e%
+RO+OeI<IA A;RIBU;I:W
0r.+.6iHie atri"uti5= e*te aceea care G#4e+!i#ete r.!u! 4e atri"ut1 a4ic= 4eter i#= u# *u"*ta#ti51 +r.#u e *au a!t= +arte 4e 5.r"ire cu r.! 4e *u"*ta#ti5% EEK
1% a> In omni .allia eorum $ominum, 2ui ali0uo sunt numero at0ue! $onore, genera sunt duo <G# G#trea/a Ga!ie eIi*t= 4.u= cate/.rii 4e .a e#i1 l care *G#t G# .arecare c.#*i4eraHie i ci#*te>% <C*e*% A! .! EI1 1(>% @identur ea re"utanda esse, 2use in senatu ab inimicis iactata sunt <Cre4 c= tre"uie *= ;ie re*+i#*e ace!ea ce au ;.*t aru#cate G# *e#at 4e c=tre 4u a#i>% 1 <Cic% Pro /T! ,>% Nis omnibus %ruidibus prseest unus, 2ui summam inter eos 0abet aucto-ritatem! <0e*te t.Hi aceti Drui6i e*te ai are u#u!1 care are Pcea ai are auto"itate G#tre ei>% <Cae*% A! .! EI1 1(>% 0r.+.6iHia atri"uti5= *e c.#*truiete cu .4u! i#4icati51 cG#4 eI+ri = /G#4u! ce!ui care 5.r"ete *au care *crieK sunt, iactata sunt, $abet! Ea *e !ea/= 4e re/e#ta *a +ri# +r.#u e!e re!ati5 2ui% 2>V% 2uod% care are #u =ru! i /e#u! cu5G#tu!ui +e care@1 4eter i#= 6$ominum 0ui, ea 0use, unus 0ui= i are ca6u! +e care@1 i +u#e r.!u! *=u G# +r.+.6iHie 60ui sunt, 0use! iactata sunt, 0ui $abet=! N.t=% U#e.ri & 4ar ;.arte rar & *u"*ta#ti5u! +e care@1 re+re6i#t= +r.#u e!e re!ati5 e*te trecut1 +ri# atracHie1 4i# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= G# +r.+.6iHia G# care *e /=*ete +r.#u e!e re!ati5K Guam urbem statua, vestra est N @rbs, 0uam statuo, vestra est <'rau! +e care@1 6i4e*c e*te a! 5.*tru>% <Eer/% /n!, I1 5,(>% "> @uae#um2ue mi$i p"oponetu" "ortuna, subeatur! <'rice *.art= i *e 5a rG#4ui1 *= 5i#=>% <Cic% 2n (at! I:% 2>% Ad id, 2uod#um2ue de#ebit% accomodanda oratio est <Cu5G#tarea tre"uie *= *e a4a+te6e !a t.t ce *e 5a c=4ea>% @uid2uid boni in me e*t1 tibi debetur <CGt "i#e e*te G# i#e1 Hie Hi *e 4at.rea6=>% 0r.+.6iHia atri"uti5= se +.ate !e/a 4e re/e#ta *a i +ri# +r.#u e re!ati5e #e8.t=rGte1 caK 2ui#um2ue% 2uis2uis% 2ualis-#um2ue% 2uantus#um2ue etc% i are 5er"u! !a .4u! indi#ati&1 0usecum0ue proponetur, 0uodcum0ue decebit, 0uid0uid est! c> Hmnes enim colles ac superiora loca, unde e"at propin0uus despectus in mare, ab e&ercitu tenebantur <C=ci t.ate c.!i#e!e i !.curi!e G#a!te1 4e u#4e +ri5irea *+re are era a+r.+iat=1 erau .cu+ate 4e ar at=>% Hmnes, 0uos undi0ue intuentes, unde ali0ua "ori pars adspici potest% videtis, virtu i /ilonis "avent <T.Hi aceia1 +e care@i 5e4eHi +ri5i#4 4e +e*te t.t1 4e u#4e *e +.ate 5e4ea 5re. +arte a ;.ru!ui1 a+r."= "=r"=Hia !ui Mi!.>% <Cic% 7r% /T! (>% Ubi#um2ue erit gentium, a nobis diligetur! <G# .rice #ea & Har= & se 5a a;!a1 5a ;i iu"it 4e #.i>% #s collis, u"i castra posita e"ant% paulatim ad planitiem redibat <Acea*t= c.!i#=1 u#4e ;u*e*e ae6at= ta"=ra1 *e G#c!i#a u.r *+re e*>% 0r.+.6iHia atri"uti5= *e !ea/= 4e re/e#ta *a i +ri# a45er"e re!ati5e1 a4ic= a45er"e care Hi# !.cu! i ;ac *er5iciu! +r.#u e!.r re!ati5e 5ubi% 2uo% unde% 2ua6 *au +ri# a45er"e re!ati5e #e4e;i#ite 5ubi#um2ue6 i au 5er"u! !a .4u! indi#ati&K unde erat ; e& 0uibus erat< unde potest, 6omnibus locis7 e& 0uibus potest< ubicum0ue erit ; apud 0uamcum0ue 6gentem= erit< ubi posita erant ; in 0uo posita erant! EEL
Not. G# !i "a !ati#= #u ;ace cate/.ria +r.+.6iHii!.r circu *ta#Hia!e 4e !.c1 ci1 4e.arece a45er"e!e care !ea/= atari +r.+.6iHii Hi# !.cu! i ;ac *er5iciu! +r.#u e!.r re!ati5e1 trat= +r.+.6iHii!e re*+ecti5e ca atri"uti5e% 2% Recte 1ocrates e&secrari eum solebat, 2ui primus utilitatem a iure seiun4isset <0e "u#= 4re+tate 7.crate* ."i#uia *= "!e*te e +e ace!a care ce! 4i#tGi a 4e*+=rHit i4eea 4e uti! 4e i4eea 4e 4re+t>% <Cic% %e *eg! I1 121 ((>% Psetus omnes libros, 2uos "rater suus "eli2uisset% rni$i donavit <0*etu* i@a 4=ruit t.ate c=rHi!e +e care & 4u+= *+u*a !ui & i !e !=*a*e ;rate!e *=u>% <Cic% Ad! Att! II1 1>% 3egant intueri lucem "as esse ei, 2ui a se $ominem occisum esse .ateatu". <Ei a;ir = c= #u e*te G#/=4uit 4e !e/i!e 4u #e6eieti *= 5a4= !u i#a 7ilei ace!a care =rturi*ete c= u# . a ;.*t . .rGt 4e e!>% <Cic% Pro /T! ,>% 0r.+.6iHia atri"uti5=1 care eI+ri = /G#4u! a!tei +er*.a#e i #u +e a! ce!ei care 5.r"ete *au care *crie1 are 5er"u! !a .4u! #on3un#ti&. U#e.ri *e cu#.ate u.r c= . +r.+.6iHie atri"uti5= eI+ri = /G#4u! a!tei +er*.a#e1 c=ci *G#t e5i4e#te *e #e!e *ti!u!ui i#4irect K negant! ! ! "as esse ei, 0ui! ! ! "ateatur! A!te.ri G#*= ai u!t G#tre"ui#Harea .4u!ui c.#Ju#cti5 e*te i#4iciu! c= i4eea 4i# +r.+.6iHia atri"uti5= #u re+re6i#t= /G#4u! 5.r"it.ru!uiK donavit libros, 0uos reli0uisset ; a 4=ruit c=rHi!e +e care i !e@ar ;i !=*at <+e care & 4u+= *+u*a !ui & i !e@a !=*at> M e&secrari solebat eum, 0ui primus seiun&isset N ."i#uia *= "!e*te e +e ace!a1 care ce! 4G#tGi ar ;i 4e*+=rHit <care ce! 4i#tGi a 4e*+=rHit & 4u+= cu *e eI+ri a e!>%
N.ta 1% 0r.+.6iHia atri"uti5= c.#*truit= cu .4u! c.#Ju#cti5 5a ;i tratat= !a ca+it.!u! *ti!u!ui i#4irect i !a ce! a! *ti!u!ui i#4irect G# *e#* !ar/% N.ta 2% T.t cu +r.#u e re!ati5 *e !ea/= i u# #u =r 4e +r.+.6iHii circu *ta#Hia!e 6cau+al, concesiv, condi ioull, "inal i consecutiv=, 4ar 4e*+re e!e *e 5a 5.r"i !a ca+it.!e!e +r.+.6iHii!.r circu *ta#Hia!e re*+ecti5e1 e!e #ea5G#4 #ici . !e/=tur= cu +r.+.6iHia atri"uti5=%
(% Aui"u* rebus (&sar ve$ementer commotus, maturandum 6esse= sibi e&istimavit <Cee*ar ;.arte i +re*i.#at 4e ace*te !ucruri1 a *.c.tit c= tre"uie *= *e /r="ea*c=>% <C*e*% A! .! I1 (,>% Au*e cum ita sint, adeste animis, iudices W <CG#4 ace*tea *G#t a*t;e!1 ;iHi cu curaJ1 Ju4ec=t.ri^>% @ui $uic )! Fu"anio ausus est dicere, si sibi pecuniam 0uantum poposcerat, non dedisset, mortuum se in domum eius illaturum <Ace*ta a G#4r=6#it *= *+u#= ace*tui T% Fu;a#iu* c=1 4ac= #u@i 5a 4a "a#i1 cGt ceru*e1 G! 5a a4uce .rt aca*=>% <Cic% Pro /T! ,5>% @uem si inter"icere voluisset, 0uant& 0uotiens occasiones, 0uam pr&clarse "ueruntW <Dac= ar ;i 5rut *=@ 1 . .are +e ace*ta1 cGt 4e ari1 cGt 4e #u er.a*e1 cGt 4e *tr=!ucite .ca6ii au ;.*t^>% <Cic% Pro /T! (8>% De u!te .ri G#tG!#i +r.#u e!e re!ati5 !a G#ce+utu! u#ei ;ra6e1 a4ic= 4u+= +u#ct% I# ace*t ca6 +r.#u e!e re!ati5 #u e*te u# e!e e#t +ri# care *= *e *ta"i!ea*c= u# ra+.rt 4e *u".r4.#are1 ci G#!.cuiete u# +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5 60uibus rebus ; $is rebus< 0use ; ea< 0ui N is< 0uem ; eum= i *ta"i!ete u# ra+.rt 4e c..r4.#are G#tre ;ra6a care G#ce+e i cea *au ce!e 4i#ai#te%
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Eer*iu#e DE FRUMENT' B%EDIT'RUM I#teri c.ti4ie Ca**ar Bae4u.* ;ru e#tu 1 0uod e**e#t +u"!ice +.!!iciti1 d !ia/itare% Na +r.+ter ;ri/.ra1 -u.4 Ga!!ia *u" *e+te#tri.#i"u*1 ut a#tea 4ictu e*t1 +.*ita e*t1 #.# .4. ;ru e#ta i# a/ri atura #.# era#t1 *e4 #e +a"u!i -ui4e *ati* a/#a c.+ia *u++ete"at% E. aute ;ru e#t.1 0uod ;!u i#e Arare *u"5eIerat1 +r.+terea i#u* uti +.terat1 -u.4 iter a" Arare Be!5eHii a5ertera#t1 a 0uibus 4i*ce4ere #.!e"at% U"i *e 4iutiu* 4uci <e*te a G#at1 e*te +urtat cu 5.r"a> i#te!!eIit1 c.#5.@cati* e.ru +ri#ci+i"u*1 -u.ru a/#a c.+ia i# ca*tri* 8a"e"at1 i# "i* Di5iciac. et Li*c.1 0ui *u . a/i*tratu! +reeerat1 0uem 5er/."retu a++e!!a#t Ba*4ui1 0ui creatur a##uu* et 5itaT #eci*-ue i# *u.* 8a"et +.te@*tate 1 /ra5iter e.* accu*at -u.41 cu #e-ue e i #e-ue eI a/ri *u i +.**et1 ta #ece**ari. te +.re1 ta +r.+i#-ui* 8.*ti"u*1 a" ii* #.# *u"!e5etur% (sesar Te = 7CLAEII LUI LARGIU7 MACED' Lar/iu* Mace4.1 .are era u# *t=+G# G#4ru i cru41 a *u;erit u# !ucru cru#t 6atro&= 4e !a *c!a5ii *=i% ' 4at= ;=cea "aie 6lavare= G# 5i!a F.r ia#a1 u#4e erau i *c!a5ii *=i% De.4at= *c!a5ii G! G#c.#Jur= 6circumsistere=' u#u! *are !a 6invadere= /Gt1 a!tu! <G!> "ate +e*te 6verberare= ;aH= 6os=, a!tu! <G!> !.5ete +e*te 6cordundere= +ie+t% CG#4 *.c.teau c= e*te ;=r= 5iaH= 6e&animis=, <G!> trG#te*c 6abiicere= 4e 6in= +.4ea 6pavimentum=, ca *= G#cerce 6e&periri= 4ac= 6an= tr=iete% Ace!a1 care #u ai 6iam= *i Hea1 a r= a* 6resistere= #e icat i G#ti#* 6e&tentus=! Du+= aceea *c!a5ii ai cre4i#ci.i G! iau 6e&cipere=! Cei!a!Hi1 4e u#4e *e a;!au1 *e a4u#= 6concurrere=, cu 6/. .t% Ace*ta tre6it 6e&citatus= 4e /!a*uri i G#5i.rat 6recreatus= 4e r=c.area 6"rigus= !.cu!ui1 =rturi*ete c= tr=iete% 7e G +r=tie 6di""ugere= *c!a5ii care G! c8i#ui*er= 6e&cruciare= i 4i#tre care . are +arte a ;.*t +ri#*= 6compre$endere= < cei!a!Hi *G#t c=utaHi 6re0uiro=! 0R'0'YIIA C'M0LETIE 0r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= *e #u ete aceea care G#4e+!i#ete r.!u! 4e c. +!e e#t 4irect +e !G#/= u# 5er" 4i# a!t= +r.+.6iHie% Ea *e G#;=Hiea6= G# +atru ;e!uriK 1% 0ri#tr@. c.#*trucHie G# care 5er"u! *e /=*ete !a .4u! i#;i#iti5% Acea*ta *e #u ete completiv in"initival! 2% 0ri#tr@. +r.+.6iHie !e/at= cu . c.#Ju#cHie 6ut, ne, 0uominus, 0uin= i care are 5er"u! !a .4u! c.#Ju#cti5% Acea*ta *e #u ete completiva con-7unctival! EEM
(% 0ri#tr@. +r.+.6iHie !e/at= +ri# c.#Ju#cHia 0uod, a5G#4 5er"u!1 G# /e#era!1 !a .4u! i#4icati5% Acea*ta *e #u ete completiva cu 0icd! C% 0ri#tr@. +r.+.6iHie !e/at= +ri#tr@. 5.r"= i#ter./ati5= i care are 5er"u! !a .4u! c.#Ju#cti5% Acea*ta *e #u ete interogativ indirect! +"opo7i,ia #ompleti& ininiti&al 1% 0r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= i#Gi#iti5a!= cu r.! 4e complement direct *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= 4u+= ur =t.are!e 5er"e K a> (ato 4ice"at ra4ice* litterarum a ara* e**e1 "u#tus autem iu#undos e**e <Cat. *+u#ea c= r=4=ci#i!e !iteraturii & G#5=H=turii & *G#t a are1 c= r.a4e!e ei G#*= *G#t +!=cute>% !"p0eum poetam do#et Aristoteles num0uam Gui**e <Ari*t.te!e* G#5aH= c= +.etu! 'r;eu* #@a eIi*tat #ici.4at=>% <Cic% %e 3at! %eor! II1 (81 1),>% 3Ee/a#t i#tueri lucem e**e Ga* ei4, 0ui a se 0ominem o##isum e**e lateatu" <Ei a;ir = c= #u e*te G#/=4uit & 4e !e/i!e 4u #e6eieti & ca *= +ri5ea*c= !u i#a & *= ;ie !i"er & ace!a care =rturi*ete c= u# . a ;.*t . .rGt 4e e!>% <Cic% Pro /T! ,>% I# +ri a ;ra6= /=*i . +r.+.6iHie +ri#ci+a!= (ato dicebat! Eer"u! dicebat are 4re+t c. +!e e#t 4irect +r.+.6iHia care G# r. G#ete e*te ;.r u!at= K c= r=4=ci#i!e G#5=H=turii *G#t a are1 G# acea*t= +r.+.6iHie c. +!eti5= *u"iectu! e*te Fr=4=ci#i!e X1 +re4icatu! e*te F *G#t a are X% Ea e*te !e/at= 4e re/e#ta *a +ri# c.#Ju#cHia F c= X% I# !ati#ete c.#*tat= c= !i+*ete c.#Ju#cHia1 care *= . !e/e 4e re/e#t= M *u"iectu! e*te !a ca6u! acu6ati5 6radices=, 5er"u! 4i# +re4icat e*te !a i#;i#iti5 6esse=, iar #u e!e +re4icati51 ac.r@4G#4u@*e cu *u"iectu! G# /e#1 #u =r i ca61 e*te G# ca6u! acu6ati5 +!ura! ;e i#i# 6amaras=! Eer"u! 4i# re/e#t= e*te dicebat, care G#*e #ea6= F a 6ice X1 F a 4ec!ara X% G# aceeai ;ra6= ai /=*i . +r.+.6iHie c. +!eti5=1 care G# r. G#ete e*te ;.r u!at= K c= r.a4e!e ei G#*= *G#t +!=cute% i acea*ta != urete t.t 5er"u! dicebat! i ea e*te eI+ri at= G# !ati#ete ;=r= c.#Ju#cHie 4e !e/=tur=1 cu *u"iectu! G# acu6ati5 6"ructus=, cu 5er"u! 4i# +re4icat !a i#;i#iti5 6esse=, cu #u e!e +re4icati5 G# acu6ati5 +!ura! a*cu!i#1 ca i *u"iectu! 6iucundos=! Acea*t= c.#*trucHie1 *+eci;ic= !i "ii !ati#e1 +ri# care *e eI+ri = . +r.+.6iHie c. +!eti5=1 *e #u ete a#u7ati& #u in.initi& 6Accusativus cum in"initivo=, iar +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5=1 care e*te eI+ri at= +ri# acea*t= c.#*trucHie1 *e #u ete completiv in initival! Eer"u! 4u+= care e*te G#tre"ui#Hat= G#*e #ea6= F a 6ice X1 F a 4ec!ara X% Atari 5er"e *e #u e*c verba dicendi *au verba declarandi! G# a 4.ua ;ra6= /=*i G# +ri#ci+a!= 6Aristoteles docet= 5er"u! docet, care e*te u# verbum declarandi! Ace*t 5er" e*te != urit +ri#tr@. c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!=1 a4ic= +ri#tr@u# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 c=ci Gi !i+*ete c.#Ju#cHia1 are *u"iectu! !a acu6ati5 6Hrp$eum poetam= i +re4icatu! !a i#;i#iti5 6"uisse=! G# a treia ;ra6= /=*i !a *;Grit 5er"u! "ateatur, care e*te u# verbum declarandi! Ace*ta e*te != urit +ri#tr@. c. +!eti5= EE5
i#;i#iti5a!=1 a4ic= +ri#tr@u# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti5 6$ominem occisum esse=! T.t G# aceat= ;ra6= ai /=*i u# verbum declarandi, +e negant! i ace*ta e*te != urit +ri#tr@. c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= 6intueri esse "as=! G# acea*t= c. +!eti5= +re4icatu! e*te "as esse, care e*te u# +re4icat #. i#a!1 G# care 5er"u! e*te !a i#;i#iti5 6esse=, iar #u e!e +re4icati5 e*te !a acu6ati5 6"as=! Dre+t *u"iect are +e intueri, care e*te !a i#;i#iti5 i e*te c.#*i4erat a ;i !a ca6u! acu6ati51 +e#tru c= atu#ci cG#4 i4eea 5er"a!= *au% IOmO PSiu $U7mm m;t H*tG ect *au 4e c. +!e e#t 4irect G#tr@. +r.+.6iHie1 i cG#4 4eci tre"uie *= *e a;!e !a ca6u! #. i#ati5 *au !a ca6u! acu6ati51 e*te G#;=Hiat +ri# .4u! i#;i#iti5% Aa c=1 G# acea*t= c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!=1 acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti5 e*te re4at +ri#tr@u# i#;i#iti5 cu i#;i#iti51 i#;i#iti5u! *u"iect ;ii#4 G# ca6u! acu6ati5% C.#c8i4e 4eci c= 4u+= verba declarandi sive dicendi +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= *e eI+ri = +ri# c.#*trucHia acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti5% Atari 5er"e *G#tK dico, nego <*+u# c= #u>1 a"7irmo, respondeo, scribo< "ateor, declaro, demonstro, signi"ico< narro, trado 6memo-rise=, certiorem "acio, nuntio< doceo, ostendo< promitto, polliceor, minor etc% "> Nelve ii angustos *e "ines 0abe"e a"bit"abantu" <Be!5eHii *.c.teau c= ei au 8.tare G#/u*te>% <C*e*% A! .! I1 2>% Gui se commoverit, sentiet in $ac urbe esse #onsules vigilantes, esse egregios a/i*tratu* <Ce! care *e 5a ;i icat1 5a *i Hi c= G# ace*t .ra *G#t c.#*u!i tre6i & /riJu!ii & c= *G#t a/i*traHi 4i*ti#i>% <Cic% In (at! II1 2,> 3isi vero eIi*ti ati* 4e e#te 0% AMca#u ;ui**e1 0ui! ! ! <Nu ai 4ac= #u *.c.tiHi c= a ;.*t #e"u# 0% A;rica#u*1 care % % % >% <Cic% Pro /T! 8> Guis est 0ui +u#ie#4u <e**e> +utet1 cum 5i4eat ali0uando *ladium ad $ominem occidendum ab ipsis po""i*i legibusD <Ci#e e*te ace!a care cre4e c= tre"uie a+!icat= +e4ea+*= & G# ca6 4e !e/iti = a+=rare & cG#4 5e4e c= u#e.ri c8iar 4e c=tre !e/i #i *e G#ti#4e *a"ia +e#tru . .rGrea u#ui . T>% <Cic% Pro /T! 9%> An est 0uis0uam 0ui $oc i*no"et% cum de $omine occiso 0uasreretur, aut ne*"i sole"e omnino esse "actum, aut recte et iure "actum esse de.endiL <E*te .are ci#e5a care *= #u tie acea*ta c=1 .ricG#4 *e ;ace . a#c8et= 4e*+re . .rGrea u#ui . 1 e*te ."iceiu! ca *au *= *e t=/=4uia*c= cu t.tu! c= acea*ta *@a ;=cut1 *au *= *e *u*Hi#= c= acea*ta *@a ;=cut +e 4re+t i !e/a!T>% <Cic% Pro /T! 8%> G# +ri a ;ra6= a5e . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= 6se $abere=, care != urete +e 5er"u! arbitrabantur! G# a 4.ua ;ra6= a5e 4.u= c. +!eti5e i#;i#iti5a!e 6consules esse< magistratus esse=, care != ure*c +e 5er"u! sentiet! G# a treia ;ra6= a5e . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= 6P! A"ri-canum dementem "uisse=, care != urete +e 5er"u! e&istimatis! G# a +atra ;ra6= a5e . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= 6gladium porrigi=, care != urete +e 5er"u! videat< a5e G#c= . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!=1 re4u*= #u ai !a i#;i#iti5 6puniendum esse=, care != urete +e 5er"u! putet! Ace*teia Gi !i+*ete *u"iectu! G# acu6ati51 +e#tru c= e*te 4at= G# ;.r = i +er*.#a!=1 4eci ;=r= EEC
*u"iect 6puniendum esse N c= tre"uie *= *e +e4e+*ea*c=1 *= *e a+!ice . +e4ea+*=>% G# a ci#cea ;ra6= a5e 4.u= c. +!eti5e i#;i#iti5a!e 6negri solere< de"endi solere=, care != ure*c +e 5er"u! ignoret! G# ace*te c. +!eti5e *u"iecte!e *G#t 5er"e !a i#;i#iti5 6negri, de"endi N a *e t=/=4ui1 a *e *u*Hi#e>1 care1 G# ace*t r.!1 *G#t !a ca6u! acu6ati51 iar +re4icatu! G# a G#4.u= e*te 5er"u! !a i#;i#iti5 6solere=! Aa c= aici c.#*trucHia acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti5 e*te re4at= p"in i#;i#iti5 cu i#;i#iti51 i#;i#iti5u! *u"iect ;ii#4 !a acu6ati5% Eer"e!e 4e care 4e+i#4 c. +!eti5e!e i#;i#iti5a!e 4i# ace*te ci#ci ;ra6e *G#tK arbitrabantur, sentiet, e&istimatis, videat, putet, ignoret! Ace*te 5er"e eI+ri = . *i Hire1 u# ;e! 4e a G#He!e/e% De aceea *e #u e*c verba sentiendi! A 4.ua cate/.rie 4e 5er"e 4u+= care *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti5u! G# !i "a !ati#= . ;.r ea6= verba sentiendi! Atari 5er"e *G#tK sentio, animadverto, audio, video< accipio, comperio< cognosco, intellego< cogito< arbitror, censeo, iudico, opinor, puto< spero, suspicor< scio, nescio, ignoro< memini, recordor, obliviscor etc% N.ta 1% G# ;ra6aK Nelve ii angustos se "ines $abere arbitrabantur, *u"iectu! c. +!eti5ei e*te u# +r.#u e +er*.#a! 4e +er*.a#a a treia1 care G#*= re+re6i#t= +e *u"iectu! +ri#ci+a!ei *au re/e#teiK Be!5eHii *.c.teau c= ei au% % % De aceea e*te eI+ri at +ri# +r.#u e!e re;!eIi5% Acea*t= c. +!eti5= *e /=*ete 4e ;a+t G# *ti! i#4irect1 c=ci ea eI+ri =1 #u /G#4u! *criit.ru!ui1 ci a! +.+.ru!ui 4e*+re care 5.r"ete% N.ta 2% C. +!eti5e!e i#;i#iti5a!e care 4e+i#4 4e verba declarandi *au verba sentiendi tre"uie *= ai"= *u"iectu! eI+ri at% c> Te vero, *! %omiti, $uic 0usestioni +r*ee**e ma&ime &oluit (n! Pompeius <G#*= C#% 0. +eiu* a Hi#ut ;.arte u!t ca tu1 L% D. itiu*1 *= +re6i4e6i acea*t= i#*ta#H=>% <Cic% Pro /T! 22%> %uodecim tabulse nocturnum u"em inte".i#i impune &olue"unt <Ce!e 4.u=*+re6ece ta"!e au 5rut & au 8.t=rGt & ca ".Hu! 4e #.a+te *= ;ie . .rGt ;=r= *a#cHiu#i>% <Cic% Pro /T! 9%> 1ilent leges inter- arma, nec *e e4spe#ta"i iubent <G# iJ!.cu! ar e!.r a uHe*c !e/i!e i #u +reti#4 ca e!e *= ;ie ate+tate>% <Cic% Pro /T! $D.6 ;e sal&um e**e #upio <D.re*c ca tu *= ;ii *=#=t.*>% Nelve ii totius .alliee imperio e*e potiri +.**e *+era#t <Be!5eHii *+er= c= ei +.t *= +u#= *t=+G#ire +e c.#4ucerea G#tre/ii Ga!ii>% <CaT*% A! .! I1 (%> Romani )ransalpinas /e#te* oleam et vineam *erere non sinebant <R. a#ii #u +er iteau ca #ea uri!e tra#*a!+i#e *= +!a#te6e =*!i#u! i 5iHa>% 3ervii nib.il patiebantu" vini ad se ine""i <Ner5ii #u G#/=4uiau *= *e a4uc= !a ei #ici u# +ic 4e 5i#>% <CaO*% A! .! II1 15%> (sesar milites cum $ostibus #onli*e"e% absente se, &etuit <Cee*ar a .+rit & a i#ter6i* & ca *.!4aHii *= !u+te cu 4u a#ii G# a"*e#Ha *a>% G# ;ra6e!e 4e ai *u* a5e +r.+.6iHii c. +!eti5e i#;i#iti5a!e 4e+i#6G#4 4e 5er"e!e K voluit, voluerunt, iubent, cupio, sperant, sinebant, patiebantur, vetuit! T.ate ace*te 5er"e eI+ri = acte 4e 5.i#H= i *e #u e*c verba voluntatis! A treia cate/.rie 4e 5er"e1 4u+= care c. +!eti5a *e eI+ri = +ri# acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti5 *G#t verba voluntatis! EE9
A*t;e! 4e 5er"e *G#tK volo, nolo, malo, cupio, opto, studeo, postulo, placet< sino, patior< iubeo, impero, veto, pro:ibeo! 3ot! G# ;ra6a a treia1 c. +!eti5a se e&spectari, i G# ;ra6a a ci#cea c. +!eti5a ese posse au 4re+t *u"iect +r.#u e!e +er*.#a! 4e +er*.a#a a treia1 care e*te eI+ri at G# a G#4.u= +ri# +r.#u e!e re;!eIi5 6se, ese=, +e#tru c= re+re6i#t= +e *u"iectu! re/e#tei re*+ecti5e 6leges, Nelve ii=, a4ic= ace*te +r.+.6iHii *e /=*e*c G# *ti! i#4irect1 e!e eI+ri G#4 /G#4u! *u"iectu!ui 4i# re/e#t=1 #u +e a! *criit.ru!ui%
i
4> Aelgse populi Romani e4e"#itum 0iema"e at0ue in&ete"as#e"e in .allia"" .!e*te ;ere"a#t <Be!/ii *u+.rtau /reu ca ar ata +.+.ru!ui r. a# *= ier#e6eQ i *= *e G#r=4=ci#e6e G# Ga!ia>% <C*e*% A! .! II1 1%> Ariovistus neminem secum sine sua pernicie #ontendisse *lo"ia "aiu r <Ari.5i*tu* *e ;=!ea c= #i e#i #u *@a =*urat cu e! ;=r= +ri eJ4ia +r.+rie>% <C*e*% A! .! I1 (9%> /ul i +ecca**e *e #.# a#/u#tur1 ."iur/ari 5er. .!e*te ;eru#t <Mu!Hi #u *e tu!"ur= c= ei au +=c=tuit1 G#*= *u+.rt= /reu *= ;ie criticaHi & "!a aHi>% G# +ri a ;ra6= a5e 4.u= c. +!eti5e i#;i#iti5a!e 6e&ercitum $iemare< e&ercitum inveterascere= care 4e+i#4 4e /ru+u! 4e cu5i#te moleste "erebant! G# ;ra6a a 4.ua a5e . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= 6neminem contendisse= care 4e+i#4e 4e 5er"u! gloria-batur! G# ;ra6a a treia e*te . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= 6se peccasse=, care 4e+i#4e 4e 5er"u! anguntur, i a!ta 6se obiurgari= care 4e+i#4e 4e /ru+u! 4e cu5i#te moleste "erunt! Eer"e!e gloriabatur, anguntur i /ru+u! 4e cu5i#te moleste "erebant, moleste "erunt eI+ri = u# *e#ti e#t i *e #u e*c verba a""ectuum! A +atra cate/.rie 4e 5er"e1 4u+= care c. +!eti5a *e eI+ri = +ri# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 *G#t ce!e #u ite verba a""ectuum, care eI+ri = u# *e#ti e#t% Atari 5er"e *G#tK gaudeo, Isetor, glorior, 0ueror, miror, admiror! N.t=1 I# ;ra6a a treia a5e c. +!eti5a *e peccasse, a! c=rui *u"iect e*te +r.#u e!e +er*.#a! 4e +er*.a#a a treia i a ;.*t eI+ri at +ri# +r.#u e!e re;!eIi5 se, c=ci re+re6i#t= *u"iectu! re/e#tei mul i< t.t aa i G# *e obiurgari! A G#4.u= ace*te c. +!eti5e *G#t G# *ti! i#4irect G# *e#* !ar/% 2% C. +!eti5a i#;i#iti5a!= cu r.! 4e subiect *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G# ur =t.are!e ca6uri K a> Di;;ici!e e*t a icitia W#ere1 si a virtute de"eceris <E /reu *= 4ure6e +riete#ia1 4ac= te@ai 4e+=rtat 4e 5irtute>% <Cic% %e Am! (,%> E-uii#i e*t utru -ue au4iri <E*te 4re+t *= ;ie a*cu!taHi a G#4.i>% 1ervilius A$ala, P! 3asica, *! Hpimius, (! /arius ne"arii $aberentur, si *ce!erat.* ci5e* i#ter;ici #e;a* e**et <7er5i!iu* A8a!a1 0% Na*ica1 L% '+i iu*1 C% Mariu* ar ;i c.#*i4eraHi #ite cri i#a!i1 4ac= #@ar ;i +er i* *= ;ie . .rGHi cet=He#ii #e!e/iuiHi>% <Cic% Pro /T! 8%> Faci#u* e*t 5i#ciri ci5e R. a#u 1 *ce!u* 5er"erari1 +arrici4iu #ecari <E*te . ;a+t= rea ca u# cet=Hea# r. a# *= ;ie G#!=#Huit1 e*te . cri = *= ;ie "=tut1 e*te +arici4 *= ;ie . .rGt>% <Cic% In @err! E1 MM!= G# ;ra6e!e 4e ai *u* a5e c. +!eti5e i#;i#iti5a!e & acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti5 & 4u+= eI+re*ii!e i +er*.#a!e K di""icile est 6amicitiam mJnere=, ee0uum est 6utrum0ue audiri=, ne"as esset! 6sceleratos cives inter"ici=, "acinus est, 6civem Romanum vinciri=, EK?
sedus est 6civem Romanum verberari=, parricidium est 6civem Romanum necari=! Ace*te eI+re*ii *G#t ;.r ate 4i# a4Jecti5e Ia /e#u! #eutru 6di""icile, &0uum= *au *u"*ta#ti5e 6ne as, "acinus, scelus, parricidium= i 5er"u! esse !a +er*.a#a a treia *i#/u!ar% Ace*te eI+re*ii a5G#4 *e#* i +er*.#a!1 +r.+.6iHia care !e G#tre/ete G#He!e*u! are r.! 4e *u"iect% Deci +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= & acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti5 & *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= cu r.! 4e *u"iect 4u+= eI+re*ii!e cu *e#* i +er*.#a!1 ;.r ate 4i# K a4Jecti5e !a /e#u! #eutru G +reu#= cu 5er"u! esse !a +er*.a#a a I!I@a *i#/u!ar1 +recu *G#tK se0uum, par, iustum est N e 4re+tM apertum, mani"estam, perspicuum est N e c!ar1 e e5i4e#tM credibile, verum, veri simile, consentaneum est N e 4e cre6ut1 e a4e5=rat1 e #atura!M "acile est 8; e u.r1 di""icile est N e /reu M $onestum est , e ci#*tit <4e #>1 pulc$rum est N e ;ru .*1 turpe est N a rui#.*1 indignum est ; e #e4e # M a#u ite *u"*ta#ti5e G +reu#= cu 5er"u! esse !a +er*.a#a a treia *i#/u!ar1 +recu K "as est ; e*te +er i*1 ne"as est ; #u e*te +er i*1 "acinus est ; e . ;a+t= rea1 scelus est ; e . cri = M "ama est N *e *+u#e1 spes est & *e *+er= M necesse est, opus est ; e #ece*ar1 tre"uie etc% "> 'rat.re ira*ci minime 4ecet% <Nu *e ca4e 4e !.c ca .rat.ru! *= *e G#;urie>% <Cic% )use! IE1 55%> Hmnibus bonis eI+e4it *a!5a e**e re +u"!ica <Tutur.r ce!.r 4e trea"= !e +ri#4e "i#e ca re+u"!ica *= ;ie *a!5at=>% <Cic% P$ilip! ZIII1 81 19%> C.#*tat inter omnes iniuste 7.crate capitis 4a #atu e**e <E*te *ta"i!it & tiut & +e#tru t.Hi c= 7.crate a ;.*t c.#4a #at !a .arte +e #e4re+t>1 G# ;ra6e!e 4e ai *u* a5e +r.+.6iHii c. +!eti5e i#;i#iti@5a!e care 4e+i#4 4e #ite +re4icate ;.r ate 4i# 5er"e unipersonale cu *e#* i +er*.#a!K decet 6oratorem irasci=< e&pedit 6rempublicam salcJm esse=< constat 61ocratem damnatum esse=! De.arece 5er"e!e care c.#*tituie +re4icate!e +r.+.6iHii!.r re/e#te *G#t u#i+er*.#a!e cu *e#* i +er*.#a!1 +r.+.6iHii!e c. +!eti5e care !e != ure*c au r.! 4e *u"iect% Deci1 +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= cu r.! 4e *u"iect *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i 4u+= u#e!e 5er"e u#i+er*.#a!e cu *e#* i +er*.#a!1 +recu K apparet ; e c!ar M constat ; e *ta"i!it1 e tiutM conducit, e&pedit, prodest N e*te a5a#taJ.*1 e*te ;.!.*it.r M convenit N e !ucru G#He!e* M placet N +!ace1 displicet ; #u +!ace M decet ; *e ca4e1 *e cu5i#e M oportet , tre"uie M interest, re"ert ; e G# i#tere*u!%
Not. Du+= licet <e*te +er i*> 5er"u! c. +!eti5ei *t= !a i#;i#iti51 4ar *u"iectu! ei *t= G# 4ati51 i #u e!e +re4icati5 *t= G# /e#era! G# 4ati51 rare.ri G# acu6ati5% Ace!ai !ucru *e ;ace u#e.ri cu datur, contingit <*e G#tG +!=>1 prodest <e*te ;.!.*it.r>% In republica mi$i neglegenti esse non licet <I# tre"uri!e *tatu!ui #u@ i e*te +er i* *= ;iu #e+=*=t.r>% Dac= G#*= u#i+er*.#a!u! #u are c. +!e e#t G# 4ati51 #u e!e +re4icati5 *t= G# acu6ati5 K )urbis in republica ortis, e4i.*Pe**e non li#ebit <CG#4 *@a i*cat . re5.!uHie G# *tat1 #u e*te & #u 5a ;i & +er i* *= ;i #eutri>% @el pace vel bello, #la"um .ie"i li#et <0.Hi 4e5e#i i!u*tru i G# ti + 4e +ace i G# ti + 4e r=6".i>%
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c> Eorum una pars, 0uam !allos ob,ine"e di#tum e*t1 initium capit a "lumine R$odano <) +arte a ace!.ra1 +e care *@a *+u* c= . au Ga!ii1 Gi ia G#ce+utu! & G#ce+e & 4e !a ;!u5iu! R.#>% <Cae*% A! .! I1 1%> Tbi t2rannus est, ibi di#endum est plane nullam e**e "em publi#am <U#4e eIi*t= tira#1 ac.!. tre"uie *= *e *+u#= c= re+u"!ica #u ai eIi*t= cu t.tu!>1 <Gic% %e Rep! III% (11 C(%> Non alienum e**e &idetu" de .allise .ermanias0ue moribus p"opone"e <Nu i *e +are a ;i G# a;ar= 4e *u"iect a 5.r"i 4e*+re ."iceiuri!e Ga!iei *i Ger a#iei>% <C*e*% A! .! EI1 11%> I# ;ra6e!e 4e ai *u* a5e +r.+.6iHii c. +!eti5e i#;i#i@ti5a!e & acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti5 & cu r.! 4e *u"iect1 4u+= 5er"e!e K dictum est 6.allos ob inere= < dicendum est 6nullam esse rem publicam=, videtur 6non esse alienum proponere=! Ace*te 5er"e *G#t verba declarandi *au sentiendi !a ;.r a +a*i5= 6dictum est, videtur=, *au !a c.#Ju/area +eri;ra*tic= +a*i5= 6dicendum est=, !a +er*.a#a a treia *i#/u!ar cu *e#* i +er*.#a!% A*t;e!1 +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= & acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti5 & cu r.! 4e *u"iect *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i 4u+= eI+re*ii!e i +er*.#a!e c.#*tituite 4i# verba declarandi *au sentiendi Ia +a*i5 *au !a c.#Ju/area +eri;ra*tic= +a*i5= !a +er*.a#a a treia *i#/u!ar% N.t= c= G# c. +!eti5a i#;i#iti5a!= non alienum esse proponere *u"iectu! e*te i#;i#iti5u! proponere, aa c= a5e u# i#;i#iti5 cu i#;i#iti51 i#;i#iti5u! *u"iect ;ii#4 c.#*i4erat G# acu6ati5 4> /i$i vero Cn. +ompeius non modo ni$il gravius contra /ilonem iudi#asse% sed etiam statuisse 5i4etur1 0uid &os in iudicando spe#ta"e opo"te"et. 5Mie G#*= i *e +are c= C#% 0. +eiu* #u #u ai c= #@a Ju4ecat #i ic +rea /ra5 G# c.#tra !ui Mi!.1 4ar c8iar c= a *ta"i!it ce tre"uie *= a5eHi 5.i G# 5e4ere G# Ju4ecarea +r.ce*u!ui>% <Cic% Pro /T! 15%> 1ed ante0uam ad eam orationem venio, 0use est propria vestrse 0usestioni, &identu" ea e**e "e.utanda% 0use in senatu ab inimicis ssepe iactatasunt <Dar G#ai#te 4e a trece !a acea +arte a +!e4.ariei1 care e*te 4irect !e/at= 4e cercetarea 5.a*tr=1 i *e +are c= tre"uie *= re*+i#/ ce!e ce 4e*e.ri au ;.*t aru#cate G# *e#at 4e c=tre 5r=J ai>% <Cic% Pro /T! ,%> Id eius rei causa anti0uitus institutum <e**e> &idetu" <Ace*t !ucru *e +are c= a ;.*t *ta"i!it 4i# 5ec8i e G# ace*t *c.+>% <C*e*% A! .! EI1 11%> G# +ri a ;ra6= a5e . eI+re*ie i +er*.#a!=1 6videtur= ;.r at= 4i#tr@u# verbum sentiendi !a +er*.a#a a treia *i#/u!ar !a ;.r a +a*i5=% Ea c.#*tituie +re4icatu! +r.+.6iHiei +ri#ci+a!e i@i G#tre/ete G#He!e*u! +ri# 4.u= c. +!eti5e i#;i#iti5a!e1 a!e c=r.r +re4icate *G#t 5er"e!e iudicasse i statuisse i care au a G#@ 4.u= ca *u"iect +e (n! Pompeius! Aici1 4eci1 *u"iectu! c. +!eti5e!.r i#;i#iti5a!e #u e*te G# acu6ati51 ci e*te G# #. i#ati5 i c. +!eti5a i#;i#iti5a!= cu r.! 4e *u"iect aici #u ai are c.#*trucHia acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 ci c.#*trucHia nominati& #u in.initi&. 0.tri5it ce!.r G#5=Hate ai *u* !a R c% c. +!eti5a i#;i#i@ ti5a!= 4u+= eI+re*ia i +er*.#a!= videtur tre"uia *= ai"= ;.r a K (n! Pompeium iudicasse, (n! Pompeium statuisse! Dar eI+re*ia i +er*.#a!= a !uat *u"iectu! c. +!eti5ei i a 4e5e#it +er*.#a!=1 EKE
c=ci acu are ca *u"iect u# #u e1 #u . +r.+.6iHie M iar ace! *u"iect +ri ete ca6u! #. i#ati51 G#trucGt +re4icatu! *=u 6videtur= e*te !a .4 +er*.#a!% A*t;e!1 G#trea/a i4ee 4e5i#e K (n! Pompeius 6mi$i= videtur iudicasse, (n! Pompeius videtur statuisse! G# acea*t= ;.r = (n! Pompeius e*te /G#4it ca *u"iect a! !ui videtur i G#trea/a ;ra6= a+are G# ;.r aK Mie G#*= C#% 0. +eiu* G i +are #u #u ai a #u ;i Ju4ecat <c= #u a Ju4ecat> #i ic +rea /reu G# c.#tra !ui Mi!.1 cGt c8iar & +are & a ;i *ta"i!it ce tre"uie *= a5eHi G# 5e4ere 5.i G# Ju4ecarea +r.ce*u!ui% G# aceeai ;ra6= /=*i i u# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti5 G# r.! 4e *u"iect 4u+= 5er"u! u#i+er*.#a! oportet, cu *e#* i +er*.#a!K vos spectare <5e6i ai *u* R b=! I# ;ra6a a 4.ua /=*i . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= i# r.! 4e *u"iectK ea re"utanda esse ; c= tre"uie re*+i#*e ace!ea% G#trucGt ea e*te u# #eutru +!ura!1 #u *e +.ate cu#.ate #u ai 4u+= G#;=Hiarea c. +!eti5ei 4ac= e*te u# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 .ri u# #. i#ati5 cu i#;i#iti5% Eer"u! re/e#t G#*= are ;.r a videntur, #u videtur, a4ic= are ;.r a +er*.#a!=1 c=ci e*te !a +er*.a#a a treia +!ura!1 #u !a +er*.a#a a treia *i#/u!ar1 !a care e*te eI+re*ia i +er*.#a!=% Acea*ta G#*e #ea6= c= videtur, +re4icatu! re/e#tei1 a !uat ca *u"iect a! *=u +e ea! 4i# c. +!eti5a i#;i#iti5a!=1 i ea *e a;!= G# #. i#ati5% Deci i G# acea*t= ;ra6= c. +!eti5a i#;i#iti5a!= e*te eI+ri at= +ri# #. i#ati5 cu i#;i#iti5% G# ;ra6a a treia a5e . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= 6id insti-tutum esse= 4u+= eI+re*ia i +er*.#a!= videtur! Acea*t= c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= +.ate ;i i#ter+retat= ca u# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 videtur ;ii#4 c.#*i4erat ca i +er*.#a!% Dar +.ate ;i i#ter+retat= i ca #. i#ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 trecG#4 +e id ca *u"iect a! !ui videtur, care a*t;e! ar 4e5e#i +er*.#a!1 c=ci id are aceeai ;.r = i !a acu6ati5 i !a #. i#ati5 #eutru% G#tr@u# a*e e#ea ca6 ;.r a G# care *e G#;=Hiea6= c. +!eti5a i re/e#Ha *a #u #e aJut= *= 4i*ti#/e 4ac= a5e u# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 .ri u# #. i#ati5 cu i#;i#iti5% Dar G#trucGt1 G# a*e e#ea ca6uri1 c. +!eti5e!e iau ;.r a #. i#ati5u!ui cu i#;i#iti51 c.#*i4er= i c. +!eti5a 4i# ;ra6a a treia t.t 4e acea*t= ;.r =% Di# eIa i#area ;ra6e!.r 4e ai *u* c.#*tat= c= G# re/e#t= a5e u# verbum sentiendi !a ;.r a +a*i5= !a u#u! 4i# ti +uri!e *i +!e1 care *@a *c8i "at 4i# eI+re*ie i +er*.#a!= G# eI+re*ie +er*.#a!=1 !uG#4 *u"iectu! c. +!eti5ei i a 4at #atere c.#*trucHiei #. i#ati5 cu i#;i#iti5% G# ;ra6a G#tGia i G# ;ra6a a 4.ua 4e !a R c% /=*i G# re/e#t= verba declarandi t.t !a ;.r a +a*i5=1 4ar !a u# ti + c. +u* 6dictum est= *au !a c.#Ju/area +eri;ra*tic= +a*J5= 6dicendum est=! C. +!eti5e!e care !e != ure*c +e ace*tea au ;.r a 4e acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti5 K .allos ob inere 6dictum est= < nullam esse rem publicam 6dicendum est=! Deci c.#c8i4e c= 4u+= eI+re*ii!e i +er*.#a!e ;.r ate 4i# verba declarandi *au sentiendi a;!ate !a +er*.a#a a treia *i#/u!ar1 !a +a*i51 c.#*trui c. +!eti5a i#;i#iti5a!= cu r.! 4e *u"iect1 EKK
4e +re;eri#H= cu #. i#ati5u! cu i#;i#iti51 cG#4 5er"u! 4i# re/e#t= e*te !a u# ti + *i +!u 6videtur, dicitur=, i cu acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti51 cG#4 5er"u! 4i# re/e#t= e*te !a u# ti + c. +u* *au !a c.#Ju/area +eri;ra*tic= +a*i5= 6dictum est2 dicendum est=! 0ri# tra#*;.r area c. +!eti5ei i#;i#iti5a!e 4i# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti5 G# #. i#ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 *u"iectu! c. +!eti5ei trece !a ca6u! #. i#ati51 5er"u! 4i# +re4icat r= G#e !a i#;i#iti51 #u e!e +re4icati5 ia ca6u! *u"iectu!ui1 iar eI+re*ia i +er*.#a!= care c.#*tituia re/e#ta1 4e5e#i#4 +er*.#a!=1 *e ac.r4= G# #u =r i +er*.a#= cu *u"iectu! +e care 1@a +ri it 4e !a c. +!eti5=% N.ta 1% I# c.#*trucHia acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 4ac= +re4icatu! !a i#;i#iti5 are i u# c. +!e e#t 4irect G# acu6ati51 +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= *e *c8i "= 4i# acti5= G# +a*i5= *+re a *e e5ita c.#;u6ia care 4i#tre ce!e 4.u= acu6ati5e e*te *u"iect i care e*te c. +!e e#t 4irect% Aa +e#tru ;ra6aK FR. a#ii cre4eau c= 0. +eiu* a G#5i#* +e C**arX1 #u +ute 6ice K Romani putabant Pompeium (sesarem vicisse, c=ci #u re6u!t= 4i# eI+ri are 4ac= Cre*ar a G#5i#* +e 0. +eiu*1 .ri 0. +eiu* +e CaG*ar1 ci tre"uie *+u* K Romani putabant (sesarem a Pompeio victum esse ; R. a#ii cre4eau c= C;;i*ar a ;.*t G#5i#* 4e 0. +eiu*% F.r u!=ri 4e ace*tea #e+reci*e *e /=*eau G# r=*+u#*uri!e .rac.!e!.r K Aio te1 /acula, B. a#.* vincere posse! N.ta 2% I# c.#*trucHia acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 4ac= +re4icatu! tre"uie *= ;ie !a 5iit.ru! i#;i#iti5u!ui1 iar 5er"u! #@are *u+i# i 4eci #ici 5iit.ru! i#;i#iti5u!ui1 *e i#tr.4uce G# +re4icat "ore ut *au "uturum esse ut' (redo ;.re ut te $uius pcniteat! <Cre4 c= te 5ei c=i 4e acea*t= ;a+t=>% Acea*t= c.#*trucHie e*te G#tre"ui#Hat= u#e.ri i !a 5er"e care au *u+i# K Romani putabant !.re ut .alii a (asare vincerentur, 4ar *e +utea 6ice i Romani .allos putabant a (vesare 5ictu iri <R. a#ii cre4eau c= Ga!ii 5.r ;i G#5i#i 4e C*e*ar>% 0re;eri#Ha +e#tru 5iit.ru! i#;i#iti5u!ui i +e#tru "ore ut, "uturum esse ut . au 5er"e!e care G#*ea #= K a cre4e1 a +r. ite1 a a e#i#Ha K Promisit se venturum esse <A +r. i* c= 5a 5e#i>% 7e +utea e5ita 5iit.ru! i#;i#iti5u!ui i G#tre"ui#HG#4 5er"u! posse ur at 4e i#;i#iti5u! +re6e#t K (sesar sperabat se sine pugna rem c.#;icere +.**e 6; rem con"ecturum esse= ; G;;i*ar *+era c= 5a ter i#a !ucru! ;=r= !u+t=% N.ta (% G# c. +!eti5e!e i#;i#iti5a!e care cu+ri#4 . c. +araHie1 a! 4.i!ea ter e# 4e c. +araHie *e +u#e G# acu6ati5 ca i +ri u!1 4ac= #@are u# 5er" a! *=u K E+i.uru de amici ia similia constat docuisse at0ue 0Dt8a/.ra <E*te tiut c= E+icuru* a G#5=Hat cu +ri5ire !a a iciHie !ucruri 4e ace!ai ;e! ca 0Dt8a/.ra*>% Guis neget ut B. eru 1 ila Eer/i!iu 0uo0ue multa narrationi mirabilia admiscuisseD <Ci#e +.ate t=/=4ui c=1 4u+= cu B. eru* a a e*tecat u!t iracu!.* G# +.5e*tire1 t.t aa a a e*tecat i Eer/i!iu*T>% Dac= a! 4.i!ea ter e# 4e c. +araHie are u# 5er" a! *=u1 e! ia ca6u! care i *e ca4e G# +r.+.6iHie K De .*t8e#e (tesip$on contendebat tantos pro patria subiisse labores, 0uantos #e . tune subiisset <Cte*i+8.# *u*Hi#ea c= De .*te#e* a *u+.rtat atGt 4e ari .*te#e!i +e#tru +atrie1 cGt #@a *u+.rtat #i e#i atu#ci>% N.ta C% Eer"e!e care G#*e #ea6= a 5e4ea1 a au6i 6video, cerno, adspicio, conspicio, audio= *e c.#*truie*c cu c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!=1 cG#4 G#;=Hiea6= u# ;a+t cu caracter /e#era! 6Audivi discipulos in $oc ludo minus laborare N a au6it c= G# acea*t= c.a!= e!e5ii #u +rea !ucrea6=>1 i cu +artici+iu! +re6e#t cG#4 G#re/i*trea6= . *tare 4i#tr@u# . e#t 4at 6@idi discipulos ludentes N a 5=6ut +e c.!ari JucG#4u@*e1 *au K c= c.!arii *e Jucau>% Eer*iu#e DE AUIBU7DAM GR3ECI7 'BAT'B;;iU7 '+i#i. e*t Pisistratum et +au!. seniorem 1olonem +.*tea-ue (list$eiiem u!tu 1 ut te +.ri"u* i!!i*1 valuisse 4ice#4.% 0.*t 8a#c *etate a!i-u.t a##i* T8e i*t.c!e* ;uit1 0uem c.#*tat cu +ru4e#tia1 tu etia e!.-ue#tia EKL
pr&stitisse< +.*t Pericles, -ui1 cu ;!.reret . #i /e#ere 5irtuti*1 8ac ta e# Guit !au4e c!ari**i u*% (leonem etia 1 tur"u!e#tu i!!u ci5e 1 elo0uentem ta e# 4icitur "uisse! Alcibiadem, (ritiam, )$eramenem -u.-ue 4ice#4i arte viguisse T8ucD@4i4e* *cri+*it% EI i!!iu* *cri+ti* i#te!!ectu e*t eos grandes 5er"i*1 crebros *e#te#tii*1 c. +re**i.#e 5er. reru breves, et ." ea i+*a cau*a i#ter4u subobscuros "uisse! *2siam ipsum, i# cau*i* ;.re#*i"u* #.# versatum, *e4 e/re/ie subtilem scriptorem at0ue elegantem "uisse . #e* #.5eru#t%
Te = ATACAREA 'RAULUI
Gi#4 a *.*it 6advenire= acea 6i1 +e care . 8.t=rG*erW 6constituere=, r. a#ii au G#ce+ut atacarea 6oppugnatio= .rau!ui% La G#ce+ut au c.#*truit 6e&struere= u# etere6 6agger=! A+.i au icat tur#u! *+re .ra1 *+er!#4 c= 5.r cuceri 6e&pugnare= u.r .rau!% Dar 4u a#ii1 care *.c.teau 6arbitrari= c= t.at= *a!5area 6salus= .rau!ui e*te +u*= 6ponere= G# acea !u+t=1 #u *e c!i#teau 6decedere= 4i# !.c% Aru#cau 6coniicere= 4e +e 6de= 6i4 t.rHe 6"aces= *+re tur# i *+re etere6% CG#4 r. a#ii au 5=6ut c= 4u a#ii au a+ri#* 6incendere= i tur#u! i etere6u!1 au G#ce+ut *= *e retra/= 6pedem re"erre=! 'r=e#ii 6oppidanus= au *.c.tit 6e&istimare= c= ace*ta e*te *;Gritu! #eca6uri!.r 6miseria=, c= au G#5i#* +e r. a#i1 c= #u 5a ai ;i #ici u# +eric.! i *@au "ucurat 6gaudere=! +"opo7i,ia #ompleti& #on3un#ti&alb 1% a> lila arma, centuriones, co$ortes ut magno animo simus 0o"tantu" <Ace!e ar e1 ce#turi.#i1 c.8.rte #e G#4ea #= *= ;i cu curaJ>% <Cic% Pro /T! (%> +e"suadent Rauracis et )ulingis et *atobicis uti cum iis p"oi#is#antu" <C.#5i#/ & 4eter i#= & +e rauraci i +e tu!i#/i i +e !at."ici ca *= +!ece G +reu#= cu ei>% <CaT*% A! .! I1 5%> Re& petit a Pausania ne cui rei pa"#at ad ea e""icienda, 0um pollicetur <Re/e!e cere !ui 0au*a#ia* *= #u cruHe #i ic +e#tru a G#4e+!i#i ce!e ce +r. ite>% <C.r#% Ne+% Paus! 2%> (sesar sui impe"a&it #e 0uod omnino telum in $ostes "eii#e"ent <Cae*ar a +.ru#cit a!.r *=i *= #u aru#ce #ici . *u!iH= G# 4u a#i>% 6(ses! A! .! I1 C9%> G# ;ra6e!e 4e ai *u* a5e G# +r.+.6iHii!e re/e#te 5er"e care eI+ri = 5.i#H= 6$ortantur, persuadent, petit, imperavit= cu te#4i#Ha 4e a 4eter i#a a#u ite acHiu#i% 0r.+.6iHii!e c. +!eti5e care != ure*c ace!e 5er"e *G#t c.#*truite cu modul con7unctiv i *G#t !e/ate cu c.#Ju#cHii!e K ut 5uti6 i #e% Du+= verba voluntatum, cG#4 +ri# e!e *e +u#e i#*i*te#H= +e#tru <*au caut= *= *e 4eter i#e> G#4e+!i#irea u#ei a#u ite acHiu#i1 +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= *e c.#*truiete cu modul #on3un#ti&. De aceea *e #u ete #ompleti& #on3uneti&al. Ea *e !ea/= 4e regenta, *a cu c.#Ju#cHii!e K ut 5uti6% cG#4 e*te a;ir ati5= i cu ne% cG#4 e*te #e/ati5=%
EKF
C. +!eti5a c.#Ju#cti5a!= *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= 4u+= 5er"e!e care eI+ri = K ru/= i#te1 G#4e # K rogare, orare, praecari, obsecrari, postu- I lare, petere, poscere <rar>1 $ortari, ad$ortari< monere, admonere< 4eter i#are1 c.#*trG#/ereK suadere, persuadere< impellere, incitare, movere, adducere< cogere, subigere< .r4i#1 G#*=rci#areK mandare, edicere, imperare< scribere, mittere <a rec. a#4a G# *cri*> M G#/=4ui#H= K concedere, permittere, sinere< 5.i#H=1 4.ri#H= K velle <#u G#*= noile=, malle, optare, e&spedare! N.t=% U#e!e 4i#tre ace*te 5er"e *e c.#*truie*c i cu acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti51 4ar atu#ci eI+ri = 5.i#Ha ai u!t ca u# act 4e /G#4ire1 G# .rice ca6 #u cu i#*i*te#Ha 4e a 4eter i#a . acHiu#eK /i$i persuades $oc esse verum N = c.#5i#/i c= ace*t !ucru e*te a4e5=rat% (ontendere ur at 4e c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= G#*e #ea6= F *u*Hi# X M ur at 4e c. +!eti5= c.#Ju#cti5a!= G#*e #ea6= F ;ac *;.rH=ri ca X% Du+= velle *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= c. +!eti5a c.#Ju#cti5a!= ai u!t cG#4 e*te !a +re6e#tu! c.#Ju#cti5u!ui *au !a i +er;ectu! c.#Ju#cti5u!ui% Du+= imperare, 4ac= 5er"u! 4i# c. +!eti5= e*te 4e+.#e#t *au +a*i51 *e +.ate G#tre"ui#Ha acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti5K (sesar imperat naves "ieri ; Ca**ar .r4.#= *= *e ;ac= c.r="ii% %u& imperat legionem pro"icisci , C. a#4a#tu! .r4.#= *= +!ece !e/iu#ea% Du+= pati !a ;.r a #e/ati5= 6non patior N #u +er itO c. +!eti5a *e !ea/= +ri# ut! b= 3avem idoneam ut 8a"ea*1 diligenter &idebis <Eei 5e4ea & +.art= 4e /riJ= & *= ai . c.ra"ie c.re*+u#6=t.are>% <Cic% Ad Fam! `:I% 1%> Clama&it ut ipsius reditum eI*+ectare u* <A *tri/at ca *= ate+t= G#t.arcerea *a>% Ce#*e"at ut Pompeius +r.;ici*ceretur <E! era 4e +=rere & +r.+u#ea & ca *= +!ece 0. +eiu*>% <Cee*% A! (ic! I1 2%> Decer#e"at enim senatus ut veteribus legibus 2uae"e"etu" <C=ci *e#atu! 8.t=ra ca *= *e Ju4ece 4u+= 5ec8i!e !e/i>% <Cic% Pro /T! 1C%> :ideant consules #e 0uid res publica detrimenti c=+iat <7= ia *ea a c.#*u!ii ca re+u"!ica *= #u *u;ere 5re. +a/u"=>% <7e#at% C.#*% uit%> Du+= verba declarandi i 4u+= verba sentiendi +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= +.ate ;i eI+ri at= +ri# .4u! c.#Ju#cti51 4ac= 5er"u! re/e#t eI+ri = u# act 4e 5.i#H=1 #u u#u! 4e /G#4ire% A*t;e! videre G# +ri a i G# u!ti a ;ra6= G#*e #ea6= #u F a G#re/i*tra ce5a G# *u;!et +ri# *i Hu! 5e4erii X1 ci Fa +urta 4e /riJ= X1 F a !ua =*uri XM clamare G# ;ra6a a 4.ua G#*e #ea6= F a cere X1 F a +reti#4e R < censere G# ;ra6a a treia #u G#*e #ea6= F a a5ea . +=rere R, ci F a ;ace . +r.+u#ere R< decernere G# ;ra6a a +atra G#*e #ea6= Fa 4a . 8.t=rGre +e#tru a ;i eIecutat= R, #u F a@ i eI+ri a u# ;e! 4e a 5e4ea X% Ace!eai 5er"e1 c.#*truite cu acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti51 eI+ri = acte 4e /G#4ire% A*t;e!1 G# ;ra6a K (lamavit se reditum nostrum e&spectaturum esse <A *tri/at c= 5a ate+ta G#t.arcerea #.a*tr=>1 5er"u! clamare eI+ri = #u ai . 4ec!araHie% G# ;ra6a K /ea virtute at0ue diligentia pate"actam esse coniurationem decrevistis <AHi 8.t=rGt c= +ri# curaJu! i *Gr/ui#Ha ea a ;.*t 4at= +e ;aH= c.#JuraHia>1 5er"u! decernere G#*e #ea6= F a ;.r u!a . c.#5i#/ere X1 F a ;ace . 4ec!araHie X% <Cic% Pro /T! 5%> EKM
c> /e ipsum ames opo"tet% non mea <Tre"uie *= = iu"eti +e i#e G#*u i1 u a!e e!e>% <Cic% %e Fin! II1 291 85%> Hratio stulta ab omnibus i""ideatu" ne#esse est <U# 4i*cur* +r.*t tre"uie = ;ie !uat G# rG* 4e t.Hi>% Ro*o vos au&ilio mi$i 0uam celerrime &eniatis <E= r./ *=@ i 5e#iHi G# iJut.r cGt ai curG#4>% Du+= u#e!e eI+re*ii i +er*.#a!e i 5er"e u#i+er*.#a!e cu *e#* i +er*.#a! i care *e c.#*truie*c cu acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti51 *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= c. +!eti5a c.#Ju#cti5a!W1 cG#4 5er"u! re/e#t eI+ri = u# act 4e 5.i#H=K necesse est, oportet, interest, re"eri! Du+= necesse est i oportet 4e ."icei *e *u+ri = c.#Ju#cHia ut. C.#Ju#cHia ut +.ate !i+*i i 4u+= a!te 5er"e ca K rogare, orare, mJnere, mandare, imperare, $ortari, concedere, permittere, suadere, persuadere! 2% Improbi semper sunt in metu ne ali0uando po+na ai#iantu" <Cei #eci#*tiHi t.t4eau#a *e te *= #u ;ie & c= 5.r ;i & !.5iHi 5re.4at= 4e +e4ea+*= & 4ar ei 4.re*c *= #u ;ie !.5iHi>% In communi omnium lastitia, si ipse gauderet, timuit ne &ide"etu" in"irmior 7ides reconciliata gratise <Dac=1 G# 5e*e!ia /e#era!=1 ar ;i a#i;e*tat *e#ti e#te 4e "ucurie1 i@a ;.*t tea = c= *e 5a ic.ra G#cre4erea G# ;a5.area G +=c=rii & 4ar e! 4.rea *= #u *e ic.re6e>% <Cic% Pro /T! 21%> Etsi &e"eo" #e turpe *it timere ! ! % <Dei = te c= e*te #e4e # *= ;iu *t=+G#it 4e *e#ti e#tu! ;ricii%%% & 4ar eu #u 4.re*c acea*ta>% <Cic% Pro /T! 1%> Eere.r ut pater #on&ales#at <M= te & i@e & c= #u *e ai ;ace "i#e tata & 4ar 4.re*c *= *e ;ac= "i#e>% ;0neo ne non $oc a te impet"em <M= te & i@e & c= #u 5.i ."Hi#e acea*ta 4e !a ti#e & 4ar 4.re*c *= . ."Hi#>% 7;.# pe"i#ulum e*t1 ne $ostium impetum non +.**i u* sus inere <Nu e*te #ici u# +eric.! c= #u 5. +utea *u*Hi#e atacu! 4u a#i!.r>% (icero timebat ne non Pompeius, sed alius 0uis, 0ui tantis rebus non par esset, bello /it$ridatico p"oi#is#e"etu" <Cicer. *e te ea c= #u 0. +eiu*1 ci c= 5reu# a!tu! care #u era c.re*+u#6=t.r +e#tru !ucruri aa 4e ari1 5a +!eca +e#tru r=6".iu! cu Mitri4ate>% Du+= 5er"e!e 4e te ere1 +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= *e c.#*truiete cu modul con7unctiv i *e !ea/= +ri# c.#Ju#cHia ut *au #e non% cG#4 4.ri ca ."iectu! te erii *= *e rea!i6e6e1 i +ri# c.#Ju#cHia #e1 cG#4 4.ri ca ."iectu! te erii *= #u *e G#tG +!e% C.#Ju#cHia ut 6ne non= *e tra4uce +ri# K F c= #u X M iar ne *e tra4uce +ri# K F *= #u X1 *au F c= X% C.#Ju#cHia ut *e G#!.cuiete +ri# ne non G# .4 ."!i/at.riu cG#4 re/e#ta e*te #e/ati5= 6non periculum est ne ! % % non possimus=, *au cG#4 non tre"uie a+!icat u#ui *i#/ur cu5G#t 4i# c. +!eti5= 6non Pompeius, sed alius=! (% Impedio 6pro$ibeo, recuso, obsto, deterreo, interdico= ne id a#ias. <Te G +ie4ic *= ;aci acea*ta>% /ulta me dete""ent ne aperte, 0uid de ea re sentiam, 4ica <Mu!te !ucruri = .+re*c *= *+u# ce /G#4e*c 4e*+re ace*t !ucru>% EK5
Regulus #e sententiam 4iceret recu*a5it <Re/u!u* a re;u6at *=@*i *+u#= +=rerea>% <Gic% %e H""! III% 2,1 1))%> N.# ."*t. 6pro$ibea, recuso, deterreo= 2uominus 60uin= id Gaeia* <Nu = .+u# *= ;aci acea*ta>% Non recu*. 2uin 60uominus= omnes 0u& dicturus sim audiant <Nu ii .+u# ca t.Hi *= a*cu!te ce!e ce 5.i *+u#e>% @uid i +e4iit 2uominus 5e#ire*T <Ce te@a G +ie4icat *= 5iiT>% Facere #.# +.**u 2uin cotidie litteras ad te mittam <Nu +.t *= #u@Hi tri it 6i!#ic *cri*.ri>% <Cic% Ad Att! ÌI% 2,%> +aulum aiuit 2uin Fabius @arum i#terGiceret <0uHi# a !i+*it ca Fa"iu* *= #u@1 . .are +e Earu*>% <C*e*% A! (iv! II% (5%> Ne . dubitat 2uin ad nos 0uamprimum litteras s#"iptu"us *i* <Ni e#i #u *e G#4.iete c= #e 5ei *crie cGt 4e curG#4 . *cri*.are>% Du+= 5er"e!e care eI+ri = . piedic, +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= *e c.#*truiete cu modul con7unc ie i *e !ea/= cu c.#Ju#cHia #e1 cG#4 +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= e*te a;ir ati5=M 4ac= +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= e*te #e/ati5= *au are ;.r a i#ter./ati5=1 cu *e#* #e/ati51 *e !ea/= cu 2uominus *au 2uin. Dac= G# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= e*te u# 5er" 4e G#4.ia!= #e/ati5 *au cu *e#* #e/ati51 *au *e a;!= u#a 4i# eI+re*ii!e K non praster-mitto, non possum, $aud multum 6; parum= abest, ni$il abest, c. +!eti5a *e !ea/= cu c.#Ju#cHia 0uin!
N.ta i% La u#ii *criit.ri *e G#tG!#ete 4u+= non dubito c.#*trucHia acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti5 G# !.c 4e 0uin cu c.#Ju#cti5u!K 3on dubitabantur prtescripta 6esse= ei a )iberio <Nu *e G#4.ia #i e#i c= .r4i#e!e Gi ;u*e*er= 4ate 4e Ti"eriu*>% <Tacit% Ann, III% 8>% N.ta 2% 0r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= #e/ati5= +.ate ;i !e/at= i +ri# ut #e *au ut #.#1 ai a!e* cG#4 5er"u! 4i# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= e*te i +er*.#a!K E& 0uo e""icitur, non ut voluptos #e sit voluptos, sed ut voluptos #.# sit summum bonum <De aici re6u!t= c= #u 4e*;=tarea #u e*te 4e*;=tare1 ci c= 4e*;=tarea #u e*te "i#e!e *u+re > <Cic% %e Fin!, II1 81 2C>% Eos $ortatus sum ut causse saluti0ue communi #e deessent <!@a G#4e #at *= #u tr=4e6e cau6a i *a!5area c. u#=>% <Cic% In @err! IE1 9(1 1C)>% N.ta (% Dac= G# re/e#t= *e /=*ete u# +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5 #eutru1 c. +!eti5a cu ut +.ate *er5i ca . eI+!icaHie K Fuit $oc natura' at0ue virtutis, ut domus, 0u& $uius adulescentiee prima "avit, eadem esset "amiliarissima senectu i <Caracteri*tica ;irii i e4ucaHiei !ui a ;.*t acea*ta1 c= !.cui#Ha care cea 4i#tGi i@a 4e6 ier4at ti#ereHea1 t.t aceea i@a ;.*t cea ai 4ra/= !a "=trG#eHe> <Cic% Pro Arc$!, (>% N.ta C% ' c. +!eti5= #e/ati5= *e a4au/= !a . a!t= c. +!eti5=1 a;ir ati5= *au #e/ati5=1 !e/G#4u@*e +ri# ne&e *au neu 6,vel ne= ' (sesar milites co$ortatus est uti suee pristin& virtutis memoriam tenerent, #e# perturbarentur animo <C*e*ar a G#4e #at +e *.!4aHi *=@i a i#tea*c= 4e 5ec8ea !.r "=r"=Hie i *= #u *e #e!i#itea*c= G# *u;!et>% <C*e*% A!.! II1 21>% 1egni (ondrusi0ue legatoR ad (s+sarem miserunt oratum #e se in numero $ostium ducerel #e5e omnium .ermanorum, 0ui essent citra R$enum, unam esse causam iudicaret <7e/#ii i c.#4ru*ii au tri i* *.!i !a Cae*ar *=@1 r.a/e *= #u@i c.#*i4ere +e ei G# #u =ru! 4u a#i!.r i *= #u crea4= c= e*te u#a *i#/ur= +r."!e a tutur.r /er a#i!.r1 care erau 4i#c.ace 4e Ri#>% <Caa*% A!.!, EI1 (2>% : e "J i une B( UM CI:I ( ORI;UB
Gerta e# Cae*ari cu 0. +ei. eI.rtu e*t1 uter rei+u"!ie*e +raee**et% Au. i# certa i#e C*e*ar +!e"i*1 0. +eiu* *e#atu* .+e +.ti**i u #ite"atur% Ita-ue 0. +eiu*1 auct.ritate1 -ua 8a"e"at1 u*u*1 *e#atui1 ut C*e*are EKC
rei+u"!icee 8.*te e**e iu4icet1 +er*ua4et% Cae*ari a *e#atu i +eratur1 ut eIercitu 4i ittat% C.#tra C*e*ar +.*tu!at1 ut 0. +eiu* i4e ;aciat% Ne-ue Cre*ari #e-ue 0. +ei. +er*ua4eri +.te*t ut eIercitu *uu 4i ittat% Ta#4e C*e*ar i!ite* *u.* c.#5.cat.* 8.rtatu* e*t1 ut 4uce t.tie#* 5ict.re a" i#iurii* i#i ic.ru 4e;e#4ere#t% A4 .#uit1 ne ta !.#/i "e!ii +r*e ia *i"i eri+i +atere#tur% I +era5it ut Ru"ic.#e ;!u e# <i* ;i#i* +r.@5i#ci*e erat> tra#*ire#t neve *e R.i#a *e-ui recu*are#t% 7ic tra#*it. Ru"ic.#e1 i#itiu "e!ii ci5i!i* ;actu e*t%
te = DI'Nt7IU7 TtRA37NU7
Di.#D*iu*1 re/e!e 7iracu6ei1 4ei a5ea u!te ru4e 6propin0uus=, #u *e G#cre4ea G# #i e#i 4i#tre aceia% G#cre4i#Ha*e 6committere= +a6a c.r+u!ui *=u u#.r *c!a5i i u#.r "ar"ari% A cerut 6petere= ca ;iice!e *a!e *=@i tu#4= 6tondere= "ar"a i +=ru!% i cu t.ate ace*tea1 cG#4 ace!ea erau ari 6adultus=, a G#4e+=rtat 6removere= ;ieru! i 4e !a e!e i a rG#4uit 6instituere= ca *=@i ar4= "ar"a i +=ru! cu c.Ji 6putamen= 4e #uc= 6iuglans= a+ri#*e 6candens=! A+.i a .r4.#at 6imperare= ca *=@i ;ie G#c.#Jurat= 6circumdare= ca era 4e cu!care 6cubiculum= cu u# a#H !at% +"opo7i,ia #ompleti& int"odus p"in 2uod 1% 3on ea re* me deterruit, 0uominus ad te litteras mitterem, 2uod tu a# me nullas i*era* <Nu @a 4eter i#at *= #u@Hi tri it *cri*.are ;a+tu! c= tu #u@ i tri e*e*ei #ici u#a>% @uod -uereri* de amici ia violata, iniusta ista a#eusatio e*t% <E*te #e4rea+t= acu6aHia ta & ista , c= te +!G#/i 4e +riete#ia c=!cat= G# +ici.are% 7auK I# ce +ri5ete ;a+tu! c= te +!G#/i 4e +riete#ia c=!cat= G# +ici.are1 e*te #e4rea+t= acu6aHia ta>% Bene a#is 2uod me adiu&as <Bi#e ;aci c= = aJuHi> <Cic% %e Fin! III% C115>% Utile est 2uod #e*ci u* <#.* #e*cire> 0uando morituri simus <E ;.!.*it.r c= #u ti cG#4 5. uri>% +e"oppo"tune a##idit 2uod ade"am <7@a G#tG +!at & a +ri#* & ;.arte "i#e c= era 4e ;aH=>% A##edit 2uod (sesar miri"ice ingeniis e&cellentibus deleetatu" <7e a4au/= ;a+tu! c= C*e*ar *e 4e*;=tea6= G# .4 i#u#at cu *+irite!e 4i*ti#*e>% <Cic% Ad Fam! EI1 9%> G# ;iecare 4i# ;ra6e!e 4e ai *u* a5e cGte . +r.+.6iHie !e/ata +ri# c.#Ju#cHia 2uod i care *er5ete ca eI+!icare a u#ui +r.#u e1 a u#ui *u"*ta#ti5 *au a u#ei eI+re*ii 4i# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t=% Ace*te +r.+.6iHii *e #u e*c completive e&plicative, iar c.#Ju#cHia 4e !e/=tur= e*te 0uod e&plicativum! E!e +.t a5ea r.! 4e c. +!e e#t 4irect *au 4e *u"iect% M.4u! G#tre"ui#Hat G# ace*te +r.+.6iHii c. +!eti5e e*te indicativul! EK9
Guod e&plicativum *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= K a= Cu r.! 4e a+.6iHie eI+!icati5= +e !G#/= u# +r.#u e #eutru > 6$oc, id, illud, e& eo= eI+ri at *au *u"G#He!e*1 *au +e !G#/= u# *u"*ta#ti5 4i# re/e#t=% b= 0e !G#/= !.cuHiu#i!e K prsetereo 0uod <trec +e*te ;a+tu! c=>1 accedit 0uod <*e a4au/= c=>1 adde 0uod <a4au/= ;a+tu! c=>1 nisi 0uod <+e !G#/= ;a+tu! c=1 a"*tracHie ;=cG#4 4e ;a+tu! c=>% c= Du+= 5er"e!e "acere, accidit, evenit, cG#4 *G#t G#*.Hite 4e u# a45er" 6bene, male, commode, peropportune=, i 4u+= eI+re*ii i +er*.#a!e ca utile est! d= CG#4 are *e#*u! FG# ce +ri5ete X1 eI+!icG#4 u# *u"*ta#ti5 4i# re/e#t=%
Not. G# ace*t r.! 0uod *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= ca eI+!icare a u#ui +r.#u e c8iar 4u+= verba declarandi *au verba sentiendi' An mi$i de te ni$il e**e di#tum um0uam putasD ne 0o# 0uidem, 2uod )aurum tra#*i*tiT <Cre6i .are c= ie #u i *@a *+u* #ici.4at= #i ic 4e*+re ti#eT Nici c8iar ;a+tu! ace*ta c= ai tra5er*at u#te!e Tauru*T> <Cic% Ad Fam! III% 8>%
2% L*eta ur -u.4 5i5i u* <Ne "ucur= c= tr=i >% iE/re ;ere"at (atilina -u.4 in consulatu petendo repulsam tu!erat <Greu *u+.rta Cati!i#a ;a+tu! c= *u;eri*e G#;rG#/ere G# ca#4i4atura !a c.#*u!at>% Mir.r -u.4 nemo vestrum sua sorte contentus e*t <7G#t *ur+ri#* c= #i e#i 4i#tre 5.i #u e*te u!Hu it cu *.arta *a>% Gratu!.r tibi -u.4 salvus ad tuos re4ii*ti <Te ;e!icit c= te@ai G#t.r* *=#=t.* !a ai t=i>% Gratia* tibi a/. -u.4 consilio me a4iu5i*ti <IHi u!Hu e*c c= @ai aJutat cu *;atu!>% G# ;ra6e!e 4e ai *u*1 a5e G# +r.+.6iHii!e re/e#te +re4icatu! eI+ri at +ri# 5er" *au /ru+ 4e cu5i#te care eI+ri = u# *e#ti e#t 6verba a""ectuum=, iar G# +r.+.6iHii!e *u".r4.#ate a5e 1 G# !.c 4e acu6ati5u! cu i#;i#iti51 c.#Ju#cHia -u.4 i .4u! indicativ! CGt= 5re e G# ;ra6e!e 4e ai *u* *e caut= a *e a;ir a1 a *e acce#tua *e#ti e#tu! 4i# re/e#t=1 iar *u".r4.#ate!e re*+ecti5e r= G# #u ai ca ."iect a! *e#ti e#tu!ui1 ace!e *u".r4.#ate *G#t +r.+.6iHii c. +!eti5e% A*t;e! 4ac= G# ;ra6a a treia G#He!e*u! e*te F*G#t *ur+ri#* 4e ace*t ;a+t c= X1 acce#tu! ;ra6ei c=6G#4 +e F*G#t *ur+ri#* X1 iar *u".r4.#ata a5i#4 #u ai r.!u! 4e a eI+!ica +e id *u"G#He!e* 6miror id 0uod=, acea *u".r4.#at= e*te . c. +!eti5= cu 0uod i c.#*truit= cu .4u! i#4icati5% Ace!ai !ucru e*te cu ;ra6a a 4.ua 6segre "erebat (atilina id 0uod= i cu +ri a ;ra6=1 u#4e 0uod vivimus e*te #u ai ."iectu! *e#ti e#tu!ui 4e "ucurie 6lsetamur illud & 0uod vivimus=! Dac= G#*= +r.+.6iHia *u".r4.#at= e*te +r.#u#Hat= i G#He!ea*= c= *er5ete 4re+t cau6= a *e#ti e#tu!ui eI+ri at 4e 5er"u! 4i# re/e#t=1 atu#ci acea *u".r4.#at= e*te . +r.+.6iHie circu *ta#Hia!= cau6a!=1 !e/at= cu 0uod i c.#*truit= cu .4u! i#4icati5% A*t;e! G# ;ra6a a +atra1 +r.+.6iHia *u".r4.#at= 60uod rediisti= +.ate ;i i#ter+retat= 4re+t c. +!eti5=1 *er5i#4 ca a+.6iHie eI+!icati5= a +r.#u e!ui id *u"G#He!e* +e !G#/= gratulor, care *e +.ate EL?
c.#*trui i cu acu6ati5u!% I# ace*t ca6 t.t acce#tu! ca4e a*u+ra !ui gratulor, #.tG#4 +uterea *e#ti e#tu!ui% I# ti + ce G# ;ra6a a ci#cea *u".r4.#ata 0uod adiuvisti *e +.ate i#ter+reta ai u.r 4re+t cau6a!=1 ea 4G#4 .ti5u! u!Hu iri!.r ce *e a4uc% Dac= . atare +r.+.6iHie *u".r4.#at= e*te c. +!eti5=1 a4ic= *er5ete #u ai 4re+t c. +!e e#t *au 4re+t eI+!icaHie a *e#ti e#tu!ui 4i# re/e#t=1 *au 4ac= e*te . cau6a!=1 acea*ta e*te ce5a *u"iecti51 i a+arHi#e 5.r"it.ru!ui *au *criit.ru!ui care . G#tre"ui#Hea6= i care tie a*u+ra c=rei +=rHi a /G#4irii *a!e a +u* acce#tu!% 0r.+.6iHia *u".r4.#at= !e/at= cu -u.4 4u+= verba a""ec-tuum, 4ac= e*te c. +!eti5= *e c.#*truiete cu .4u! indicativ< 4ac= e*te cau6a!=1 ur ea6= c.#*trucHia !ui 0uod causale!
N.t=% I# e+.ca i +eria!=1 4u+= verba declarandi i 4u+= verba sentiendi, G# !.c 4e acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 G#ce+e a ;i G#tre"ui#Hat= c. +!eti5a cu 0uod 60uia, 0uoniam=, care *e /=*ea G# 5.r"irea +.+.ru!ui i care a trecut G# !i "i!e r. a#ice K G# !i "a r. G#= F c= X%
+"opo7i,ia #ompleti& inte"o*ati& indi"e#t

Guid agisD <Ce ;aciT> Guidnam estD <Ce e*teT> 1cire velim 0uid agas <A 5rea *= tiu ce ;aci> Incertus sum 0uidnam sit <Nu tiu "i#e ce e*te>
In eIe +!e!e 4e ai *u*1 a5e G# rG#4u! G#tGi1 G# +artea *ti#/=1 . +r.+.6iHie +ri#ci+a!= G# ;.r = i#ter./ati5=% Acea*ta *e #u ete +r.+.6iHie i#ter./ati5= 4irect=1 c=ci e*te . G#tre"are +u*= G# .4 4irect u#ei +er*.a#e% G# +artea 4rea+t= a ace!uiai rG#4 *e /=*e*c cu5i#te!e care ;.r au +r.+.6iHia +ri#ci+a!=1 G#*= aici c.#*tituie . +r.+.6iHie *u".r4.#at= c. +!eti5= 4u+= 5er"u! scire! 0e#tru c= G#ce+e cu u# +r.#u e i#ter./ati51 ea Gi +=*trea6= caracteru! 4e +r.+.6iHie i#ter./ati5=% Dar ;ii#4c= #u e*te +ri#ci+a!=1 a4ic= G#tre"area #u *e ai +u#e 4irect +ri# ace!e cu5i#te1 ci e*te *u".r4.#at= +e !i#/= u# verbum sentiendi, ea *e #u ete interogativ indirect! Ace!ai !ucru G! /=*i G# rG#4u! a! 4.i!ea1 u#4e +r.+.6iHia i#ter./ati5= 4irect= 4i# +artea *ti#/= e*te re+etat= G# +artea 4rea+t= G# ;.r = 4e *u".r4.#at= +e !i#/= eI+re*ia incertus sum! Deci1 i 0uidnam sit e*te t.t . i#ter./ati5= i#4irect= ca i 0uid agas! 0r.+.6iHia i#ter./ati5= i#4irect= re+re6i#t= u#a 4i# ;.r e!e G# care *e G#;=Hiea6= +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5=% Ea e*te 4e+e#4e#t= 4e u# verbum declarandi *au u# verbum sentiendi, care G#*ea #= K a #ntreba, a sti, a spune, a a"la etc% @erbul propo+i iei interogative indirecte st totdeauna la modul con7unctiv! Ca i +r.+.6iHia i#ter./ati5= 4irect=1 i#ter./ati5a i#4irect= e*te *i +!= *au 4u"!=% I#ter./ati5= i#4irect= *i +!= K 7+u#e@ i cu ai tr=it +e ac.!.% I#ter./ati5= i#4irect= 4u"!= K 7+u#e@ i 4ac= ai tr=it "i#e1 .ri ai *u;erit ce5a% Interogativa indirect simpl 1% P! A"ricanus seditiose in contione a (! (arbone, tribuna plebis, inter-rogatus est, 2uid de )i! .racc$i morte senti"et. <0% A;rica#u* a ;.*t G#tre"at
19 & c% ((5
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G# .4 4e a/./ic 4e C% Car".1 tri"u#u! +.+.ru!ui1 ce /G#4ete cu +ri5ire e !a .artea !ui Ti"eriu* Gracc8u*>% <Cic% Pro /T! 8%> 3on "uit ea vausa, iudices, pro"ecto non "uit, #u" sibi #ense"et Pompeius 0usestionem "erendam 6esse=! <N@a ;.*t ace!a .ti5u!1 Ju4ec=t.ri1 4e*i/ur #@a ;.*t ace!a1 +e#tru ce a *.c.tit 0. +eiu* c= tre"uie *= *e a4uc= . i#*ta#H= #.u=>% <Cic% Pro /T! 21%> %ederas enim, 2uam #ontemne"es populares insanias, iam ab adulescentia documenta ma&ima <C=ci 4=4u*ei G#c= 4i# ti#ereHe +r."e ;.arte ari 4e eGt 4i*+reHuieti acte!e #e"u#eti a!e 5u!/u!ui>% <Cic% Pro /T! 22%> G# ;ra6e!e 4e ai *u* a5e cGte . +r.+.6iHie i#ter./ati5= i#4irect= i *G#t !e/ate +ri# cu5i#te!e i#ter./ati5eK 0uid, cur, 0uam 60uantum=! 0r.+.6iHia i#ter./ati5= i#4irect= *e !ea/= 4e re/e#ta *a +ri# +r.#u e!e i#ter./ati5e *au +ri# a45er"e i#ter./ati5eK 0uis, 0uantus, 0uot, ubi, unde, ut, cur etc% Obse"&a,ie G#tr@. +r.+.6iHie i#ter./ati5= i#4irect= *e +.t a;!a 4.u= +r.#u e i#ter./ati5e1 ;iecare cu a!t r.!K 1cire volui 2uis 2uem doceat! <A 5rut *= tiu care +e care G#5aH=>% 3i$il iam 0userere aliud debetis, nisi ute" ut"i insidios "ecerit <Ni ic a!tce5a #u ai tre"uie *= cercetaHi 4ecGt care <4i# ei 4.i> c=ruia <4i# ei 4.i> a G#ti#* cur*a>% <Cic% Pro /T! 2(%> 2% Epaminondas, cum gravi minere e&animari se videret, 0usesivit e**eut#e lusi $ostes <E+a i#.#4a*1 cG#4 a 5=6ut c= *e *ti#/e 4e . ra#= /rea1 a G#tre"at 4ac= ;u*e*er= G +r=tiaHi 4u a#ii>% A 1ocrate 0usesitum est noime Arc$elaum, 0ui turn "ortunatissimus $abe-retur, beatum puta"et <7.crate a ;.*t G#tre"at 4ac= #u *.c.tete ;ericit +e Arc8e!au*1 care atu#ci era *.c.tit ce! ai "./at>% <Cic% )use! E1 121 (5%> Guaeritur num idem sit pertinacia et perseverantia <7e G#trea"= 4ac= G#c=@+=HG#area i *t=rui#Ha *G#t ace!ai !ucru>% 0r.+.6iHia i#ter./ati5= i#4irect= *i +!= *e !ea/= i +ri# +articu!e i#ter./ati5e1 i a#u e K Ne <4ac=> care *t= t.t4eau#a G# ur a +ri u!ui cu5G#t a! i#ter./ati5ei ca e#c!itic% Num <4ac=> care *t= !a G#ce+utu! i#ter./ati5ei% Nonne <4ac= #u> *t= !a G#ce+utu! i#ter./ati5ei *au G# c.r+u! ei i e4iat G#ai#tea cu5G#tu!ui i +.rta#t a! G#tre"=riiM i#ter./ati5a !e/at= +ri# nonne are caracter #e/ati5%
Nota 1% Du+= dubito, nescio, $aud scio, +articu!e!e num i ne eI+ri = . i4ee #e*i/ur=1 iar +articu!a an eI+ri = . a;ir are ate#uat=% Du+= $aud scio +articu!a an non eI+ri = . i+.te6= #e/ati5= K %ubito num sis $as litteras accepturus <M= G#4.ie*c & #u cre4 & c= 5ei +ri i acea*t= *cri*.are>% %ubito sisne $as litteras accepturus <M= G#4.ie*c c= 5ei +ri i acea*t= *cri*.are>% %ubito an res ita se $abeat <0.ate c= aa ar *ta !ucru!>% Naud scio an $oc verum sit <A*ta ar +utea ;i a4e5=rat=>% Naud scio an $oc non verum sit <0.ate c= acea*ta #u e*te a4e5=rat=>% Nota 2% U#e.ri 4u+= 5er"e ca e&spectare, tentare, conari, e&periri i#ter./ati5a i#4irect= *e !ea/= +ri# *i K Nostes impacienter e&spectabant, *i a sociis 0uid au&ilii mitteretur <Du a#ii ate+tau #er="4=t.ri1 4ac= !i *e tri ite 5reu# aJut.r 4i# +artea a!iaHi!.r>%
ELE
N.ta (% De u!te .ri G# cu+ri#*u! u#ei +r.+.6iHii /=*i eI+re*ii ca K nescio 0uis, nescio 0uid, nescio 0uomodo, mirum 0uantum, minium 0uantum, care #u c.#*tituie . G#tre"are ac.!.1 ci *G#t #u ai #ite +ara#te6e ce #u i#;!ue#Hea6= cu #i ic .4u! 5er"u!uiK 1ed, nes#io 2uomodo% in$seret in mentibus 0uasi s&culorum 0uoddam augurium "utu-romm <Dar eIi*t=1 #u tiu cu 1 G# i#Hi u# ;e! 4e +re*e#ti e#t a! 5re i!.r 5iit.are>% <Gic% )use, I1 151 ((>% P
Interogativa indirect dubla 1% @aletudo sustentatur notitia corporis et observatione, -u*e res prodesse soleant aut obesse <7=#=tatea *e +=*trea6= +ri# cu#.aterea c.r+u!ui i +ri# "=/area 4e *ea = ce !ucruri ."i#uie*c *=@i +ria*c= *au *=@i +=/u"ea*c=>% <Cic% %e H""! II1 2C>% Ratio docet -ui4 "aciendum "ugiendumOd sit! <RaHiu#ea #e G#5aH= ce tre"uie *= ;ace i 4e ce tre"uie *= #e ;eri >% I#ter./ati5a i#4irect= 4u"!= cu+ri#4e 4e ;a+t 4.u= G#tre"=ri1 a4ic= G#tre"area a*u+ra a 4.u= acHiu#i *au a*u+ra a 4.u= *ituaHii% De aceea ea c.#*t= 4i# 4.u= +=rHi care *e !ea/= 4e re/e#t= +ri# p"onume inte"o*ati& G# +ri a +arte i +ri# aut *au &e <e#c!itic> G# +artea a 4.ua% Eer"u! ei e*te t.t4eau#a !a modul con7unctiv! 2% Gusero utru id vestrum a# nostrum o""icium sit <G#tre" 4ac= acea*ta e*te G#4at.rirea 5.a*tr= *au a #.a*tr=>% Guseritur mortalisne a# immortalis sit animus $umanus <7e +u#e G#tre"area 4ac= *u;!etu! . e#e*c e*te urit.r *au #e urit.r>% 3escio $oc verum an 7alsum sit <Nu tiu 4ac= acea*ta e*te a4e5=r *au i#ciu#=>% )am incerto ssepe /arte pugnatum est, ut neutri scirent, vicissent cicti#e essent! <7@a 4at . !u+t= cu re6u!tat 4e*e.ri aa 4e #e*i/ur1 G#cGt #ici u#ii #ici a!Hii #u tiau 4ac= au G#5i#* *au au ;.*t G#5i#i>% I#ter./ati5a i#4irect= 4u"!= *e !ea/= 4e re/e#ta *a i +ri# +articu!e i#ter./ati5e G# ;e!u! ur =t.rK G# +ri a +arte *e +u#e ut"um *au e#c!iticu! #e <4ac=>1 iar G# +artea a 4.ua an <*au 4ac=>M *auK G# +ri a +arte #u *e +u#e #ici . +articu!=1 iar G# +artea a 4.ua *e +u#e an *au e#c!iticu! #e% Rspunsul la propo+i iile interogative 1% R=*+u#* a.i"mati&K a= 0ri# re+etarea cu5G#tu!ui i +.rta#t 4i# G#tre"are1 *i#/ur *au G#*.Hit 4e u# a45er"% M b= 0ri# ita, ita est, ita vero est <4a1 aa e> M c= 0ri# vero <*i#/ur *au +rece4at 4e u# +r.#u e K ego vero, iile vero=< etiam, sane, sane 0uidem <G# a4e5=r1 4e*i/ur1 ;=r= G#4.ia!=>% EIe +!e K & @eniesneD & @eniam, *au sane veniam, *au sane 0uidem <;=r= 5er">% <& Eei 5e#iT & E.i 5e#i1 *au 5.i 5e#i 4e*i/ur1 *au 4e *i/ur>% 2% R=*+u#* ne*ati&1 a= 0ri# non i re+etarea cu5G#tu!ui acce#tuat G# i#ter./aHie% b= 0ri# non ita% c= 0ri# minime, minime vero, ni$il minus
$89
ELK
EIe +!e K & Tnumne $uius sceleris putas auctorem esseD & 3ori unum <Cre6i .are c= u#u! *i#/ur e*te ;=+tau! ace*tei cri eT & Nu u#u! *i#/ur> & 3um ista omnia credisD , /inime vero <& Cre6i .are t.ate ace*teat & Nici4ecu >% R=*+u#* recti;icati5K 0ri# immo, immo vero <#u1 4i# c.#tr= M #u1 4ar ai 4e/ra"=>% & (ausa igitur nori bona estD & Immo optima <Ei1 "i#e1 c8e*tiu#ea #u e*te "u#=T & Ba <4i# c.#tr=>1 ;.arte "u#=>% <Cic% Ad Attic! IZ1 ,>% Eer*iu#e EBREETATI7 B0FECTU7 L*etatur +.tat.r 0uod 5i#u i#5e#it% 7e4 e"rieta* u!ta a!a a;;ert% Guid 5iHii i# 8. i#e *it1 e"rieta* 4ete/it% Prselereo 0uod re .5et 5erecu#@4ia % N.# -u*ere#4u e*t cur i# 5i#.!e#tia t.t 5itia a++are#t% U"i +.**e4it a#i u #i ia 5i* 5i#i1 -ui4-ui4 a!i !ate"at1 e er/it% N.# ;acit e"rieta* 5itia1 *e4 +r.tra8it% Tu#e +etu!a#* #.# !i#/ua 1 #.# a#u c.#ti#et% Adde 0uod i#*.!e#Hi cre*cit *u+er"ia1 cru4e!ita* *aa5.1 !i5i4. a!i/#ita* K . #e 5itiu !aIatur et +r.4it% Er/. #.# ira"eri* unde i!!a i/#.rati. *ui *it1 0uare +.tat.r t.t 4u"ia et +aru eI+!a#ata 5er"a 4icat1 cur i#cert.* .cu!.*1 /ra@4u erra#te 8a"eat% Ita-ue #.# -u*ere#4u e*t utrum e"rieta* 5.!u+tate an ca!a itate a;;erat1 cu e"rietati* e;;ectu* ta acer"i *i#t% Te = 7U0ER7TIIE A!eIa#4ru ce! Mare .r4.#a*e ca .rau! Ga6a *= ;ie !uat cu a*a!t 6oppug-nare=! CG#4 ;=cea *acri;iciu 6sacrum= 6ei!.r 4u+= ."iceiu! 6mos= *tr= .e*c 6patrius=, u#ui c.r"1 care 6"ura 6volare= +e *u* 6alte=, i@a *c=+at 6e&cidere 4i# /8iare 6unguis= . "ucat= 4e += G#t 6glseba=, care a c=6ut 6incidere= +e ca+u! re/e!ui i *@a *;=rG at 6de"luere=! Mu!t *@a i#u#at re/e!e c= #u i *@a G#tG +!at 6evenire= . #e#.r.cire 6malum=! A+.i a G#tre"at ci#e +.ate i#ter+reta 6interpretri= ce au 5rut 6eii +ri# acea G#tG +!are 6casus=! 0r.;etu! 6vates= Ari*ta#4er a *+u* c= acea G#tG +!are +re5e*tete 6portendere= c=4erea 6e&cidium= .rau!ui1 4ar c= e*te +ri eJ4ie ca re/e!e *= ;ie r=#it 6minus accipere=! I +re*i.#at 6commotus= re/e!e *@a *u+u* 6prere= +r.;etu!ui i a 4at *e #a!u! 4e retra/ere 6receptus=! 0R'0'YIIILE CIRCUM7TANIALE 0r.+.6iHia te +.ra!= 1% (aesar, +.*t-ua omnes Aelgarum copios ad se venire 5i4it1 "lumen A&onam e&ercitum traducere maturavit <Du+= ce a 5=6ut c= t.ate tru+e!e "e!/i!.r 5i# *+re e!1 Cae*ar *@a /r="it *= treac= ar ata +e*te ;!u5iu! AI.#a>% <CaG*% A! .! II1 5>% ELL
P! A"ricanus, +.*tea-ua bis censor et consul ue"at% *! (ottam in iudi-cium vocavit <0% A;rica#u*1 4u+= ce ;u*e*e 4e 4.u= .ri ce#*.r i c.#*u!1 a c8e at G# Ju4ecat= +e L% C.tta>% <Cic% %iv! in (asc! 21>% +ost2uam per"ugse murum arietibus "erire &ident% aurum at0ue argentum domum regiam comportant <Fu/arii1 4u+= ce 5=4 c= 6i4u! e*te i6"it cu "er"ecii1 tra#*+.rt= auru! i ar/i#tu! G# +a!atuG re/a!>% <7a!!% Iug! ,9>% Pompeius, ut e0uitaturn suum pulsum &idit% acie e&cessit <0. +eiu*1 cG#4 a 5=6ut c= a ;.*t +u*= +e ;u/= ca5a!eria *a1 a +!ecat 4i# !u+t= & a +=r=*it !i#ia 4e "=taie>% <C7B7% A! (iv! III1 9C>% /essanam ut 0ui0ue nostrum &ene"at% $sec visere volebat <'ricare 4i#tre #.i1 cG#4 5e#i*e !a Me*i#a1 5rea *= 5i6ite6e ace*tea>% Ubi murus de"ensoribus nudatus e*t1+.rta* succendunt murum0ue subruunt <CG#4 6i4u! a ;.*t /.!it 4e a+=r=t.ri1 4au ;.c +.rHi!.r i +r="ue*c 6i4u!>% IM neutri transeundi initium a#iunt% (sesar suos in castra redu&it <CG#4 #ici u#ii #ici a!Hii #u ;ac G#ce+utu! trecerii1 CaT*ar a 4u* +e ai *=i G# ta"=r=>% <CXB% A! .! II1 9>% Pelopidas non dubitavit, simul ae #onspe4it $ostem, con"ligere <0e!.@+i4a* #@a e6itat 4e a G#ce+e !u+ta1 G#4at= ce a 6=rit +e 4u a#>% <C.r#% Ne+% Pelop! 5>% 0r.+.6iHia circu *ta#Hia!= 4e ti + *au +r.+.6iHia te +.ra!= arat= ti +u! !ucr=rii 4i# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t=% Ea *e !ea/= 4e re/e#t= +ri# c.#Ju#cHii!e K post0uam 6postea0uam= ut, ubi ut primum ubi primum cum primum simul simul ac 6at0ue= 4u+= ce cG#4 N G#4at= ce *e c.#*truie*c cu indicativul
Hot. Eer"u! +r.+.6iHiei 4e+e#4e#te i#tr.4u*e +ri# post0uam eI+ri = t.t4eau#a o !ucrare a#teri.ar= ce!ei 4i# re/e#t= M cu t.ate ace*tea1 G# /e#era!1 e*te +u* !a per"ectul indicativului 6post0uam vidit! % % maturavit=% CG#4 *criit.ru! 5rea *= *c.at= G# re!ie; a#teri.ritatea !ucr=rii 4i# 4e+e#4e#t=1 G#tre"ui#Hea6= mai mult ca per"ectul indicativului 6post0uam "uerat! ! ! vocavit=! 7e +.ate G#*= G#tre"ui#Ha i pre+entul istoric 6post0uam vident% % % comportant=!
2% a= Cum (sesar in .alliam &enit% alterius "actionis principes erant Nsedui, alterius 1e0uani <CG#4 CaG*ar a 5e#it G# Ga!ia1 e;ii u#ei +arti4e erau 8e4uii1 ai ce!ei!a!te erau *e-ua#ii>% <C*e*% A! .! EI1 12>% Nuc #um se consuetudine "e#lina&e"unt% in"irmas arbores pondere ad"li-gunt at0ue una concidunt <G# c!i+a G# care 4u+= ."icei *@au re6e at ac.!.1 r=*t.ar#= +ri# /reutatea !.r ar".rii *!="iHi *i *e +r="ue*c G +reu#= cu ei>% <C*e*% A! .! EI1 2,>% Nelve ii "ere cotidianis pro+liis cum .ermanis contendunt, #um aut sui "inibus eos p"o0ibent% aut ipsi in eorum "inibus bellum *e"unt <Be!5eHii *e =*.ar= cu /er a#ii G# !u+te a+r.a+e 6i!#ice1 cG#4 *au Gi .+re*c +e aceia !a 8.tare!e !.r1 *au ei +.art= r=6".i G# 8.tare!e ace!.ra>% <Cae*% A! .! I1 1>% Ni, #um est usus at0ue ali0uod bellum in#idit% omnes in bello versantur <Acetia1 .ri 4e cGte .ri e*te #e5.ie i *e G#tG +!= 5reu# r=6".i1 t.Hi *G#t G# r=6".i>% <C*e*% A! .! EI1 15>% ELF
Cum ver esse ##epe"at% @erres dabat se labori at0ue itineribus <CG#4 G#ce+ea a ;i +ri =5ar=1 Eerre* *e 4e4a acti5it=Hii *i c=!=t.rii!.r>% <Cic% @err! E1 1)1 2,>% b= Cum pabuli copia esse in#ipe"et% (aesar ad e&ercitum venit <CG#4 G#ce+ea *= ;ie "e!u/ *ie #utreH1 Cae*ar a 5e#it !a ar at=>% <C*e*% A! .! II1 2>% Gui, #um *e sua0ue omnia in oppidum #ontuliss#nt% omnes maiores naiu, e& oppido egressi, manus ad (sesarem tendere cceperunt <Du+= ce acetia *@au a4u#at ei i t.ate a!e !.r G# .ra1 t.Hi "=trG#ii1 iei#4 4i# .ra1 au G#ce+ut *= G#ti#4= Gi#i!e c=tre Cae*ar>% <C*e*% A! .! II1 1(>% Erit, erit illud pro"ecto tempus et illucescet ali0uando iile dies, cu tu et amicissimi benevolentiam et gravissimi $ominis "idem et unius )%rti,,imi viri magnitudinem animi 4e*i4ere* <Ea ;i1 5a ;i 4e*i/ur ace! ti + i 5a 5e#i . 4at= 6iua aceea1 cG#4 tu 5ei 4uce 4.ru! "u#=5.i#Hei ce!ui ai "u# +riete#1 *i cre4i#Hei . u!ui ce!ui ai *eri.*1 *i =ri#i iei ace*tui *i#/ur "=r"at +rea 4i*ti#*>% P<Cic% Pro /T! 99>% c= Tltimas Nadriani maris ora peticit, #um inte"im %2rracc$ii milites domum obsidere cce+eru#t <7@a G#4re+tat *+re ce!e ai G#4e+=rtate H=r uri a!e =rii A4riatice1 cG#4 G# ti +u! ace!a .*taii Gi a*e4iau <au G#ce+ut *=@i a*e4ie6e> !.cui#Ha !a Dirrac8iu >% <Cic% In Pis! (81 9(>% Ego in castra veni, #um inte"ea avocatorum "irmam manum #ompa"a-5i**e <Eu a 5e#it G# ta"=r=1 4u+= ce G# ace*t ti + *trG#*e*e . ceat= "u#= 4e a/itat.ri>% (aedebatur virgis, #um inte"ea nullus gemitus, nulla vo& alia illius audie-batu"% nisi $eec' civis Romanus suni <Era "=tut cu 5er/i1 cG#4 G# ace! ti + #u *e au6ea #ici u# /ea =t1 #ici u# a!t cu5G#t a! !ui 4ecGt ace*ta K *G#t cet=Hea# r. a#>% <Cic% In @err! E1 C21 192>% 0r.+.6iHia te +.ra!= *e !ea/= 4e re/e#t= i +ri# c.#Ju#cHia #um% care *e c.#*truiete a*t;e!K a= Cu indicativul, cG#4 arat= . e#tu! acHiu#ii & cum temporale , 6cum venit, cum pro$ibent aut gerunt=, *au cG#4 arat= . acHiu#e care *e re+et= & cum iterativum & 6cum est usus at0ue incidit=!
Nota $. Pleri0ue, #um aut sere alieno aut magnitudine tributorum aut iniuria poten-tium p"emuntu"% e*e in servitutem dicant nobilibus <Cei ai u!Hi1 .ri 4e cGte .ri *G#t a+=*aHi *au 4e 4at.rii *au 4e =ri ea 4=ri!.r *au 4e #e4re+tatea ce!.r ai +uter#ici1 *e 4ec!ar= G# *c!a5ie #."i!i!.r>% <Cae*% A!.! EI1 1(>% 1ilent leges inter arma nec se e&spectari iubent, #um ei, 0ui e&spectare velit, iniusta pcena luenda sit% ante0uam iusta repetenda 6sit=! <G# iJ!.cu! ar e!.r a uHe*c !e/i!e i #u +reti#4 *= ;ie ate+tate1 cG#4 & .ri 4e cGte .ri & ace!a1 care 5rea *= !e ate+te1 ar tre"ui *= *u;ere . +e4ea+*= #e4rea+t=1 G#ai#te 4e a *e a+!ica u#a !e/a!=>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 1)>% )ullius, ut 0uis0ue &eni"et% primores eorum e&cipiens, multitudinem in campum dedu&it! <Tu!!iu*1 +e =*ur= ce 5e#ea ;iecare1 +ri i#4 +e ;ru#taii ace*t.ra1 a c.#4u* u!Hi ea G# cG +ie>% G# /e#era! repetarea u#ei acHiu#i *e eI+ri = cu indicativul 6cum premuntur= < cG#4 re+etarea eI+ri = o ipote+, *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= .4u! con7unctiv 6cum luenda sit=! La *criit.rii 4i# e+.ca i +eria!=1 cG#4 5er"u! e*te !a i +er;ect *au ai u!t ca +er;ect1 /=*i 4e ."icei .4u! con7unctiv! Nota ]. In 0ua re )$emistocles #um divitiis o"na&it% tum etiam peritissimos belii navalis le#it At$enienses <G# acea*t= G +reJurare T8e i*t.c!e* #u #u ai c= a G#c=rcat +e Ate#ie#i cu "./=Hie1 ci i@a ;=cut i ;.arte +rice+uHi G# r=6".iu! +e are>% <C.r#% Ne+% )$em!, 2>%
ELM
Cum de illo, tu"n de multis amplissimis viris labo"o. <Nu #u ai +e#tru ace!a1 ci +e#tru u!Hi "=r"aHi ;.arte 4i*ti#i = *tr=4uie*c eu>% C.#Ju#cHii!e cum ! ! ! turn *e tra4uc G# r. G#ete K #u #u ai%%% ci i M +e 4e . +arte %%% +e 4e a!t= +arte% E!e *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i G# +r.+.6iHii cu 5er"e 4e.*e"ite 6cum ornavit, turn "ecit=, i G# +r.+.6iHii care au ace!ai 5er"1 care e*te *cri* G# u#a i e*te *u"@ G#He!e* G# cea!a!t= 6cum de illo , laboro & 1 turn de multis laboro=! Nota I. +ost2uam e4ui <N e&uebatur= ee0ualitas et pro modestia ac pudore ambitio ac vis incedebat! ! ! <Du+= ce ec8itatea G#ce+ea *= 4i*+ar= i G# !.cu! .4e*tiei i rui#ii +=ea a "iHia i 5i.!e#Ha>% <Tacit% Arin!, III% 29>% Iam0ue dies consumptus erat, #um tamen barbari ni$il "emitte"e <N remittebant= at0ue acrius insta"e <N instabant= <7e i ter i#a*e 6iua1 cG#4 cu t.ate ace*tea "ar"arii #u 4au G#a+.i 4e !.c i ;=ceau +re*iu#i ai G#4GrJite>% <7a!!% lug!, 98>% I#;i#iti5u! i*t.ric *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G# !.cu! i +er;ectu!ui i#4icati5u!ui G# +r.+.6iHii +ri#ci+a!e% I*t.ricii G#*= ;.!.*e*c1 ;.arte rar1 G# +r.+.6iHii te +.ra!e1 !e/ate cu post0uam *au cum, i#;i#iti5u! i*t.ric1 G# !.cu! u#ui ti + trecut%
b= Cu con7unctivul, G# i*t.ri*iri1 +e#tru a ar=ta G#!=#Huirea e5e#i e#te!.r 6cum $istoricum= i *e a;!= !a imper"ect, tra4ucG#@4u@*e cu pe c#nd, cG#4 eI+ri = . !ucrare *i u!ta#= cu cea 4i# re/e#t= 6cum inciperet! ! ! venit=< *au !a ai u!t ca +er;ect1 tra4ucG#4u@*e cu dup ce, cG#4 eI+ri = . !ucrare a#teri.ar= ce!ei 4i# re/e#t= 6cum contulissent! ! ! cceperunt=< *au 4u+= eI+re*ii!e "uit tempus, erit tempus, illucescet dies 6erit tempus, illucescet dies, cum desideres=!
Not. Nelve ii, repentino (sesaris adventu commoti, eum id, 0uod ipsi diebus viginti &gerrime con7ecerant, ut "lumen transirent, Tium uno die "ecisse intelle*e"ent% legatos ad eum mittunt <Be!5eHii1 i +re*i.#aHi 4e *.*irea #eate+tat= a !ui Gae*ar1 cG#4 & ;ii#4c= & au G#He!e* c= e! ;=cu*e G#tr@. *i#/ur= 6i ceea ce ei ;=cu*er= cu ;.arte are /reutate G# 4.u=6eci 4e 6i!e1 a4ic= *= treac= ;!u5iu!1 tri it *.!i !a e!>% <CX*% A!.! I1 1(>% G# +r.+.6iHii!e te +.ra!e !e/ate +ri# cum i c.#*truite cu i +er;ectu! *au ai u!t ca +er;ectu! c.#Ju#cti5u!ui1 4e u!te .ri i4eea 4e ti + *e c.#;u#4= cu cea 4e cau6= 6(um e&plicativum=! CG#4 G#*= +r.+.6iHia !e/at= +ri# cum e&plicativum e*te !a pre+ent *au per"ect *e c.#*truiete cu i#4icati5u!K /agna Isetitia nobis est, #um te talem virum di monue"e% uti ali0uando pacem 0uam bellum malles <Mare "ucurie a5e 1 cG#4 & 4e.arece & +e ti#e1 u# a*t;e! 4e "=r"at1 te@au *;=tuit 6eii1 ca *= +re;eri . 4at= +acea r=6".iu!ui>% .ratulor tibi, #um tantum &ales apud %olabellam <Te ;e!icit +e#tru area trecere +e care . ai +e !G#/= D.!a"e!!a & cG#4 ai atGta trecere & G#trucGt ai atGta trecere>% <Cic% Ad! Fam!, IZ1 1C%>
c= CG#4 cum e*te G#*.Hit 4e interea *au interim, *e c.#*truiete cu indicativul 4ac= 5er"u! e*te !a pre+ent *au !a per"ect 6cum interim cceperunt= i cu con7unctivul cG#4 5er"u! eI+ri = i4eea 4e imper"ect *au mai mult ca per"ect 6cum interea comparavissem=! Cu t.ate ace*tea *e G#tG!#ete imper"ectul indicativului 4u+= cum G#*.Hit 4e u#u! 4i# a45er"e!e #u ite ai *u* 6cum interea audiebatur=! 4> Iam ver appetebat, #um Nannibal e& $ibernis mo&it <0ri =5ara c8iar era a+r.a+e1 cG#4 Ba##i"a! a +.r#it 4i# ta"=ra 4e iar#=>% <T% Li5% ZZII1 1>% @i& agmen novissimum e&tra munitiones processerat, #um .alii commit-tere prcelium non dubitant <A"ia trecu*e arier/ar4a 4i#c.!. 4e i#t=rituri1 cG#4 /a!ii #u *tau !a G#4.ia!= *= 4ea !u+ta>% EL5
U#e.ri cum temporale e*te *c.* G# re!ie; +ri# u#u! 4i# a45er"e!e vi&, segre, iam, nondum, +u* G# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= 6iam appetebat, cum movit< vi& processerat, cum non dubitant=! Dar G# ace*t ca6 ;ra6a .;er= . *ituaHie +articu!ar= K +r.+.6iHia *u".r4.#at= c.#Hi#e acHiu#ea i +.rta#t=1 iar +r.+.6iHia +ri#ci+a!= cu+ri#4e #u ai . circu *ta#H= a acHiu#ii 4i# *u".r4.#at=% A*t;e!1 G# +ri a ;ra6= acHiu#ea +ri#ci+a!= e*te K Ba##i"a! i@a *c.* tru+e!e 4i# ta"=ra 4e iar#= M iar circu *ta#Ha 4e ti + e*te K cG#4 a"ia G#ce+ea *= *e G +ri =5=re6e% T.t aa G# ;ra6a a 4.ua K acHiu#ea +ri#ci+a!= e*te K Ga!ii #u e6it= *= 4ea !u+ta M iar circu *ta#Ha 4e ti + e*te K cG#4 arier/ar4a a"ia trecu*e G# a;ara G#t=rituri!.r% G# atari ;ra6e r.!uri!e 4e +r.+.6iHie +ri#ci+a!= i *u".r4.#at= *G#t i#5er*ate% De aceea1 cum G# acea*t= *ituaHie *e #u ete cum inversum! (um inversum *e c.#*truiete cu .4u! indicativ, ti +u! per"ect 6cum movit=, care +.ate ;i G#!.cuit cu pre+entul istoric 6cum non dubitant , non dubitaverunt=! (% 1ed ante2uam ad eam orationem &enio% 0use est propria vestrse 0uses-tionis, videntur ea esse re"utanda, 0use in senatu ab inimicis ssepe iactata sunt <Dar G#ai#te 4e a trece !a acea +arte a +!e4.ariei1 care e*te 4irect !e/at= 4e cercetarea 5.a*tr=1 G i +are c= tre"uie *= re*+i#/ ce!e ce au ;.*t 4e*e.ri aru#cate G# *e#at 4e c=tre 5r=J ai>% <Cic% Pro /T! ,>% Ante2uam de prasceptis oratoris 4ica u*1 videtur dicendum 6esse= de genere ipsius artis <G#ai#te 4e a 5.r"i 4e*+re +rece+te!e .rat.rice1 G i +are c= tre"uie *= 5.r"i 4e*+re caracteru! artei & .rat.riei & G#*=i>% <Cic% #nv! I1 C>% Ante2uam $omines ne"arii de meo adventu audire potuissent% in /ace-doniam perre&i <G#ai#te ca .a e#ii #e!e/iuiHi *= ;i +utut a;!a 4e *.*irea ea1 i@a c.#ti#uat 4ru u! *+re Mace4.#ia>% <Cic% Pro Plane! C11 98>% /embris utimur, p"ius2uam didi#imus% cuius ea utilitatis causa $abeamus! <Ne *er5i 4e e "re1 G#ai#te 4e ce a G#5=Hat & G#ai#te 4e a ;i G#5=Hat & +e#tru ce ;.!.*i#H= !e a5e >% +"ius2uam *e $ostes e& terrore ac "uga "e#ipe"ent% (sesar e&ercitum du&it et ad oppidum 3oviodunum pervenit <G#ai#te ca 4u a#ii *= *e recu!ea/= 4i# *+ai = *i ;u/=1 C*e*ar a 4u* ar ata *i a aJu#* !a .rau! N.5i.4u#u >% <C*e*% A! G% II1 12>% G# ;iecare 4i# ;ra6e!e 4e ai *u* a5e cGte . +r.+.6iHie te +.ra!=1 !e/at= +ri# c.#Ju#cHii!e ante0uam *au prius0uam! AcHiu#ea 4i# te +.ra!a ante0uam venio #u e*te . rea!itate G# . e#tu! cG#4 . +r.#u#H= .rat.ru!1 c=ci ea ur ea6= *= ai"= !.c1 4u+= ce *e 5a +etrece acHiu#ea 4i# videtur re"utanda esse! T.t aa G# ce!e!a!te ;ra6e1 +recu G# u!ti a K acHiu#ea 4i# prius0uam se reciperent, a4ic= recu!e/erea 4u a#i!.r1 #u e*te . rea!itate G# . e#tu! cG#4 C*e*ar Gi c.#4uce ar ata *+re .rau! N.5i.4u#u % De ;a+t1 . +r.+.6iHie !e/at= +ri# ante0uam *au prius0uam eI+ri = t.t4eau#a . acHiu#e +.*teri.ar= ;aH= 4e cea 4i# re/e#t=1 a4ic= . acHiu#e 5irtua!=1 . acHiu#e F in spe X1 G# c!i+a cG#4 *e +etrece acHiu#ea 4i# re/e#t=% ELC
De aceea1 . atare +r.+.6iHie #u eI+ri = . rea!itate1 G#*= 5.r"it.ru! *au *criit.ru! +.ate +u#e G# ea *i/ura#Ha *a G# G#4e+!i#irea ace!ei acHiu#i1 i atu#ci G#tre"ui#Hea6= i#4icati5u! care e*te .4u! #u #u ai a! rea!it=Hii1 ci i a! *i/ura#Hei% CG#4 G#*= #u acce#tuea6= acea*t= *i/ura#H=1 atu#ci !a*= +r.+.6iHia cu c.#*trucHia ei #.r a!=1 +u#G#4 .4u! #e*i/ura#Hei i a! +.*i"i!it=Hii1 a4ic= .4u! c.#Ju#cti5% De aceea +r.+.6iHii!e te +.ra!e !e/ate cu K indicativul, cG#4 aut.ru! c.#*i4er= ;a+tu! ca *i/urM con7unctivul, cG#4 aut.ru! c.#*i4er= ;a+tu! ca #e*i/ur% ante0uam O *e c.#*truie*c prius0uam= cu K
Not. Du+= non ante 6prius= 0uam *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= t.t4eau#a per"ectul indicativului' Epaminondas non p"ius bellare destitit, 2uam urbem *acedsemoniorum obsidione #lausit <E+a i#.#4a* #@a G#cetat 4e a +urta r=6".i1 G#ai#te 4e ce a G#c8i* & G#ai#te 4e a ;i G#c8i* & cetatea !ace4e .#ie#i!.r +ri# a*e4iu>% <C.r#% Ne+% Ep! 8>% Di# ace*t eIe +!u cu#.ate c= G# ;.!.*irea c.#Ju#cHii!.r ante0uam i prius0uam *e +.ate ca *criit.ru! *= +u#= +ri a +arte 4i# care *G#t c.#*tituite 6ante, prius= G# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t=1 iar +artea a 4.ua 60uam= G# ;ru#tea +r.+.6iHiei 4e+e#4e#te% Acea*t= *e+arare a +=rHi!.r 4i# care e*te c. +u* u# cu5G#t *e #u ete tme+!
C% a> Arc$imedes, dum in pulvere 0usedam des#"ibit attentius, ne patriam 0uidem captam esse sensit <Arc8i e4e1 +e cG#4 4e*e#a ce5a G# +u!"ere cu +rea are G#c.r4are1 #@a *i Hit #ici c8iar c= +atria *a a ;.*t cucerit=>% 'one# e"is "eli&, multos numerabis amicos <CGt ti + 5ei ;i ;ericit1 5ei #u =ra u!Hi +riete#i>% <'5i4% )rist! I1 9>% (ato, -u.a4 5iIit1 virtutum laude crevit <Cat.1 cGt ti + a tr=it1 a cre*cut G# !au4a G#*uiri!.r ;ru .a*e>% <C.r#% Ne+% (ato, 2>% 0r.+.6iHii!e te +.ra!e *e +.t !e/a 4e re/e#t= i +ri# c.#Ju#cHii!e K dum% done#% 2uoad% care *e c.#*truie*c a*t;e!K a= Cu indicativul, cG#4 arat= u# ;a+t rea! *au c.#*i4erat *i/ur M *e tra4uc cu K pe c#nd, in timp ce, c#t timp! Lucrarea 4i# te +.ra!= e*te *i u!ta#= cu cea 4i# re/e#ta ei%
Nota. $. %um G# +.5e*tiri1 G#*e #G#4 pe c#nd, *e c.#*truiete1 4e +re;eri#H=1 cu +re6e#tu! i#4icati5u!ui1 #u cu i +er;ectu!% 'um $&c in collo0uio *e"untu"% (sesari nuntiatum est e0uites Ariovisti propius accedere <0e cG#4 G# c.#5.r"irea 4i#tre ei *e +etrec & *e +etreceau & ace*tea1 lui Cae*ar i *@a a#u#Hat c= 5i# +rea a+r.a+e c=!=reHii !ui Ari.5i*tu*>% <Gae*% A!.! I1 C9>% Ntec dum *i/u#tur1 interea (leome$es iam pervenerat <0e cG#4 *e +etrec & *e +etreceau & ace*tea1 G# ti +u! ace*ta i *.*i*e C!e. e#e*>% N.ta 2% %um te +.ra! cu i#4icati5u! +re6e#t *au +er;ect u#e.ri cu+ri#4e i . i4ee cau6a!=K \ Noc "eci, dum li#uitM intermisi, 2uoad non li#uit. <A ;=cut acea*ta1 cGt ti + & ;ii#4c= & i *@a G#/=4uitM cGt ti + & ;ii#4c= & #u i *@a G#/=4uit1 a G#treru+t>% <Cic% P$il! III% 1(>%
"> Paucos dies moratus est, dum se copise ab (orc2ra asse2ue"entu" <A 6=".5it cGte5a 6i!e1 +G#= *= *e a4u#e & *= 5i#= & tru+e!e 4e !a C.rcir=>% <T% Li5% ZZZII1 91 8>% )emporibus Augusti non de"uere prseclara ingenia, done# gliscente adula-tione dete""e"entu" <Ti +uri!.r & 4. #iei & !ui Au/u*tu* #u !e@au !i+*it EL9
ta!e#te ;.arte *tr=!ucite1 +G#= ce1 *trecurG#4u@*e !i#/uirea1 au ;.*t a"=tute>% <Tacit% Ann! I1 1>% Noratius (ocles impetum sustinuit, 2uoad ceteri pontem inte""umpe"ent <B.ratiu* C.c!e* a Hi#ut G# !.c atacu!1 +G#= ce cei!a!Hi au t=iat +.4u!>% b= Cu con7unctivul, cG#4 arat= u# ;a+t +.*i"i!1 i *e tra4uc +ri# K p#n s, p#n ce< G# ace*t ca61 G# /e#era!1 +r.+.6iHia te +.ra!= cu+ri#4e i . i4ee 4e *c.+%
N.ta 1% 0e#tru a eI+ri a . acHiu#e1 care !a u# . e#t 4at G# 5iit.r 5a ;i ter i#at=1 dum, donec i 0uoad, cu G#He!e*u! pln ce, *e c.#*truie*c cu 5iit.ru! a! II@!ea a! i#4icati5u!ui K 3ori 7aciam "inem rogandi, 2uoad nuntiatum e"it te id "ecisse 0uod e&spectamus! <Nu 5.i +u#e ca+=t ru/= i#Hii1 +G#= ce #u i *e 5a ;i a#u#Hat c= tu ai G#4e+!i#it ceea ce #.i ate+t= >% Nic geret bellum ingens, dum tertia &stas *atio regnantem 6eum= &id#"it <Ace*ta 5a +urta u# r=6".i ;.arte are1 +G#= ce a treia 5ar= G! 5a ;i 5=6ut 4. #i#4 G# Latiu >% <Eer/% /neis, I1 52>% Hrbati nobis videbimur, 4.#ec re4ieri* <Ne 5. *i Hi .r;a#i1 +G#= ce te 5ei ;i G#t.r*>% N.ta 2% Dac= *e i#*i*t= a*u+ra ;a+tu!ui c= . acHiu#e trecut= *@a G#4e+!i#it G# rea!itate1 4u+= c.#Ju#cHii!e dum, donec, 0uoad, cu G#He!e*u! p#n ce, *e +.ate G#tre"ui#Ha +er;ectu! i#4icati5u!uiK Ts0ue eo e&spectavi, 2uoad "ediit <0G#= atu#ci a ate+tat1 +G#= *@a G#t.r*>% Epaminondas us0ue eo retinuit "errum in corpore, 2uoad nuntiatum e*t ricisse Aseotios <E+a i#.#4a* a +=*trat ;ieru! G# c.r+ +G#= G# . e#tu! cG#4 i *@a a4u* tirea c= "e.Hie#ii au G#5i#*>% <C.r#% Ne+% Epamin 9>%
1ubstituirea propo+i iei temporale a= Mf Cu"io% ad "ocum sedenti% magnum auri pondus 1amnites cum attulissent, repudia i sunt <CG#4 *a #iHii au a4u* . are ca#titate 4e aur !ui Ma#!iu* Curiu*1 +e cG#4 e4ea !G#/= 5atr=1 au ;.*t re;u6aHi>% <Cic% %e 1en! 19>% Boi el ;ulin*i nostros latere aperto ad*.essi% circumvenire cceperunt <B.ii *i tu!i#/ii1 atacG#4 +e ai #.tri 4i# +artea 4e*c.+erit=1 au G#ce+ut *=@i G#c.#J.are>% <C*e*% A! .! I1 25>% P Hannibal% (art$agine e4pulsus% Ep$esum ad Antioc$um regem venit <Ba##i"a!1 ;ii#4 a!u#/at 4i# Carta/i#a1 a 5e#it !a E;e* !a re/e!e A#ti.c8u*>% b= Nost"is "esistentibus% $ostes ad pedes desiluerunt <0e cG#4 ai #.tri *e e#Hi#eau +e +.6iHie & #u 4au G#a+.i & 4u a#ii au 4e*c=!ecat>% <C*e*% A! .! IE1 12>% Obsidibus t"aditis% (sesar ab eo loco in "ines Ambianorum pervenit <Du+= ce .*tatecii au ;.*t +re4aHi1 C*e*ar 4e ac.!. a aJu#* G# 8.tare!e a "ia#i!.r>% <CGe*% A! .! II1 15>% 0r.+.6iHia te +.ra!= +.ate ;i *u"*tituit= +ri# c.#*trucHii +artici+ia!e1 i a#u e K a= 0ri#tr@u# participiu singur, ac.r4at cu u# *u"*ta#ti5 4i# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= 6participium coniunctum=' /O (urio sedenti< Aoi et )ulingi adgressi< Nannibal e&pulsus! b= 0ri#tr@u# participiu #n ablativ unit cu un substantiv tot In ablativ 6participium absolutum=! Acea*t= c.#*trucHie 4i# ur = *e #u ete Ablati& absolut. EF?
C.#*trucHia a"!ati5 a"*.!ut *e ."Hi#e a*t;e!K c.#Ju#cHia *e e!i i#=1 *u"iectu! trece G# a"!ati51 iar +re4icatu! 5er"a! trece !a +artici+iu1 t.t G# ca6u! a"!ati5 <ac.r4G#4u@*e G# /e#1 #u =r i ca6 cu ;.*tu! *=u *u"iect>% 0r.+.6iHia te +.ra!=1 care are 5er"u! !a ;.r a acti5=1 G# a"!ati5 a"*.!ut are 5er"u! !a +artici+iu +re6e#tM cea care are 5er"u! !a ;.r a +a*i5=1 G# a"!ati5 a"*.!ut are 5er"u! !a +artici+iu trecut% (um notri resisterent ; 3ostris resistentibus! (um obsides traditi essent ; Hbsidibus traditis! Obse"&a,ii 1% 7u"*tituirea +ri# a"!ati5 a"*.!ut *e ;ace #u ai 4ac= *u"iectu! te +.ra!ei #u *e /=*ete cu #ici u# r.! G# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= M 4ac= *e a;!= cu 5reu# r.!1 atu#ci +r.+.6iHia te +.ra!= acti5= *e *c8i "= G# +a*i5= K Cum <C*e*ar> ca*tra muni&isset% vineas agere ccepit ; Cum #ast"a munita e**e#t1 <CaO*ar> vineas agere ccepit N Cast"is munitis% vineas agere ccepit <Du+= ce & C*e*ar & a G#t=rit ta"=ra1 a G#ce+ut *= ite ai#i!e 4e r=6".i N Du+= ce ta"=ra a ;.*t G#t=rit= & CaO*ar & a G#ce+ut *= ite1 ai#i!e 4e r=6".i N Ta"=ra ;ii#4 G#t=rit=1 a G#ce+ut *= ite ai#i!e 4e r=6".i>% 2% De a*e e#ea #u *e ."i#uiete *= *e *u"*tituie +r.+.6iHia circu *ta#Hia!= +ri# a"!ati5 a"*.!ut1 cG#4 5er"u! care ;.r ea6= +re4icatu! are i . G#tre/ire +re4icati5=1 *+re a #u *e +r.4uce c.#;u6ii% A*t;e!1 +r.+.6iHia te +.ra!= (um (icero consul creatus esset, G# care 5er"u! 4i# +re4icat creatus esset are ca G#tre/ire +re4icati5= *u"*ta#ti5u! consul, #u +.ate ;i *u"*tituit= +ri#tr@u# a"!ati5 a"*.!ut 4e ;.r a K (icerone consule creato! (% Dac= +r.+.6iHia te +.ra!= are +re4icat #. i#a!1 ;.r at 4i# 5er"u! esse i u# #u e +re4icati51 G# c.#*trucHia a"!ati5 a"*.!ut a+ar #u ai *u"iectu! i #u e!e +re4icati51 c=ci 5er"u! esse #u are +artici+iu% Cum C. Caninius #onsul e**et1 scito neminem prandisse ; C. Caninio #onsule% scito neminem prandisse <7= tii c= #i e#i #@a +rG#6it1 cG#4 era c .#*u! C% Ca#i#iu*>% <<Cic% Ad! Fam! :III% ()>% (sesar eas res plu"ibus p"aesentibus tractari nolebat ; (sesar eas res, #um plu"es p"aBsentes essent% tractari nolebat <Cae*ar #u 5rea ca ace!e !ucruri *= ;ie 4i*cutate1 cG#4 erau 4e ;aH= ai u!Hi>% <CaO*% A! .! I1 18>% %umnori& multa non modo iniussu (sesaris et civitatis Nseduorum, sed etiam ins#ientibus ipsis "ecerat , %umnori& multa non modo iniussu (sesaris et civitatis Nseduorum, sed etiam #um ipsi ins#ientes e**e#t1 "ecerat <Du #.riI *=5Gri*e u!te #u #u ai ;=r= +.ru#ca !ui Ca*ar i a *tatu!ui 8e4ui!.r1 4ar c8iar ;=r= tirea !.r & cG#4 ei #u tiau>% <C*e*% A! .! I1 19>% C% U#e.ri 4re+t a"!ati5 a"*.!ut ;i/urea6= u# +artici+iu trecut G# a"!ati51 ;=r= *u"iect1 ;ii#4 !uat i +er*.#a! i a5G#4 4u+= *i#e . c. +!eti5=% G# acea*t= ;.r = *e G#tG!#e*c eI+re*ii!e K audito, cognito, comperto, intel-lecto, nuntiato, edicto, permisso' Ale&ander, audito %arium movisse ab Ecbatanis, "ugientem inse0ui ccepit <A!eIa#4ru1 a;!G#4u@*e c= Dariu* i@a utat ta"=ra 4e !a Ec"ata#a1 a G#ce+ut *= ur =rea*c= +e ce! ;u/ar>% <Aui#t% Curt% E1 (5>%
uonsul, e4ict. ut, 0uicum0ue ad vallum tenderet, pro $oste $aberetur, "ugien-tibus obstitit <C.#*u!u!1 4G#4u@*e .r4i# & 4u+= ce *@a 4at .r4i# & ca1 .rici#e *@ar a+r.+ia 4e G#t=rituri1 *= ;ie c.#*i4erat 4u a#1 a *tat G# ca!ea ;u/ari!.r>% <T% Li5% Z1 (9>% Eer*iu#e DE C%E7ARI7 ERGA DIEICIACUM BENEE'LE37TIA Guibus rebus cognitis, C*e*ar *ati* e**e cau**e ar"itra"atur -uare i# Du #.ri/e aut i+*e a#i a45erteret aut ci5itate a#i a45ertere iu"er.t% Ita-ue1 prius0uam -uic-ua c.#aretur1 Di5iciacu 1 Du #.ri/i* ;ratre 1 a4 *e 5.cari iu"eH et1 cotidianis interpretibus remotis, +er C% Ea!eriu Tr.u@ci!!u 1 +ri#ci+e +r.5i#ci*e Ga!!i*e1 ;a i!iare *uu 1 cu e. c.!!.-uiturK *i u! c. .#e;acit -u*e ipso prsesente i# c.#*i!i. Ga!!.ru 4e Du #.ri/e *i#t 4icta M +etit at-ue 8.rtatur ut *i#e eiu* .;;e#*i.#e a#i i i+*e 4e e.1 cau*a c./#ita1 *tatuat% Au*e . #ia post0uam C*e*ar .*te#4it1 Di5iciacu* u!ti* cu !acri i* eu c. +!eIu* ."*ecrare cce+it1 #e -ui4 /ra5iu* i# ;ratre *tatueret% (um 8aec ;!e#* +!uri"u* 5er"i* a CaT*are +eteret1 C*e*ar eiu* 4eItra +re#4itM c.#*.!atu* r./at ;i#e .ra#4i ;aciat%
(sesar
Te = 7U0UNEREA BELEEIIL'R Be!5eHii1 G +i#i 6adducere= 4e !i+*a 6inopia= tutur.r !ucruri!.r1 au tri i* *.!i !a C*e*ar +e#tru *u+u#ere 6deditio=! Du+= ce acetia !@au G#tG!#it 6convenire= G# 4ru i +!G#/G#4 6"iere= au cerut +ace1 Ca**ar a +.ru#cit *=@1 ate+te 6e&spectare= ac.!. u#4e erau atu#ci% Du+= ce C*e*ar R *.*it 6per-venire= ac.!.1 a cerut 6poscere= .*tateci i ar e!e% 0e cG#4 *e c=utau 6con-0uirere= ace*tea1 ;ii#4 !a iJ!.c 6intermittere= . #.a+te1 a*e ii 4e .a e#i au ieit 6egredi= 4i# ta"=ra 8e!5eHii!.r1 ;ii#4 tu!"uraHi 6perterrere= 4e /r.a6a ca #u cu 5a 6ne=, 4u+= ce 5.r ;i +re4at 6tradere= ar e!e1 *= ;ie *u+ui 6ad"icere= !a +e4ea+*= 6supplicium=! 0r.+.6iHia cau6a!= 1% a> 1i 0uid possumus, eo possumus, -u.4 respublica nos c.#iu#Iit cum bonis <Dac= a5e 5reu# +ic 4e +utere1 +ri# aceea . a5e & 4i# acea*t= cau6= a5e +utere & ;ii#4c= tre"uri!e +u"!ice #e@au u#it cu cei 4e trea"=>% <Cic% Pro /T! 21>% Familiaritates late patere non possunt, +r.+terea -u.4 consuetudines victus non +.**u#t esse cum multis <Le/=turi!e 4e +riete#ie #u +.t ;i +rea G#ti#*e1 +e#tru c= 4e+ri#4eri!e c. u#e 4e trai #u +.t ;i cu u!Hi>% <Cic% Pro /T! 21>% EFE
Hb $oc, 2uia parum dignitatis in legatione e"at% negaverunt pacem <Fii#4c= *.!ia #u +rea +re6e#ta +re*ti/iu 4e aceea au re;u6at +acea>% @uoniam me vobiscum servare non +.**u 1 vestrse 0uidem vitae prospi-ciam <Fii#4c= #u = +.t *a!5a +e i#e G +reu#= cu 5.i1 = 5.i G#/riJi ce! +uHi# 4e 5iaHa 5.a*tr=>% 3une, 2uoniam $umanarum rerum "ortunse te et vim et gratiam nostram e&periri pla#uit% 2uando per illam li#et% "estina at0ue, ut coepisti, perge <Acu 1 ;ii#4c= *.arta !ucruri!.r . e#eti a /=*it cu ca!e ca tu *= G#cerci i +uterea i "u#=5.i#Ha ea1 4e.arece /raHie ei & +ri# ea & e*te cu +uti#H=1 /r="e@te@te i c.#ti#u= cu ai G#ce+ut>% @uando 2uidem tu istos orator es tanto opere laudas% vellem Antonio (ras-so0ue plura de ratione dicendi libuisset scribere <De.arece tu !au6i aa 4e u!t +e aceti .rat.ri1 re/ret c= A#t.#iu* i Cra**u* #@au /=*it cu ca!e *= *crie ai u!te 4e*+re arta 5.r"irii>% "> (sesar milites repre$endit, 2uod% signo recipiendi dato, non #onstitissent <Cee*ar a u*trat +e *.!4aHi1 ;ii#4c=1 4u+= ce ;u*e*e 4at *e #a!u! 4e retra/ere1 #u *e .+ri*er=>% %iana dicta est, 2uia noctu 0uasi diem ei#e"et <A ;.*t #u it= Dia#a1 ;ii#4c= G# ti +u! #.+Hii ;ace u# ;e! 4e 6i>% Principes )reverorum de sui privatis rebus a (sesare au&ilium petere cceperunt, 2uoniam civitati consulere non possent <Fru#taii tre5eri!.r au G#ce+ut *= cear= aJut.r 4e !a Cee*ar +e#tru c8e*tiu#i!e !.r +r.+rii1 4e.arece #u +uteau c8i"6ui G# i#tere*u! *tatu!ui>% <CaG*% A! .! E1 (>% 0r.+.6iHia cau6a!= eI+ri = cau6a *au .ti5u! !ucr=rii 5er"u!ui 4i# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t=% Ea *e !ea/= 4e re/e#t= +ri# c.#Ju#cHii!e K 0uod, propterea 0uod, a> Indicativul, cG#4 0uia, 0uoniam, ! !4! eI+ri = .ti5u! rea! cuK 0uando, 0uando0uidem O 21 *e c.#*truiete 3 *au +=rerea *criit.@<+e#truc=1 ;ii#4c=1 ru!uiM 4e.arece> I q "> (on7unctivul, cG#4 eI+ri = .ti5u! 4at 4e . a!t= +er*.a#=1 +e care *criit.ru! #u i@1 G#*uete1 *au cG#4 eI@ +ri = . i+.te6=% Not. n ;ra6a (sesar milites repre$endit, 0uod, signo recipiendi dato, non constitissent, .ti5u! 4i# +r.+.6iHia circu *ta#Hia!= 4e cau6= 0uod non constitissent a+arHi#e /e#era!u!ui CaO*ar1 care a u*trat +e *.!4aHi% N.u= #e +.5e*tete ;a+te!e *criit.ru! C*e*ar1 care aa 5.r"ete 4e*+re ;a+te!e /e#era!u!ui1 ca i cG#4 ar ;i a!t= +er*.a#=% Obse"&a,ii a> /emoriam notri rogo ut conserves, non 2uod de tua constantia dubi-tem% sed 2uia mos e*t ita rogandi <Te r./ *= +=*tre6i a i#tirea 4e #.i & *= #u #e uiHi & #u +e#tru c= = G#4.ie*c 4e *tat.r#icia ta1 4ar ;ii#4c= aa e*te ."iceiu! *= *+u#e >% EFK
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e*te +!i#= 4e cur*e *i 4e tea =1 Ju4ecata G#*=i #e *;=tuiete *= #e c=ut= +riete#i>% <Cic% %e Fin! I1 2)1 99%> Guas cu ita *i#t1 perge 0uo coepisti <Fii#4c= ace*tea *G#t a*t;e!1 er/i ai 4e+arte G#c.tr. ai G#ce+ut & ai +.r#it>% <Cic% In (at! I1 1)%> Ni, cu per se minus 5a!ere#t1 2uod summa auctoritas anti0uitus e"at in Nseduis magnse0ue e"ant eorum clientelae, .ermanos at0ue Ariovistum sibi adiun&erant <Acetia1 4e.arece *i#/uri #u a5eau u!t= +utere1 ;ii#4c= 4i# 5ec8i e cea ai are aut.ritate . a5eau 8e4uii i c!ie#te!a !.r era are1 Gi a*.cia*er= +e /er a#i i +e Ari.5i*tu*>% <C*e*% A! .! EI1 12%> 0r.+.6iHia cau6a!= *e +.ate !e/a 4e re/e#ta *a i +ri# c.#Ju#cHia #um% care *e tra4uce G# ace!ai .4 ca i c.#Ju#cHii!e 4e ai *u* i *e c.#*truiete cu .4u! con7unctiv' cum sit, cum sint, cum valerent! (% Ale&ander /agnus, cum ad Ac$illis tumulum adstitisset' H "ortunate, in0uit, 2ui tuse virtutis prseconem Nomerum i#5e#eri* <A!eIa#4ru ce! Mare1 cG#4 *@a .+rit !a .r G#tu! !ui Ac8i!e1 a 6i* K ' #.r.c.*u!e1 care <4e.arece> 4re+t cG#t=reH a! 5iteJiei ta!e ai /=*it +e B. er>% <Cic% Pro Arc:! Z1 2C%> Hmnia admirabatur, 2uippe 2ui raro in urbem 5e#iret <7e i#u#a 4e t.ate1 ca u#u! care 5e#ea rar G# .ra>% 0r.+.6iHia cau6a!= *e +.ate !e/a 4e re/e#t= i +ri# pronumele relativ i *e c.#*truiete cu .4u! con7unctiv! De u!te .ri +r.#u e!e re!ati51 cG#4 !ea/= . +r.+.6iHie cau6a!= e*te G#t=rit +ri# 0uippe, ut, utpote i a+are G# ;.r a 0uippe 0ui, ut 0ui, utpote 0ui <ca u#u! care>% Guippe *er5ete ca G#t=rire i +e#tru c.#Ju#cHia cau6a!= O cum' 0uippe cum! <Cic% %e Am! 28%> 1ubstituirea propo+i iei cau+ale 1% @ultus t2rannorum *a+ie#Hi1 ni$il nisi turpitudinem timenti% terribiles non sunt <0ri5iri!e tira#i!.r #u *G#t *+=i G#t=t.are +e#tru ce! G#He!e+t1 care <4e.arece e!> #u *e te e 4ecGt 4e ceea ce e*te rui#.* & 4e #eci#*te>% Tbi vero Atuatuci turrim moveri et adpropin0uare mcenibus viderunt, nova et inusitata specie #ommoti% legatos ad (sesarem de pace miserunt <CG#4 G#*= atuatucii au 5=6ut c= tur#u! *e ic= i c= *e a+r.+ie 4e 6i4uri1 i +re*i.#aHi +uter#ic 4e acea*t= #.u= i #e."i#uit= G#;=Hiare & ar=tare & au tri i* *.!i +e#tru +ace !a Cae*ar>% <C*e*% A! .! II% (1%> 2% (um "unes, 0ui antemnas ad mJlos destinabant, "alcibus compre$ensi erant, na&i*io remis in#itato% praerumpebantur! <CG#4 ;ri#/8ii!e1 care ;iIau +r=Ji#i!e +G#6e!.r !a catar/uri1 ;u*e*er= +ri#*e cu cGr!i/e!e1 +!utirea iuHi#4u@*e & 4e.arece icarea c.r="ii!.r *e iuHea & +ri# 5G*!e1 *e ru+eau>% <Cae*% A! .! III% 1C%> 0r.+.6iHia circu *ta#Hia!= 4e cau6= +.ate ;i *u"*tituit= +ri# c.#*trucHii +artici+ia!e1 ca i cea te +.ra!= K 1% 0ri# participiu singur, care *e ac.r4= G# /e#1 #u =r i ca6 cu *u"*ta#ti5u! !a care *e ra+.rt= 6participium coniunctum=' *a+ie#Hi1 ni$il nisi turpitudinem timenti N sapien,i% p"opte"ea 2uod is ni$il nisi turpitudinem timet N +e#tru ce! G#He!e+t1 4e.arece e! #u *e te e 4e #i ic 4ecGt 4e #eci#*te% EFF
Atuatuci1 nova et inusitata specie c. .ti N Atuatuci1 cura nova et inusitata specie c. .ti e**e#t N Atuatucii1 4e.arece au ;.*t i#ti i4aHi 4e acea*t= #.u= i #e."i#uit= G#;=Hiare% 2% +ri# ablativ absolut' #a5i/i. i#citat. N cu #a5i/iu i#citaHii e**et N ;ii#4c= icarea c.r="ii!.r a ;.*t iuHit=% Tra#*;.r area u#ei +r.+.6iHii cau6a!e G# a"!ati5 a"*.!ut *e ;ace 4u+= ace!eai #.r e i cu re*+ectarea ace!.rai +ri#ci+ii ca i tra#*;.r area +r.+.6iHiei te +.ra!e% Eet8i##e DE NAUFBAGI' C*e!u *ere#u erat% Naut*e i# a!t. ari #a5i/a"a#t% 7u"it. a/#a te +e*ta* .rta e*t #u"e*-ue c*e!u 4ie -ue eI #autaru .cu!i* eri+iu#t% I#*e-uitur c!a .r 5iru *tri4.r-ue ru4e#tu % Propterea 0uod u#a Euru* N.tu*-ue cre"er-ue +r.ce!!i* A;ricu* ruunt et 5a*t.* volvunt a4 !it.ra ;!uctu*1 #a5i* ;racta e*t% Nautae aute 1 3eptuno adiuvante, e +ericu!. ere+ti *u#t% Gratia* i/itur #aut*e et 8.#.re 4e"e#t 4e.1 0ui ei* 5ita servaverit, ut1 cu i# +ari +ericu!. ;uturi *i#t1 ea#4e "e#e5.!e#tia er/a e.* 8a"eat% Re 5era1 etia cu #a5i/are#t1 #autaa #.# 4e.ru i e .re* ;uera#tM #a a/#a i .!a5era#t eiu*-ue eIta i# are +r.iecera#t% Immolata ta#@tu agna, 4ii ei* +r.+itii ;ueru#t% Re4acti ta e# a4 !itu*1 Ne+tu#. a/#u a!"u i .!a"u#t% Te = TITU7 MANLIU7 M% 0. +.#iu*1 tri"u#u! +.+.ru!ui1 a c8e at G# Ju4ecat= 6diem dicere= +e Ma#!iu* <4ati5>1 care era 4ictat.r% G! acu6a 6criminari= c= ar ;i a!u#/at 6relegare= +e ;iu! *=u Titu* i c= i@ar ;i +.ru#cit *= !.cuia*c= 6$abitare= !a Har=% TG#=ru! ;iu1 care@i iu"ea tat=!1 cG#4 a au6it c= ace!uia i *e crea6= 4i;icu!t=Hi 6negotium e&$ibere=, #.a+tea a +.r#it 6accurrere= !a R. a1 ca *= ear/= !a ca*a !ui 0. +.#iu*% Ace*ta 1@a +ri it 6recipere= i e4iat 6statim= G# ca*=1 *+erG#4 c= tG#=ru! *u+=rat 6iratus= 5a *+u#e ce5a r=u G# c.#tra tat=!ui *=u% Dar tG#=ru!1 G#4at= ce a i#trat 6ingredi= G# ca*=1 a *c.* 6destringere= *a"ia i a a e#i#Hat 6minitari= c= 5a . .rG +e 0. +.#iu1 4ac= #u 5a Jura c= #u 5a acu6a +e tat=! *=u% 0. +.#iu*1 *i!it 6cogere= 4e *+ai = 6tenor=, a Jurat% A*t;e! a ar=tat ace*t ;iu iu"irea 6pietas= ;aH= 4e tat=! *=u% 0r.+.6iHia c.#ce*i5= 1% Aua -ua e*t incredibili audacia, tamen pertimuit <Dei e*te 4e . G#4r=6#ea!= 4e #ecre6ut1 cu t.ate ace*tea *@a G#*+=i G#tat>% <Cic% %e Iuris-dictione 1iciliensi, ()1 ,C%> EFM
@uam2uam omnis virtus nos ad se alli#it% tamen iustitia et liberalitas id ma&ime e""icit <Dei .rice G#*uire ;ru .a*= #e atra/e *+re *i#e1 cu t.ate ace*tea 4re+tatea i /e#er.6itatea ;ac acea*ta G# cea ai are =*ur=>% <Cic% %e H""! I1 1,1 59%> (atilinee crudelis animus eadem illa movebat, ta et*i prsesidia pa"abantu" et ipse lege Plautia interrogatus erat a *! Paulo <7u;!etu! cru4 a! !ui Cati!i#a ;r= G#ta t.t ace!e +!a#uri1 4ei *e +re/=teau tru+e 4e /ar#i6.a#= i ei ;u*e*e i#ter./at 4e L% 0au!u* 4u+= !e/ea 0!autia>% <7a!!% %e (on7! (at! (1%> G# +ri a ;ra6=1 +r.+.6iHia est incredibili audacia <e*te 4e . G#4r=6#ea!= 4e #ecre6ut> eI+ri = . *tare1 care e*te G# .+.6iHie cu acHiu#ea 4i# +ri#ci+a!a pertimuit <*@a G#*+=i G#tat>% Dac= +er*.a#a care are *tarea ."i#uit= G#4r=6#ea!a 4e #ecre6ut a +utut G#tr@u# . e#t 4at *= *i t= /r.a6a1 G#*e #ea6= c= G# ace! . e#t *@a trecut +e*te *tarea *a ."i#uit=1 acea*ta a ;.*t #e*.c.tit=% Dac= +e ace*te 4.u= i4ei .+u*e !e G +reu#= G#tr@. ;ra6=1 +u#e G#ai#tea ce!ei care eI+ri = *tarea ce tre"uia *= G +ie4ice acHiu#ea 4i# pertimuit, c.#Ju#cHia dei ; 0uam0uam i a c.#*tituit a*t;e! . +r.+.6iHie 4e+e#4e#t= 0uam0uam est incredibili audacia <4ei e*te 4e . G#4r=6#ea!= 4e #ecre6ut>% Acea*t= +r.+.6iHie cu+ri#4e . i4ee care e*te .+u*= ce!ei 4i# +ri#ci+a!=1 i care tre"uie *= G +ie4ice rea!i6area ace!eia% Dar acHiu#ea 4i# +ri#ci+a!= <re/e#t=> *e rea!i6ea6=1 trecG#4u@*e +e*te +ie4ica +re6e#tat= 4e +r.+.6iHia 4e+e#4e#t=% Di# cau6= c= rea!i6area acHiu#ii 4i# re/e#t= *e ;ace +ri# #e/!iJarea +ie4icii G#;=Hiate +ri# *u".r4.#at=1 a4ic= *e ;ace +ri# c.#ce*ia 4e a *e #e/!iJa acea +ie4ic=1 propo+i ia dependent care e&prim piedica prin concesia negli7rii creia se #ndeplinete ac iunea din regent se numete propo+i ie concesiv! 0r.+.6iHia 1 c.#ce*i5= *e !ea/= 4e +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= +ri# c.#Ju#cHii!e K 0uam0uam O a /e c.#*truiete cu indicativul tametsi = <4ei> N.ta 1% La *criit.rii c!a*ici ace*te 4.u= c.#Ju#cHii *G#t c.#*truite cu i#4icati5u!% 7e citea6= #u ai cGte5a ca6uri G# care au c.#Ju#cti5u!% G# e+.ca i +eria!= c.#Ju#cti5u! a+are ai 4e*% G#tre"ui#Harea c.#Ju#cti5u!ui cu 0uam0uam <*au 0uan0uam= i tametsi c.#*tituie K !a +.eHi1 . !ice#H= M !a +r.6at.ri1 . a"atere 4e !a *ti!u! c!a*ic K 3ec $oc prmteribo, 2uam2uam nonnullis leve visum iri putem % N.ta 2% Guam0uam *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= i ca e!e e#t 4e c..r4.#are cu caracter a45er*ati51 G# +r.+.6iHii +ri#ci+a!e1 +e#tru a i#tr.4uce . re5e#ire a*u+ra u#ei a;ir aHii +rece4e#te1 a4ucG#4u@i . recti;icare% 7e tra4uce +ri# K 4ar1 cu t.ate ace*tea1 4e a!t;e!K Aua -ua 1 0uid lo0uorD <Dar1 ce *+u# euT> <Gic% In (at! I1 22>% @uam2uam% etsi priore "cedere staretur, satis cautum erat 1aguntinis <De a!t;e!1 c8iar 4ac= #e@a e#Hi#e G# tratatu! a#teri.r1 *e +re5=6u*e G#4eaJu#* +e#tru *a/u#ti#i>% <T% Li5% ZZI1 19>% @uam2uam% in $ac eausa, iudices, )! Anni tribunatu non abutemur! <De a!t;e!1 G# ace*t +r.ce*1 Ju4ec=t.ri1 #u 5. ;ace +rea u!t u6 4e tri"u#atu! !ui Titu* A##iu*>% <Cic% Pro /T! 9>% N.ta (% I# re/e#ta +r.+.6iHiei c.#ce*i5e1 .+.6iHia e*te 4e ."icei #.tat= +ri#K tamen, at, certe, saltem, ni$ilominus! A!te.ri #u e*te #.tat=%
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2% a> Nanc vero 0usestionem, etsi non e* t ini0ua, num0uam tamen senatus constituendam 6esse7 putavit! <I#*= acea*t= i#*ta#H=1 4ei #u e*te #e4rea+t=1 cu t.ate ace*tea #ici.4at= *e#atu! #@a ;.*t 4e +=rere c= tre"uie G#;ii#Hat=>% <Cic% Pro /ii, 1(%> 3isi vero 1aturnini arma, etiamsi e republica opp"essa sunt% rempublicam tamen non vulnerarunt! <Nu ai 4ac= ar e!e !ui 7atur#i#u*1 4ei au ;.*t G#="uite 4e re+u"!ic=1 #@au 5=t= at i#tere*e!e *tatu!ui>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 1C%> "> Guam0uam, et*i priore "cedere sta"etu"% satis cautum erat 1aguntinis <De a!t;e!1 c8iar 4ac= #e@a e#Hi#e G# tratatu! a#teri.r1 *e +re5=6u*e G#4eaJu#* +e#tru *a/u#ti#i>% <T% Li5% ZZI1 19%> 3e0ue enim $oc cogitavit vir iustissimus, ne0ue in bonis viris legendis id adse0ui potuisset, etia *i cu+i**et <Nici #@a /G#4it acea*ta "=r"atu! ce! ;.arte 4re+t1 i G# a!e/erea "=r"aHi!.r 4e trea"= #ici #@ar ;i +utut *@. ;ac=1 c8iar 4ac= ar ;i 4.rit>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 21%> 7u".r4.#ata c.#ce*i5= *e !ea/= 4e re/e#t= i +ri# c.#Ju#cHii!e K indicativul, cG#4 i4eea 4i# *ecu#4ar= e*te c.#*i4erat= *i/ur= M con7unctivul, cG#4 i4eea 4i# *ecu#4ar= e*te c.#*i4erat= #e*i/ur=% N.ta 1% Cu caracter 4e c.#Ju#cHie c..r4. #at.are a45er*ati5=1 G# ;e!u! !ui 0uam0uam *e G#tG!#ete i etsi' (tsi% vide, 0useso <Cu t.ate ace*tea1 5e6i1 te r./>% <Cic% Ad Fam!, IZ1 (>% N.ta 2% I# +eri.a4a c!a*ic= etsi e*te rare.ri G#tre"ui#Hat cu .4u! c.#Ju#cti5% N.ta (% G# !.c 4e etsi *e G#tG!#ete rare.ri vel si' @ir certe "uit dignus tanto cognomine, 5e! *i novum ab eo i#ci+eret <B=r"atu! a ;.*t 4e*i/ur 4e # 4e u# c./#. e# a*a 4e are1 c8iar 4ac= ace*t c./#. e# #.u G#ce+ea 4e !a e!>% <T Li5% ZZZ1 29>% (% Ut summa 0abe"em cetera, temporis 0uidem vi& satis $abui <Dei +e t.ate ce!e!a!te !e a5ea 4i# "e!u/1 ti + G#*= a"ia a a5ut 4e aJu#*>% <Cic% Pro Guinctio, I1 (%> Ne sit sane summum malum dolor, malum certe est <C8iar 4ac= 4urerea #u e*te ce! ai are r=u1 e*te 4e*i/ur u# r=u>% <Cic% )use, II1 9>% /! Noratius, "ortissimus vir, populi Romani comitiis liberatus est, #um sua mJnu sororem occisam esse .ate"etu" <M% B.ratiu*1 "=r"atu! ;.arte "ra51 a ;.*t +u* G# !i"ertate 4e a4u#area +.+.ru!ui r. a#1 4ei =rturi*ea c= *.ra *a ;u*e*e . .rGt= 4e G#a !ui>% <Cic% Pro /T!, ,%> Pompeius multa etiam alia vidit, sed illud ma&ime, 2uam&is atrociter ipse tulisset% vos iamen "ortiter iudicaturos 6esse=! <Mu!te a!te!e c8iar a a5ut G# 5e4ere 0. +eiu*1 4ar ai cu *ea = ;a+tu! ace!a1 4ei e! a ;=cut +r.+u#erea cu *e5eritate1 c= 5.i cu t.ate ace*tea 5eHi Ju4eca cu curaJ>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 21>% Licet $oc 0uivis "ep"e0endat% certe levior repre:ensio est <Dei .rici#e +.ate critica acea*ta1 critica 4e*i/ur e*te ai u.ar=>% <Cic% Academ' II1 (21 1)2%> % % Ui *e c.#*truiete cuK etiamsi = 4 <4ei1 c8iar 4ac=> EFC
i *e c.#*truiete cu con7unctivul 0r.+.6iHia c.#ce*i5= *e !ea/= i cu c.#Ju#cHii!e ut 6ne= cum 0uamvis licet <4ei>
N.ta 1% Guamvis i licet G# +eri.a4a c!a*ic= a+ar ;.arte rar cu i#4icati5u!% G# e+.ca i +eria!= *e /=*ete 4i# ce G# ce ai 4e* i#4icati5u! 4u+= e!e K Pollio amat nosiram, 2uam&is e*t rustica, musam <Lui 0.!!i. Gi +!ace +.e6ia ea1 4ei e*te ru*tic= & 0.!!i. iu"ete u6a ea 4ei e*te ru*tic=>% <Eer/% Auc, III% 8C>% Licet salutare non e"it% a% <Dei #u 5a ;i a4uc=t.r 4e "i#e%%%>% <A+u!eiu*1 /etamorp$!, II1 9>% Nota 2% Guamvis *e +.ate a+!ica i #u ai !a . +arte a +r.+.6iHieiK %e cuius e&cellentia multa 0uidem, 2uam&is .use late2ue% dici possunt <De*+re 4i*ti#cHia ace*tuia *e +.t *+u#e G#tr@a4e5=r u!te1 4ei G# .4 G +r=tiat1 i G#ti#*>% <Cic% )use, IE1 291 5,>%
C% lenop$anes unus, 2ui deos esse di#e"et% divinationem "unditus sustulit <Ze#.+8a#e* *i#/ur1 care & 4ei & a;ir a c= 6eii eIi*t=1 a 4e*;ii#Hat 4i# te e!ie +re6icerea>% <Cic% %e %ivin!, I1 (1 5>% Egomet, 2ui sero ac leviter litteras .rsecas atti/i**e 1 tamen complures At$enis dies sum commoratus <Eu c8iar1 care & 4ei & a !uat c.#tact tGr6iu i *u+er;icia! cu !iteratura /reac=1 cu t.ate ace*tea a 6=".5it G# Ate#a ai u!te 6i!e>% <Cic% %e Hrat!, I1 181 82>% 0r.+.6iHia c.#ce*i5= *e +.ate !e/a 4e re/e#t= i +ri# pronumele relativ i *e c.#*truiete cu con7unctivul! 1ubstituirea propo+i iei concesive 1% Risus interdum ita repente erumpit, ut eum #upientes tenere ne0ueamus <RG*u! i6"uc#ete cGte.4at= a*a 4e +e #eate+tate1 G#cGt #u@1 +ute *t=+G#i 4ei . 4.ri >% P<Cic% %e Hrat!4, II1 581 2(5>^ i Romani non "o*ati .rsecis ultro au&ilium obtulerunt <R. a#ii1 4ei #u !i *e ceru*e1 au .;erit 4i# i#iHiati5= +r.+rie aJut.r /reci!.r>% <T%Li5% ZZZIE1 2(>% 2% )ot milia latrocinantur, mo"te p"oposita <AtGtea ii 4e .a e#i ;ac tG!8=rii1 4ei +e4ea+*a cu .arte a ;.*t a#u#Hat=>% /! Noratius, 7ortissimus vir, nondum libe"a #i&itate% tamen populi Romani comitiis liberatus est <M% B.ratiu*1 "=r"atu! ce! ;.arte "ra51 4ei cetatea #u era G#c= !i"er=1 cu t.ate ace*tea a ;.*t +u* G# !i"ertate 4e a4u#area +.+.ru!ui r. a#>% <Cic% Pro /ii, ,>% 0r.+.6iHia circu *ta#Hia!= c.#ce*i5= +.ate ;i *u"*tituit= +ri# c.#*trucHii +artici+ia!e1 ca i te +.ra!a i cau6a!aM c% 1% +ri#tr@u# participiu singur, care *e ac.r4= G# /e#1 #u =r i ca6 cu u# *u"*ta#ti5 *au +r.#u e1 eIi*te#t G# +r.+.6iHie *au *u"G#He!e*K cupientes N 0uamvis cupiamus< non rogati ; 0uamvis rogati non essent! 2% +ri# ablativ absolut' morte proposita N cum mors proposita esset< nondum libera civitate , cum civitas nondum libera esset! G# G#tre"ui#Harea a"!ati5u!ui a"*.!ut *e a+!ic= ace!eai re/u!i +e#tru ;.r area !ui i ace!eai +ri#ci+ii G# ;.!.*irea !ui1 care *@au 4at !a *u"*tituirea +r.+.6iHiei te +.ra!e%
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Eer*iu#. DE ALEZANDRI MAGMAMMITATE 0.*t a45er*u +r.e!iu 1 .r4i#i"u* *.!uti*1 a/ e# erra"u#4u +er t.tu *a!tu ;ere"atur% Mu!Hi i!ite*1 +riu* etu -ua !a".re 4e;ati/ati1 +r.*tra5era#t 8u i c.r+.ra1 0uam0uam i "re 5i* ;ri/.ri* c.#cret. /e!u a4*tri#Ierat% F.rte /re/ariu* i!e*1 cum segre *e-ue et ar a *u*te#taret1 ta e# i# ca*tra +er5e#eratK -u. 5i*.1 reI 0uamvis i+*e tu 1 a4 .t. i/#e1 4e;.5eret artu*1 eI *e!!a *ua 4e*i!uit1 t.r+e#te -ue i!ite 1 4e +ti* ar i*1 i# *ua *e4e iu**it c.#*i4ere% I33e 4iu #ec u"i re-ui*ceret1 #ec a -u. e**et eIce+tu* a/#.5it% Ta#4e 1 rece+t. ca!.re 5ita!i1 ut re/ia *e4e re/e -ue 5i4it1 *ur/it% Tu i#tue#* A!eIa#4erK FEc-ui4 i#te!!e/i*1 i!e*1 -ua#t. e!i.re *.rte -ua 0er**e 5i5ati*T I!!i* e#i i# *e!!a re/i* c.#*e4i**e ca+ita! ;.ret1 ti"i *a!uHi ;uitX% Te = DI70REUL DURERII 0. +eiu*1 cG#4 a 5e#it !a R.4.*1 a 5rut *= au4ie6e 6audire= +e ;i!.*.;u! 0.*i4.#iu*% Dar1 4ei a;!a*e 6audire= c= ace!a e*te ".!#a5 "agger=, cu t.ate ace*tea a 5rut *=@1 5i6ite6e 6visere=! G#4at= ce 1@a 5=6ut i 1@a *a!utat1 a *+u* c= e G8#it 6moleste "erre= c= #u@1 +.ate au4ia% Dar ace!a a *+u* K Tu 5ei +utea *= = au4ie6iM 4urerea ea #u te 5a G +ie4ica 6pro$ibere= 4e a = au4ia% i a*t;e! a 5.r"it cu *eri.6itate i cu a"u#4e#H= 4e*+re ace*t !ucru K F Nu e*te "u#1 4ecGt ceea ce e*te ci#*titX% Dei *i Hea c8i#uri!e 6cruciatus= 4urerii1 a *+u* 4e*e.riK FNu i6"uteti 6agere= #i ic1 4urere K 4ei eti *u+=r=t.are 6molestus=, cu t.ate ace*tea #ici.4at= #u 5.i 4ec!ara c= tu eti u# r=u R! 0r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= 1% 7i tempus e*t ullum iure $ominis necandi, certe illud e*t%%% <Dac= e*te 5re. G +reJurare 4e a . .rG cu "u#= 4re+tate u# . 4e*i/ur aceea e*te%%%>% <Cic% Pro /T! 5>% Guod *i duodecim tabulse nocturnum "urem inter"ici impune 5.!ueru#t1 0uis e*t 0ui! ! % <C=ci 4ac= ce!e 4.u=*+re6ece ta"!e au 5rut ca 8.Hu! 4e #.a+te *= ;ie . .rGt ;=r= *a#cHiu#i1 ci#e e*te care % % %>% <Cic% Pro /T! 9>% 7i 0uod e*t a4 i**u "acinus, *i csedes ;acta <e*t>1 *i de $ereditate, de "inibus controcersia e*t1 %ruides 4ecer#u#t <Dac= *@a c. i* 5re. ;a+t= rea1 4ac= *@a *=5Grit 5reu# . .r1 4ac= e*te #eG#He!e/ere cu +ri5ire Ia .te#ire1 cu +ri5ire !a 8.tare1 Drui6ii 8.t=r=*c>% <C7B7% A! .! EI1 1(>% UTi*i oculis 5i4eriti* insidios /iloni a (lodio "actas 6esse=, #.# 4e+recaturi *u u* ut crimen $oc nobis propter multa prseclara in rem publicam merita condonetis <Dac= #u 5eHi ;i 5=6ut cu .c8ii 5.tri c= 4e c=tre C!.4iu* au ;.*t EM?
G#ti#*e cur*e !ui Mi!.1 #u a5e 4e /G#4 *= cere ca *= #e iertaHi acea*t= G#5i#uire +e#tru u!te!e erite ;.arte *tr=!ucite ;aH= 4e re+u"!ic=>% <Cic% Pro /T! 9>% 7i 0ui 6e0ues7, graviore vulnere accepto, e0uo 4eci4erat1 pedites #i"#um-*i*te"a#t <Dac= & .ri 4e cGte .ri & 5reu# c=!=reH +ri i#4 . ra#= ai /rea c=6u*e 4e +e ca!1 +e4e*traii G! G#c.#Jurau>% 1i , 0uotiescum0ue! <C;;i*% A! .! I1 C8>% 7i 0uod erat grande vas aut maius opus i#5e#tu 1 Imti aG;ere"a#t% <Dac= & .ri 4e cGte .ri & *e a;!a*e 5reu# 5a* are *au 5re. .+er= ai are1 "ucur.i G! a4uceau>% 1i ; 0uotiescum0ue! <Cic% In @err! IE1 211 C,>% 0r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= eI+ri = c.#4iHia cu care e*te a4e5=rat= i4eea 4i# +ri#ci+a!= K 1i tempus est ullum ! ! !, certe illud est! G#tre +r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= i cea +ri#ci+a!= ra+.rtu! e*te aa c=1 G# /e#era!1 ace!ai .4 e*te G# a G#4.u=1 c.#*titui#4 G +reu#= +eri.a4a i+.tetic=% G# +eri.a4a i+.tetic=1 +r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= +.art= #u e!e 4e protas, a4ic= +artea care e*te +u*= G#ai#teM iar +r.+.6iHia +ri#ci+a!= *e #u ete apodos, a4ic= +artea care e*te +u*= 4u+= <G# ur =>% 0r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= *e !ea/= 4e a+.4.*= +ri# c.#Ju#cHii!e K si, cG#4 e*te a;ir ati5= <N 4ac=>1 nisi, ni, cG#4 e*te #e/ati5= < N 4ac= #u>1 i *e c.#*truiete a*t;e! K 1% Cu indicativul & !a t.ate ti +uri!e & 4ac= eI+ri = . c.#4iHie c.#*i4erat= *i/ur= 4e c=tre aut.r% G# +r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= #u +.ate ;i 5.r"a 4e rea!itate1 c=ci1 4i# . e#t ce *e eI+ri = . c.#4iHie1 *e eI+ri = . i+.te6=1 care1 c8iar 4ac= G# ;.#4 cu+ri#4e . rea!itate1 ;ii#4 +re6e#tat= G# ;.r = c.#4iHi.#a!=1 ea #u ai a+are ca rea!itate1 ci #u ai ca i+.te6=1 a4 i*i"i!= *au #ea4 i*i"i!=% Dar aut.ru!1 eI+ri G#4 . c.#4iHie1 . +.ate +re6e#ta G# trei ;e!uriK *i/ur=1 +.*i"i!=1 i +.*i"i!=% Acea*ta e*te1 G# /e#era!1 . c8e*tiu#e 4e .r4i# +ur *u"iecti51 ce a#u e caracter i +ri = aut.ru! c.#4iHiei ;.r u!ate% A*t;e! G# c.#4iHi.#a!a 1i tempus est ullum iure $ominis necandi, cG#4 aut.ru! eI+ri = i4eea F Dac= eIi*t= 5re. G +reJurare 4e a . .rG cu "u#= 4re+tate u# . X1 i G#tre"ui#Hea6= .4u! i#4icati51 G#*e #ea6= c= +e#tru e! ace*t ;a+t e*te *i/ur1 c8iar 4ac= +e#tru a!Hii #u e*te ce5a a4 i*i"i!% De aceea #u i c.#4iHi.#a!a c.#*truit= cu .4u! i#4icati5 K condi ional sigur! Ra+.rtu! 4e ti + G#tre +r.ta*= i a+.4.*= e*te ur =t.ru!K 4ac= !ucr=ri!e *G#t *i u!ta#e1 G#tre"ui#H= ace!ai ti + G# a G#4.u= K 1i tempus est, certe illud est! Dac= !ucrarea 4i# +r.ta*= e*te a#teri.ar=1 +u#e +er;ectu! G# +r.ta*= i +re6e#tu! G# a+.4.*= K 1i voluerunt, 0uis est< si csedes "acta est, decernunt *au ai u!t ca +er;ectu! G# +r.ta*= i i +er;ectu! G# a+.4.*= K 1i 0ui deciderat, circumsistebant< si erat inventum, a""erebant< *au 5iit.ru! a! II@!ea G# +r.ta*= i 5iit.ru! I G# a+.4.*= K nisi videritis, non deprecaturi sumus! EM>
%%%% MMK1 C.#4iHi.#a!a *i/ur= +.ate eI+ri a i . i4ee iterativ' si %i 4 i deciderea< si erai inventum! G# ace*t ca6 c.#Ju#cHia *i are G#He!e*u! !ui 0uotiescum0ue, G#t.c ai ca i c.#Ju#cHii!e te +.ra!e G#tre"ui#Hate cu *e#* iterati5% 1 P N.t=% G# e+.ca +.*tc!a*ic= *t iterativum G#ce+e a ;i c.#*truit cu .4u! c.#Ju#cti5K Idem, *i causa .ra#4a e**et1 elo0uentissimus 6erat=! <T.t e!1 .ri 4e cGte .ri tre"uia +!e4at u# +r.ce*1 era ;.arte e!.c5e#t>% <T% Li5%1 ZZZIZ1 C)>% 2% 7i grammaticum se pro"essus 0uispiam barbare lo2uatu"% turpior sil <Dac= ci#e5a1 care 4ec!ar= c= e*te +r.;e*.r 4e !i "=1 5.r"ete r=u & i#c.rect & e*te u# . ;=r= ."ra6>% <Cic% )use!, II1 C1 12>% %ies de.i#iat% si &elim numerare 0uibus bonis male evenerit, 0uibus improbis optime <Nu i@ar aJu#/e . 6i1 4ac= a 5rea *= #u =r c=r.r .a e#i "u#i !e@a er* r=u i c=r.r #eci#*tiHi !e@a er* ;.arte "i#e>% <Cic% %e 3at! %eor!, III1 (21 81>% 7i 0uid ab $omine utilitatis tuse causa det"a4e"is% in$umane .e#e"is <Dac= ai r=+it ce5a 4e !a u# . +e#tru ;.!.*u! t=u1 ai !ucrat ;=r= . e#ie>% )i s#ie"is aspidem occulte latere uspiam et celle ali0uem imprudentem super eam assidere, improbe .e#e"is% nisi monue"is ne assideat <Dac= ai tiut c= a*+i4a & ar+e 5e#i#.* & e*te a*cu#*= G# tai#= u#4e5a i ca ci#e5a 4i# #e"=/are 4e *ea = 5rea *= *e ae6e +e ea1 te@ai +urtat #eci#*tit1 4ac= #u !@ai *;=tuit *= #u *e ae6e>% <Cic% %e Fin!, II1 181 59>% :urn vero ego ne0ui0uam $ac de&tra (apitolium Arcem0ue se"&a&e"im% si civem commilitonem0ue meum in servitiitem ac vincula duci &ideam <Atu#ci eu G# 6a4ar a *a!5at Ca+it.!iu! i ;.rt=reaHa cu acea*t= 4rea+t= a ea1 4ac= +.t 5e4ea c= u# cet=Hea# *i ca ara4 4e ar e a! eu e*te 4u* G# *c!a5ie i !a#Huri> <T% Li5%1 EI1 1C>% )i e4sista, $odie ab in"eris *2curgus, *audeat ruinis eorum et di#at <Dac= *@ar ri4ica a6i 4i# i#;er# Licur/1 *@ar "ucura 4e +r="uirea ace*t.ra *i ar *+u#e>% <T% Li5%1 ZZZIZ1 (,>% 7e c.#*truiete cu con7unctivul pre+ent *au per"ect< cu +re6e#tu!1 cG#4 eI+ri = . i+.te6= rea!i6a"i!= G# +re6e#t *au 5iit.r% 7e #u ete condi ional reali+abil *au posibil! A*t;e!1 G# +r.+.6iHia 1i gramaticum se pro"essus 0uispiam barbare lo0uatur, aut.ru! eI+ri = i4eea c= u# i#4i5i4 care *e +re6i#t= ca +r.;e*.r 4e !i "= 5.r"ete i#c.rect !i "a1 . eI+ri = *u" ;.r a u#ei i+.te6e rea!i6a"i!e *au +.*i"i!e G# . e#tu! cG#4 5.r"ea e!% De aceea . eI+ri = +ri# c.#Ju#cti5 +re6e#t% Ar ;i a +utut *@. eI+ri e i +ri# i#4icati5 +re6e#t1 4ac= *e$ /G#4ea !a u# ca6 a#u it *au eI+ri a *i/ura#Ha *a a*u+ra eIi*te#Hei u#ui a*e e#ea ca6% Aut.ru! a +re;erat G#*= ;.r a +.*i"i!it=Hii1 a i+.te6ei rea!i6a"i!e% 0er;ectu! c.#Ju#cti5u!ui *e G#tre"ui#Hea6=1 4e ."icei1 cG#4 i4eea 4i# +r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= e*te +re*u+u*= +.*i"i!= *au rea!i6a"i!= +e#tru eIe +!i;icare 6e&emplum "ictum=' si detra&eris, si scieris! U#e.ri aut.ru! c.#*i4er= +ri# i a/i#aHia *a ca +.*i"i!e acHiu#i i +.*i"i!e i !e c.#*truiete ca i+.te6e rea!i6a"i!e cu c.#Ju#cti5u! +re6e#t% 1i e&sista $odie ab in"eris *2curgus! EME
(% Guas si opposita /iloni puta"em% #ede"em tempori, iudices,' nec inter tantam vim armorum eIi*ti are esse orationi locum <Dac= a *.c.ti c= ace*tea & tru+e!e & *G#t ae6ate G +.tri5a !ui Mi!.1 a ce4a G +reJur=rii1 Ju4ec=t.ri1 i a cre4e c= #u e*te !.c +e#tru u# 4i*cur* 4e a+=rare G# iJ!.cu! u#ei aa 4e ari ;.rHe ar ate>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 2>% 3e0ue enim +.**et aut A$ala iile 1ervilius aut P! 3asica aut (! /arius ! ! ! non ne"arius $aberi, *i sceleratos cives inter"ici ne"as e**et <C=ci #ici #@ar +utea *= #u ;ie c.#*i4eraHi cri i#a!i *au 7er5i!iu* A8a!a ace!a 5e*titu! *au 0% Na*ica *au C% Mariu*1 4ac= #@ar ;i +er i* *= ;ie . .rGti cet=He#ii #e!e/iuiHi>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 8>% Guod si senatul, 0uod sentiebat, per"icere !icui**et1 novam 0ussstionem nullam 0abe"emus <C=ci 4ac= *@ar ;i +er i* *e#atu!ui *= ;ac= ceea ce *i Hea e!1 #u a a5ea #ici . i#*ta#H= #.u=>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 1C%> (lodius contionem reli0uit, 0uam, nisi obire 7acinoris locum tempus0ue 5.!ui**et1 num0uam "eli2uisset <C!.4iu* a +=r=*it a4u#area1 +e care #ici.4at= #@ar ;i +=r=*it@.1 4ac= #u ar ;i 5rut *= +ri#4= !.cu! *i ti +u! cri ei>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 2,>% 7e c.#*truiete cu con7unctivul imper"ect *au mai mult ca per"ect, cG#4 eI+ri = . i+.te6= #erea!i6a"i!= *au u# ;a+t irea!% 7e #u ete condi ional ireal! A*t;e!1 G# +r.+.6iHia 1i putarem ea arma /iloni opposita esse, .rat.ru! ;ace i+.te6a c= tru+e!e care *e /=*eau G# ;.r ar ;i +utut ;i a4u*e 4i# 4u =#ie G +.tri5a acu6atu!ui Mi!.% C.#tii#Ha !ui G#*= #u +.ate a4 ite c= aa ce5a ar ;i ;.*t cu +uti#H=% De aceea . eI+ri = *u" ;.r = 4e i+.te6=1 a4ic= +ri#tr@.@ +r.+.6iHie c.#4iHi.#a!=1 4ar ca i+.te6= #erea!i6a"i!= G# . e#tu! cG#4 5.r"ea e!1 a4ic= G# +re6e#tK Dac= a cre4e c= % % % <4ar eu #u cre4 acea*ta>% De aceea1 a eI+ri at@. +ri# i +er;ectu! c.#Ju#cti5u!ui% 0ri# i +er;ectu! c.#Ju#cti5u!ui *e eI+ri = . i+.te6= #erea!i6a"i!= G# +re6e#tM +ri# ai u!t ca +er;ect *e eI+ri = . i+.te6= #erea!i6a"i!= G# trecutK 1i putarem N 4ac= a cre4e G# . e#tu! 5.r"iriiM si licuisset & 4ac= ar ;i ;.*t +er i* G#ai#te 4e . e#tu! 5.r"irii% De ."icei e*te ace!ai ti + G# +r.ta*= i G# a+.4.*= K si putarem, cederem ne0ue e&istimarem< ne0ue posset, si esset< nisi voluisset, num0uam reli0uisset! Dac= G# c.#4iHi.#a!= *e a;!= . i4ee a#teri.ar= ce!ei 4i# a+.4.*=1 *e +u#e ai u!t ca +er;ectu! c.#Ju#cti5u!ui G# +r.ta*=1 i i +er;ectu! c.#Ju#cti5u!ui G# a+.4.*= K 1i licuisset, nullam $aberemus! C% Hderint, dum metuant <Ura*c=@ =1 #u ai *= *e tea = 4e i#e>% <Cic% %e H""!, I1 281 9,>% /anent ingenia senibus, modo pe"maneat studium et industria <I#te!i/e#Ha *e +=*trea6= !a "=trG#ete1 #u ai *= c.#ti#ue +re.cu+area i#te!ectua!= i acti5itatea>% <Cic% %e 1en!, ,>% Guse 0uidem si potentia est appellanda potius 0uam mediocris in bonis causis auctoritas, appelletur ita sane, dummodo ea nos utamu" pro salute bonorum contra amentiam perditorum! <Dac= acea*ta c8iar tre"uie #u it= EMK
care *e c.#*truie*c cu con7unctivul +utere ai "i#e 4ecGt . *!a"= aut.ritate & +re*ti/iu & G# c8e*tiu#i!e "u#e1 #u ea*c=@*e aa1 5e6i "i#e1 #u ai 4ac= #.i #e ;.!.*i 4e ea +e#tru *a!5area ce!.r "u#i G# c.#tra #e"u#iei ce!.r #e er#ici>% <Cic% Pro /ii!, 12%> hE0uo animo belii patitur iniurias, dummodo "epellat periculum servitutis <Cu *u;!etu! G +=cat *u+.rt= #e4re+t=Hi!e r=6".iu!ui1 #u ai 4ac= G#!=tur= +eric.!u! *c!a5iei> <Cic% P$ilipp!, ZII1 C1 9>% ' /G#4ire i+.tetic= G "rac= i +r.+.6iHii!e !e/ate +ri# K dum modo dummodo <#u ai *=1 #u ai 4ac=> 0r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= !e/at= +ri# ace*te c.#Ju#cHii cu+ri#4e G# ea i . u.ar= #ua#H= te +.ra!=% A*t;e!1 ;ra6a Hderint, dum metuant, +e care . tra4uce IUra*c=@ =1 #u ai *= *e tea = 4e i#e X1 cu+ri#4e G# dum metuant . i+.te6= K FG# ca6u! c= & 4ac= & *e te 4e i#e1 +.t *= = ura*c= X1 4ar cu+ri#4e i . *!a"= i4ee te +.ra!= K F atGta ti + cGt *e te 4e i#e1 +.t *= = ura*c= X% 5% 1ed stulti sumus, 2ui %rusum, 2ui A"ricanum, Pompeium, nosmet ipsos cum P! (lodio con"erre au4ea u* <Dar *G#te #ite +r.ti cei care & 4ac= & G#4r=6#i *= c. +ar= +e Dru*u*1 +e A;rica#u*1 +e 0. +eiu*1 +e #.i G#i#e cu 0% C!.4iu*>% Gui , si! <Cic% Pro /T!, 2)>% 1ilent leges inter arma nec se e&spectari iubent, cum ei, 2ui e&spectare &elit% ante iniusta po+na luenda sit, 0uam iusta repetenda <G# iJ!.cu! ar e!.r a uHe*c !e/i!e i #u +reti#4 *= ;ie ate+tate1 cG#4 ace!a care ar 5rea *= !e ate+te & 4ac= ar 5rea ci#e5a *= !e ate+te & tre"uie *= *u;ere . +e4ea+*= #e!e/a!=1 G#ai#te 4e a *e a+!ica u#a !e/a!= & atacat.ru!ui>% Gui ; si is! <Cic% Pro /ii, 1)>% 0r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= *e !ea/= i +ri# pronumele relativ 60ui ; si 0uis= i *e c.#*truiete cu .4u! con7unctiv! 9% 7i ea mala sunt% is 0ui in eis erit, beatus non erit< si mala non sunt% iacet omnis ratio Peripateticorum <Dac= ace!ea & +ri5aHiu#i!e1 *u;eri#He!e &re+re6i#t= ce5a r=u1 cel care 5a a5ea +arte 4e e!e1 #u 5a ;i ;ericitM 4ac= #u *G#t ce5a r=u1 r= G#e "a!t= t.at= te.ria 0eri+atetici!.r>% <Cic% %e Fin!, E1 281 89>% 7i mi$i bona republica "rui non li#ue"it% at carebo mala <Dac= ie #u@ i 5a ;i +er i* *= = "ucur 4e . re+u"!ic= "u#=1 4ar 5.i ;i +ri5at 4e u#a rea>% <Cic% Pro /ii, 9(>% Nune mi$i timorem eripe' *i verus e*t1 ne opprimar< *i# "alsus, ut tandem ali0uando timere desinam! <7ca+=@ = 4e acea*t= /r.a6= K 4ac= e*te G#te eiat=1 ca *= #u ;iu c.+!eit= 4e eaM 4ac= G#*= e*te ;=r= te ei1 ca G# ;i#e *= G#cete6 . 4at= 4e a = te e>% <Cic% In (at!, I1 18>% 7i# illius insidiee clariores $ac luce .ue"int% turn deni0ue obsecrabo vos, ut vitam ab inimicorum audacia telis0ue impune liceat de"endere <Dar 4ac= cur*e!e ace!uia 5.r ;i ;.*t ai !i +e6i ca acea*t= !u i#=1 #u ai atu#ci 5= 5.i i +!.ra ca *= #e ;ie +er i* ;=r= +e4ea+*= a #e a+=ra 5iaHa 4e G#4r=6#ea!a i ar e!e 4u a#i!.r>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 9>% EML
Guod *i a**ecutu* *u 1 gaudeo< sin minus% $oc me consolor 0uod%%%% <Dac= a ."Hi#ut acea*ta1 = "ucur M 4ar 4ac= #u1 = c.#*.!e6 cu aceea c= % % %>% <Cic% 4Ad Fam! EII1 1>% 3um 0um rogatio lata estD 3um 0uee 0usestio nova decreta estD Nisi &e"o% 0uia per"ecta res non est, non .uit punienda <'are ce +r.+u#ere *@a ;=cutT 'are ce i#*ta#H= #.u= *@a 8.t=rGtT Nu ai 4ac=1 ;ii#4c= ;a+tu! #u *@a *=5Grit1 #@a tre"uit *= ;ie +e4e+*it>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 19>% Reli0uum est, iudices, ut ni$il iam 0userere debeatis, nisi uter utri insidios "ecerit! <R= i#e1 Ju4ec=t.ri1 c= #u ai tre"uie *= cercetaHi a!tce5a 4ecGt care cui a G#ti#* cur*e>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 2(>% Guod ad$uc nemo nisi improbissimus "ecit <Ceea ce +G#= acu #@a ;=cut #i e#i1 4ecGt u#u! ;.arte #eci#*tit>1 <Cic% %e Re Frum!, `CI:% ]$Y6. @eniet tempus mortis, si&e retractdbis, si&e properabis4 <Ea 5e#i . e#tu! .rHii1 ;ie c= 5ei t=r=/=#a1 ;ie c= te 5ei /r="i>% <Cic% )use, I1 (11 ,9>% 0r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= *e ai +.ate !e/a +ri# K si non, care i#tr.4uce . c.#4iHi.#a!= #e/ati5= 4u+= u#a a;ir ati5= K si mala sunt! ! ! si mala non sunt! ! !< *au i#tr.4uce . c.#4iHi.#a!= #e/ati5=1 a c=rei a+.4.*= e*te G# ra+.rt a45er*ati5 cu i4eea 4i# eaK si non licuerit, at! !! sin N 4ar 4ac=1 4ac= G#*= M i#tr.4uce . c.#4iHi.#a!= care e*te G# ra+.rt a45er*ati5 cu i4eea a#teri.ar= K si est verus, sin "alsus< sin "uerint! sin minus, sin aliter ; 4ar 4ac= #uM i#tr.4uce . c.#4iHi.#a!= #e/ati5= G# ra+.rt a45er*ati5 cu i4eea a#teri.ar= M 4e ."icei e*te e!i+tic= 4e +re4icatK si assecutus sum ! ! % sin minus, nisi *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= &@ G# a;ar= 4e !e/area c.#4iHi.#a!e!.r #e/ati5e1 cG#4 G#*e #ea6= F 4ac= #u X & i +e#tru a i#4ica a4 iterea u#ei eIce+Hii i *e tra4uce +ri# F #u ai 4ac= R, F a;ar= 4e ca6u! c= X M iar c!#4 +r.+.6iHia e*te e!i+tic= 4e +re4icat1 *e tra4uce +ri# F4ecGt R! E*te 4e ."icei G#*.Hit 4e vero, "orte! sive ! ! ! sive cu caracter 4i*Ju#cti5 K ;ie c= <*au 4ac=> % % % ;ie c= <*au 4ac=>% ,% 1uos enim 0uis0ue opprimi non patitur, ne0ue, aliter si a#iat% ullam inter suos 0abet auctoritatem <C=ci ;iecare #u G#/=4uie ca ai *=i *= ;ie #=+=*tuiHi1 *i1 4ac= ar ;ace a!t;e!1 #u are #ici . aut.ritate G#tre ai *=i>% 6(ses! A!.! :I% 11>% Guod si ita pntasset% certe optabilius /iloni .uit dare iugulum P! (lodio, 0uam iugulari a vobis <C=ci 4ac= ar ;i cu/etat aa1 4e*i/ur c= ar ;i ;.*t +re;era"i! +e#tru Mi!. *=@i +!ece /ru a6u! c=tre 0% C!.4iu* 4ecGt *= ;ie *u/ru at 4e 5.i>% <Cic% Pro /T!, (1>% Prseclare &i#e"amus% nisi "ugientem Antonium "e#episset *epidus <CGti@/a*e . ;ru .a*= 5ict.rie1 4ac= Le+i4u* #@ar ;i +ri it +e ;u/aru! A#t.#iu*>% 5Ci#. ;# Fam!, ÌI% 1)>% ateba" longius, nisi me reti#ui**e <M= 4e+=rta +rea u!t & 4e *u"iect1 4ac= #u @a ;i .+rit>% <Cic% %e *eg!, I1 191 52>% 2n communi omnium Imtitia, si etiam ipse *aude"et% timuit ne videretur in-"irmior "ides reconciliatse gratise <G# 5e*e!ia /e#era!=&4u+= . .rGrea !ui C!.4iu* & 4ac= i e! G#*ui & 0. +eiu* & *e "ucura1 *@a te ut c= 5a +=rea *!a"= G#cre4erea G# G +=carea re!uat= & 4e curG#4 cu C!.4iu*>% <Cic% Pro /i ! @
265
/ilo pro"ectus est id temporis, cum iam (lodius, *i 0uidem eo die Romani 5e#tar*i* crat1 redire +.tui**et <Mi!. a +!ecat G# ace! . e#t1 cG#4 C!.4iu* ar ;i +utut *= *e *i G#t.arc=1 4ac= G#tr@a4e5=r a5ea i#te#Hia *= 5i#= !a R. a G# acea 6i>% <G;c% Pro /ii, 28>% Guem, *i ulla in te pietas e**et1 colere 4e"e"a* <0e ace*ta tre"uia & ar ;i tre"uit & *=@1 ci#*teti1 4ac= era G# ti#e u# +ic 4e re*+ect>% <Gic% P$ilipp!, II1 (81 99>% E0uidem, e&tremo #i iam sub "ine laborum vela tra!ia et terris ;e*ti#e advertere proram, "orsitan ca#ere 0use cura pingues $ortos colendi ornaret <G#tr@a4e5=r1 4ac= acu !a ca+=tu! tru4ei #@a *trG#/e +G#6e!e i #u @a /r="i *= G#4re+t +r.ra *+re u*cat1 +.ate c= a cG#ta care /riJ= +e#tru cu!tur= G +.4."ete /r=4i#i!e r.4#ice>% <Eer/% .eorg!, IE1 119&119>% Guse 0uidem *i potentia e*t a++e!!a#4a potius 0uam mediocris in bonis causis autocritas, a++e!!etur ita sane <Dac= acea*ta c8iar tre"uie #u it= +utere ai "i#e 4ecGt . *!a"= aut.ritate & +re*ti/iu & G# c8e*tiu#i!e "u#e1 #u ea*c=@*e aa 4e "u#= *ea =>% <Gic% Pro /T!, 12>% G# ce!e trei cate/.rii 4e c.#4iHi.#a!e & *i/ure1 rea!i6a"i!e1 irea!i6a"i!e & a 5=6ut c= i +r.ta*a i a+.4.*a ;ac +arte 4i# aceeai cate/.rie1 a4ic= a G#4.u= *G#t *au *i/ure1 *au +.*i"i!e *au irea!e% EIi*t= G#*= ca6uri cG#4 aut.ru! +u#e +r.ta*a G#tr@. cate/.rie i a+.4.*a G# a!ta 4i# c.#*i4eraHii1 G# /e#era!1 *u"iecti5e% A*t;e! G# +ri a ;ra6= 4e ai *u*1 /=*i +r.ta*a +re6e#tat= ca rea!i6a"i!= 6si "aciat= a4ic= aut.ru! a 5rut *= arate c= e*te cu +uti#H= ca u#ii e;i ai /a!i!.r *= #u *e .cu+e 4e cei care !i *@au 4e5.tat !.r M a+.4.*a G#*= a +u*@. !a i#4icati5 6non $abet= *+re a ar=ta c=1 4ac= i4eea 4i# +r.ta*a e*te +.*i"i!=1 cea 4i# a+.4.*a e*te a"*.!ut cert= G# ca6u! c= *e +r.4uce cea 4i# +r.ta*a1 a4ic= G# .4 cert ace!a #u ai are #ici . aut.ritate% G# a 4.ua ;ra6=1 +r.ta*a e*te irea!= 6si putasset=, iar a+.4.*a e*te 4at= ca *i/ur= 6optabilius "uit=! Ne@a ;i ate+tat !a opta-bilius "uisset! De ;a+t t.t aa tre"uie G#He!e* i "uit, c=ci irea!itatea e*te 4e.+.tri5= i G# +r.ta*a & c=ci Mi!. #u i@a G#c8i+uit c= #u +utea *=@i . .are a45er*aru!1 cG#4 e*te G# !e/iti = a+=rare & +recu e*te i G# a+.4.*a & c=ci Mi!. #@ar ;i +re;erat i #@a +re;erat *=@i 4ea /ru a6u! +e G#a !ui C!.4iu*% 'rat.ru! a G#tre"ui#Hat G#*= i#4icati5u! +e#tru e;ect .rat.ric1 +re6e#tG#4 !ucru! ca *i/ur% G# ;ra6a a treia1 ;aH= cu . +r.ta*a irea!= 6nisi recepisset= /=*i . a+.4.*a !a i#4icati5 6viceramus=, G#tre"ui#Hat +e#tru a ar=ta *i/ura#Ha c. +!et= a 5ict.riei1 4ac= #u *@ar ;i +r.4u* acHiu#ea 4i# +r.ta*a% De ;a+t i aici tre"uia vicissemus <a ;i G#5i#*>1 c=ci acHiu#ea 4i# a+.4.*a e*te irea!= G# trecut% G# ;ra6a a +atra a5e i +er;ectu! i#4icati5u!ui G# a+.4.*a 6latebar= i +r.ta*a e*te irea!= G# trecut 6nisi retinuissem=! 0ri# ace! i +er;ect a! i#4icati5u!ui aut.ru! a 5rut *= eI+ri e c= . !ucrare G# cur* a ;.*t .+rit=% G# ;ra6a a ci#cea /G#4irea tre"uie G#He!ea*= aa K 0. +eiu* *@a te ut 6timuit= c=1 4ac=1 G# "ucuria /e#era!=1 ar a#i;e*ta i e! *e#ti e#te 4e "ucurie 6si gauderet=, ar +utea !=*a i +re*ia EMM
6ne videretur= u#ei G +=c=ri #e*eri.a*e cu G!.4iu*% Deci timuit re+re6i#t= /G#4irea aut.ru!ui1 iar ce!e!a!te +r.+.6iHii re+re6i#t= /G#4iri atri"uite 4e aut.r !ui 0. +eiu*% Aa c= i#4icati5u! 4i# timuit re+re6i#t= *e#ti e#tu! +e care aut.ru! i@1 atri"uie G# .4 *i/ur !ui 0. +eiu*1 cG#4 a e5itat *= *e a*.cie6e !a "ucuria /e#era!=% G# ;ra6a a a*ea i#4icati5u! 4i# +r.ta*= e*te .ti5at 4e +re6e#Ha !ui 0uidem i 4e G#tre"ui#Harea c.#Ju/=rii +eri;ra*tice acti5e K F 4ac= cu a4e5=rat a5ea i#te#Hia *= 5i#= X% E! *e +re;ace c= ac.r4= cre4it +riete#i!.r !ui G!.4iu*1 c= G#tr@a4e5=r ace*ta era G# 4ru *+re R. a i c= #u *e /=*ea ac.!. +G#4i#4 +e Mi!.% De aceea a G#tre"ui#Hat .4u! *i/ura#Hei% G# ;ra6a a a+tea /=*i i +er;ectu! i#4icati5u!ui 6debebas= G# a+.4.*=1 cG#4 +r.ta*= e*te irea!i6a"i!= G# +re6e#t1 +e#tru c= 5er"e!e debere i posse +.t eI+ri a i +ri# i +er;ectu! i#4icati5u!ui . acHiu#e irea!=% G# ;ra6a a .+ta G# !.cu! +r.ta*e!.r rea!i6a"i!e 6ni tra$am et "estinem= tre"uia *= a5e +r.ta*e irea!e 6ni tra$erem et "esti-narem=, c.re*+u#6=t.are a+.4.*ei 6canerem=, 4ar ;ra6a e*te 4i#tr@. .+er= +.etic= i +.eHii au !i"ert=Hi ai ari 4ecGt +r.6at.rii1 u#e!e i +u*e i 4e #ece*it=Hi!e 5er*u!ui% G# ;ra6a a #.ua1 c.#Ju#cti5u! 4i# a+.4.*= e*te u# coniunc-tivus concessivus, G#!e*#it i 4e c.#Ju/area +eri;ra*tic= +a*i5= 4i# +r.ta*=1 care a4uce i4eea 4e #ece*itate %CG#4 a+.4.*= cu+ri#4e u#a 4i# i4ei!e care *e eI+ri = +ri# c.#Ju#cti5 G# +r.+.6iHie +ri#ci+a!=1 +ute a5ea c.#iu#cti5u* 8.rtati5u*1 .+tati5u*1 c.#ce*@*i5u* i c8iar i +erati5u!% Aa c= atu#ci1 cG#4 *criit.ru! *e a"ate 4e !a #.r a i4e#tit=Hii 4e trata e#t a ce!.r 4.i e "ri ai +eri.a4ei i+.tetice1 . ;ace 4i# .ti5e +e care e! !e c.#*i4er= te ei#ice1 c8iar 4ac= .ti5e!e ar ;i #u ai 4i# 4. e#iu! ret.ric%
Nota $. 7e +.ate G#tG!#i +r.+.6iHie c.#4iHi.#a!= ;=r= re/e#t=1 care G#*= +.ate ;i *u"G#He!ea*= K (ircum"unduntur $ostes, si 0uem aditum reperire possent <Du a#ii *e G +r=tie & ca *= caute1 ca *= 5a4= & 4ac= ar +utea /=*i 5re. i#trare%> <G7B7% A! .! EI1 (,>% 0ri# *u"G#He!e/erea re/e#tei1 +r.+.6iHia i#tr.4u*= +ri# si a+are ca . c. +!eti5= i#4irect=1 a5G#4 ca re/e#t= . ;i#a!=% Nota ]. C.#4iHi.#a!a +.ate a5ea a+.4.*= <re/e#t=> . a!t= *ecu#4ar=1 care +.ate ;i c8iar . c.#4iHi.#a!= K Adeo inopia est coactus Nannibal, ut, nisi turn "ugse speciem abeundo timuisset% .alliam "epetitu"us lue"it <AtGta a ;.*t c.#*trG#* Ba##i"a! 4e !i+*=1 G#cGt1 4ac= #u *@ar ;i te ut 4e i +re*ia 4e ;u/= +ri# +!ecare1 *@ar ;i G#t.r* G# Ga!ia>% <T% Li5%1 ZZII1 (2>% /oriar, *i magis *aude"em% si id mi$i a##idisset <7= .r1 4ac= @a ;i "ucurat ai u!t1 4ac= acea*ta i *@ar ;i G#tG +!at ie>% <Gic% Ad Au!, EIII1 9>% G# +ri a ;ra6= +r.ta*= e*te nisi timuisset, iar a+.4.*= e*te +r.+.6iHia c.#*ecuti5= ut repetiturus "uerit! G# a 4.ua ;ra6= c.#4iHi.#a!a si accidisset are ca a+.4.*= +e cea!a!t= c.#4iHi.#a!= si gauderem, care i ea1 !a rG#4u! *=u1 e*te +r.ta*=1 a5G#4 ca a+.4.*= +e moriar! ' a*e e#ea ;ra6= ;ace +arte 4i# 5.r"irea ;a i!iar=% Nota I. CG#4 5er"u! 4i# +r.ta*= e*te !a +er*.a#a a Ii@a cu u# *u"iect #e4eter i#at1 *e c.#*truiete cu .4u! con7unctiv! /emoria minuitur, nisi eam eIercea* <Me .ria *ca4e1 4ac= #@. eIercite6i>% <Cic% %e 1en!, ,>% 3ulla est e&cusatio peccati, si amici causa pe##a&e"is <Nu eIi*t= Ju*ti;icarea +=catu!ui1 4ac= ai +=c=tuit +e#tru u# +riete#>% <Cic% %e Amic, (,>%
EM5
1ubstituirea propo+i iei condi ionale a= /endaci D. i#i1 ne verum 0uidem 4ice#ti1 credere solemus <G# . u! i#ci#.* ."i#ui *= #u a5e G#cre4ere1 #ici c8iar 4ac= *+u#e a4e5=ru!> <Cic% %e %id, II1 ,11 1C9>% E+i*t.!iaT o""endunt non loco re44it*e <7cri*.area1 4ac= #u e*te G# G#at= G# G +reJur=ri +rie!#ice1 i#4i*+u#e>% <Cic% Ad Fam!, ZI1 19>% b= Re!ucta#te #atura1 irritus labor est <Dac= *e G +.tri5ete ;irea1 tru4a e*te 6a4ar#ic=>% /agnitudo animi, re .ta c. u#itate c.#iu#cti.#e-ue 8u a#a1 7eritas sit 0usedam et immanitas <G#=!Hi ea *u;!etea*c=1 4ac= a ;.*t *u+ri at= *.cietatea i t.5=r=ia .a e#i!.r1 +.ate ;i . *=!"=ticie .arecare i . cru6i e>% <Cic% %e H""!, I, CC1 15,>% 0r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= +.ate ;i *u"*tituit= +ri# ace!eai c.#*trucHii +artici+ia!e ca i te +.ra!a1 cau6a!a1 c.#ce*i5a1 i a#u e K a= +ri#tr@u# participiu singur, care *e ac.r4= G# /e#1 #u =r i ca6 cu *u"*ta#ti5u! !a care *e ra+.rt= 6participium coniunctum=' dicenti ; si dicit, *e ra+.rt= !a $omini< redditse N si redduntur, *e ra+.rt= !a epistulse! b= +ri# ablativ absolut 6participium absolutum=' reluctante natura , si natura reluctat< remota communitate coniunctione0ue $umana N si communitas coniunctio0ue $umana remota sit! A"!ati5u! a"*.!ut *e ;ace 4u+= ace!eai re/u!i i *e a+!ic= 4u+= ace!eai +ri#ci+ii ca !a +r.+.6iHia te +.ra!=% T.r*iu#e DE CICER'NI7 AD 7ENATUM GRATULATI'NE 1i, +atre* c.#*cri+ti1 +r. 5e*tri* i .rta!i"u* i# e ;ratre -ue eu !i"er.*-ue #.*tr.* eriti* +aru 5."i* cu u!ate /ratia* e/er.1 -uae*. ."te*@t.r-ue1 #e eaT #atur*e +.tiu* -ua a/#itu4i#i 5e*tr.ru "e#e;ici.ru i4 tri"ue#4u +uteti*% Au*e ta#ta e#i +.te*t eI*i*tere u"erta* i#/e#ii1 -uae ta#ta 4ice#4i c.+ia1 -u.4 ta 4i5i#u at-ue i#cre4i"i!e /e#u* .ra@ti.#i*1 -u. -ui*-ua +.**it 5e*tra i# #.* u#i5er*a +r. erita #.# 4ica c. +!ecHi% .ra#4.1 *e4 +erce#*ere #u era#4.T Au.4 si +are#te* 8a"ere cari**i .* 4e"e u*1 -u.4 a" ii* #."i* 5ita1 +atri .#iu 1 !i"erta*1 ci5ita* tra4ita e*t1 si 4e.* i .rta!e*1 -u.ru "e#e@;ici. et 8aec te#ui u* et ceteri* re"u* aucti *u u*1 si +.+u!u R. a#u 1 cuiu* 8.#.ri"u* i# a +!i**i . c.#*i!i. et i# a!ti**i . /ra4u 4i/#itati* c.!!.@cati *u u*1 si 8u#e i+*u .r4i#e 1 a -u. *ae+e a/#i;ice#ti**i i* 4ecreti* *u u* 8.#e*tati1 i e#*u -ui44a et i#;i#itu e*t1 -u.4 5."i* 4e"ea u*1 -ui 5e*tr. *i#/u!ari *tu4i. at-ue c.#*e#*u +are#tu "e#e;icia1 4e.ru i @ .rta!iu u#era1 +.+u!i R. a#i 8.#.re*1 5e*tra 4e e u!ta iu4icia #."i* u#. te +.re . #ia re44i4i*ti*% EMC
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Fa5.ri#u*1 5rG#4 *= a"at= 6deterrere= +e ti#eri 4e !a acei care +r. it 6polliceri= c= ei +.t *+u#e t.ate ce!e ce 5.r ;i 6"uturum=, 6iceaK Aceia *+u# c= *e 5.r G#tG +!a 6evenire= *au !ucruri #e+!=cute 6adversus= *au !ucruri +!=cute 6prosperus=! Dac= *+u# !ucruri #e+!=cute i i#t 6mentiri=, 5ei ;i #e#.r.cit te G#4u@te 6timere= G# 6a4ar% Dac= r=*+u#4 !ucruri a4e5=rate1 care #u *i#t +!=cute1 c8iar 4e atu#ci "inde= 5ei ;i #e#.r.cit G# *u;!et 6e&, animus=, G#ai#te 4e a ;i 4e !a *.art= 6e, "atum=! Dac= ei +r. it !ucruri ;ericite 6"eli&= i c= ace!ea *e 5.r G#tG +!a1 atu#ci 5ei a5ea 4.u= #eaJu#*uri 6incommodum=' i ate+tarea 6e&spectatio= te 5a .".*i 6"atigare= i *+era#Ha 5a 5eteJi 6de"lorare= r.4u! 6"ructus= 5iit.r 6"uturus= a! "ucuriei "gaudium=! +"opo7i,ia ;i#a!= 1% (lodius subito Roma pro"ectus pridie est, ut ante suum "undum /iloni insidios #ollo#a"et <C!.4iu* a +!ecat G# aJu# 4i# R. a +e #eate+tate1 ca *= G#ti#4= cur*e !ui Mi!. G# ;aHa +r.+riet=Hii *a!e>% <Gic% Pro /ii! 2,>% @identur ea esse re"utanda, ut rem plane videre possitis <Cre4 c= tre"uie *= ;ie re*+i#*e ace!ea1 ca *= +uteHi 5e4ea !i +e4e c8e*tiu#ea>% <Cic% Pro /ii! ,> Eius rei multas ad"erunt causas' ne adsidua consuetudine capti studium belii gerendi agricultura #ommutent; ne latos "ines parare studeant% poten-tiores0ue $umiliores possessionibus e4pellant% % % <0e#tru ace*t ;a+t ei a4uc u!te .ti5e K ca #u cu 5a *t=+G#iHi 4e . 4e+ri#4ere *tat.r#ic= *= *c8i "e +re.cu+area 4e a +urta r=6".i cu a/ricu!tura M *= #u 4.rea*c= *=@i +r.cure 8.tare G#ti#*e *i cei +uter#ici *= #u a!u#/e 4i# +.*e*iu#i!e !.r +e cei 4e J.* % % %>% <C*e*% 5.6. :I% 22>% (eesar %iviciacum docet 0uantopere reipublicse communis0ue salutis intersit manus $ostium distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine uno tempore #on.li-*endum *it <C*e*ar 4e .#*trea6= !ui Di5iciacu* cGt 4e u!t e*te G# i#tere*u! re+u"!icii i a! *a!5=rii c. u#e ca tru+e!e 4u a#i!.r *= ;ie Hi#ute G# !.curi 4i;erite1 +e#tru a #u ;i #e5.ie *= *e !u+te G# ace!eai ti + cu . u!Hi e aa 4e are>% <C*e*% A!.! II1 5>% 0r.+.6iHia ;i#a!= arat= *c.+u! !ucr=rii eI+ri ate 4e 5er"u! +r.+.6iHiei re/e#te% i@a +ri it #u e!e 4e !a cu5G#tu! !ati#e*c "inis, care G#*e #ea6= i L *c.+ X% Ea *e c.#*truiete t.t4eu#a cu .4u! con7unctiv! 0r.+.6iHia ;i#a!= *e !ea/= 4e re/e#ta *a +ri# K Iut, cG#4 e*te a;ir ati5= K ut collocaret, ut possitis< ne, cG#4 e*te #e/ati5= K ne commutent, ne studeant, ne e&pellant, ne con"ligendum sit!
Nota $. 0r.+.6iHia ;i#a!= #e/ati5= e*te u#e.ri !e/at= +ri# K a= ut #eK Guos ego dimitto, ut ne res temere t"a#tent turbidas <Eu Gi c.#ce4ie6 +e acetia1 ca *= #u 4i*cute !ucruri tu!"uri cu #e*.c.ti#H=>% <Cic% %e Hrat! I1 C51 199)>% )e ulciscar, ut ne impune in nos inluseris <Te 5.i +e4e+*i1 ca *= #u@Hi ;i "=tut J.c 4e #.i ;=r= *a#cHiu#e>% <Ter% Eun! 9C1>% Le/=tura +ri# ut ne, G# !.c 4e ne, *e G#tG!#ete "a".
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b= ut non K Ut non #on.e"am citam luam cum illius, $oc ipsum con"eram, 0uo tu te superiorem "ingis <Ca *= #u c. +ar 5iaHa ta cu a ace!uia1 5.i c. +ara c8iar ace*t !ucru G# care tu cre6i c= eti *u+eri.r>% <Cic% In @err!, IE1 C5>% Pugna& et acris et non rudis imperator, ut plura non di#am <Ge#era! r=6".i#ic i a/er i #u #e+re/=tit1 ca *= #u *+u# ai u!te>% Le/=tura +ri# ut non e*te Ju*ti;icat= atu#ci cG#4 #e/aHia 6non= *e a+!ic= !a u# *i#/ur cu5G#t 4i# +r.+.6iHie K (on"er te ad /anlium, (atilina, ut a me non eie#tus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos isse videaris <Du@te !a Ma#!iu*1 Cati!i#a1 ca *= +ari a ;i #u i6/.#it 4e i#e !a *tr=i#i1 ci c= ai er* c8e at !a ai t=i>% <Cic% In (at!, I1 2(>% *au cG#4 *c.ate G# .+.6iHie . i4ee G# c. +araHie cu a!ta K ut #.# c.#;era 5ita 1 c.#;era 8.c% Le/=tura cu ut non a +=tru#* i G# eI+re*ia ut non dicam 6plura=, ut ni$il aliud dicam, care *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G# !.c 4e ne dicam, *+re a *e eI+ri a trecerea cu vederea +ri#@tr@. eI+re*ie ai +uter#ic=% c= ne&e 5neu6 N i *= #u K % % % % uti respublica 0uieta "oret, ne&e e& sua contentione seditio oreretur <% % % +e#tru ca re+u"!ica *= ;ie !i#itit= i *= #u r=*ar= 5re. r=*c.a!= 4i# G +.tri5irea !ui>% 0ri# neve *au neu *e !ea/= . ;i#a!= #e/ati5= 4e . ;i#a!= a;ir ati5=% 3t.ta 2% De u!te .ri G# re/e#ta u#ei ;i#a!e *e /=*e*c cu5i#te ca K eo, ideo, idcirco, eo consilio etc% K *egibus id#i"#o omnes servimus, ut liberi esse possimus <De aceea #e *u+u#e t.Hi !e/i!.r1 ca *= +ute ;i !i"eri>% <Cic% Pro (luent!, 5(1 1C9>%
2% Guod 2uo ;aci!iu* argumentis perspicere +.**i!i*1 rem gestam vobis dum breeiter e&pono, 0ueeso, diligenter attendite <Ca *= +uteHi +=tru#4e ai u.r acea*ta +ri# 4.5e6i1 G# ti + ce 5= G#;=Hie6 ;a+tu! +e *curt1 a*cu!taHi1 5= r./1 cu G#c.r4are> <Cic% Pro /T!, 2(>% ] Ignes "ieri pro$ibuit, 2uo o##ultio" e**et eius adventus <A i#ter6i* *= *e ;ac= ;.curi1 +e#tru ca *.*irea !ui *= ;ie ai tai#ic=>% <CaT*% A! (ic, III1 ()> In "uneribus At$eniensium sublata erat celebritas virorum et mulierum, 2uo lamenlatio i#ueretur <La G# .r G#t=ri!e Ate#ie#i!.r *e *u+ri a*e 5a6a & *tr=!ucirea & "=r"aHi!.r *i ;e ei!.r1 *+re a *e ic.ra Ja!ea>% <Cic% %e *eg!, II1 291 95>% % V /! Arutus, cum in e0uites Romanos multa asperius dicta recitasset, 2uo animi iudicum in (rassum i#ce#4ere#tur1 ali0uantum esse commotum dicitur <M% Brutu* *e *+u#e c= a ;.*t G#trucGt5a e .Hi.#at1 cG#4 a +r.#u#Hat G +.tri5a ca5a!eri!.r r. a#i u!te cu5i#te +rea a*+re1 +e#tru ca *u;!ete!e Ju4ec=@ t.ri!.r *= *e G#;ier"G#te G +.tri5a !ui Cra**u*>1 <Cic% Pro (luent!, 511 1C)>% 0r.+.6iHia ;i#a!= *e !ea/= 4e re/e#t= i +ri# cu5G#tu! 0uo, cG#4 e*te a;ir ati5= i are G# ea u# c. +arati5 K 0uo "acilius, 0uo occultior! Guo e*te a"!ati5u! #eutru *i#/u!ar a! +r.#u e!ui re!ati5% E! re+re6i#t= +e ut eo N ca +ri# acea*ta K +r.#u e!e 4e .#*trati5 eo a ;.*t G#!.cuit +ri# +r.#u e!e re!ati5 !a ace!ai #u =r1 /e# i ca6 p 0uo & i a*t;e! a 4e5e#it i#uti!= c.#Ju#cHia ut! Guo *e /=*ete G#tre"ui#Hat i G# +r.+.6iHii care #u au G# .4 e5i4e#t G# e!e u# c. +arati5 K 0uo incenderentur! G# 0uo minueretur, 5er"u!1 care 4eri5= 4i# c. +arati5u! minus, +=*trea6=1 G# ;.r = !ate#t=1 G# e! i4eea 4e c. +arati5% N.ta 1% 7e G#tG +!= *= *e G#tG!#ea*c= +r.+.6iHii ;i#a!e care cu+ri#4 u# c. +arati5 i #u *G#t !e/ate +ri# 0uo, ci +ri# ut'
At0ue ut id !i"e#tiu* ;aciati*1 iam de meo 0uodam amore glorise vobis con"itebor! % <Cic% Pro Arc$!, 28>% ai cu 4ra/1 acu
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Nota ]. Guo ne G# +r.+.6iHia ;i#a!= #e/ati5= e*te rar i +uHi# c.rectK (olonus @enusinus missus ad $oc, 2uo #e per vacuum Romano 6agro= incurrerel $ostis <0!u/aru! 4i# Ee#u*ia a ;.*t tri i* aici1 +e#tru ca 5r=J au! *= #u +.at= +=tru#4e G# ./.ru! r. a# +ri# terit.riu #e.cu+at>%
(% a= (um bellum civitas aut illatum de"endit aut in"ert, magistratus, 2ui ei bello p"sesint% deliguntur <CG#4 . cetate *e a+=r= G +.tri5a u#ui r=6".i +urtat 4e a!Hii *au +.art= ea r=6".i1 *e a!e/ a/i*traHi care <ca> *= +.arte ace! r=6".i>% Gui N ut ii! <C*e*% A!.!, EI1 2(>% 3am ne0ue %ruides $abent, 2ui rebus divinis +r*e*i#t ne0ue sacri7iciis student <C=ci #ici #@au Drui6i1 care & ca & *= c.#4uc= c8e*tiu#i!e re!i/i.a*e1 #ici #u *e +re.cu+= 4e *acri;icii>% Gui N ut ii! <C*e*% A!.!, EI1 21%> b= )$emistocli Arta&er&es *ampsacum urbem donarat, unde vinum *u eret <ArtaIerIe* 4=rui*e !ui T8e i*t.c!e* .rau! La +*acu 1 4e u#4e & 4i# care & *= ia 5i#>% Tnde ; e 0ua N ut e& ea! <C.r#% Ne+% )$em!, 1)>% Astapenses locum in "oro destinant, 2uo pretiosissima rerum suarum #on*e"e"ent <A*ta+e#*ii 8.t=r=*c u# !.c G# +iaH=1 u#4e & G# care & *=@i /r= =4ea*c= ce!e ai 4e +reH 4i#tre !ucruri!e !.r>% Guo ; in 0uem N ut in eum! 5;. Li5% ``:III% 22>%P 0r.+.6iHia ;i#a!= *e +.ate !e/a 4e re/e#t= i +ri# K a= pronume relativ' 0ui ; ut ii' 0ui prsesint ; ut ii prsesint< b= adverb relativ, a4ic= a45er"1 care G#!.cui#4 +r.#u e!e re!ati51 i ca *e#* i ca r.! G# +r.+.6iHie1 ca+=t= 5a!.are 4e c.#Ju#cHie K unde sumeret N e& 0uo sumeret N ut e& eo sumeret< 0uo congererent N in 0uem congererent! N ut in eum congererent! 1ubstituirea propo+i iei "inale 1% Areve tempus setatis satis longum est a4 bene &i&endum <7curtu! ti + a! 5ieHii e*te 4e*tu! 4e !u#/ +e#tru a tr=i "i#e> <Cic% %e 1en!, ,)>% Ali0uando leges ipsse nobis gladium ad 0ominem o##idendum porrigunt <U#e.ri c8iar !e/i!e #e G#ti#4 *a"ia +e#tru a . .rG u# . >% <Cic% 7r% /T!, 9>% E0uidem num0uam e&istimavi spem ullam esse $abituros /ilonis inimicos ad eius salutem e4stin*uendam eius0ue ad *lo"iam per tales viros in."in*endam <Eu u#u! #ici.4at= #@a cre6ut c= 4u a#ii !ui Mi!. 5.r a5ea 5re. *+era#H= *= #i icea*c= 5iata ace*tuia *i *=@i 64r."ea*c= /!.ria +ri# #ite a*t;e! 4e "=r"aHi> <Cic% Pro! /ii, 5>% 2% Gui diligentius %ruidum disciplinam cognoscere volunt, plerum0ue in Aritanniam dis#endi cau*a pro"iciscuntur <Aceia care 5.r *= cu#.a*c= ai a4G#c G#5=H=tura Drui6i!.r1 4e ce!e ai u!te .ri +!eac= G# Brita#ia1 ca *= . G#5eHe> 6(ses! A!.!, EI1 1(>% Gua necesitate adductus %iviciacus auIi!ii petendi cau*a Aomam ad senatum pro"ectus est <Di5iciacu*1 G +i#* 4e acea*t= #e5.ie1 a +!ecat !a R. a !a *e#at1 *= cear= aJut.r% <C*e*% A!.!, EI1 12>% *atrocinia iu&entutis eIerce#4*e ac 4e*i4i*e minuendse cau*a "ieri .ermani prsedicant <Ger a#ii *u*Hi# c= 8.Hii!e *e ;ac +e#tru a eIercita ti#eretu! i a ic.ra !e#ea>% (um populo patribus0ue agendi ius esto consuli, prsetori, magistro populi e0uitum0ue, ei0ue 0uem produnt patres c.#*u!u r./a#4.ru er/. <Dre+tu! 4e a c.#5.ca i a +u#e G# 4i*cuHia +.+.ru!ui i a *e#atu!ui *=@1 ai"= c.#*u!u!1 E5>
+ret.ru!1 4ictat.ru!1 c. a#4a#tu! ca5a!eriei i ace!a +e care@1 4e*e #ea6= *e#at.rii +e#tru a!e/erea c.#*u!i!.r 6interre&=! (% Perseus rediit belii casum de integro tentatu"us <0er*eu* *@a G#t.r* cu *ndul 4e a G#cerca & ca *= G#cerce & 4i# #.u #.r.cu! r=6".iu!ui>% 5;. Li5% ` II% 92>% C% Romam ad senatum veniunt au&ilium postulatum <Ei# !a R. a !a *e#at *= cear= aJut.r>% <C*e*% A!.! I1 (1>% At$enienses miserunt %elp$os #onsultum 0uidnam "acerent de rebus sui <Ate#ie#ii au tri i* !a De!;i *= G#tre"e ce *= ;ac= G# c8e*tiu#i!e !.r> <C.r#% Ne+% )$em! 2>% 0r.+.6iHia ;i#a!= +.ate ;i *u"*tituit= +ri# K 1% .erun+iu *au gerundiv G# acu+ativ, +rece4at 4e +re+.6iHia ad' ad vivendum< ad $ominem occidendum, ad salutem e&stin-guendam, ad gloriam in"ringendam! 2% .erun+iu *au gerundiv G# genitiv, ur at 4e u#u! 4i# cu5i#te!e causa, gratia, ergo' discendi causa< au&ilii petendi causa, iuventutis e&ercendse causa, desidise minuendse causa, consulum rogandorum ergo! (ausa e*te ai 4e* G#tre"ui#Hat=1 gratia e*te G#tre"ui#Hat= 4e*tu! 4e 4e*1 ergo a+arHi#e !i "ii ar8aice i ;.r u!e!.r 4e 4re+t%
N.ta 1% (onstruc ia gerundival! I# eI+re*ii!e ad $ominem occidendum, ad salutem e&tinguendam, ad gloriam in"ringendam, +recu i G# au&ilii petendi causa, iuventutis e&ercendse causa, desidise minuendse causa, consulum rogandorum ergo, 5er"u! ;iec=reia e*te !a /eru#4i5 <5iit.ru! +artici+iu!ui +a*i5>M 4e aceea *e #u e*c construc ii gerundivale! Ace!eai i4ei *e +uteau eI+ri a i a*t;e! K ad occidendum $ominem, ad e&stinguendum salutem, ad in"ringendum gloriam< au&ilium petendi causa, iuventutem e&ercendi causa, desidiam minuendi causa, consules rogandi ergo! G# ace*te eI+re*ii 5er"u! ;iec=reia e*te !a /eru#6iuM 4e aceea e!e *e #u e*c construc ii gerun+iale! '"*er5= c= G# ;iecare 4i# c.#*trucHii!e /eru#6ia!e 4e ai *u*1 /eru#6iu! are u# c. +!e e#t 4irect1 G# acu6ati51 i a#u e K occidendum +e $ominem, e&stinguendum +e salutem, in"ringendum +e gloriam, petendi +e au&ilium, e&ercendi +e iuventutem, minuendi +e desidiam, rogandi +e consules! Ace!eai cu5i#te *G#t i G# c.#*trucHii!e /eru#4i5a!e1 4ar ac.!. 5er"u! G# !.c1 *= ;ie !a /eru#6iu & care +.ate a5ea c. +!e e#t 4irect & e*te !a /eru#4i5 & care are ;.r = a4Jecti5a!= i are #e5.ie 4e u# *u"*ta#ti5 cu care *= *e ac.r4e% 0e 4e a!t= +arte1 *u"*ta#ti5u! care era c. +!e e#t 4irect G# c.#*trucHia /eru#6ia!=1 G# cea /eru#4i5a!= *e /=*ete G# ca6u! G# care *e a;!a*e /eru#6iu!% Deci c.#*trucHia /eru#4i5a!= *e #ate 4i# cea /eru#6ia!= a*t;e!K C. +!e e#tu! /eru#6iu!ui trece G# ca6u! G# care *e a;!= /eru#6iu!1 a4ic= G# acu6ati5 4ac= eI+re*ia /eru#6ia!= era c.#*truit= cu +re+.6iHia ad, *au G# /e#iti5 4ac= eI+re*ia /eru#6ia!= era c.#*truit= cu u#u! 4i# cu5i#te!e causa, gratia, ergo < iar /eru#6iu! *e *c8i "= G# /eru#4i51 !uG#4 /e#u!1 #u =ru! i ca6u! +e care ;.*tu! *=u c. +!e e#t !e are G# #.ua c.#*trucHie <ceea ce ai +e *curt1 *e +.ate *+u#e K /eru#6iu! 4= ca6u!1 iar c. +!e e#tu! 4= #u =ru! i /e#u!>% Dar +e#tru a a5ea . c.#*trucHie /eru#4i5a!= *e cere ca /eru#6iu!1 4i# c.#*trucHia /eru#6ia!= cu ad *au causa *= ai"= u# c. +!e e#t 4irect% Dac= /eru#6iu! #u are c. +!e e#t 4irect1 c.#*trucHia r= G#e /eru#6ia!=% A*t;e!K c.#*trucHia /eru#6ia!= ad in"ringendum gloriam, G# care /eru#6iu! in"ringendum are u# c. +!e e#t 4irect +e gloriam, *@a +utut tra#*;.r a G# c.#*trucHia ad gloriam in"ringendam, G# care in"ringendam e*te ac.r4at G# /e#1 #u =r i ca6 cu gloriam! T.t aa c.#*trucHia /eru#6ia!= consules rogandi ergo, G# care /eru#6iu! rogandi are u# c. +!e e#t 4irect +e consules, *@a +utut tra#*;.r a G# c.#*trucHia /eru#4i5a!= consulum rogandorum ergo, G# care rogandorum e*te ac.r4at G# /e#1 #u =r i ca6 cu consulum! Dac= G#*= /eru#6iu! cu ad *au causa #u are c. +!e e#t 4irect1 c.#*trucHia /eru#4i5a!= #u +.ate a5ea !.c%
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A*t;e!1 eI+re*ii!e K ad vivendum, disccndi causa, G# care a5e u# /eru#6iu G# acu6ati5 cu ad, *au G# /e#iti5 cu causa, r= G# G# acea*t= ;.r =1 G# care t.tui *er5e*c *= *u"*tituie +r.+.6iHii ;i#a!e% Nu e*te G#/=4uit= c.#*trucHia /eru#4i5a!=1 cG#4 /eru#6iu! e*te G# /e#iti5 *au G# a"!ati5 ;=r= +re+.6iHie i are c. +!e e#t 4irect u# a4Jecti5 .ri u# +r.#u e #eutru K ars vera ac "alsa diiudicandi <arta 4e a 4i*ti#/e a4e5=ru! i i#ciu#a>1 cupiditas discendi aliauid <4.ri#Ha 4e a G#5=Ha ce5a>% G# *ituaHia 4e a 4eter i#a u# *u"*ta#ti51 c.#*trucHia /eru#6ia!= +.ate ;i e#Hi#ut= i cG#4 /eru#6iu! are c. +!e e#t 4irect u# *u"*ta#ti5K 3ulla cau*a iusta cui0uam esse potest contra patriam ar a ca+ie#4t <Nu +.ate eIi*ta #ici u# .ti5 G#4re+t=Hit +e#tru ci#e5a 4e a !ua ar e!e G +.tri5a +atriei *a!e>% <Gic% P$il! II1 2(1 5(>% N.ta 2% Cu5i#te!e causa, gratia, ergo +.t eI+ri a u# c. +!e e#t 4e *c.+ *au . i4ee 4e *c.+ #u ai +rece4ate 4e u# *u"*ta#ti5 G# /e#iti5K eius rei causa , G# ace*t *c.+ M e&empli 6cerbi= causa N *+re eIe +!u M e&empli 6ver$i= gratia N *+re eIe +!u M $onoris ergo N ca . .#.are M au&ilii ergo , *+re aJut.rare M "uneris ergo N +e#tru G# .r G#tare% (% Participiul viitor activ, 4u+= u# 5er" 4e icare K rediit tentaturm! N.t=% U#e.ri 4u+= 5er"u! venire G#tG!#i +artici+iu! +re6e#t ca *u"*tituire a u#ei +r.+.6iHii ;i#a!eK *ega i venerunt pacem +ete#te* <Au 5e#it *.!i ca *= cear= +ace>% C% 1upinul activ, 4u+= 5er"e!e 4e icare K veniunt postu-latum, miserunt consultum! Eer*iu#e 'CULI Aui* 5er. .+i;eI +r*eter #atura ta#ta *.!!ertia +er*e-ui +.tui**et i# *e#*i"u*T Guse +ri u .cu!.* e "ra#i* te#ui**i i* 5e*ti5it et **e+*itM -ua* +ri u +er!uci4a* ;ecit1 ut +er ea* cer#i +.**et1 ;ir a* aute 1 ut c.#ti@#ere#tur M *e4 !u"ric.* .cu!.* ;ecit et ."i!e*1 ut et 4ec!i#are#t1 *i -ui #.cere#t1 et a4*+ectu 1 -u. 5e!!e#t1 ;aci!e c.#5ertere#tM acie*-ue i+*a1 -ua cer#i u*1 -uaa +u+u!a 5.catur1 ita +ar5a e*t1 ut ea1 -u*e #.cere +.**i#t1 ;aci!e 5itetM +a!+e"r*e-ue1 -u*e *u#t te/u e#ta .cu!.ru 1 .!!i**i *e tactu1 Fe!*e4ere#t acie 1 a+ti**i e ;act*e et ad c!au4e#4a* +u+u!a*1 ne -ui4 i#ci4eret1 et ad a+erie#4a* M i4-ue +r.5i4it ut i4e#ti4e ;ieri +.**et cu aIi a ce!eritate% Mu#itaa-ue *u#t +a!+e"r*e ta -ua 5a!!. +i!.ru 1 0uibas et a+erti* .cu!i*1 *i -ui4 i#ci4eret1 re+e!!eretur1 et *. #. c.##i5e#ti"u*1 cu .cu!i* ad cer#e#4u #.# e/ere u*1 -ua*i ta -ua i#5.!uti -uie*cere u*% Te = '7U7AR 0LEAC A D'UA 'ARA UN BRITANIA Du+= ce c.r="ii!e au ;.*t +re/=tite1 C*e*ar a !=*at 6relin0uere= +e Di5i@ciacu* G# Ga!ia1 ca *= *u+ra5e/8e6e 6tueri= +.rturi!e i *= G#/riJea*c= 6providere= 4e a+r.5i6i.#are 6res "rumentaria= i *= a;!e 6cognoscere= ce!e ce *e +etrec
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G# Ga!ia i *= ia 6capere= =*uri 6consilium= +.tri5it cu 6pro= G +reJurarea 6tempus= i cu ;a+ta 6res==! Lui Di5iciacu* i@a !=*at trei !e/iu#i i 4.u= ii 4e c=!=reHi% Iar e! 6ipse= cu ci#ci !e/iu#i i 4.u= ii 4e c=!=reHi a +.r#it 6solvere= c.r="ii!e c=tre 6ad= a+u*u! *.are!ui% A aJu#* G# 6accedere ad= Brita#ia cu t.ate c.r="ii!e G# 6iua ur =t.are ca 6"ere= +e !a a ia6= 6meridianum tempus=! Dei 5G#tu! #u a ;.*t ;a5.ra"i! 6propitius=, c.r="ierii i@au 4at *i!i#Ha 6contendere= *= aJu#/= !a ace!e +.rturi1 +e care !e cu#.*cu*er= G# a#u! trecut% 0e H=r 6litus= #u *e 5e4ea #ici u# 4u a#1 4e.arece *e a*cu#*e*er= 6se abdere= G# !.curi ai G#a!te 6superior=! +"opo7i,ia #onse#uti& 1% ;antum potentia Nseduos antecesserant 1e0uani, ut magnam partem clientium ab iis ad se t"adu#e"ent <AtGt 4e u!t G#trecu*er= *e-ua#ii +e 8e4ui G# +utere1 G#cGt atr=/eau 4e !a aceia !a ei are +arte 4i# c!ie#Hi>% <GF*% A!.!, EI1 12>% At0ue ita pro"ectus est, ut contionem turbulentam, 0uam num0uam reli-0uisset, "elin2ue"et % <CHc% Pro /T!, 2,>% ;anta tran0uillitas e&stitit, ut se e& loco commovere non +.**e#t <7@a +r.4u* . !i#ite a*a 4e are1 G#cGt #u *e +uteau ica 4i# !.c>% <CaT*% A!.!, III% 15>% (uius ego ingenium ita laudo, ut non +erti e*ca % % % <AtGta !au4 eu ta!e#tu! ace*tuia1 G#cGt #u = te % % %> <Cic% Aiv! in (secil!, ZIII1 CC>% P! (lodius, cum videret ita tracta esse comitia anno superiore, ut non multos menses prseturam gerere +.**et1 subito reli0uit annum suum! <0% C!.4iu*1 ;ii#4c= 5e4ea c= aa au ;.*t t=r=/=#ate a!e/eri!e G# a#u! a#teri.r1 G#cGt #u +utea eIercita +retura u!te !u#i1 G# c8i+ #eate+tat a +=r=*it a#u! *=u>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 2C>% 0r.+.6iHia c.#*ecuti5= arat= c.#*eci#Ha1 ur area !ucr=rii 4i# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t=% 7e c.#*truiete t.t4eau#a cu con7unctivul! Ea *e !ea/= 4e re/e#t= +ri# K c.#Ju#cHii!e ut ; <G#cGt>1 cG#4 e*te a;ir ati5= K ut traducerent, ut relin0ueret< ut non <N G#cGt #u>1 cG#4 e*te #e/ati5= K ut non possent, ut non pertimescam! U#e.ri #e/aHia *e +are1 4u+= .4u! cu e*te ae6at=1 c= *e a+!ic= #u ai u#ei +=rHi a +r.+.6iHiei ca G# K ut non multos menses! 0r.+.6iHia c.#*ecuti5= are 4re+t c.re!ati5 G# re/e#t= u# +r.#u e 6is, talis, tantus= *au u# a45er" 6tam, tantum, sic, ita, adeo=' tantum ut traducerent, ita ut relin0ueret, tanta ut non possent, ita ut non pertimescam, ita ut non! ! ! posset! 0re6e#Ha u#uia 4i#tre ace*te cu5i#te G# re/e#t= c.#*tituie . i#4icaHie *i/ur= a*u+ra caracteru!ui +r.+.6iHiei 4e+e#4e#te% Dar u#e.ri !i+*ete .rice cu5G#t c.re!ati5 G# re/e#t=1 r= G#G#4 ca *e#*u! 4e+e#4e#tei *= re6u!te 4i# c.#teIt% E5L
Nota !i a= G# e+.ca i +eria!= tGr6ie +r.+.6iHia c.#*ecuti5= !e/at= +ri# ut *e G#tG!#ete c.#*truit= cu indicativul' Adeo ut superior "ossura de&tram petit <A*a G#cGt *=+=tura 4e *u* er/e !a 4rea+ta>% <C.r+% I#*e% Lat% :III% 2,1 28>% b= T.t G# e+.ca i +eria!= tGr6ie G#tG!#i +r.+.6iHie c.#*ecuti5= !e/at= +ri# 0uod, G# !.c 4e ut' *ic 2uod non patitu" <aa c= #u *u;ere> N sic ut non patiatur <aa G#cGt #u *u;ere>% c= U#e.ri c.re!ati5u! tantum a ;.*t 4e*+ri#* 4i# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= i a ;.*t +u* a!=turi 4e ut, 4G#4 u# *e#* re*tricti5 K 1ubmissa voce agam, tantum ut iudices audiant <E.i 5.r"i cu 5.cea *c=6ut=1 #u ai atGt cGt *= au4= Ju4ec=t.rii>% <Cic% Pro Flacc, ZZEIII1 99>% Acea*t= .4a!itate 4e eI+ri are1 care re+re6i#t= e!i+*a 5er"u!ui 4u+= tantum, a trecut G# !i "aJu! ;a i!iar1 u#4e a!=turi 4e tantum ut a ;.*t ;.!.*it ai 4e* /ru+u! modo ut! N.ta 2% 0r.+.6iHia c.#*ecuti5= #e/ati5= e*te !e/at=1 G# !.c 4e ut non, +ri# ut ne, *au ne, cG#4 +e ne G! i +u#ea +re6e#Ha u#ui cu5G#t ca 0uidem 6ne 0uidem=, *au cG#4 +r.+.6iHia are1 +e !G#/= *e#*u! c.#*ecuti51 i u# G#He!e* ;i#a!% Dac= !i+*ete c.re!ati5u! G# re/e#t=1 4e u!te .ri e*te 4u"iu a*u+ra *e#*u!uiK /ilo $oc "ato natus est, ut ne se 0uidem servare potuerit 0uin una rempublicam vos0ue servaret <Mi!. *@a #=*cut cu ace*t 4e*ti#1 c= #u *e +.ate *a!5a #ici c8iar +e *i#e1 ;=r= ca *= *a!5e6e1 G +reu#= cu e!1 re+u"!ica i +e 5.i>% <Gic% Pro /T! ()>% Au&ilio vos dignos censet senatus, sed ita vobiscum amicitiam institui par est, ne 0ua vetustior amici ia ac societas &ioletu" <7e#atu! *.c.tete c= 5.i *G#teHi 4e #i 4e aJut.r 4ar *e ca4e ca aa *= *e *ta"i!ea*c= a iciHia cu 5.i1 G#cGt *= #u ;ie c=!cat= 5re. a iciHie *au !e/=tur= ai 5ec8e>% <T% Li5%1 :II% (1>% Reli0uise (annensis e&ercitus in 1iciliam relegatee sunt, ne "e#ede"ent inde nisi "inito bello <Re*turi!e ar atei 4e !a Ga##*e au ;.*t 4e+.rtate G# 7ici!ia <aa G#cGt1 cu ."!i/aHia ca> *= #u *e G#t.arc= 4e ac.!. 4ecGt 4u+= *;Gritu! r=6".iu!ui>% <T% Li5%1 `ÌII% 0eri.c8a>% Di# cau6= c= G# u!ti a ;ra6= !i+*ete G# re/e#t= cu5G#tu! c.re!ati51 *e#*u! 4e+e#4e#tei e*te .5=ie!#ic%
2% 3um0uam ta male est 1iculis, -ui# ali0uid "acete 4ica#t <Nici.4at= #u !e e*te a*a 4e r=u 7ici!ie#i!.r1 G#cGt *= #u *+u#= ce5a /!u eH>% <Cic% In @err!, IE1 C(1 95PDe 7i/#i*>% 0r.+.6iHia c.#*ecuti5= #e/ati5= *e !ea/= i +ri# c.#Ju#cHia 0uin, cG#4 i re/e#ta e*te #e/ati5=K num0uam est! ! ! 0uin dicant! Guin N G#cGt *= #u% (% 3une dicis ali0uid, -u.4 ad rem pertineat <Acu *+ui ce5a ce are !e/=tur= cu *u"iectu!>% Ali0uid ; 0uid tale! <Cic% Pro Rose! Am!, 18>% An e*t 0uis0uam, -ui $oc i/#.retT <'are e*te ci#e5a care *= #u tie acea*taT> <Cic% Pro /T!, 8>% Est 0ui ; esttalis ut! Guis e*t -ui puniendum putet, cum videat! ! ! T <Ci#e e*te ace!a care *.c.tete c= tre"uie a+!icat= +e4ea+*=1 4ei 5e4e% % % T> Est 0ui ; est talis ut! <Cic% Pro /T!, 9>% E& oratoribus Atticis anti0uissimi "ere *u#t1 -u.ru -ui4e scripta c.#@*te#t1 Pericles at0ue Alcibiades! <0eric!e* i A!ci"ia4e* *G#t ca cei ai 5ec8i 4i#tre .rat.rii atici1 a!e c=r.r *crieri ce! +uHi# *e +=*trea6=>% <Cic% %e Hrat!, II1 22>% )ibi "ortasse i4.#eu* Guit #e .1 -ue i itarere <0e#tru ti#e +.ate #@a ;.*t #i e#i +.tri5it1 +e care & aa G#cGt & *=@1 i iHi>% Idoneus "uit nemo N nemo talis "uit <Cic% In @err!, III1 191 (1>% Trbs opportunissima, u#4e1 terra mari0ue 0uee belii usus poscunt, *u++e@4ite#tur <'ra ;.arte +rie!#i.1 4e u#4e *e ;ur#i6ea6= ce!e ce cer tre"ui#He!e
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0r.+.6iHia c.#*ecuti5= *e 3ea/= 4e re/e#t= i +ri# pronumele relativ *au +ri# a45er" re!ati5% De ."icei +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= e*te aa c.#*tituit=1 c= are *e#*u! +e care@e 4au c.re!ati5e!e #u ite ai *u*K talis, ita!!! 0r.#u e!e re!ati51 cG#4 !ea/= . +r.+.6iHie c.#*ecuti5=1 4e ;.arte u!te .ri e*te G#ca4rat G# eI+re*ii ca K sunt 6est= 0ui, inveniuntur 0ui, reperiuntur 0ui, 0uis est 0ui, nemo est 0ui, est ubi, est unde' est 0uis0uam 0ui! A!te.ri G# re/e#t= *e /=*ete u#u! 4i#tre a4Jecti5e!eK dignus, indignus, idoneus, aptus est' nemo idoneus "uit 0uem! N.ta 1% C8iar G# +eri.a4a c!a*ic= GatG!#i eI+re*ia sunt 0ui ur at= 4e .4u! i#4icati51 ;ii#4 c.#*truit= +r.+.6iHia !e/at= +ri# 0ui ca . *i +!= atri"uti5=1 4ei G#ai#te 4e 0ui *e *u"G#He!e/e u# +r.#u e #e8.t=rGt ca nonnulli' 1unt 0uos iuvat! ! ! ; *G#t u#ii 6nonnulli= c=r.ra !e ;ace +!=cere % % % <B.r% (arm! I11>% 1unt autem 0ui putant% % % N *G#t G#*= u#ii 6nonnulli= care cre4 % % % <Cic% %e Inc! I1 C)1 ,2>% 1unt autem 0use prietenii , 7G#t G#*= u#e!e !ucruri 6non nulla= +e care !e@a trecut cu 5e4erea% <Cic% Ad Att! l, C>% I#*= G# ;ra6a !ui Ca*arK 7u#t item -uae a++.!!a#tur a!ce* <7G#t 4e a*e e#ea u#e!e a#i a!e care *e #u e*c alces <Ca**% A! .! EI1 1,>1 +r.+.6iHia 0use appelantur #u +.ate ;i G# #ici u# ca6 c.#*ecuti5=1 ci #u ai atri"uti5=1 G#!.cui#4 u# atri"ut a4Jecti5a! F#u ite X1 c=ci 4i# sunt 0uee #u ur ea6= ca . c.#*eci#H= #u irea alces, cG#4 +uteau ;i #u ite G# .ricare a!t .4% 3T.ta 2% CG#4 5re *= +u#e ai u!t G# e5i4e#H= atGt c.#*eci#Ha cGt i +er*.a#a1 +u#e ut G# !.c 4e 0ui,dei re/e#ta cu+ri#4e eI+re*ia is est N talis est' 3e0ue enim i* e*1 (atilina, ut te pudor um0uam a turpitudine re5.ca5erit% Tt te N 0uem! Dar 0uem #u i#*i*ta a*u+ra +er*.a#ei% <C=ci #ici #u eti tu1 Cati!i#a1 ace!a +e care rui#ea *=@1 ;i a"=tut 5re.4at= 4e !a #erui#are>% <Cic% In (at! I1 22>% 3E.ta K! Dac= G# re/e#t= *e a;!= u# c. +arati51 *e +u#e 0uam G#ai#te 4e cu5G#tu! 4e !e/=tur= a! c.#*ecuti5ei1 ;ie c= e*te c.#Ju#cHia ut, ;ie c= e*te +r.#u e!e re!ati5% ($abrias vivebat lautius -ua ut invidiam vulgi +.**et e""ugere <C8a"ria* tr=ia +rea G# !uI& ai G# !uI 4ecGt aa &ca*= +.at= *c=+a 4e ura #.r.4u!ui>% <C.r#% Ne+% ($ab! III>% /aior sum, /ua cui +.**it Fortuna nocere <7G#t ai are 4ecGt *= = +.at= 5=t= a #.r.cu!>% <'5% /et! EI1 195>% IE.ta C% U#e.ri i +r.+.6iHia c.#*ecuti5= !e/at= +ri# +r.#u e re!ati5 +.ate a5ea *e#* G#4.ie!#ic & ;i#a! *au c.#*ecuti5 & 4ac= !i+*ete G# re/e#t= c.re!ati5u! care *=@i +reci6e6e caracteru!% @estrane urbs electa est ad -ua 1 cum adirent e& Italia, crucem civis Romani :4e@re#tT <'are .rau! 5.*tru a ;.*t a!e* <ace!a> G# care1 atu#ci cG#4 *.*e*c .a e#ii 4i# Ita!ia1 *= 5a4= c8i#u! cet=Hea#u!ui r. a#T>% <Cic% In @err! IE1 111 29>% Ad 0uam cum adirent N ut cum ad eam adirent! Eer*iu#e DE 'B0BE' 'r+8eu* ta *ua5iter ca#e"at1 ut eu ca#e#te etia ;erae !i"e#ter au4ire#t at-ue *a*5itia eIuere#t% 'r+8eu* uI.re 8a"e"at EurD4ice#1 -ua +!uri u a a"at% Ba*c ta i +ru4e#ter a!i-ua#4. i# +rati* !u4e"at1 ut a#/ue i# 8er"a !ate#te non a#i a45erterit% A#/ui* . .r4it EurD4ice#1 -uaa +eriit% E5M
Ta#tu* *er.r a;;ecit 'r+8eu 1 0ui a4 i#;er.* ire c.#*titue#t1 ut uI.re .rtua ca#tu re4i eret at-ue i# !uce re4uceret% Ita-ue a4 i#;er.* 4e*ce#4it i"i-ue 4u!ci**i e ceci#it% 0!ut.#i* a#i u* ita 4uru* #.# ;uit1 0uin ite*ceret% 0!ut. et 0r.*er+i#a1 car i#e !e#iti1 'r+8eu cu uI.re a4 *u+er.* re4ire iu**eru#tM i# iti#ere ta e# .cu!.* a4 uI.re retr. ;!ectere 5etueru#t% Ia a4 *u+er.* 5e#era#tM re*+eIit 'r+8eu* EurD4ice#% 7tati e*t ea iteru a"re+ta% Fru*tra !acri a"at 'r+8eu*1 ;ru*tra #. e# a"re+t*e uI.ri* c!a i@ta"at% Marit. !acri e#ti #.# e*t re44ita%
Te = BAN'TBAL LA CARTAGMA
Ba##i"a! *u+=ra*e 6irritare= *u;!ete!e ce!.r +uter#ici% I# ace! ti + c!a*a 6ordo= Ju4ec=t.ri!.r *t=+G#ea 6dominri= G# Carta/i#a% Acetia a5eau . +utere aa 4e are a*u+ra !ucruri!.r i 5ieHii tutur.r1 G#cGt1 4ac= ci#e5a *u+=ra +e u#u! *i#/ur 4i#tre ei1 Gi a5ea +e t.Hi +.tri5#ici 6adversus=! Ba##i"a!1 4u+= ce ;u*e*e #u it 6"acere= +ret.r1 a +.ru#cit *= ;ie c8e at 6vocare= !a e! c5e*t.ru!% Ace*ta G#*= #u *@a *u+u* 6prere= .r4i#u!ui1 +e#tru c= era 4i# +arti4u! 6"actio= a45er*% Acea*ta a *u+=rat aa 4e u!t +e Ba##i"a!1 G#cGt a tri i* +e u# curier 6viator= *= +ri#4= 6pre$endere= +e c5e*t.r i *=@1 a4uc= G#ai#tea a4u#=rii 6contio=! Ac.!. Ba##i"a! a acu6at 6accusare= t.at= c!a*a Ju4ec=t.ri!.r c= 4i# cau6a 6prse= G#4riei 6superbia= i a5erii 6opes= #e*.c.te*c 6contemnere= !e/i!e i +e a/i*traHi% +"opo7i,ia #ompa"ati& 1% a= 3on enim corona consessus vester cinctus est, ut solebat <C=ci c. +!etu! 5.*tru 4e Ju4ecat= #u e*te G#c.#Jurat 4e u# cerc 4e au4it.ri1 cu ."i#uia>% <Cic% Pro /T! 2>% Ut sementem ;eceri*1 ita metes <Du+= cu 5ei ;i *e =#at1 aa 5ei *ecera>% <Cic% %e Hrat! II1 95>% Nsec, si#uti e4posui% ita gesta sunt <Ace*tea *@au +etrecut a*a1 cu !e@a ar=tat>% <Cic% Pro /T! ()>% /ul i "ortunse inconstantiam e&per i sunt, &eluti %ion2sius 12racusis e&pulsus (orint$i pueros do#uit <Mu!Hi au G#cercat #e*tat.r#icia *.artei1 4u+= cu a G#5=Hat +e c.+ii G# C.ri#t Di.#D*iu* a!u#/at 4i# 7iracu6a>% @uemadmodum singuli $omines morbis tentantu"% si# universse 0uo0ue civitates in morbos possunt incidere <Du+= cu ;iecare . e*te G#cercat 4e boli% t.t aa i t.ate cet=Hi!e +.t *= ca4= G# ".!i>% Fuga ad Alliam ut urbem p"odidit% ita e&ercitum servavit <Fu/a !a A!!ia1 G# =*ura G# care a tr=4at .rau!1 G# acea =*ur= a *a!5at ar ata1 *au K e 4re+t c= a tr=4at .rau!1 4ar a *a!5at ar ata>% Ut ni$il boni e*t in morte, ita certe ni$il mali <Du+= cu G# .arte #u e*te #i ic "u#1 t.t aa 4e*i/ur #u e*te #i ic r=u1 *au K E 4re+t c= G# .arte #u e*te #i ic "u#1 4ar #u e*te #ici #i ic r=u>% E55
b= Ta#tu adep i sumus, -ua#t# per cire nostras li#uit <AtGt a 4."G#4it1 cit a ;.*t G#/=4uit +ri# +uteri!e #.a*tre>% @uo 0uis0ue est sollertior et ingeniosior, 0o# docet iracundius et laboriosius <Cu cGt e*te ;iecare ai i*cu*it i ai i#5e#ti51 cu atGt +re4= ai G#i.* i ai tru4#ic>% <Gic% Pro! Rose! (orn!, 111 (1>% Aua!e i#De#i1 ta!e reli0ui <Ce ;e! !@a /=*it1 aa !@a !=*at>% 3emo um0uam a dis immortalibus tot et tantas res tacitus ausus est optare, 2uot et 2uantas di immortales ad (n! Pompeium detulerunt <Ni e#i 5re.4at= #@a G#4r=6#it *= 4.rea*c= G# tai#= 4e !a 6eii #e urit.ri atGtea i aa 4e ari "ucurii1 cGte i cGt 4e ari au a"=tut 6eii #e urit.ri a*u+ra !ui C#% 0. @+eiu*>% c= *onge alia ratione bellum gerendum est, at2ue antea gestum est! <R=6".iu! tre"uie +urtat G#tr@u# c8i+ cu t.tu! a!tu! 4e cu a ;.*t +urtat ai G#ai#te> <C*e*% A!.!, EII1 1C>% .alii de dis ea#4e "ere opinionem, 2uam reli0use gentes 8a"e#t <Ga!ii au 4e*+re 6ei ca aceeai cre4i#H=1 ca i ce!e!a!te #ea uri>% <Ca(7% A!.!, EI1 1,>% /ulto pauciores oratores 2uam poetse boni reperiuntur <7e /=*e*c cu u!t ai +uHi#i .rat.ri "u#i 4ecGt +.eHi "u#i> <Cic% %e Hrat!, I1 11>% A!iae sunt lega i partes at-ue imperatoris <R.!u! !ui !e/atu* e*te a!tu! 4ecGt a! c. a#4a#tu!ui>% 3on i4e tu de republica sentis, at-ue <-u.4> ego <Tu 4e*+re re+u"!ic= #u *i Hi ace!ai !ucru ca i#e>% 0r.+.6iHia c. +arati5= arat= .4u! !ucr=rii1 eI+ri ate +ri# 5er"u! +r.+.6iHiei re/e#te1 G# c. +araHie cu . a!t= !ucrare% 1% Ea *e c.#*truiete cu .4u! indica ie, cG#4 arat= u# ;a+t real, i *e !ea/= 4e +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= +ri# M a= c.#Ju#cHii!e K ut, icul 6sicuti=, velut, 0uemadmodum N cu 1 4u+= cu % G# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= *e /=*ete1 4e ."icei1 4re+t c.re!ati5e1 K u#u! 4i# a45er"e!e ita, sic, item' ut solebat, ita!!! ut "eceris, ita!!! sicuti e&posui, veluti docuit, sic ! ! ! 0uemadmodum tentantur! U#e.ri +r.+.6iHia c. +arati5= cu+ri#4e . i4ee care e*te G# .+.6iHie cu cea 4i# re/e#t=% Atu#ci c.#Ju#cHia c. +arati5= i a45er"u! *=u c.re!ati5 i#4ic= ace*t ra+.rtK ut prodidit! ! ! ita servavit< ut ni$il boni! ! ! ita ni$il mali! N.ta 1% G# +r.+.6iHii!e i#ci4e#te1 ut c. +arati5 *er5ete ai u!t ca *= i#tr.4uc= . +ara#te6= K )u ipse, ut ar"itr.r1 venies <Tu G#*uHi1 cu cre41 5ei 5e#i>% <Gic% Ad Fam!, II1 19>% N.ta 2% Tt c. +arati5 i#tr.4uce u#e.ri . +r.+.6iHie e!i+tic= 4e +re4icatK (eelius Antipater "uit scriptor, ut temporibus illis, luculentus <C*e!iu* A#ti+ater a ;.*t1 ca +e#tru 5re ea aceea1 u# *criit.r *tr=!ucit>% N.ta A! Tt *e +.ate +u#e !i#/= . a+.6iHie *+re a ar=ta =*ura G# care1 *au .ti5u! +e#tru care i4eea 4i# re/e#t= e*te a4e5=rat= K
%iogenes, ut (2nicus, asperius proiici se iussit in$umatutn <Di./e#e*1 ca ;i!.*.; ci#ic1 a +.ru#cit cu cru6i e *= ;ie aru#cat ;=r= G#/r.+=ciu#e>% <Cic% )use, I1 1)C>%
b= +ri# +r.#u e!e 0uantus, 0ualis, 0uot i +ri# a45er"e!e 0uotiens, 0uantopere, 0uamdiu, 0uo, 0uanto, 0uam, care au 4re+t c.re!ati5e G# re/e#t= +e K tantus, talis, tot, totiens, tantopere, tamdiu, eo, tanto, tam' 0ualem ! ! ! talem, 0uot et 0uantas %%% tot et tantas, 0uantum ! ! ! tantum, 0uo ! ! ! $oc 6eo=! E5C
c= +ri# at0ue, ac, 0uam ; 4ecGt1 ca M are 4re+t c.re!ati5 G# re/e#t= +e alius, idem, par, similis, pariter, se0ue, similiter, aliter' alia ratione ! ! ! at0ue antea, ali& lega i! ! ! at0ue impera-toris, eandem ! ! ! 0uam, idem ! ! ! at0ue 60uod=! G# ace*t ca61 cG#4 +r.+.6iHia c. +arati5= e*te e!i+tic= 4e +re4icat1 a+r.a+e *e c.#;u#4= cu c. +!e e#tu! c. +arati5u!uiK pauciores oratores 0uam poetse! 2% a= Gui aliis nocent, ut in alios liberales sint, in eadem sunt iniustitia ut *i in suam rem aliena #on&e"tant <Cei care a4uc +a/u"= u#.ra1 ca *= ;ie 4ar#ici ;aH= 4e a!Hii1 c. it aceeai #e4re+tate1 ca i cu ar *c8i "a ce!e *tr=i#e G# a5ere +r.+rie>% <Gic% %e H""!, I1 C2>% Guid ego $is testibus utor, -ua*i res dubia aut obscura sitL <De ce = *er5e*c eu 4e aceti art.ri1 ca i cu c8e*tiu#ea ar ;i #e*i/ur= *au #ec!ar=T>% <Cic% %ivin, in (secil!, IE1 1C>% %e %olabella 0uod scripsi, videas suadeo, tan2uam si tua res a*atu" <Ceea ce Hi@a *cri* 4e*+re D.!a"e!!a1 te *;=tuie*c *= . +ri5eti1 ca i cu *@ar trata *ituaHia ta>% <Cic% Ad Fam!, II1 19>% %e absentibus amicis seepe solliciti sumus, &elut si ali0uid moli eis a##ident <A4e*ea *G#te #e!i#itiHi cu +ri5ire !a +riete#ii a"*e#Hi1 ca i cu !i *@a G#tG +!at 5re. #e+!=cere>% Arutus, 5e!ut *i prolapsus ceci4i**et1 terram osculo tetigit <Brutu* a ati#* += G#tu! cu /ura1 ca i cG#4 ar ;i c=6ut +r="ui#4u@*e>% % % % p"oinde 2uasi e&itus rerum, non $ominum consilia legibus &indi#entu" <% % % ca i cu 1 4eci1 re6u!tatu! !ucruri!.r1 #u +!a#uri!e & te#tati5a & .a e#i!.r *e +e4e+*e*c +ri# !e/i>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 19>% b= /e 0uo0ue iuvat, &elut ipse in parte laboris ac periculi ue"im% ad inem belii Punici pervenisse! % <T% Li5% ZZZI1 1>% 1ic cogitandum est, tan2uam ali0uis in pectus intimum inspicere possit <Aa tre"uie *= cu/et1 ca i cu ci#e5a ar +utea +ri5i G# a4G#cu! *u;!etu!ui eu>% <7e#% Ep!, 8(>% 2% 0r.+.6iHia c. +arati5= *e c.#*truiete cu con7unctivul, cG#4 eI+ri = . ipote+, i *e !ea/= 4e +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= +ri# K a= c.#Ju#cHii!e ut si, velut si, tan0uam si, 0uasi, proinde 0uasi, proinde ac si, se0ue ac si, non secus ac si, perinde ac si N ca i cu 1 ca i cG#4 K ut si convertant, 0uasi sit, tan0uam si agatur, velut si acciderit, velut si cecidisset, proinde 0uasi vindicentur< b= c.#Ju#cHii!e ut, velut, tan0uam, cu ace!ai G#He!e* <ca i cu 1 ca i cG#4> ca ut si, velut si, tan0uam si' velut "uerim, tan0uam possit! 0r.+.6iHia c. +arati5=1 c.#*truit= cu c.#Ju#cti5u! i !e/at= 4e re/e#t= +ri#tr@u#a 4i# c.#Ju#cHii!e #.tate ai *u*1 e*te *u+u*= re/u!i!.r +ri5it.are !a c.#*ecuHia ti +uri!.r%
Nota $. C.#Ju#cHii!e ut, sicut, tan0uam, 0uasi +.t !e/a1 cu *e#*u! i+.tetic1 . c.#*trucHie +ri# care *e *u"*tituie . +r.+.6iHie1 *au . +r.+.6iHie e!i+tic= K .alii Iseti, ut e&plorata victoria, ad castra Romana pergunt <Ga!ii 5e*e!i *e G#4rea+t= *+re ta"=ra r. a#=1 ca i ;ii#4 cGti/at= 5ict.ria & ca i cu 5ict.ria ;u*e*e cGti/at=>%
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Ut re con"ecta, omnes curam et diligentiam remittunt <Ga ;ii#4 ter i#at !ucru! & ca i cu !ucru! ;u*e*e ter i#at & t.Hi *!="e*c /riJa i *t=rui#Ha> <C*e*% A! (iv! II1 1(>% Nannibalem in suspicionem regi addu&erunt, tan2uam ab istis corruptum, alia at0ue antea sentire <Au ;=cut +e re/e *= ai"= "=#uia!a c= Ba##i"a! /G#4ete a!t;e! 4ecGt G#ai#te1 ca i cu ar ;i ;.*t c.ru+t 4e ei>% <C.r#% Ne+% Nann! 2>% Guod te aiunt e domo ta#-ua +alladium eripuisse <7+u# .a e#ii c= +e ace*ta tu !@ai r=+it 4i# ca*= ca +e *tatuia +r.tect.are a 6eiHei 0a!!a*>% <Cic% Pro /T! ((>% Nota 2% Guasi vero *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= G# .4 ir.#ic1 *+re a re*+i#/e +=rerea u#ui a45er*arK /ortem 0ui leviorem "aciunt, somni simillimam volunt esse< 2uasi &e"oQ 0uis0uam ita nonaginta annos &elit vivere, ut, cum se&aginta con"ecerit, reli0uos dormiat <Cei care +re6i#t= .artea ai u.ar=1 5.r *= ;ie ;.arte a*e =#=t.are cu *. #u!M ca i cu ci#e5a aa ar 5rea *= tr=ia*c= #.u=6eci 4e a#i1 G#cGt1 cG#4 a G +!i#it ai6eci1 +e cei!a!Hi *=@i 4.ar =>% <Cic% )use! I1 (81 92>% N.ta (% U#e.ri 0uasi e*te +u* !G#/= u# a4Jecti5 *au 5er"1 a5G#4 G#He!e*u!K ca *a 6ic aa1 +arc= K @irtutem duram et 2uasi "erream esse 0uidam volunt <U#ii +reti#4 c= 5irtutea e*te a*+r=1 i1 ca *= 6ic aa1 4e ;ier>% In amici ia tenera at0ue tractabilis est virtus, ut et bonis amici 2uasi di""undatur et incommodis contra$atur <G# +riete#ie 5irtutea e*te *u+!= i !=4i.a*=1 G#cGt +arc= crete G# ;ericirea +riete#u!ui i *e *trG#/e G# #e#.r.ciri>% <Cic% %e Amic! C8>% N.ta C% U#e.ri1 G#*= ;.arte rar1 G#tG!#i +r.+.6iHii c. +arati5e i+.tetice care@i c.#4uc ti +u! 5er"u!ui #u 4u+= re/u!a c.#*ecuHiei ti +uri!.r1 ci 4u+= #.r e!e +r.+.6iHii!.r c.#4iHi.#a!e K Eius negotium sic velim *u*ci+ia*1 ut *i e**et res mea <A 5rea *= iei a*u+r=@Hi c8e*tiu#ea ace!uia1 ca i cu ar ;i a ea>% <Cic% Ad Fam! II1 1C>% 1tultissimum est in luctu capillum sibi evellere, 2uasi calvitio mseror le&a"etu" <Ce! ai +r.*te*c !ucru e*te *=@i * u!/= . u! +=ru! G# ti +u! Ja!ei1 ca i cu +ri# c8e!ie *e uurea6= *u+=rarea>% <Cic% )use! III1 92>% N.ta 5% G# +.e6ie ceu i#tr.4uce . +r.+.6iHie c. +arati5= i+.tetic= K Nic vero ingentem pugnam, #eu cetera nus0uam bella .o"ent% cernimus <Aici G#*= 6=ri . !u+t= ;.arte are1 ca i cG#4 #@ar eIi*ta #ic=ieri ce!e!a!te !u+te>% <Eer/% hTn! II1 C(8>% N.ta 9% 0ri# potius 0uam, prius 0uam, citius 0uam <N ai "i#e 4ecGt1 ai 4e /ra"= 4ecGt> *e c. +ar= 4.u= a!ter#ati5e 4i#tre care u#a e*te G#!=turat=M *e c.#*truie*c cu c.#Ju#cti5u! K %epugna +.tiu* -ua *er5ia* <Lu+t=@te ai "i#e 4ecGt *= ;ii *c!a5>% <Cic% Ad Att! :II% ,>% Potius 0uam *e c.#*truiete cu ace!ai .4 ca G# +ri a +arte a c. +araHiei1 cG#4 *e c. +ar= 4.u= a;ir aHii1 4i#tre care u#a e*te ai a4e5=rat= 4ecGt cea!a!t=K Tt e&sul +.tiu* te#tare -ua consul 5eIare rempublicam possis <Ca *= +.Hi ai 4e /ra"= ca eIi!at *= ataci *tatu! 4ecGt *=@1 t.rture6i G# ca!itate 4e c.#*u!>% <Cic% In (at! I1 2,> T.t aa *e c.#*truiete1 cG#4 +ri a +arte e*te u# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti51 !a 5iit.ru! i#;i#iti5u!ui acti5 *au !a +re6e#tu! i#;i#iti5u!ui c.#Ju/=rii +eri;ra*tice +a*i5e K A""irmavi 0uidvis me potius pe"pessu"um 2uam e& Italia ad belum civile e4itu"um <e**e>% <A 4ec!arat c= 5.i G#4ura .rice ai 4e /ra"= 4ecGt *= ie* 4i# Ita!ia +e#tru u# r=6".i ci5i!>% <Cic% Ad Fam II1 19>% Guodvis potius periculum mi$i adeundum 2uam e sperata dicendi gloria dis#eden-dum <e**e> putavi! <A *.c.tit c= tre"uie *= G#;ru#t .rice +eric.! ai "i#e 4ecGt *= = 4e*+art 4e /!.ria *+erat= a .rat.riei>% <Cic% Arut! ZCI1 (1C>% Eer*iu#e DE AMICi#OE O++OR;UNI;A;IBU)
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i!!i* se0ue ac tu i+*e /au4eretT A45er*a* 5er. re* ;erre 4i;;ici!e e**et *i#e e. -ui i!!a* /ra5iu* etia -ua tu ;erret% A iciHia re* +!uri a* c.#ti#etM -u.-u. te 5erteri*1 +re*t. e*t1 #u!!. !.c. eIc!u4itur1 #u#-ua i#te +e*ti5a1 #u#-ua .!e*ta e*t% Ita-ue #.# a-ua1 #.# i/#i1 ut aiu#t1 !.ci* +!uri"u* uti ur -ua a iciHia% Ne-ue e/. #u#e 4e 5u!/ari aut 4e e4i.cri a iciHia1 -u*e ta e# i+*a et 4e!ectat et +r.4e*t1 *e4 4e 5era et +er;ecta !.-u.r1 0ualis e.ru 1 -ui +auci #. i#a#tur1 "uit!
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I# ace! ti + a5ea 6esse= . ;.arte are *!="iciu#e 6in"irmitas= a c.r+u!ui M /Gtu! 6collum= G i era !u#/ 6procerus= i *u"Hire 6tenuis=, ca i cu era ".!#a5 6seger=! A 8.t=rGt 6statuere= c= tre"uie *= ;ac . G#treru+ere 6inter-missio= a 6e!u!ui 6studium= 4e a 5.r"i ai 4e /ra"= 4ecGt *= G#tG +i# 6adire= +eric.!u! 5ieHii% Acea*ta a ;.*t cau6a +!ec=rii e!e G# A*ia1 4u+= cu G i a i#te*c% Di# A*ia a 5e#it !a R.4.*1 ca *= au4ie6 +e M.!.#1 care1 4u+= cu au6i*e 1 era u# ;.arte are .rat.r i ret.r% Ace*ta era +e 4e . +arte u# 4i*ti#* 6preestans= 5.r"it.r 6actor= G# c8e*tiu#i!e i +.rta#te1 +e 4e a!t= +arte ;.arte G#He!e+t 6prudens= G# criticarea 6animadvertere= /ree!i!.r 6vitium= i G# G#4ru are 6docere=! E! i@a 4at .*te#ea!a 6opera= ca *= #e G#;rG#e6e 6coercere=, cG#4 cur/ea 5iJe!i.* 6redundare= i1 ca *= 6ic aa1 #e re5=r*a 6de"luere= +e*te a!uri 6ripa=! Aa1 4u+= 4.i a#i @a G#t.r* 6se recipere= #u #u ai ai eIercitat 6e&ercitatus=, 4ar a+r.a+e *c8i "at% C=ci i e;.rtu! 6contentio= 5.cii *c=6u*e 6recidere= i .rat.ria +arc= *e +.t.!i*e 6de"ervescere=! +"opo7i,iile care n#ep #u p"onume "elati& 1% Nelve ii legatos de deditione ad (sesarem mittunt! @ui cum eum in itinere convenissent! ! ! paruerunt <Be!5eHii tri it *.!i !a Cae*ar +e#tru *u+u#ere% Du+= ce acetia !@au G#tG!#it G# 4ru % % % *@au *u+u*>% <C;;G*% A!.! I1 2,>% @use sunt omnia eius modi, ut ii, 0ui in custodiam nominatim da i sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a vobis damna i esse videantur <T.ate ace*tea *G#t 4e aa #atur=1 c= acei care au ;.*t +ui #. i#a! *u" +a6=1 +ar a ;i ;.*t c.#4a #aHi 4e 5.i ;=r= #ici . G#4.ia!=>% <Cic% In (at! IE1 5>% @uibus rebus adductus (sesar non e&spectandum sibi statuit <CaO*ar1 4eter i#at 4e ace*te !ucruri1 a 8.t=rGt c= #u tre"uie *= ate+te>% <Cae*% A!.! I1 11>% II% 1% Item Allobroges, 2ui trans R:odanum vicos possessiones0ue 0abe-Ita#t1 "uga se ad (sesarem recipiunt <De a*e e#ea a!."r./ii1 care a5eau *ate i +.*e*iu#i +e*te R.#1 *e retra/ G# /.a#= !a C*e*ar>% <Cae*% A!.! I1 11>% 2% a) (aninius "uit miri"ica vigilantia, 2ui suo toto consulatu somnum non &ide"it <Ca#i#iu* a ;.*t 4e . ui it.are +utere 4e a 5e/8ea1 e! care & 4e.arece & G# t.t ti +u! c.#*u!atu!ui *=u #@a 5=6ut *. #u!>% <Cic% Ad Fam! EII1 ()>% EC>
b= Guis est 0ui (! Fabricii, /! (urii non cum caritate ali0ua benevola memoriam usurpet, 2uos num0uam &ide"it <Ci#e e*te ace!a care #u@i a i#tete cu . 4ra/.*te ca!4= 4e*+re C% Fa"riciu*1 M% Curiu*1 4ei #u i@a 5=6ut #ici.4at=>% <Cic% %e Am!, 28>% c> Aui 5i4eret1 urbem captam diceret <Dac= ci#e5a ar 5e4ea1 ar 6ice c= e*te u# .ra cucerit>% <Cic% In @errem, IE1 52>% d= Nelve ii legatos ad (sesarem mittunt, 2ui di#e"ent% % % <Be!5eHii tri it *.!i !a Cae*ar1 care & ca & *= *+u#= % % %>% <C*e*% A!.!, I1 ,>% e= Innocentia est talis a""ectio animi, 2use no#eat nemini <I#.ce#Ha e*te . a*t;e! 4e 4i*+.6iHie a *u;!etu!ui1 care & G#cGt & #u 5at= = +e #i e#i>% <Cic% )use, NI1 19>% I% (a element de coordonare! G# ;ra6e!e 4e *u" #r% I /=*i +r.#u e!e re!ati5 0ui G# ;ru#tea ;ra6ei1 4u+= +u#ct% G# ;ra6a 4i#ai#te *e 5.r"ete 4e*+re tri iterea u#.r *.!i% G# ;ra6a ur =t.are *e arat= ce a ur at 4u+= G#tG!#irea *.!i!.r cu CaJ*ar% Deci aici +r.#u e!e re!ati5 #u !ea/= . +r.+.6iHie care ar 4eter i#a u# *u"*ta#ti5 4i# a!t= +r.+.6iHie1 4ar 4i# aceeai ;ra6=% Aici +r.#u e!e re!ati5 e*te +u* G# ;ru#tea ;ra6eiM iar ;ra6a care G#ce+e cu 0ui e*te 4e*+=rHit= +ri# +u#ct 4e cea 4i#ai#tea eiM 4eci1 aici +r.#u e!e re!ati5 #u ;ace *er5iciu! u#ei c.#Ju#cHii *u".r4.#at.are% G# acea ;ra6= +r.#u e!e re!ati5 G#!.cuiete u# +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5 6ii N aceia>1 i +e#tru c= ace! +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5 re+re6i#t= +e lega i <*.!ii>1 4e*+re care *@a 5.r"it G# ;ra6a a#teri.ar=1 aut.ru! a G#!.cuit 4e .#*trati5u! +ri# re!ati51 *+re a ;ace ai *trG#*= !e/=tura G#tre i4ei!e 4i# ce!e 4.u= ;ra6e% Deci1 aici +r.#u e!e re!ati5 ;ace *er5iciu! u#ei c.#Ju#cHii 4e c..r4.#are% Pronumele relativ este #ntrebuin at #n limba latin ca element de coordonare! G# ace*t r.! +r.#u e!e re!ati5 e*te ae6at G# ;ru#tea ;ra6ei i G#!.cuiete u# +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5% G! tra4uce ca +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5% Ace!ai ca6 e*te i cu ;ra6a care G#ce+e cu cu5i#te!e Guibus rebus adductus (sesar, +recu i cu cea care G#ce+e cu cu5i#te!e Guse sunt omnia eiusmodi! II% (a element de subordonare, !e/G#4 4e re/e#t= . +r.+.6iHie *u".r4.#at=% G# ace*t r.! +r.#u e!e re!ati5 Gi +=*trea6= 5a!.area 4e re!ati5 i *e tra4uce ca atare i !ea/= ur =t.are!e ;e!uri 4e *u".r4.#ate K 1% H propo+i ie atributiv i *e c.#*truiete cu .4u! indicativ' 0ui $abebant <care a5eau>% 2% H propo+i ie circumstan ial 4i#tre ur =t.are!e K a= cau+al' 0ui non viderit <care & 4e.arece & #u a 5=6ut> M b= concesiv' 0uos num0uam viderit <+e care & 4ei & #u i@a 5=6ut #ici.4at=> M c= condi ional' 0ui videret <ce! care & 4ac= & ar 5e4ea> M d= "inal' 0ui dicerent <care & ca & *= *+u#=> M e= consecutiv' 0use noceat nemini <care & G#cGt & #u 5at= =>% 0r.#u e!e re!ati51 ca e!e e#t 4e *u".r4.#are1 G#!.cuiete c.#Ju#cHia +r.+.6iHiei re*+ecti5e1 cG#4 acea +r.+.6iHie are G# ea ECE
u# +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5 care re+re6i#t= ac.!. u# *u"*ta#ti5 4i# +r.+.6iHia re/e#t=% Atu#ci 4e .#*trati5u! *e +.ate *c8i "a G# re!ati5 i 4e5i#e i#uti!= c.#Ju#cHia% EI+ri area !e/=turii +ri# +r.#u e re!ati5 e*te ai c.#ci*= i ai ra+i4=1 4ar cea +ri# c.#Ju#cHie e*te ai +uter#ic #ua#Hat=1 ai acce#tuat=% 0r.+.6iHii!e *u".r4.#ate circu *ta#Hia!e !e/ate +ri# +r.#u e re!ati5 *e c.#*truie*c cu .4u! con7unc ie! La ;iecare 4i#tre *u".r4.#ate!e ar=tate ai *u* c= *e +.t !e/a 4e re/e#t= +ri# +r.#u e!e re!ati51 *@a +reci6at !a ca+it.!u! re*+ecti5 4i# *i#taI= c= G#tre a!te .4a!it=Hi 4e a *e !e/a 4e re/e#t= e*te i aceea +ri# +r.#u e re!ati5 i cu *e c.#*truie*c% G#trucGt #ici u#a 4i#tre ace*te +r.+.6iHii #u@i *c8i "= caracteru! +ri# uti!i6area +r.#u e!ui re!ati5 ca e!e e#t 4e !e/=tur=1 ci r= G# t.t atri"uti5=1 cau6a!=1 c.#ce*i5=1 c.#4iHi.#a!=1 ;i#a!=1 c.#*ecuti5=1 #.i #u ;ace u# ca+it.! *e+arat F +r.+.6iHii re!ati5e X1 c=ci ace*t tit!u #u re+re6i#t= #ici u# r.! G# ;ra6=1 u#4e +r.+.6iHii!e *G#t #u ite 4u+= r.!u! +e care@1 au1 #u 4u+= cu5G#tu! +ri# care *e !ea/=% ;abloul p"opo7i,iilo" #i"#umstan,iale D= ai J.* u# ta"!.u *c8e atic a! +r.+.6iHii!.r circu *ta#Hia!e1 /ru+ate +e *u"*tituiri!e a4 i*e 4e ;iecare i +e uti!i6area +r.#u e!ui re!ati5 G# !.c 4e c.#Ju#cHie%
1ubstituirile 0.t ;i *u"tituite +ri# c.#*trucHii +artici+ia!e K +ri# participiu singur *au +ri# ablativ absolut 7u"*tituire +ri#K /eru#6iu1 /eru#4i51 +artici+iu 5iit.r acti51 *u+i# acti5 Felul propo+i iilor Te +.ra!e Cau6a!e C.#ce*i5e C.#4iHi.#a!e Fi#a!e C.#*ecuti5e C. +arati5e Pronumele relativ 0.t G#!.cui c.#Ju#cHia +ri# +r.#u e re!ati5
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C'N7ECUTI' TEM0'RUM
hN<( ()U ;IM+URI OR
G# !i "a !ati#= *G#t uti!i6ate G# c.#Ju/are a*e ti +uriK +re6e#tu!1 i +er;ectu!1 +er;ectu!1 ai u!t ca +er;ectu!1 5iit.ru! I1 5iit.ru! a! II@!ea% 0e#tru a +utea *= #e 4= *ea a cu *e G#c8ea/= !a u# !.c 4i;erite!e acHiu#i 4i# +r.+.6iHii!e care c.#*tituie . ;ra6=1 a4ic= !a ce ti + *e ca4e *= ;ie +u*= ;iecare1 e #e5.ie *= #e != uri ai G#tGi a*u+ra G#He!e*u!ui ;iec=ruia 4i#tre ce!e a*e ti +uri ar=tate ai *u*% 1% 7cri". <G# . e#tu! 4e ;aH= eu *criu>% Le/i* <G# . e#tu! 4e ;aH= tu citeti>% CW#tat <G# . e#tu! 4e ;aH= e! cG#t=>% 3une ego *cri".1 tu !e/i*1 /arcus cW#tat <Acu & G# . e#tu! 4e ;aH= & eu *criu1 tu citeti1 Marcu cG#t=>% 0ri e!e trei +r.+.6iHii eI+ri = acHiu#i careP *e +etrec G# . e#tu! 4e ;aH=1 a4ic= G# . e#tu! cG#4 #.i G#re/i*tr= ace*te acHiu#i +e ca!ea 5.r"irii *au *crierii% 0e#tru +reci6area ;a+tu!ui c= ace!e acHiu#i *e +etrec G# . e#tu! 4e ;aH= #u e #ece*ar #ici u# a!t cu5G#t1 c=ci ;.r a 5er"a!= *i#/ur= i#4ic= ace*t !ucru% G# ;ra6a care !e ur ea6=1 ;.r at= +ri# JuIta+u#ere1 a5e ace!eai trei acHiu#i1 c=r.ra !i *@a a4=u/at u# e!e e#t G# +!u*1 a45er"u! nune, care ;iIea6= t.t . e#tu! 4e ;aH=1 4ei ace!a e*te i#4icat +ri# ;.r a 5er"a!=% Ci#e5a +.ate /=*i #ece*ar G# 5.r"irea !ui *= a4au/e i acea*t= +reci6are +ri# a45er"% Eer"e!e G#*= i cG#4 *G#t ;=r= a45er" i cG#4 *G#t cu a45er" au aceeai ;.r = +e#tru a eI+ri a . acHiu#e care *e +etrece G# . e#tu! 4e ;aH=% Pre+entul este timpul prin care se e&prim o ac iune ce se petrece #n momentul c#nd vorbim sau scriem *au care e*te *i u!ta#= cu . e#tu! 5.r"irii *au *crierii% 0re6e#tu!1 re+re6e#tG#4 . e#tu! 5.r"irii1 e*te c.#ti#uu 5aria"i! G# ti +1 c=ci i . e#tu! 5.r"irii e*te ereu a!tu!% G#*= +re6e#tu! e*te *i#/uru! ti + /ra atica! care #u 4e+i#4e 4e #ici u# a!t ti + M e! e*te c.#ce+ut G# 5.r"ire i#4e+e#4e#t 4e .rice a!t ti +% 2% a= 7cri+*i <G#tr@u# . e#t a#teri.r . e#tu!ui 4e ;aH= eu a eIecutat acHiu#ea *crieriiK a *cri*>% Ante diem tertium Balendas 1eptembres litteras ad te *cri+*i <La () au/u*t Hi@a *cri* . *cri*.are>% ECL
AtGt G# +r.+.6iHia *i +!=1 cGt i G# cea 4e65.!tat= 5er"u! scripsi eI+ri = aceeai i4ee1 c= G#ai#te 4e . e#tu! 4e ;aH= eu a ter i#at acHiu#ea *crierii% I# +r.+.6iHia *i +!= #u +reci6e6 ti +u! eIact a! *crierii1 ar=tG#4 #u ai c= G#ai#te 4e . e#tu! 4e ;aH= a ;=cut acea*t= .+eraHie M G# cea 4e65.!tat= ar=t i 4ata !a care a e;ectuat@.% F.r a scripsi e*te !a ti +u! +er;ect% Per"ectul este timpul prin care se e&prim o ac iune terminat #nainte de momentul vorbirii sau scrierii! Deci ti +u! /ra atica! +er;ectu! e*te c.#ce+ut #u ai G# ;u#cHiu#e 4e +re6e#t1 #u e*te u# ti + i#4e+e#4e#t% b) )#"ibam <G#tr@u# . e#t u!teri.r . e#tu!ui 4e ;aH= 5.i eIecuta acHiu#ea *crieriiK 5.i *crie>% Postridie ad te s#"ibam 5,i 5.i *crie Gi#e>% AtGt G# +r.+.6iHia *i +!=1 cGt i G# cea 4e65.!tat= 5er"u! scribam eI+ri = aceeai i4ee1 i a#u e c= G#tr@u# . e#t ur =t.r ce!ui 4e ;aH= eu 5.i eIecuta acHiu#ea *crierii1 cu 4e.*e"irea c= G# +r.+.6iHia *i +!= #u *e +reci6ea6= ace! . e#t1 iar G# cea 4e65.!tat= *e +reci6ea6= +ri# a45er"u! postridie! F.r a scribam e*te !a ti +u! 5iit.ru! I% @iitorul I este timpul prin care e&primm o ac iune ce se va e"ectua dup momentul de "a ! Deci i ti +u! /ra atica! 5iit.ru! I e*te c.#ce+ut G# ;u#cHiu#e 4e +re6e#tM #u e*te u# ti + i#4e+e#4e#t% A*t;e!1 per"ectul i viitorul I e&prim ac iuni #n "unc iune de pre+ent, i a#u e acHiu#i ce *@au e;ectuat G#ai#te 4e ti +u! +re6e#t *au ce *e 5.r e;ectua 4u+= ti +u! +re6e#t% Acea*t= re!ati5itate a !.r ;aH= 4e +re6e#t . eI+ri = ;.r a 5er"a!= *i#/ur=1 4ar e!e +.t ;i i G#*.Hite 4e a!te cu5i#te care *= +reci6e6e i . e#tu! 4i# trecut *au . e#tu! 4i# 5iit.r a! e;ectu=rii acHiu#ii re*+ecti5e% (% a= Tbi magister venit, ego s#"ibebam <CG#4 a 5e#it +r.;e*.ru!1 eu *cria >% Eer"u! scribebam eI+ri = . acHiu#e G# cur* 4e eIecutare G#tr@u# . e#t 4i# trecut1 a4ic= G# . e#tu! 5e#irii +r.;e*.ru!ui% M. e#tu! 5e#irii +r.;e*.ru!ui e*te eI+ri at +ri# 5er"u! venit, care e*te !a ti +u! +er;ect% Deci1 scribebam eI+ri = . acHiu#e c.#c. ite#t= *au *i u!ta#= cu venit! F.r a scribebam e*te !a ti +u! i +er;ect% Imper"ectul este timpul prin care e&primm o lucrare simultan cu un anumit moment din trecut, ;ie c= #.t= G# 5re. ;.r = acea*t= re!ati5itate *au #u% Deci1 ti +u! /ra atica! i +er;ectu! e*te c.#ce+ut G# ;u#cHiu#e 4e +er;ect M #u e*te u# ti + i#4e+e#4e#t% b= Tbi servus tuus venit, ego *cri+*era litteras ad "ratrem tuum! <CG#4 a *.*it *c!a5u! t=u1 eu *cri*e*e *cri*.area c=tre ;rate!e t=u>% Eer"u! scripseram eI+ri = . acHiu#e a c=rei eIecutare a ;.*t ter i#at= G#ai#tea u#ui . e#t 4i# trecut1 a4ic= G#ai#te 4e *.*irea *c!a5u!ui% M. e#tu! *.*irii *c!a5u!ui e*te eI+ri at +ri# 5er"u! venit, care e*te !a ti +u! +er;ect% Deci1 scripseram eI+ri = . acHiu#e a#teri.ar= ce!ei eI+ri ate 4e venit! ECF
F.r a scripseram e*te !a ti +u! ai u!t ca +er;ect% /ai mult ca per"ectul este timpul prin care e&primm o lucrare anterioar unui anumit moment din trecut, ;ie c= #.t= G# 5re. ;.r = acea*t= re!ati5itate *au #u% Deci1 ti +u! /ra atica! ai u!t ca +er;ectu! e*te c.#ce+ut G# ;u#cHiu#e 4e +er;ectM #u e*te u# ti + i#4e+e#4e#t% A*t;e!1 +er;ectu! 4e5i#e i e! u# ti + +ri#ci+a!1 cG#4 #.t= G# ;u#cHiu#e 4e e! a!te !ucr=ri trecute1 i a#u e K I +er;ectu! +e#tru !ucr=ri!e *i u!ta#e cu +er;ectu!1 i ai u!t ca +er;ectu! +e#tru !ucr=ri!e a#teri.are +er;ectu!ui% C% 3isi oculis &ide"itis insidias /iloni a (lodio "actas 6esse=, non deprecabimur ut! ! ! <Dac= #u 5eHi ;i 5=6ut c= !ui Mi!. i@au ;.*t G#ti#*e cur*e 4e c=tre C!.4iu*1 #u 5= 5. cere ca% %%>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 9%> G# acea*t= ;ra6= 5er"u! deprecabimur eI+ri = . acHiu#e & . ru/= i#te &care ur ea6= *= *e +etreac= G# 5iit.r% Eer"u! deprecabimur e*te !a 5iit.ru! I1 c=ci eI+ri = . acHiu#e 5iit.are ;aH= 4e +re6e#t1 4e . e#tu! 5.r"irii% Dar +e#tru ca acHiu#ea 5iit.are 4i# deprecabimur *= *e +.at= +etrece1 e*te #e5.ie ca G#ai#tea ei *= *e +etreac= t.t G# 5iit.r . a!t= acHiu#e1 i a#u e != urirea Ju4ec=t.ri!.r c= 4e c=tre C!.4iu* au ;.*t G#ti#*e cur*e !ui Mi!.1 #u 4e c=tre Mi!. !ui C!.4iu*% Acea*t= acHiu#e 4e != urire G# 5iit.r e*te eI+ri at= 4e videritis! Deci1 videritis, eI+ri = . acHiu#e care ur ea6= *= *e eIecute G# 5iit.r1 G#*= G#ai#tea acHiu#ii 5iit.are eI+ri ate +ri# deprecabimur <care e*te !a 5iit.ru! I>% F.r a videritis e*te !a ti +u! 5iit.ru! a! II@!ea% @iitorul al II-lea este timpul prin care e&primm o ac iune viitoare, #ns care se va "ace #naintea altei ac iuni tot viitoare! Deci1 ti +u! /ra atica! 5iit.ru! a! II@!ea e*te c.#ce+ut G# ;u#cHiu#e 4e 5iit.ru! IM #u e*te u# ti + i#4e+e#4e#t% 7e ai #u ete i viitorul anterior! A*t;e!1 5iit.ru! I 4e5i#e i e! u# ti + +ri#ci+a!1 cG#4 #.t= G# ;u#cHiu#e 4e e! . a!t= !ucrare 5iit.are11 i a#u e K 5iit.ru! a! II@!ea +e#tru !ucr=ri!e 5iit.are a#teri.are 5iit.ru!ui I% 3umai modul indicativ are toate cele ase timpuri de care ne-am ocupat mai sus! ;abloul "apo"tului timpu"ilo" indi#ati&ului nt"e e!e
)imp independent 0re6e#tu!K . e#tu! 5.r"irii *au *crierii i .rice !ucrare *i u!ta#= cu . e#tu! 5.r"irii% )impuri #n "unc iune de pre+ent 0er;ectu!K !ucrare a#teri.ar= ;aH= 4e +re6e#t% Eiit.ru! IK !ucrare ur =t.are ;aH= 4e +re6e#t% )impuri #n "unc iune de per"ect I +er;ectu!K !ucrare *i u!ta#= cu u# . e#t 4i# trecut% Mai u!t ca +er;ectu!K !ucrare a#teri.ar= ;aH= 4e u# . e#t 4i# trecut% )imp #n "unc iune de viitorul I Eiit.ru! a! II@!eaK !ucrare 5iit.are1 4ar a#teri.ar= a!tei !ucr=ri t.t 5iit.are%
ECM
)#0ema tabloului de mai *u* 1 0re6e#tu! Eiit.ru! i I +er;ectu! Mai u!t ca +er;ectu! Eiit.ru! II Obse"&a,ii. %i"erite alte nuan e pe care le e&prim timpurile modului indicativ! 1% Pre+entul ai +.ate eI+ri a K a= ) acHiu#e care *e re+et= K @ere G!.re#t arbores <0ri =5ara G#;!.re*c ar".rii>% b= ' acHiu#e care e*te t.t4eau#a a4e5=rat= K 3emo casu it bonus <Ni e#i #u 4e5i#e "u# 4i# G#tG +!are>% Facile omnes, cum &alemus% consilia mgrotis 4a u* <CG#4 *G#te *=#=t.i1 t.Hi 4= cu uuri#H= *;aturi ce!.r ".!#a5i>% c= ' acHiu#e care 4urea6= *au e*te actua!= G# e;ecte!e eiK 'i#it (icero in %e Hratore ! ! ! <7+u#e Cicer. G# De 'rat.re % % %>% d= I# i*t.ri*iri1 +e#tru a 4a ai u!t= 5iaH= +.5e*tirii1 +re6e#tG#4 !ucr=ri!e ca i cu *@ar +etrece G# . e#tu! 5.r"irii *au *crierii1 G#tre"ui#H= +re6e#tu! G# !.cu! +er;ectu!ui% Ace*t +re6e#t *e #u ete pre+ent istoric! (sesar omnem e0uitatum et levis armaturee 3umidas pontem t"adu#it at0ue ad eos #ontendit <C*e*ar trece +e*te +.4 t.at= c=!=ri ea i +e #u i6ii u.r G#ar aHi i *e G#4rea+t= c=tre aceia>% <C*e*% A! .!, II% 1)> e= 0e#tru a eI+ri a *i/ura#Ha G# eIecutarea u#ei !ucr=ri ce ur ea6= *= *e G#4e+!i#ea*c= 4u+= . e#tu! 5.r"irii1 *e +.ate G#tre"ui#Ha +re6e#tu! G# !.cu! 5iit.ru!ui I K )uemini, in0uit, castra ! ! !< ego reli0uas portas #i"#umeo et castrorum prsesidia #oni"mo f0=6iHi ta"=ra1 6i*e % % % Eu .c.!e*c & 5.i .c.!i1 5.i er/e +e !a & ce!e!a!te +.rHi *i G#t=re*c & 5.i G#t=ri & /=r6i!e ta"erei>% <C*e*% A! (iv!, III% 9C>% 2% Per"ectul! Li "a !ati#= are . *i#/ur= ;.r = 4e +er;ect1 cu care +.ate eI+ri a atGt +er;ectu! *i +!u cGt i +er;ectu! c. +u* 4i# !i "a r. G#=% Ca *e#*uri +articu!are & G# a;ar= 4e ce! /e#era!1 4e a G#;=Hia . !ucrare ter i#at= G# . e#tu! 5.r"irii & +er;ectu! ai +.ate eI+ri a K 1 7=/eata arat= ;iecare ti + G# ;u#cHiu#e 4e care ti + e*te%
a= . acHiu#e +re6e#t=1 +ri# 5er"e!e care au ;.r = 4e +er;ect cu *e#* 1 4e +re6e#tK memini <G i a4uc a i#te>1 odi <ur=*c>1 novi <cu#.*c>M b= . acHiu#e care *@a +etrecut G# trecut1 4ar 4urea6= +ri# e;ecte!e eiK didici <a G#5=Hat i tiu acu >1 cognovi <a !uat cu#.ti#H= 4e ce5a i tiu>1 consuevi <a c=+=tat 4e+ri#4erea i a ."iceiu!>1 decrevi <a !uat 8.t=rGrea i *G#t 8.t=rGt> etc% c= . acHiu#e 5iit.are1 cG#4 5re *= eI+ri = *i/ura#Ha rea!i6=rii acHiu#ii G#tr@. a+.4.*=1 a c=rei +r.ta*= e*te !a 5iit.ru! a! II-lea. +e"ii% si me adspe&erit <M@a 4u* +e c.+c=1 4ac= = 5a ;i 6=rit>% % 1i eundem animum mo& in eestimanda "ortuna vestra $abueritis, 5ici u*% <Dac= 4e 4ata acea*ta 5eHi a5ea & 5eHi ;i a5ut & ace!ai curaJ G# +reHuirea #.r.cu!ui 5.*tru1 a G#5i#*>% (% Imper"ectul eI+ri = i ur =t.are!e *e#*uriK a= . acHiu#e care *e re+et= *au . 4e+ri#4ere care eIi*ta !a . a#u it= e+.c= 4i# trecutK 1op$istse appellabantu" ii, 0ui aut ostentationis aut 0usestus causa p0ilo-sop0abantu" <Erau #u iHi *.;iti aceia care ;=ceau ;i!.*.;ie +e#tru +ara4= & ;a!=1 a =/ire & *au +e#tru cGti/>% (onvivia num0uam et serius inibat et maturius "elin2uebat <Nici.4at= #u er/ea !a .*+eHe +rea tGr6iu i #u !e +=r=*ea +rea 4e 5re e>% (art$agine 0uotannis bini reges #"eabantu" <La Carta/i#a G# ;iecare a# *e a!e/eau cGte 4.i re/i>% b= Dei . acHiu#e e*te rea!= i G# . e#tu! 5.r"irii *au *crierii1 i +utea ;i eI+ri at= +ri# +re6e#t1 aut.ru! . eI+ri = G# ;u#cHie 4e . !ucrare trecut=1 G#;=Hiat= G# cur*u! +.5e*tirii1 i . 4= +ri# i +er;ectK In "ines Ambianorum pervenit! Eorum "ines 3ervii attin*ebant <A aJu#* G# Hi#utu! a "ia#i!.r% B.tare!e ace*t.ra !e ati#/eau #er5ii & cu acetia *e G#5eci#au #er5ii>% <Cae*% A!.! II1 15>% c= G# #araHiu#i1 +e#tru 5ariaHie1 cG#4 *G#t ai u!te i +er;ecte1 +ute G#tre"ui#Ha i#;i#iti5u! +re6e#t G# !.c 4e i +er;ectu! i#4icati5u!uiK Et consul alter, velut unus turbse militaris erat, Paulus etiam at0ue etiam di#e"e providendum prsecavendum0ue esse % Aici dicere e*te G# I.c 4e dicebat! Ace*t i#;i#iti5 *e #u ete in"initiv istoric! d= I# *ti!u! e+i*t.!ar *e ."i#uia *= *e eI+ri e +ri# i +er;ect acHiu#i +re6e#te G# . e#tu! *crierii1 4ar care a5eau *= a+ar= ca trecute G# . e#tu! +ri irii *cri*.riiK Rem te bene gessisse rumor e"at. (4pe#tabantu" litterse tuse <Mer/e 5.r"a c= te@ai +urtat & ai !ucrat & "i#e% 7e atea+t= *cri*.area ta>% C% /ai mult ca per"ectul ai +.ate eI+ri a K a= . !ucrare1 care e*te re6u!tatu! a!teia1 +.ate ;i G#;=Hiat= c= *@a rea!i6at aa 4e re+e4e c= +are G#4e+!i#it= G#ai#tea ce!ei!a!te K Inter cetera tristia eius anni consul alter Appius (laudius in ipso belii apparatu moritur "edie"ant2ue res ad (amillum <I#tre ce!e!a!te !ucruri tri*te 4i# ace! a# ce!=!a!t c.#*u! A++iu* C!au4iu* .are c8iar G# ti +u! +re/=tirii r=6".iu!ui i c8e*tiu#ea F 5e#i*e 4i# #.u X !a Ca i!!u*>% ECC
I# i#tea *criit.ru!ui acea acHiu#e e*te +u*= G# !e/=tur= cu ;a+te!e 4i# trecut ce a5ea *= ;ie +.5e*tite i ;aH= 4e care ea era a#teri.ar=% b= I itG#4 5.r"irea ;a i!iar=1 u#ii *criit.ri ;.!.*e*c ai u!t ca +er;ectu! +e#tru a eI+ri a ui irea G# ;aHa u#ei acHiu#i 4i# trecutK (um potus $esterna nocte vagarer, obvia, nescio 0uot pueri, mi$i turba minata 5e#erat% 1ed nudi Guera#t% <N.a+tea trecut=1 cG#4 r=t=cea "eat1 G i 5e#i*e G# ca!e a e#i#HG#4u@ = . ceat=1 #u tiu cGHi *c!a5i% Dar ;u*e*er= /.i>%
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Cae*ar & %e Aello .allico, U"i 5er. turri .5eri et a4+r.+i#@-uare .e#i"u* 5i4eru#t1 #.5a at-ue i#u*itata *+ecie c. .ti1 !e/at.* a4 Cae@*are 4e +ace i*eru#t1 -ui a4 8u#e .4u !.cuti 4iIeru#tK F#.# e&isti-mamus vos *i#e .+e 4i5i#a "e!!u /erere1 -ui ta#taT a!titu4i#i* ac8i#ati.#e* ta#ta ce!eritate +r. .5ere possitis< nos nostra--ue . #ia vestrte +.te*tati permittimus! U#u petimus ac deprecamur' *i ;.rte +r. tua c!e e#tia ac a#*uetu4i#e1 -ua nos a" a!ii* audimus, statueris nos e**e c.#*er5a#4.*1 #e nos ar i* despolies! 3obis omnes ;ere 7initimi sunt inimici ac nostrm 5irtuHi incident< a -ui"u* nos 4e;e#4ere1 tra4iti* ar i*1 #.# possumus! 3obis prtestat, *i i# eu ca*u deducemur, -ua 5i* ;.rtu#a a vobis +ati1 -ua a" 8i* +er cruciatu i#ter;ici1 i#ter -u.* 4. i#Pari consuevimus rY! CG#4 G#*= au 5=6ut c= tur#u! *e ic= i *e a+r.+ie 4e 6i4uri1 ui iHi 4e acea*t= G#;=Hiare #.u= i #e."i#uit=1 au tri i* *.!i !a Ca**ar +e#tru +ace1 care1 5.r"i#4 ca G# ace*t .41 au *+u*K F#.i #u cre4e c= 5.i +urtaHi r=6".i ;=r= aJut.r 4i5i#1 5.i care +uteHi +u#e G# icare cu . iuHea!= aa 4e are ai#=rii 4e . aa 4e are G#=!Hi e% Ne G#cre4i#H= +uterii 5.a*tre +e #.i i t.ate a!e #.a*tre% Cere i #e ru/= u# *i#/ur !ucru K 4ac= cu 5a +.tri5it "!G#4eHii i "u#=t=Hii ta!e1 4e*+re care #.i au6i 4e !a a!Hii1 5ei ;i 8.t=rGt ca #.i *= ;i +=*traHi1 *= #u #e 4e*+.i 4e ar e% A+r.a+e t.Hi 5eci#ii #e *G#t 4u a#i i +i6 uie*c "=r"=Hia #.a*tr=M 4e care #.i #u #e +ute a+=ra1 4ac= 5. ;i +re4at ar e!e% N.i +re;er= 1 4ac= a ;i 4ui G# acea*t= *ituaHie1 *= *u;eri .rice *.art= 4i# +artea 5.a*tr=1 4ecGt *= ;i . .rGHi G# c8i#uri 4e c=tre aceia1 G#tre care a ."i#uit *= ;i *t=+G#i X% Ca**ar & %e Aello .allico, A4 8aec Cae*ar re*+.#4itK F Ego a/i* c.#*uetu4i#e mea, -ua erit. vestro ci5itate conservaboS *i1 +riu*-ua uru arie* attigerit, vos dedideritis' *e4 4e4i@ti.#i* nulla est condicio #i*i ar i* tra4iti*% Ego i41 -u.4 i# Ner5ii* "eci, "aciam, ;i#iti i*-ue imperabo #e -ua 4e4iticii* nostris i#iuria in"erant X% Li"er II1 Ca+% ZZZI U"i 5er. turri .5eri et a4+r.+i#@-uare ce#i"u* 5i4eru#t1 #.5a at-ue i#u*itata *+ecie c. .ti1 !e/at.* a4 Cee@ *are 4e +ace i*eru#t1 -ui a4 8u#e .4u !.cuti K F #.# e&istirnare Romanos *i#e .+e 4i5i#a "e!!u /erere1 -ui ta#tae a!titu4i#i* ac8i#ati.#e* ta#ta ce!eritate +r. .5ere possentX1 se sua0ue . #ia eorum +.te*tati permittere 4iIeru#t% F U#u petere ac deprecari' *i ;.rte +r. sua c!e e#tia ac a#*uetu4i#e1 -ua ipsi a" a!ii* audirent, statuisset Atuatucos e**e c.#*er5a#4.*1 #e se ar i* despoliaret! 1ibi omnes ;ere "initimos esse inimicos ac suse 5irtuHi invidere< a -ui"u* se 4e;e#4ere1 tra4iti* ar i*1 #.# possent! 1ibi prcstare, *i i# eu ca*u deducerentur, -ua 5i* ;.rtu#a a populo Romano +ati1 -ua a" 8i* +er cruciatu i#ter;ici1 i#ter -u.* 4. i#=ri consuessent X% CG#4 G#*= au 5=6ut c= tur#u! *e ic= i *e a+r.+ie 4e 6i4uri1 ui iHi 4e acea*t= G#;=Hiare #.u= i #e."i#uit=1 au tri i* *.!i !a Cae*ar +e#tru +ace1 care1 5.r"i#4 ca G# ace*t .4 K Fc= ei #u cre4 c= R. a#ii +.art= r=6".i ;=r= aJut.r 4i5i#1 ei care +.t *= +u#= G# icare cu . iuHea!= aa 4e are ai#=rii 4e . aa 4e are G#=!Hi e X1 au *+u* c= ei *e G#cre4i#Hea6= +e ei i t.ate a!e !.r +uterii ace!.ra% FC= cer i *e r.a/= u# *i#/ur !ucruK 4ac= cu 5a +.tri5it cu "!G#4eHea i "u#=tatea *a1 4e*+re care ei au6eau 4e !a a!Hii1 ar ;i 8.t=rGt ca Atuatucii *= ;ie +=*traHi1 *= #u@i 4e*+.aie 4e ar e% C= a+r.a+e t.Hi 5eci#ii !e *G#t 4u a#i i +i6 uie*c "=r"=Hia !.r M 4e care ei #u *e +.t a+=ra1 4ac= 5.r ;i +re4ate ar e!e% C= ei +re;er=1 4ac= ar ;i 4ui G# acea*t= *ituaHie1 *= *u;ere .rice *.art= 4i# +artea +.+.ru!ui r. a#1 4ecGt *= ;ie . .rGHi G# c8i#uri 4e c=tre aceia G#tre care au ."i#uit *= ;ie *t=+G#i t! Li"er1 II1 Ca+% ZZZII A4 8aI Cae*ar re*+.#4itK F%7e a/i* c.#*uetu4i#e sua, -ua erit. eorum ci5itate conservaturum, *i1 +riu*-ua uru arie* attigisset, se dedidissent' *e4 4e4iti.#i* nullam esse condicionem #i*i ar i* tra4iti*% F7e i41 -u.4 i# Ner5ii* "ecisset, "acturum, ;i#iti i*-ue impera-turum #e -ua 4e4iticii* populi Romani i#iuria in"errent X%
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TRECEREA 'IN ORA;IO R(C;A IN ORA;IO OB I@UA
nt"ebuin,a"ea modu"ilo" a= T.ate +r.+.6iHii!e +ri#ci+a!e 4ec!arati5e *au eI+.6iti5e1 care au i#4icati5u! G# .rati. recta1 G# .rati. ."!i-ua 4e5i# c. +!eti5e i#;i#iti5a!e1 a4ic= *e eI+ri = +ri# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti51@ 4e+i#6G#4 4e 5er"u! declarandi *au sentiendi +u* G# ;ru#tea G#tre/ii 5.r"iri i#4irecte K
63os= non e&islimamus N 6se= non e&istimare 63os= permittimus N 6se= permittere 63os= petimus ; 6se= petere 63os= deprecamur N 6se= deprecari omnes "initimi sunt inimici N omnes "initimos esse inimicos 6omnes= "initimi incident & 6omnes= "initimos invidere prsestat pati N prsestare pati nulla est condicio N nullam esse condicionem Ego "aciam N se "acturum 6esse= 6ego= imperabo N 6se= imperaturum 6esse=
0r.+.6iHia +ri#ci+a!= 4i# +eri.a4a i+.tetic=1 a4ic= a+.4.*a +eri.a4ei i+.tetice1 trece 4e a*e e#ea G# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti5 K 1i vos dedideritis, 6ego= civitatem conservabo ; 1i se dedidissent, se civitatem conservaturum 6esse=! b= 0r.+.6iHii!e +ri#ci+a!e care au c.#Ju#cti5 *au i +erati5 G# .rati. recta1 G# .rati. ."!i-ua *G#t !a c.#Ju#cti5 K ne nos despolies <c.#Ju#cti5u* +r.8i"iti5u*> N ne se despoliaret!
N.ta 1% Cu t.ate ace*tea *e +.ate G#tG!#i u# c.#iu#cti5u* +.te#tia!i* 4i# .rati. recta vrecut G# .rati. ."!i-ua G# acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti5 K Noc sine ulla dubitatione #on.i"ma&e"im elo0uentiam esse rem unam omnium di""i-cillimam, <0.t a;ir a ace*t !ucru ;=r= 5re. e6itare1 c= e!.ci#Ha e*te !ucru! ce! ai /reu 4i#tre teOte> <Gic% Arut!, 9>% kO G# .rati. ."!i-ua +.ate c=+=ta ;.r aK (icero pro"itetur $oc sine ulla dubitatione *e c.#;ir are elo0uentiam esse rem unam omnium di""icillimam <Cicer. 4ec!ar= c= e! a;ir = ace*t !ucru ;=r= #ici . e6itare c= e!.ci#Ha e*te !ucru! ce! ai /reu 4i#tre t.ate>% N.ta 2% I4eea +r.8i"iti5= *e trece G# .rati. ."!i-ua +ri# ne i c.#Ju#cti5u! <5e6i ai *u* K ne despoliaret=!
c= 0r.+.6iHii!e +ri#ci+a!e i#ter./ati5e 4i# .rati. recta <i#ter./ati5e!e 4irecte> G# .rati. ."!i-ua 4e5i# i#ter./ati5e *u".r4.#ate <i#ter./ati5e i#4irecte> i 4eci *e c.#*truie*c cu c.#Ju#cti5u! K Guibusnam manibus aut 0uibus viribus tanti oneris turrim in muro vos conlocare con"iditisD N Guibusnam manibus aut viribus tanti oneris turrim in muro ese conlocare con"iderent! I# G#tre"=ri!e .rat.rice u#e.ri aut.rii G#tre"ui#Hea6= i#;i#iti5u! G# .rati. ."!i-ua1 cG#4 *u"iectu! e*te 4e +er*.a#a I *au a I!I@a1 iar 5er"u! e*te !a i#4icati5 G# .rati. recta1 e!e re+re6e#tG#4 #u ai #ite a;ir aHii *au #e/aHii 4e/8i6ate K 3um recentium iniuriarum memoriam deponere possumL <'are +.t uita .;e#*e!e +r.a*+eteT> N 3um recentium iniuriarum memoriam deponere 6se= posseL <C*e*ar ai *+u#e & c= +.ate e! .are *= uite .;e#*e!e +r.a*+eteT>% Acea*t= G#tre"are ec8i5a!ea6= cu #e/aHia K recentium iniuriarum memoriam deponere non possum, care G# .rati. ."!i-ua trece G# ;.r aK recentium iniuriarum memoriam *e deponere non posse.. <C*e*% A!.!, I1 1C>% E95
d= 0r.+.6iHii!e +ri#ci+a!e i#ter./ati5e cu #ua#H= eIc!a ati5= i care G# 5.r"irea 4irect= au a5ut i#4icati5u!1 G# 5.r"irea i#4irect= au acu6ati5 cu i#;i#iti5 K Guas 0uantas0ue res (! (anuleius aggressus estW <Ce i cGt 4e ari !ucruri a G#tre+ri#* C% Ca#u!eiu* ^> N Reminiscerentur 0uas 0uantas0ue res (! (anu-leium aggressum esse W <7=@*i rea i#tea*c= ce i cGt 4e ari !ucruri a G#tre+ri#* C% Ca#u!eiu* ^> <T% Li5%1 IE1 2>% Guam mul i milites apud (annas perieruntW <CGt 4e u!Hi .*tai au +ierit !a Ca##a* ^> N (ogitate 0uam multos milites apud (annas periisse <GG#4i@Hi@5= cGt 4e u!Hi .*tai au +ierit !a Ca##*e^>% e= 0r.+.6iHii!e *u".r4.#ate1 atGt ce!e care au i#4icati5u!1 cGt i ce!e care au c.#Ju#cti5u! G# .rati. recta1 G# .rati. ."!i-ua t.ate au c.#Ju#cti5u!1 ur G#4 re/u!i!e c.#*ecuHiei ti +uri!.r K 0uam nos audimus <atri"uti5=> N 0uam ipsi audirent< a 0uibus nos de"endere non possumus <atri"uti5=> N a 0uibus se de"en-dere non possent< inter 0uos dominri consuevimus <atri"uti5=> N inter 0uos dominri con-suessent< 6id= 0uod "eci <atri"uti5=> N 6id= 0uod "ecisset< 0ui tantse altitudinis mac$inationes tanta celeritate promovere possitis <cau6a!= !e/at= +ri# +r.#u e re!ati5> N 0ui tantse altitudinis mac$inationes tanta celeritate promovere possent< ne 0uam dediticiis nostris iniuriam in"erant <c. +!eti5= c.#Ju#cti5a!=> ne 0uam dediticiis populi Romani iniuriam in"errent! Ti +u! 5iit.r 4i# .rati. recta *e re4= G# .rati. ."!i-ua a*t;e!K 5iit.ru! I trece !a c.#Ju#cti5 +re6e#t *au i +er;ect1 iar 5iit.ru! a! II@!ea trece !a c.#Ju#cti5 +er;ect *au ai u!t ca +er;ect1 4u+= re/u!i!e c.#*ecuHiei ti +uri!.r K 1i in eum casum deducemur ; si in eum casum deducerentur< si "orte pro tua clementia ac mansuetudine statueris NNN si "orte pro sua clementia ac mansuetudine statuisset! si vos dedideritis N si se dedidissent prius0uam murum aries attigerit ; prius0uam murum aries attigisset! "= G#tG!#i u#e.ri G# .rati. ."!i-ua . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= +rece4at= 4e +r.#u e re!ati5% Ac.!. +r.#u e!e re!ati5 re+re6i#t= u# e!e e#t 4e c..r4.#are 4i# .rati. recta1 care G#!.cuia u# +r.#u e 4e .#*trati51 iar +r.+.6iHia re*+ecti5= era . +r.+.6iHie i#4e+e#4e#t= K Tnum0uem0ue nostrum censent 1toici mundi esse partem< eI 2uo illud natura conse0ui, ut communem utilitatem nostrse anteponamus <7t.icii cre4 c= ;iecare 4i#tre #.i e*te . +arte a u#i5er*u!uiM c= 4i# acea*ta 6e& eo= ur ea6= G# .4 #atura! ace! !ucru1 ca *= +u#e i#tere*u! /e#era! ai +re*u* 4e i#tere*u! #.*tru>% g= 0=rHi!e care *G#t i#terca!ate G# .rati. ."!i-ua1 4ar #u a+arHi# aut.ru!ui 5.r"irii i#4irecte1 ci *criit.ru!ui1 re+re6e#tG#4 re;!ecHii a!e !ui1 c.#*tituie +ara#te6e care #u *G#t *u+u*e re/u!i!.r ce *e a+!ic= G# .rati. ."!i-ua K nam plerum0ue omnibus .allis prse magnitudine corporum suorum "re5ita* #.*tra contemptui e*t% Acea*ta e*te . re;!ecHie +e care . ;ace *criit.ru! cu +ri5ire !a a+recierea 4e;a5.ra"i!= a atuatuci!.r 4e*+re *tatura r. a#i!.r K $omines tantulse staturse! De aceea +r.+.6iHia +ri#ci+a!= brevitas nostra est #u trece G# c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!=% E9C
nt"ebuin,a"ea p"onumelo" pe"sonale a= 0r.#u e!e +er*.#a! 4e +er*.a#a I 4i# .rati. recta G# .rati. ."!i-ua *e eI+ri = +ri# ;.r e!e +r.#u e!ui re;!eIi5 & care G# ace*t ca6 ca+=t= 5a!.are 4e +r.#u e +er*.#a! 4e +er*.a#a a I!I@a & c8iar 4ac= G# .rati. recta #u ;u*e*e eI+ri at1 *au +ri# +r.#u e!e 4e .#*trati5 ipse'
nos permittimus N se permittere< 0uam nos audimus ; 0uam i+*i audirent< #."i* omnes "ere "initimi sunt inimici N sibi omnes "ere "initimos esse inimicos< nobis prsestat N sibi prssstare< e*o consereabo N se #onse"&atu"um e**eM e*o imperabo N se imperaturum esse!
Ace*t *er5iciu G! G#4e+!i#ete +r.#u e!e re;!eIi5 i cG#4 *e ra+.rt= !a *u"iectu! re/e#tei1 #u #u ai !a +er*.a#a care 5.r"ete% Guibusnam manibus aut 0uibus viribus tanti oneris turrim in muro &os #onlo#a"e #oniditisL N Guibusnam manibus aut 0uibus viribus tanti oneris turrim in muros se #onlo#a"e #onide"ent. b= 0r.#u e!e +er*.#a! 4e +er*.a#a a Ii@a 4i# .rati. recta G# .rati. ."!i-ua *e eI+ri = +ri# iile, cG#4 5rea *= acce#tue6e1 i +ri# is, cG#4 nu 5rea *= acce#tue6e K nos nostra0ue omnia vestrm potestati permittimus N se sua0ue omnia eo"um potestati permittere< 0uam merito vestro N 0uam merito eo"um. c= 0r.#u e!e +.*e*i5 suus, ca i +r.#u e!e re;!eIi5 *e +.ate ra+.rta i !a +e*.a#a a!e c=rei cu5i#te *G#t re+r.4u*e G# .rati. ."!i-ua1 i !a *u"iectu! +r.+.6iHiei re/e#te *au a! +r.+.6iHiei re*+ecti5e K Ego magis consuetudine mea N 1e! magis consuetudine sua. nos nost"a*He omnia vestrse potestati permittimus N se *ua/?e omnia eorum potestati permittere! si "orte pro tua clementia ac mansuetudine statueris ; ,i "orte pro sua clementia ac manusuetudine statuisset! ac nost"ae virtu i invident N ac *uae virtu i invidere! d= 0e#tru a e5ita c.#;u6ii!e1 G# !.cu! +r.#u e!.r +er*.#a!e i +.*e*i5e 4i# .rati. recta1 *e +u# #u e!e +r.+rii G# .rati. ."!i-ua K non e&istimamus &os sine ope divina bellum gerere ; nori e&istimare Romanos sine ope divina bellum gerere! si "orte statueris nos esse conservandos ; si "orte statuisset Atuatu#os esse conservandos! 3obis praestat 0uamvis "ortunam a 5."i* pati ; sibi prsestare 0uamvis "ortunam a populo Romano pati! ne 0uam dediticiis nost"is iniuriam in"erant ; ne 0uam dediticiis populi Romani iniuriam in"errent! e= A45er"e!e care arat= a+r.+iere G# ti + i *+aHiu 4i# .rati. recta trec G# a45er"e 4e 4e+=rtare G# .rati. ."!i-ua K nune & turn, mo& & paulo post, cras & postero die, $odie & /o die, $inc & inde, $ic & /ic 6ibi=, ad$uc , ad /ud tempus, ad$uc & etiam turn' ad$uc vivimus <G#c= tr=i > N etiam turn se vivere <c= ei tr=iau G#c= atu#ci>% Ad$uc vicimus <+G#= acu a "iruit> N ad /ud tempus se vicisse <c= +G#= G# ace! ti + ei au "iruit>% E99
Nic manendum est <aici tre"uie *= r= G#e > N illic manendum esse <c= ^ ac.!. tre"uie *= r= G#=>% Ninc au"ugere non potestis <De aici #u +uteHi *c=+a> N inde illos non posse au"ugere <c= 4e ac.!. #u +.t *c=+a aceia>% :o"bi"ea indi"e#t n n,eles la"* 7u" tit!u! FE.r"irea i#4irect= G# G#He!e* !ar/ X i#tr= .rice +r.+.6iHie care #u 4e+i#4e 4e u# verbum declarandi *au 4e u# verbum sentiendi, +ri# care *e a#u#H= 5.r"irea cui5a tra#* i*= 4e *criit.r G# ;.r = 4e .rati. ."!i-ua1 4ar care1 4i# c.#teIt1 *e 5e4e c= #u a+ariHi#e *criit.ru!ui1 ci a!tei +er*.a#e% La +r.+.6iHii!e atri"uti5e & care *e c.#*truie*c cu i#4icati5u! & !a +r.+.6iHii!e cau6a!e !e/ate cu 0uod, 0uia, 0uoniam & care 4e a*e e#ea *e c.#*truie*c cu i#4icati5u! & *@a e#Hi.#at ;a+tu! c= atu#ci1 cG#4 #u eI+ri = i4ei!e *criit.ru!ui1 ci a!e u#ei a!te +er*.a#e1 *e c.#*truie*c cu c.#Ju#cti5u!1 a4ic= *e /=*e*c G# 5.r"ire i#4irect= G# G#He!e* !ar/ K 3on postulaturi sumus ut, 2uia mors P! (lodii salus vestra .ue"it% idcirco eam virtu i /ilonis potius 0uam populi Romani "elicita i adsignetis! <Nu 5. cere ca1 4e.arece .artea !ui 0% C!.4iu* a ;.*t G#tuirea 5.a*tr=1 4i# acea*t= cau6= *= . atri"uiHi 5re4#iciei !ui Mi!. ai 4e /ra"= 4ecGt #.r.cu!ui & ;ericirii & +.+.ru!ui r. a#>% <Cic% Pro /T! 9>% Aici cau6a!a 0uia mors P! (lodii salus vestra "uerit e*te G#;=Hiat= #u ca u# e!e e#t 4e ar/u e#tare a! !ui Cicer.1 ci ca u# +u#ct 4e 5e4ere a! Ju4ec=t.ri!.r G#ii% An est 0uis0uam, 0ui $oc ignoret, #um de $omine occiso 2uae"atu"% aut negri solere omnino esse "actum, aut recte et iure "actum esse de"endiD <'are e*te ci#e5a care *= #u tie c= atu#ci1 cG#4 *e ;ace . cercetare cu +ri5ire !a u# . uci*1 *e ."i#uiete ca *au *= *e t=/=4uia*c= cu t.tu! c= *@a ;=cut1 *au *= *e *u*Hi#= c= *@a ;=cut +e 4re+t i !e/a!T>% <Cic% Pro /T! 8>% Aici te +.ra!a iterati5= cum de $omine occiso 0uaeratur ;ace +arte 4i# /G#4irea +e care ar tre"ui *= . ai"= ace!a care e*te *u"iectu! !ui ignoret, ;ii#4 G#ca4rat= c8iar G# /ru+u! 4e i4ei eI+ri at +ri# c. +!eti5e!e !ui ignoret! Id mi$i duabus de causis instituisse videntur, 2uod ne0ue in vulgum disciplinam e""erri &elint% ne0ue eos 0ui discunt litteris con"isos minus memorise studere <G i +ar c= au *ta"i!it acea*ta 4i# 4.u= .ti5e1 ;ii#4c= #u 5.r #ici ca G#5=H=tura *= ;ie *c.a*= G# #.r.4 i #ici ca aceia care G#5aH=1 "i6ui#4u@*e +e !itere & *cri*e & *= *e +re.cu+e ai +uHi# 4e e .rie>1 c <C;;i*% A!.!, EI%1 1C>% Aici cau6a!a 0uod velint re+re6i#t= /G#4u! ce!.r care au *tat.r#icit 4ati#a 4e a #u *e ;iIa G# *cri* G#5=H=tura Drui6i!.r% Paetus omnes libros, 2uos "rater suus "eli2uisset% mi$i donavit <0aetu* i@a 4=ruit t.ate c=rHi!e +e care & 4u+= *+u*a !ui & i !e !=*a*e ;rate!e *=u K +e care i !e@ar ;i !=*at ;rate!e *=u>% <Cic% Ad Attic, II1 1>% Aici atri"uti5a 0uos "rater suus reli0uisset #u re+re6i#t= i4eea ce!ui care re;er= c= 0Qtu* i@a 4=ruit c=rHi1 ci c8iar +e a !ui 0aetu*1 care a a4u* acea*t= +reci6are cu +ri5ire !a +r.5e#ie#Ha c=rHi!.rM a!t;e! *e +u#ea i#4icati5u!% Hbviam "it ei (lodius e&peditus, in e0uo, sine u&ore! ! ! cum $ic insidiator, 2ui iter illud ad csedem "aciendam a++ara**et1 cum u&ore ve$eretur in rseda <Ii ie*e G# ca!e C!.4iu* ec8i+at u.r1 c=!are1 ;=r= *.Hie% % % G# ti + ce ace*t K??
G#ti#6=t.r 4e cur*e1 care +re/=ti*e acea*t= c=!=t.rie +e#tru a *=5Gri u# . .r1 er/ea G# tr=*ur= cu *.Hia% %%>% <Cic% Pro /T! 28>% Aici atri"uti5a 0ui iter illud ad csedem "aciendam apparasset #u re+re6i#t= +=rerea 5.r"it.ru!ui & Cicer. & care +. e#ete ace*t ;a+t G# .4 ir.#ic1 ci G#5i#uirea +e care +riete#ii !ui C!.4iu* . a4uceau !ui Mi!.1 c= i#te#Hi.#at a ;.*t atu#ci +e 4ru u! +e care *e /=*ea i C!.4iu*1 ca *=@1 +.at= ataca% )oate propo+i iile citate mai sus c= ;ac +arte & i t.c ai pentru c "ac parte & din vorbirea indirect #n #n eles larg, s#nt construite cu con7unctivul< 4ac= ar ;i re+re6e#tat /G#4u! *criit.ru!ui re*+ecti51 ar ;i ;.*t c.#*truite cu i#4icati5u!%
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1enatus $sec intellegit <7e#atu! G#He!e/e ace*tea> <Cic% In (at!, I1 21>% .ermani multum ab $ac consuetudine di""erunt <Ger a#ii *e 4e.*e"e*c u!t 4e ace*t ."icei>% <Cae*% A!.!, EI1 21>% G#tr@. +r.+.6iHie eI+.6iti5= *au 4ec!arati5= .r4i#ea #.r a!= G#tre +=rHi!e +ri#ci+a!e e*te K *e aa6= G#tGi *u"iectu! i a+.i +re4icatu! K (onsul videt! Nic tamen vivit! CG#4 *u"iectu! i +re4icatu! *G#t G#*.Hite 4e +=rHi *ecu#4are1 t.ate +=rHi!e *ecu#4are care G#*.He*c +e *u"iect ;.r ea6=1 G +reu#= cu e!1 /ru+a *u"iectu!uiK t.ate +=rHi!e *ecu#4are care G#*.He*c +e +re4icat ;.r ea6=1 G +reu#= cu e!1 /ru+a +re4icatu!ui% I#tr@. +r.+.6iHie eI+.6iti5= *au 4ec!arati5= 4e65.!tat=1 .r4i#ea #.r a!= e*te K se aa+ la #nceput grupa subiectului i apoi grupa predicatului, 5er"u! ;ii#4 ae6at !a *;irit K 1enatus $sec intellegit! .ermani multum ab $ac consuetudine di""erunt! Dar erit= a ;i *tu4iat= .r4i#ea ."i#uit= G#tre e!e e#te!e c. +.#e#te a!e ;iec=rei /ru+e% A% G# *"upa subie#tului atri"utu!1 atGt ce! *u"*ta#ti5ai cit i ce! a4Jecti5a!1 *e +.ate ae6a G# ur a *u"*ta#ti5u!ui +e care G! 4eter i#=1 4ar *e +.ate ae6a i G#ai#tea !ui K studium "ei milita"is <+re.cu+area 4e eIerciHii!e i!itare> <C*e*% 5.6.9 :I% 21>1 mo"tis periculum <+eric.!u! .rHii> M vita omnis <5iaHa G#trea/=> <C*e*% A!.!, EI1 21>1 "ines p"op"ii <8.tare +r.+rii>1 omnis .allia <Ga!ia G#trea/=>1 omnes acerbitates <t.ate cru6i i!e> <Cic% In (at!, I:% $6% maio" pars <+artea ai are> <T% Li5% `Ì% C1> salus mea <*a!5area ea> <Cic% 2n (at!, I:% 1>1 meum periculum <+eric.!u! eu> <Cic% In (at!, I:% $6% mei labo"es <.*te#e!e!e e!e> M lega i Allob"o*um <*.!ii A!."r./i!.r> <Cic% In (at!, III1 9>% Nu era!e!e car4i#a!e i .r4i#a!e1 +r.#u e!e 4e .#*trati5e i #e8.t=@rGte *e aa6=1 G# /e#era!1 G#ai#tea *u"*ta#ti5u!ui K t"es legiones <trei !e/iu#i>1 duo milia peditum <4.u= ii 4e +e4e*trai>1 o#ta&o mense <G# !u#a a .+ta> M eo"um victus <8ra#a ace!.ra> <C*e*% A!.!, EI1 22>1 ab 0a# consuetudine <4e acea*t= ."i#ui#H=> <Cae*% 5.6.9 :I% 21>1 nulla dies sine Tnea <#ici . 6i ;=r= o !i#ie & ;=r= acti5itate>1 ego sum iile consul <eu *G#t ace! c.#*u!> <Cic% In (at!, IE1 2>% Iile cu caracter e ;atic *e aa6= G# ur = K (ato iile sapiens! 7.crate* iile. Guis0ue *e aa6= G# ur a +r.#u e!ui re;!eIi51 G# ur a !ui suus, G# ur a *u+er!ati5u!ui i G# ur a #u era!u!ui .r4i#a!K minime sibi 2uis2ue notus est <;iecare *e cu#.ate ;.arte +uHi# +e *i#e>1 optimus 2uis2ue <t.Hi cei ai 4e *ea =>1 2ua"tus 2uis2ue <;iecare a! +atru!ea N 4i# +atru G# +atru N din +atru u#u!>% Dac= u# *u"*ta#ti5 are u# atri"ut a4Jecti5a! i u# atri"ut *u"*ta#ti5a!1 4e ."icei atri"utu! a4Jecti5a! *e aa6= G#ai#tea *u"*ta#ti5u!ui i ce! *u"*ta#ti5a! G# ur = K $sec sedes $onoris <ace*t *cau# 4e ci#*te & a! a/i*traturii> <Cic% In (at!, IE1 2>1 $sec condicio consulatus <acea*t= *ituaHie a c.#*u!atu!ui> <Cic% In (at!, IE1 1>1 summum au&ilium omnium gentium <*u+re u! aJut.r a! tutur.r #ea uri!.r> <Cic% In (at!, IE1 2>1 singularis po+na ne"arii sceleris <. +e4ea+*= u#ic= a u#ei cri e #e!e/iuite> <Cic% In! (at!, IE1 ,>1 $anc pulc$er-rimam patriam omnium nostrum <acea*t= +atrie ;.arte ;ru .a*= a #.a*tr= a tutur.r>% <Cic% In (at!, IE1 2>% Dar +ute G#tG!#i i atri"utu! *u"*ta#ti5a! +u* G#ai#tea *u"*ta#ti5u!ui i ce! a4Jecti5a! G# ur = K agri modum certum 6$abet= <' =*ur= & G#ti#4ere &
303
a#u it= 4e ./.r> <C*e*% A!.!, EI1 22> M *au atri"utu! *u"*ta#ti5a! +u* G#tre 1 ce! a4Jecti5a! i G#tre *u"*ta#ti5u! 4eter i#atK parvis renonum tegimentis utuntur <G#tre"ui#Hea6= G "r=c= i#te *curt= 4e re#i> <C*e*% A!.!, EI1 21>1 magna corporis pars <. are +arte a c.r+u!ui> <Ca**% A!.!, EI1 21>% Dac= u# *u"*ta#ti5 are 4.u= atri"ute *u"*ta#ti5a!e1 u#u! ;ii#4 /e#iti5 O *u"iecti5 i ce!=!a!t /e#iti5 ."iecti51 /e#iti5u! *u"iecti5 *e aa6= G#ai#tea *u"*ta#ti5u!ui i ce! ."iecti5 G# ur = K Pro veteribus Hel&etio"um iniuriis populi iLomani <+e#tru 5ec8i!e .;e#*e a!e 8e!5etii!.r a4u*e +.+.ru!ui r. a#> <Ca**% A!.!, I1 ()>% Dac= u# *u"*ta#ti5 are 4.u= atri"ute a4Jecti5a!e1 *e +.ate ae6a u#u! G#ai#tea *u"*ta#ti5u!ui & G# *+ecia! ce! eI+ri at +ri# +r.#u e1 4ac= eIi*t= & i ce!=!a!t G# ur = K in 0o# scelere tam immani ac ne.a"io <G# acea*t= cri = aa 4e /r.6a5= i #e!e/iuit=> <Cic% In (at!, IE1 1(>% Dac= u# a4Jecti5 4eter i#= ai u!te *u"*ta#ti5e *e +.ate ae6a *au G#ai#tea *au G# ur a !.r1 ac.r4G#4u@*e cu ce! ai a+r.+iat K mea virtus at0ue diligentia <"=r"=Hia i *Gr/ui#Ha ea> <Cic% In (at!, IE1 5>1 non dubitat P! *entulum aeter#i* tenebris vinculis0ue mandare <#u e6it= *= G#cre4i#He6e +e 0% Le#tu!u* G#tu#ericu!ui i !a#Huri!.r +er+etui> <Cic% In (at!, I:% 1)>M sin*ula"i 2uadam $umanitate et misericordia moveor <*G#t icat 4e u# 4e.*e"it *e#ti e#t 4e . e#ie i 4e c. +=ti ire> M integritate, virtute, constantia sin*ula"i <4e . i#te/ritate1 4e u# curaJ i 4e . *tat.r#icie eIce+Hi.#a!=>% Dac= u# *u"*ta#ti5 4eter i#= ai u!te *u"*ta#ti5e1 4e a*e e#ea *e aa6= !G#/= +ri u! *au !G#/= u!ti u!K de deo"um immo"talium vi ac potestate <4e*+re ;.rHa i aut.ritatea 6ei!.r #e urit.ri> M amplitudo #o"nuum et "igura et species multum a nostrorum boum cornibus di""ert < =ri ea i ;.r a i G#;=Hiarea c.ar#e!.r *e 4e.*e"ete u!t 4e c.ar#e!e ".i!.r #.tri> <C*e*% A!.!, @i, 28>% Dac= *u"*ta#ti5u! G# a;ar= 4e a4Jecti5e *au 4e atri"ute G# /e#iti5 are i a!t;e! 4e 4eter i#=ri1 u#e!e c8iar ;.arte 4e65.!tate1 a!e *a!e *au a!e 4eter i#a#tu!ui1 ace!ea *e +.t ae6a G#tre a4Jecti5 i *u"*ta#ti5 K vestra e"*a me voluntas <"u#=5.i#Ha 5.a*tr= ;aH= 4e i#e> <Cic% In (at! IE1 1>1 perpetua in "em publi#am voluntas <+er a#e#ta 4ra/.*te ;aH= 4e *tat>1 ali0ua in &ita "ormido <. .arecare tea = G# 5iaH=> <Cic% In (at! IE1 8>1 propter multa prseclara, in re publi#am me"ita <+e#tru u!te!e erite ;.arte *tr=!ucite ;aH= 4e *tat>1 partem "initimi agri pe" &im occupatam <. +arte 4i# ./.ru! 5eci#1 .cu+at= +ri# ;.rH=> <Cae*% A!.!, EI1 12>M eorum $ominum, 2ui ali2uo sunt #u er. at2ue 0ono"e% genera sunt duo <*G#t 4.u= c!a*e 4e acei .a e#i care *G#t G#tr@. .arecare c.#*i4eraHie i ci#*te> <C*e*% A!.!, EI1 1(>% A+.6iHia *e +u#e 4e ."icei 4u+= *u"*ta#ti5u! +e care@1 4eter i#=1 ai a!e* cG#4 are i ea . 4eter i#are K %ion2sius tA"annus <tira#u! Di.#D*iu*> M (laudius impe"ato" <G +=ratu! C!au4iu*> M Ale&ander, /acedonum "e4 <A!eIa#4ru1 re/e!e Mace4.#e#i!.r>% U#e.ri i#*=1 4i# i#tere*u! #ua#H=rii1 *e +u#e a+.6iHia G#ai#teK 1apientissimus "e4 P$ilippus Aristotelem "ilio doctorem accivit <Re/e!e ;.arte G#He!e+t Fi!i+ a c8e at +e Ari*t.te!e* ca +r.;e*.r +e#tru ;iu! *=u> <Cic% Arut!, III% (5>% Aici aut.ru! a 5rut *= *c.at= G# re!ie; G#He!e+ciu#ea re/e!ui1 care 1@a ;=cut *= G#cre4i#He6e e4ucaHia ;iu!ui *=u ce!ui ai are ;i!.*.; a! e+.cii1 i 4e aceea a +u* !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei cu5i#te!e care G#;=Hiea6= acea*t= G#*uire a re/e!ui% 7G#t G#*= i eI+re*ii care *G#t cri*ta!i6ate G#tr@. a#u it= ;.r =1 ce se re*+ect= G# /e#era!1 i !a care #u *e ."i#uiete *c8i "area .r4i#eiK civis K?L
Romanus, populus Romanus, "orum lulium, ius civile, ees alienum, res "amili-aris, res militaris, dii immortales, pater "amilias, ponti"e& ma&imus, via Appia, via sacra, urbs Roma etc% B% n *"upa p"edi#atului *e ."i#uiete ca 5er"u! *= *e ae6e !a *;GritM c. +!e e#te!e *e aa6= G#ai#tea 5er"u!ui G# .r4i#ea ur =t.are K a= c. +!e e#tu! circu *ta#Hia! M b= c. +!e e#tu! i#4irectM c= c. +!e e#tu! 4irectK Pater $odie magno cum gaudio "ilio suo librum donavit <Tat=! a 4=ruit a*t=6i ;iu!ui *=u . carte cu u!t= "ucurie>% C. +!e e#te!e 5er"u!ui +.t ;i eI+ri ate i +ri# +r.+.6iHii G#tre/i *au +ri# *u"*tituiri i *G#t ae6ate1 G# /e#era!1 G# .r4i#ea 4e ai *u* K % @itis, ut se erigat, claviculis sui 0uasi manibus, 0uid0uid est nacta, complectitur <EiHa1 ca *= *e ri4ice1 G "r=Hiea6= & a+uc= & +ri# cGrceii *=i ca i cu Gi#i!e1 t.t ce a G#tG!#it>% Aici ut se erigat e*te +r.+.6iHe circu *ta#Hia!= ;i#a!=1 claviculis sui e*te c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! i#*tru e#ta!1 0uasi manibus e*te c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! 4e .41 0uid0uid est nacta G#!.cuiete +e id 0uod est nacta, G# care id e*te c. +!e e#tu! 4irect a! !ui complectitur, iar 0uod est nacta e*te atri"uti5= !a id! Nu e!e +re4icati5 *e aa6= 4e ."icei G#ai#tea 5er"u!ui auIi!iar1 4ar *e +.ate ae6a i G# ur a !uiK 3on deni0ue $sec sedes $onoris mi$i un0uam 5acua mortit periculo "uit <G# *;Grit ace*t *cau# 4e ci#*te #@a ;.*t #ici.4at= +e#tru i#e *cutit 4e +eric.!u! .rHii>% <Cic% In (at!, IE1 2>% @os non solum de vestro ac reipublicse, verum etiam de meo periculo estis solli#iti <E.i *G#teHi G#/riJ.raHi #u #u ai 4e +eric.!u! 5.*tru i 4e a! re+u"!icii1 4ar c8iar 4e a! eu>% <Cic% In (at!, II1 1>% G# 4e;i#iHii G#*= auIi!iaru! *e aa6= i e4iat 4u+= *u"iectK Amici ia est voluntatum, studiorum, sententiarum summa consensio <0riete#ia e*te ac.r4u! 4e*=5Grit G# acte1 *e#ti e#te1 /G#4uri>% <Cic% %e Amic, 15>% R$etorice e*t recte dicendi scientia <Ret.rica e*te tii#Ha "u#ei 5.r"iri>% <Aui#t%1 E1 1)1 5C>% Dar .r4i#ea ae6=rii c. +!e e#te!.r1 ar=tat= ai *u*1 #u e*te t.t4eau#a re*+ectat=1 c=ci *criit.ru! a4uce u#e.ri !G#/= 5er" c. +!e e#tu! care e*te ai i +.rta#t1 ai *trG#* !e/at 4e acHiu#ea 5er"u!uiK % (eesar, armis omnibus e& oppido traditis, in deditionem 1uessiones accepit, e&ercitum0ue in Bello&a#os ducit <C*e*ar1 ;ii#4 +re4ate t.ate ar e!e 4i# .ra1 a +ri it +e *ue*i.#i G# *u+u#ere i 4uce ar ata !a "e!.5aci>% <CaT*% A!.!, II1 1(>% A45er"u!1 G# /e#era!1 *e aa6= G#ai#tea cu5G#tu!ui a! c=rui G#He!e* G! != urete K Gui 4iuti**i e impuberes permanserunt, ma&imam inter suos "erunt laudem <Cei care au r= a* ;!=c=i & ;eci.ri & ;.arte u!t= 5re e1 *e "ucur= 4e ;.arte are !au4= G#tre ai !.r>% <C*e*% A!.!, EI1 21>% @ideo duas ad0u# esse senten ios <E=4 c= +G#= acu *G#t 4.u= +=reri & +r.+u#eri>% <Cic% In! (at!, IE1 ,>% U#e!e a45er"e *e aa6= G# ur a cu5G#tu!ui +e care G! != ure*c1 i G# 4e.*e"i certe, "ere, psene, post' /agistratus ac principes in annos singulos gentibus 0uantum visum est agri attribuunt at0ue anno post alio transire cogunt <Ma/i*traHii i ;ru#taii re+arti6ea6= +e ;iecare a# ;a i!ii!.r cGt += G#t au /=*it cu ca!e i cu u# a# G# ur = & 4u+= u# a# & Gi ."!i/= *= treac= G# a!t !.c>% <C*e*% A!.!, EI1 22>%
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Ac iuit antea tempus, cum .ermanos .alii virtute superarent % <Cae*% A!.!, EI1 2C>% Guidem *e aa6= t.t4eau#a G# ur a cu5G#tu!ui a! c=rui *e#* G! G#t=reteK 3uper -ui4e 1 ut scitis, me ad regiam peene con"ecit <De curG#4 c8iar1 4u+= cu tiHi1 +e i#e a+r.a+e c= @a +r=+=4it !G#/= *e4iu! are!ui +.#ti;ice>% <Cic% Pro! /ii, (,>% 0re+.6iHia *e aa6= G#ai#tea cu5G#tu!ui a! c=rui ca6 G! c.#4uceK i#ter se <G#tre ei> M a" A0uitanis dividit <4e*+arte 4e ac5ita#i> <C*e*% A!.!, I1 1>M a4 e""eminandos animos <!a .!eirea *u;!ete!.r > <C*e*% A!.,! I1 1>% 0re+.6iHia cum, cG#4 e*te G +reu#= cu u# +r.#u e +er*.#a!1 cu +r.#u e!e re;!eIi5 i cu +r.#u e!e re!ati5 0ui, *e aa6= G# ur a +r.#u e!ui1 ;=cG#4 c.r+ c. u# cu e!K ecu 1 tecu 1 *ecu 1 #."i*cu 1 5."i*cu 1 -u.cu 1 -ui"u*cu % i +re+.6iHii!e tenus i versus *e aa6= G# ur =1 4ar #u *e u#e*c cu cu5G#tu! 4i#ai#tea !.r K Hstia tenus <+G#= !a '*tia>1 cu a"!ati5u!M aurium te#u* <+G#= !a urec8i>1 cu /e#iti5u!M navigare Italiam 5er*u* <a #a5i/a *+re Ita!ia>% CG#4 *u"*ta#ti5u! G#ai#tea c=ruia e*te ae6at= +re+.6iHia are 4eter i#=ri1 *e +.ate ca +re+.6iHia & ai a!e* cea .#.*i!a"ic=1 i 4ac= 4eter i#area e*te u# *i#/ur a4Jecti5 & *= *e ae6e G#tre 4eter i#a#t i 4eter i#at K sepulta i# patria <G# +atria G# .r G#tat=>1 $ac i# urbe <G# ace*t .ra>1 magna eI parte <G# are +arte>1 0uanto cu periculo <Cae*% A!.!, I1 1,> <cu ce are +eric.!>1 multis 4e causis <4i# u!te .ti5e>% G# .4 ."i#uit G#*= 4eter i#=ri!e *e aa6= G#tre +re+.6iHie i *u"*ta#ti5 K ad 8uiu* cri i#i* de"ensionem <+e#tru a+=rarea 4e acea*t= G#5i#uire> <Cic% Pro /T!, 9>M in ta#ti *ce!eri* immanitate <G# /r.6=5ia u#ei cri e aa 4e ari> <Cic% In (at!, IE1 11>M in +atriae ci5iu -ue pernicie <G# +ri eJ4ia +atriei i a cet=He#i!.r>M in acer"i**i .ru 8.*ti# numero <G# #u =ru! 4u a#i!.r ce!.r ai cru6i>% <Cic% In (at, IE1 15>% C.#Ju#cHii!e c..r4.#at.are *e aa6= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei +e care . !ea/= 4e cea 4i#ai#te1 ;ie c= acea +r.+.6iHie *e /=*ete G# c.r+u! ;ra6ei1 ;ie c= e*te !a G#ce+utu! ;ra6ei1 ;=cG#4u@*e a*t;e! !e/=tura cu i4eea a#teri.ar=% CGte5a 4i#tre ace*te c.#Ju#cHii #u *e aa6= !a G#ce+ut1 ci 4u+= u#u! *au 4.u= cu5i#te i a#u e K autem, vero, enim! Guo0ue *e aa6= t.t4eau#a i e4iat 4u+= cu5G#tu! +e care1 !e/G#4u@1 4e ce!e 4i#ai#te1 G! i acce#tuea6=% )amen *e aa6= 4e +re;eri#H= !a G#ce+ut1 G# ti + ce igitur ai rar e*te ae6at !a G#ce+utM ergo rare.ri e*te ae6at 4u+= +ri u! cu5G#t1 4e ."icei e*te !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei% E#c!itica -0ue i e#c!itica -ve *e aa6= t.t4eau#a 4u+= cu5G#tu! +e care@1 !ea/=1 ;=cG#4 c.r+ cu e!% C.#Ju#cHii!e *u".r4.#at.are *e aa6= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei +e care . !ea/= 4e re/e#t=% U#e.ri G#*= *e G#tG +!= ca1 G# a;ar= 4e c.#Ju#cHie1 +r.+.6iHia *u".r4.#at= *= ;ie !e/at= i +ri#tr@u# +r.#u e re!ati5 cu *e#* 4e +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5% G# ace*t ca6 +r.#u e!e re!ati5 trece G# +ri u! rG#41 iar c.#Ju#cHia G! ur ea6= K Au*e cu ita sint, perge 0uo ccepisti <CG#4 ace*tea *G#t a*t;e!1 c.#ti#u= & er/i & G#c.tr. ai G#ce+ut>% <Cic% In (at!, I1 1)>% 0r.#u e!e re!ati5e i t.ate cu5i#te!e i#ter./ati5e <+r.#u e1 a45er"e1 +articu!e> *e aa6= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei% 0articu!a i#ter./ati5= e#c!itic= -ne *e aa6= t.t4eau#a 4u+= +ri u! cu5G#t 4i# +r.+.6iHie1 ;=cG#4 c.r+ cu e!% G# !i "a !ati#=1 5.cati5u! #u *e aa6= #ici.4at= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei1 ci 4u+= u#u! *au ai u!te cu5i#te K K?M
Est igitur $sec, iu4ice*1 non scripta, sed nata le& <EIi*t= 4eci1 Ju4ec=t.ri1 acea*t= !e/e #u *cri*=1 ci G##=*cut=>% <Cic% Pro /T!, 1)>% Guare, +atre* c.#*cri+ti1 consulite vobis, prospicite patrim <De aceea1 *e#at.ri1 +re.cu+aHi@5= 4e 5.i1 +urtaHi /riJa +atriei>% <Cic% In (at!, IE1 (>% Eer"u! in0uam #u *e aa6= G#ai#tea 5.r"irii cui5a1 ci 4u+= u#u! *au ai u!te cu5i#te K Est vero, i#-ua 1 notum 0uidem signum, imago aci tui <E*te G#*=P +ecetia1 6ic eu1 "i#e cu#.*cut=1 c8i+u! *tr= .u!ui t=u>% <Cic% In (at!, III% 1)>% Re"er, in2uis% ad senatum <Ra+.rtea6= *e#atu!ui1 *+ui tu> <Cic% In (at!, I1 2)>% /i$i $er%9 in2uit (otta, videtur <Mie G#*=1 6i*e C.tta1 G i +are % % %>% <Cic% %e 3at! %eor!, I1 1,>% II% 'r4i#ea i#5er*= 'r4i#ea #.r a!= a cu5i#te!.r G# eI+ri area /G#4irii e*te cea +e care . 4ictea6= cu/etarea rece1 !./ica i#Hii #.a*tre% Dar c8iar G# *tu4ierea .r4i#ei #.r a!e a 5=6ut c= ea +ri ete ace*t #u e +e "a6a +ri#ci+iu!ui /e#era! c= /ru+a *u"iectu!ui e*te ae6at= !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei1 iar /ru+a +re4icatu!ui !a *;Grit% I# a =#u#t G#*= G# ;iecare /ru+= *e +.t +etrece . *erie 4e .4i;ic=ri1 ae6G#4u@*e1 *+re +i!4=1 atri"utu! a4Jecti5a!1 ca i ce! *u"*ta#ti5a! *au G#ai#tea *au G# ur a 4eter i#atu!ui1 i c8iar ce! *u"*ta#ti5a! G#tre atri"utu! a4Jecti5a! i 4eter i#at1 +utG#4u@*e ae6a c. +!e e#te!e i G# a!t= .r4i#e 4ecGt cea #.r a!=% 0ri# t.ate ace*te .4i;ic=ri G# c.r+u! ace!eeai /ru+e *e crea6= . +.*i"i!itate ai !ar/= 4e #ua#Hare% Dar +r.+.6iHii!e cu .r4i#e #.r a!= #u *G#t ce!e ai #u er.a*e G# eI+ri area /G#4irii1 c=ci *criit.rii #@ au ;.*t Hi#uHi #u ai !a eI+ri area !./ic=1 ci 4e ;.arte u!te .ri *u;!etu! *criit.ru!ui *au a! .rat.ru!ui a ;.*t 4. i#at 4e *e#ti e#t1 care 1@a ;=cut *= r=*t.ar#e .r4i#ea +=rHi!.r +r.+.6iHiei i *= +u#= !a G#ce+ut /ru+a +re4icatu!ui *au ce! +uHi# . +arte 4i# /ru+a +re4icatu!ui% A*t;e!1 G# !.c *= 6ic= @estra erga me voluntas est mi$i iucunda, *au iucunda mi$i est <Bu#=5.i#Ha 5.a*tr= ;aH= 4e i#e G i e*te +!=cut=>1 a 6i* Est mi$i iucunda vestra erga me voluntas <Cic% In (at!, IE1 1>% I# +ri a ;.r =1 care era .r4i#ea #.r a!= cu /ru+a *u"iectu!ui !a G#ce+ut1 *e +u#ea acce#tu! +e /ru+a *u"iectu!ui1 a4ic= +e "u#=5.i#Ha a#i;e*tat= 4e *e#at.ri ;aH= 4e *ituaHia cu care a5ea 4e !u+tat Cicer.% G# a 4.ua ;.r = *e *c.ate G# re!ie; +!=cerea are +e care . +r.4u*e*e G# *u;!etu! 5.r"it.ru!ui atitu4i#ea ace!.ra% 0ri# acea*t= eI+ri are1 care cu+ri#4e G# ea i u# ;e! 4e recu#.ti#H=1 cei c=r.ra *e a4re*ea6= *G#t ai G#cG#taHi au6i#4 re6u!tatu! ;ru .* a! /e*tu!ui !.r% T.t aa G# ;ra6a Amici ia enim est ni$il aliud nisi omnium divinarum $umanarum0ue rerum cum benevolentia et caritate consensio <C=ci a iciHia #u e*te #i ic a!tce5a 4ecGt ac.r4u! G# t.ate !ucruri!e 4i5i#e i . e#eti G +reu#at cu "u#=5.i#H= i 4ra/.*te> a5e . 4e;i#iHie rece1 tii#Hi;ic= a a iciHiei% G# ;.r a G#*=1 G# care . +re6i#t= Cicer. K Est enim amici ia ni$il aliud nisi omnium divinarum $umanarum0ue rerum cum benevolentia et caritate consensio, <Cic% %e Amic, 2)> G# care ;ace . ;.arte ic= *c8i "are1 4ar +u#e 5er"u! !a G#ce+ut1 atra/e u!t ai u!t ate#Hia i tre6ete u!t ai u!t i#tere* +e#tru aceeai 4e;i#iHie1 acce#tuG#4u@*e cu5i#te!e est i ni$il aliud' C=ci #i ic a!tce5a #u e*te a iciHia 4ecGt ac.r4u!% % %1 ceea ce #u e*te #u ai
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'P 4e;i#iHie a a iciHiei1 ci +reci6area u#ui a#u it +u#ct 4e 5e4ere G# G#He!e*u! 4at a iciHiei% Acea*t= .r4i#e cu ae6area /ru+ei +re4icatu!ui !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei ci care re+re6i#t= . r=*tur#are a .r4i#ei #.r a!e1 *e #u ete o"dine in&e"s% i# .r/a#i6area c=reia i#tr=1 cu a 5=6ut1 !atura *e#ti e#ta!=1 !atura a;ecti5= a *u;!etu!ui *criit.ru!ui *au .rat.ru!uiM 4e aceea . +ute #u i i ordinea a"ectiv! Ceea ce *e ur =rete G# ae6area +=rHi!.r +r.+.6iHiei +e#tru eI+ri area u#ei /i#4iriM e*te *c.aterea G# re!ie; a +=rHi!.r ai i +.rta#te% 7G#t u!te iJ!.ace!e +e care *criit.ru! *au 5.r"it.ru! !e ;.!.*ete +e#tru ati#/erea1 ace*tui *c.+% Cit= cGte5aK a> Ae+area la #nceputul propo+i iei a +=rHii +e care 5re *@. *c.ate G# re!ie;% G# acea*t= +ri5i#H= a a5ut ai *u* +r.+.6iHia Est mi$i iucunda vestra erga me voluntas, +recu i +r.+.6iHia Est enim amici ia ni$il aliud nisi omnium divinarum $umanarum0ue rerum consensio, a c=r.r ca+acitate 4e #ua#Hare +articu!ar= *@a != urit !a !.cu! *=u% Cit= i +r.+.6iHia1 care1 +re6e#tat= G# .r4i#ea #.r a!=1 ar a5ea ;.r aK vis victa est vi *au vis vi victa est <;.rHa a ;.*t G#5i#*= +ri# ;.rH=>1 G# care eu5G#tu! acce#tuat e*te vis, a c=rui *.art= *e != urete +e#tru G +reJurarea 4e care e 5.r"a1 i a#u e c= a ;.*t G#5i#*=1 a4=u/G#4u@*e i iJ!.cu! +ri# care a ;.*t "iruit= K +ri# ;.rH=% Cicer. G#*=1 G#tr@u# !.c1 u#4e a a5ut i#te#Hia *= *c.at= G# re!ie; iJ!.cu! +ri# care a ;.*t "iruit= ;.rHa *au 5i.!e#Ha1 a r=*tur#at .r4i#ea #.r a!= i a 6i* K vi victa vis <+ri# ;.rH= a ;.*t G#5i#*= ;.rHa> <Cic% Pro /T!, ()>% E. 5e4ea ai 4e+arte c=1 G# ace!ai 4i*cur*1 5rG#4 *= re!ie;e6e . a!t= #ua#H= +ri# ace!eai cu5i#te1 .rat.ru! a ;.!.*it a!t= ae6are a !.r% G# ;.r a vi victa vis *e 5e4e "i#e i#te#Hia !ui Cicer. 4e a +u#e acce#tu! +e F +ri# ;.rH= X K "> %espr irea elementelor, care ;.r ea6= /ru+ *i#tactic1 +ri# a!te!e1 care ;.r ea6= a!t /ru+ *i#tactic% Acea*ta c.#*tituie ;i/ura *ti!i*tic= #u it= $2perbaton! A*t;e!1 G# !.c 4e K Ego magnum "urorem in republica versari et nova 0usedam mala misceri et concitari iam pridem videbam <Eu G#c= 4e u!t 5e4ea c= G# tre"uri!e +u"!ice eIi*t= . are tu!"urare i c= *e ; r= G#t= i *e aHGH= u#e!e #e#.r.ciri #.i>1 *criit.ru! a +re;erat ;.r aK Ego a/#u in republica versari u"o"em et no&a 2usedam misceri et concitari mala iam pridem videbam <Cic% In (at!, IE1 9>% 0ri# 4e*+=rHirea atri"utu!ui a4Jecti5a! magnum 4e 4eter i#atu! *=u "urorem, cu care ;ace u# /ru+ *i#tactic & *u"iectu! c. +!eti5ei i#;i#iti5a!e & i i#tr.4ucerea G#tre e!e a +re4icatu!ui c. +!eti5ei i#;i#iti5a!e 6versari= i a c. +!e e#tu!ui circu *ta#Hia! 4e !.c a! *=u 6in republica=, *e 4= ai are 5a!.are +=rHi!.r 4e*+=rHite1 acce#tu! c=6G#4 +e magnum i +e "urorem, G# ti + ce in re publica versari r= G# cu acce#t *ecu#4ar% Ace!ai !ucru e*te i cu atri"ute!e a4Jecti5a!e nova 0usedam 4e*+=rHite 4e 4eter i#atu! !.r mala , *u"iectu! a 4.u= c. +!eti5e i#;i#iti5a!e & +ri# ce!e 4.u= +re4icate a!e c. +!eti5e!.r i#;i#iti5a!e M acea*t= 4e*+=rHire c.#tri"uie ca acce#tu! *= ca4= a*u+ra e!e e#te!.r 4e*+=rHite1 care G# ace*t c"i+ *G#t *c.a*e G# re!ie;% G# ace!ai .4 *G#t *c.a*e G# re!ie; +=rHi!e 4e*+=rHite ;=cG#4 *= ca4= acce#tu! +e e!e1 G# ;ra6e!eK Ineuntis eetatis inscitia senum regenda p"udentia est <Netii#Ha 5Gr*tei G#ce+=t.are tre"uie c=!=u6it= 4e cu i#He#ia "=trG#i!.r>% K?C
3on est ssepius in uno $omine summa salus periclitanda "eipubli#se 5Nu tre"uie +rea 4e* +ri eJ4uit= 5iaHa *tatu!ui +ri# ;a+ta u#ui *i#/ur . >% <CicJ In (at!, I1 11>% Paulus tantum in dsrarium pe#uniae inve&it, ut unius imperatoris prseda linem attulit t"ibuto"um <0au!u* a tra#*+.rtat atGHi "a#i G# te6auru! +u"!ic11 G#cGt +ri# +ra4a u#ui *i#/ur c. a#4a#t a +u* ca+=t i +.6ite!.r>% <Cic1 %e H""!, II1 221 ,9>% Ante selii setatem et )#ipionis <G#ai#te 4e ti +u! !ui LaT!iu* *i a! !ui 7ci+i.>% <Cic% )use!, IE1 (>% Guse populari gloria decorri in *ucullo debuerunt, ea "ere sunt et !"se#is litteris celebrata et atinis <Ce!e ce a tre"uit *= ;ie G +.4."ite cu /!.ria +.+u!ar= !a Lucu!!u*1 ca ace!ea *G#t +rea =rite i G# !iteratura /reac= i G# cea !ati#=>% <Cic% Acad!, II1 2>% c> Ae+area la s"lrit, c$iar dup cerb, a pr ii pe care autorul vrea s o scoat #n relie"! I# +r.+.6iHia K %e $is eandem "ere, 0uam reli0use gentes, $abent opinionem <De*+re acetia au ca aceeai +=rere &@ cre4i#H= & +e care . au i ce!e!a!te #ea uri>1 Cee*ar 5rea *= #.te6e cre4i#Ha 6opinionem= +e care /a!ii . a5eau 4e*+re a#u iHi 6ei i t.c ai +e ace*t cu5G#t1 4u+= ce@1 i#4ica*e +ri# atri"utu! *=u eandem G#c= 4e !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei1 G! aa6= c8iar G# ur a 5er"u!ui% Citi#4 +r.+.6iHia G#*=1 ."*er5= c= acce#tu!1 care *e a#u#Ha*e ri4icat +e eandem "ere Gi /=*ete c.re*+.#4e#H= t.c ai !a *;Grit +e $abent opinionem, G# ti + ce +e*te cu5i#te!e ae6ate G#tre e!e *e trece cu . acce#tuare *!a"=% <CaM*% A!.!, EI1 1,>% 7au K Guocum0ue mentes vestrse inclinant at0ue sententiaB 5n .rice +arte G#c!i#= cu/ete!e i 8.t=rGri!e 5.a*tre> <Cic% In (at!, IE1 9>1 G# care sententise, care e*te !e/at +ri# at0ue 4e mentes vestree, e*te ae6at !a *;Grit1 4u+= 5er"% De a*e e#ea G# +r.+.6iHia 0ui summam inter eos $abent au#to"itatem <Care au . ;.arte are aut.ritate G#tre aceia> <CaT*% A!.!, EI1 1(>1 cu5G#tu! auctoritatem e*te ce! i +.rta#t a! +r.+.6iHiei i Cae*ar a /=*it cu ca!e *=@1 *c.at= G# re!ie;1 ae6G#4u@1 !a *;Gritu! +r.+.6iHiei1 c8iar 4u+= 5er"1 4ei ;u*e*e a#u#Hat G#c= 4e !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei +ri# atri"utu! *=u a4Jecti5a! summam! T.t aa G# +r.+.6iHia K Est igitur 0se#% iudices, non scripta, sed nata le4 <EIi*t= aa4ar1 Ju4ec=t.ri1 acea*t= !e/e #u *cri*=1 ci G##=*cut=> <Cic% Pro /ii!, 1)>%P 4> 3otarea antite+elor! Acea*ta *e ;ace +ri# ae6area cu5i#te!.r1 care *tau G# .+.6iHie1 u#u! !a G#ce+utu! +r.+.6iHiei i a!tu! !a *;Grit1 c=ci1 4u+= cu a 5=6ut1 ace*tea *G#t ce!e 4.u= +.6iHii care 4au re!ie; +=rHi!.r +r.+.6iHieiK A a!i* mors abducit, non a bonis <De *u;eri#He #e 4e*+arte .artea1 #u 4e "ucurii> <Cic% )use, I1 (C>% Aici .+.6iHia e*te G#tre F r=u X i F "i#e R, G#tre F *u;eri#H= X i F "ucurie X% Aut.ru! a /=*it cu ca!e *= . re!ie;e6e +u#G#4 +e u#u! 4i#tre aceti ter e#i !a G#ce+utu!1 i +e ce!=!a!t !a *;Gritu! +r.+.6iHiei% Mil&o est 0uoddam bellum 0uasi naturale cum #o"&o <G#tre uliu i #o"b e*te u# r=6".i a+r.a+e #atura!> <Cic% %e 3at! %eorum, II1 125>% i aici ter e#ii G# .+.6iHie *G#t milvus i corvus, iar auto"ul a /=*it #i erit *= *c.at= G# re!ie; acea*t= a#tite6=1 +u#G#4 +e milvus la G#ce+ut i +e corvus !a *;Grit% A#tite6a *e ai +.ate #.ta i +ri# ae6area ce!.r 4.i te"meni unul !G#/= a!tu! *au G# cGt ai are a+r.+iere% E?9
Aa Cicer. *c.ate G# re!ie; ri5a!itatea 4i#tre C!.4iu* i Mi!.1 care *@a re6.!5at +ri# . .rGrea !ui C!.4iu*1 +e care G! +re6i#t= ca atacat.r1 ;.!.*i#4 cu5G#tu! vis !a 4.u= ca6uri 4e.*e"ite1 ae6ate u#u! !G#/= a!tu!K 1i tempus est ullum iure $ominis necandi, certe illud est non modo iustum, verum etiam necessarium, cum 5i 5i* illata de"enditur <Dac= e*te 5re. G +reJurare care *= G#4re+t=Hea*c= . .rGrea u#ui . 1 4e*i/ur aceea e*te #u #u ai G#4re+t=Hit=1 4ar c8iar #ece*ar=1 cG#4 5i.!e#Ha & ;.rHa & G#tre"ui#Hat= G# c.#tra cui5a e*te G#!=turat= +ri# 5i.!e#H=> <Cic% Pro /T!, 9>% Aici acce#tu! +uter#ic a! +r.+.6iHiei ca4e a*u+ra !ui vi, ur at1 4u+= . *curt= +au6=1 4e u# a!t acce#t +uter#ic a*u+ra !ui vis 6illata=! 0u#erea a!=turi a ace*t.r 4.u= cu5i#te1 care #.tea6= ;.rHe c.#trarii1 i +r.#u#Harea !.r acce#tuat=1 *e+arate +ri#tr@. *curt= +au6=1 +r.4uce +arc= . ci.c#ire G#tre e!e1 ceea ce i +re*i.#ea6= urec8ea au4it.ru!ui% 0ri# acea*t= a#tite6= ;.r u!ea6= Cicer. +ri#ci+iu! !e/iti ei a+=r=ri% I# a!t= ;ra6=1 /=*i G# ai u!te +r.+.6iHii ace!ai +r.ce4eu 4e a *c.ate G# re!ie; a#tite6a K (ur igitur victus est a /ilone (lodiusD Guia non semper &iato" a lat"one% nonnum0uam etiam lat"o a 5iat.re occiditur< 0uia 0uam0uam pa"atus in impa"atos (lodius, tamen mulie" inciderat in 5ir.* <Ei "i#e1 4e ce a ;.*t G#5i#* C!.4iu* 4e Mi!.T Fii#4c= #u t.t4eau#a c=!=t.ru! e*te . .rGt 4e tG!8ar1 u#e.ri c8iar tG!8aru! e*te . .rGt 4e c=!=t.r M ;ii#4c=1 4ei C!.4iu* +re/=tit ataca*e +e #ite #e+re/=tiHi1 cu t.ate ace*tea . ;e eie ataca*e +e #ite "=r"aHi> <Cic% Pro /T!, 55>% Aici Cicer. *ta"i!ete i acce#tuea6= .+.6iHia1 +u#G#4 a!=turi ter e#ii re*+ecti5i1 G#tre viator i latro, paratus i imparatus, mulier i vir! e> ($iasmul! Pro &ita 0ominis nisi 0ominis &ita reddatur, non posse deorum immortalium numen placri arbitrantur <Ei cre4 c=1 4ac= +e#tru . 5iat= 4e . #u *e 4= G# *c8i " 5iat= 4e . 1 +uterea 6ei!.r #e urit.ri #u +.ate ;i G "u#at=> <C*e*% A!.!, EI1$ 19>% Aici #.Hiu#ea +e care aut.ru! 5rea *= . *c.at= G# re!ie; e*te vita $ominis! Du+= cre4i#Ha /a!i!.r1 *+u#e C;;i*ar1 cG#4 u# . *e a;!a G# +ri eJ4ie 4e .arte1 #u +utea ;i r=*cu +=rat= 5iaHa ce!ui G# +ri eJ4ie1 4ecGt 4ac= *e .;erea .rHii . a!t= 5iaH= 4e . % Aut.ru!1 +e#tru a atra/e ate#Hia a*u+ra ace*tui *c8i " 4e 5ieHi1 a +u* eI+re*ia vita $ominis 4e 4.u= .ri1 re+re6e#@tG#4 +ri a +e cea care 5a ;i *a!5at=1 a 4.ua +e cea care 5a ;i Jert;it= M !e@a +u* a!=turate i !e@a ara#Jat aa ca G# +ri a *= ;ie G#tGi 4eter i#atu! i a+.i 4eter i#a#tu!1 iar G# a 4.ua *= ;ie G#tGi 4eter i#a#tu! i a+.i 4eter i#atu!% 0ri# acea*t= ara#Jare G# +ri a eI+re*ie *e acce#tuea6= vita, iar G# a 4.ua $ominis, #.tG#4u@*e a*t;e! ;a+tu! /r.6a5 +e#tru u# . ci5i!i6at c= om tre"uia Jert;it% A*t;e!1 +ri# +u#erea a!=turi a ce!.r 4.u= eI+re*ii i +ri# ara#Jarea !.r G# ;e!u! ar=tat ai *u*1 +.6iHii!e e!e e#te!.r c. +.#e#te au +er i* *criit.ru!ui *= #.te6e +ri#tr@. ;.r u!are ;.arte c.#ci*= t.at= /r.6=5ia ;a+tu!ui% Ace*t *i*te 4e ara#Jare a /ru+e!.r *i i!are i a+r.+iate c.#*tituie ;i/ura *ti!i*tic= #u it= c$iasmus, c=ci1 4ac= *crie u#a *u" a!ta ce!e 4.u= eI+re*ii i u#i +ri# cGte . !i#ie +=rHi!e cu ace!ai r.! & 4eter i#a#t1 4eter i#at & ."Hi#e *e #u! Z1 care G# /recete e*te !itera #u it= $i' 5ita 8. i#i* 8. i#i* 5ita K>?
7= ur =ri acu a+!icarea ace*t.r +ri#ci+ii% I# +r.+.6iHiaK (atilinam, orbem terras caede at0ue incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules per"eremusD .rat.ru! a +u* !a G#ce+ut #u e!e +er*.#aJu!ui !a care *e ra+.rta G#tre/u! *=u 4i*cur*1 4eci +e ace*ta ca4e acce#tu! +ri#ci+a!M ur ea6= a+.i u# 4eter i#a#t a! ace*tuia 6cupientem=, care are i e! . c. +!i#ire 6vastare=, care !a rG#4u! *=u are ai u!te c. +!i#iri 6orbem terrse csede at0ue incendiis=< *e G#c8eie cu *u"iectu! i +re4icatu! K <0e Gati!i#a1 care 4.rete ;ier"i#te *= +u*tiia*c= /!."u! += G#te*c +ri# =ce! i ;.c1 #.i c.#*u!ii G! 5. r="4a .areT>% <Gic% In (at!, I1 (>% 0ri# .r4i#ea +u*= G# cu5i#te1 .r4i#e care #e ."!i/= *= +u#e u# acce#t +uter#ic a*u+ra cu5G#tu!ui (atilinam, a+.i a*u+ra !ui orbem 6terrse= i a*u+ra lui V6 vastare= cupientem, i !a *;Grit trei acce#te *aca4ate a*u+ra cu5i#te!.r1 iar=i ;.arte i +.rta#te1 nos consules per"eremusD, aut.ru! reuete *=@i #ua#He6e /G#4irea1 +re6e#tG#4 i +e er.u cu t.at= /r.6=5ia +!a#uri!.r !ui1 i G#4at.rirea ce i#cu "= c.#*u!i!.r M i acea*ta1 #u ai G#tr@. +r.+.6iHie c8i"6uit .r/a#i6at=% 7= eIa i#= i . /G#4ire ai "./at eI+ri at= K Rempublicam, Guirites, vitam0ue omnium vestrum, bona, "ortunas, coniuges liberos0ue vestros, at0ue $oc domicilium clarissimi imperii, "ortunatissimam pulc$errimam0ue urbem, $odierno die, deorum immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus, consiliis periculis0ue meis, e "lamma at0ue "erro ac psene e& "aucibus "ati ereptam et vobis conservatam ac restitutam videtis <Cet=He#i1 re+u"!ica i 5iaHa 5.a*tr= a tutur.r1 "u#uri!e1 a5eri!e1 *.Hii!e i c.+iii 5.tri1 i acea*t= ca+ita!= a ce!ei ai *tr=!ucite *t=+G#iri1 ce! ai "./at i ce! ai ;ru .* .ra1 a*t=6i1 +ri#P +rea area 4ra/.*te a 6ei!.r #e urit.ri ;aH= 4e 5.i1 +ri# .*te#e!i!e1 c8i"6ui#H= i +eric.!e!e e!e1 !e 5e4eHi * u!*e 4i# ;!=c=ri *i 4i# *a"ie i a+r.a+e 4i# /8iare!e .rHii *i *a!5ate *i re4ate 5.u=>% <Cic% In (at!, III1 1>% Aici /=*i !a G#ce+ut . *erie 4e c. +!e e#te 4irecte1 +ri u! ;ii#4 rempublicam, care e*te ce! ai i +.rta#t1 i 4e care e*te !e/at vitam omnium vestrum, aa G#cGt *G#t +re6e#tate ca i cu ar ;ace . u#itate G +reu#= & ceea ce era . rea!itate1 c=ci 5iaHa *tatu!ui *e c.#;u#4= cu 5iaHa cet=He#i!.r & M ace*tea *G#t ur ate 4e 4.u= c. +!e e#te 4irecte 6bona, "ortunas=, care re+re6i#t= +artea ateria!= a 5ieHiiM a+.i 4e a!te 4.u= care ;ac /ru+ +ri# c.#Ju#cHia care !e !ea/= 6coniuges liberos0ue vestros= i care re+re6i#t= +artea 4ui.a*= a 5ieHii cet=He#i!.r1 i *e G#c8eie cu urbem, c=reia i *e 4= . 4e.*e"it= i +.rta#H= +ri# ca!i;icati5e!e +e care i !e ac.r4= 6domicilium clarissimi imperii, "ortunatissimam pulc$errimam0ue=, +recu i +ri# !.cu! u!ti G#tre c. +!e e#te!e 4irecte% Ur ea6= . *erie 4e c. +!e e#te circu *ta#Hia!e1 4i#tre care u#u! 4e ti + 6$odierno die=, *i#/ur 4i# cate/.ria *a1 G#;=Hiea6= +arc= u# +.+a* 4u+= iru! !u#/ a! c. +!e e#te!.r 4irecte1 a+.i u#u! i#*tru e#ta! a*u+ra c=ruia *e +u#e .arecare i#*i*te#H= +ri# 4eter i#=ri!e ce i *e ac.r4= 6deorum immortalium summo erga vos amore=, ur at 4e a!te trei c. +!e e#te i#*tru e#ta!e +re6e#tate ai ra+i4 6laboribus, consiliis periculis0ue meis=, c=ci era 5.r"a 4e +er*.a#a .rat.ru!ui1 a+.i trei c. +!e e#te circu *ta#Hia!e 4e !.c1 G#;=Hiate ai !ar/ +ri# c.#Ju#cHii!e c.+u!ati5e 4e ai are i @ +.rta#H=% T.c ai !a *;Grit /=*i acHiu#ea +r.+riu 6i*= 6ereptam, conservatam, restitutam=! K>>
0ri# rG#4uirea ai G#tGi a +=rHi!.r 4e +r.+.6iHie +e /ru+e1 +ri# .r4i#ea +e care a +u*@. G# ;iecare /ru+=1 +u#G#4u@!e G# re!ie; +e 4e . +arte +ri# !.cu! ac.r4at i +e 4e a!t= +arte +ri# 4eter i#=ri!e ac.r4ate1 aut.ru! a reuit *= 4ea ace*tei /G#4iri . 5ariaHie 4e i#t.#are care i +re*i.#ea6= +e au4it.r1 ceea ce 4e ;a+t a i ur =rit .rat.ru!% A*t;e!1 4u+= . acce#tuare care er/e cre*cG#4 4e !a rempublicam +G#= !a urbem, cu re!ie;area e!e e#te!.r c. +.#e#te ;ace u# *curt +.+a* !a $odierno die, a+.i . +re6e#tare ce5a ai !ar/= a !ui deorum au&ilio, 4u+= care +.r#ete G# rit ra+i4 +G#= !a acHiu#i1 u#4e *e .+rete i . eta!ea6= +e ;iecare G# +arte% Cu 5e4e 1 . "u#= i#uire a t.+icii 4= *criit.ru!ui +.*i"i!it=Hi *= re!ie;e6e t.ate #ua#He!e /G#4irii i *i Hirii *a!e cu u!t= =ie*trie% Dar +e#tru . "u#= G#uire a t.+icii aut.ru! ;ace u6 #u #u ai 4e .r4i#ea #.r a!= *au .r4i#e !./ic=1 ci i 4e cea i#5er*= *au +*i8.!./ic=1 G# care 4. i#= !atura a;ecti5=%
'RDINEA 0R'0'YIIIL'R UN FRAY

'um ea ibi Romani *e"unt% Anlemnatium e&ercitus $ostiliter in "ines Romanos incursionem "acit <0e cG#4 r. a#ii *=5Greau ace!ea ac.!.1 ar ata a#te #aHi!.r ;ace . #=5a!= 4u =#.a*a +e terit.riu! r. a#>% <T% Li5% I1 11>% 7i te inter"ici iusse"o% residebit in re publica reli0ua coniuratorum manus <Dac= 5.i ;i +.ru#cit ca tu *= ;ii . .rGt1 5a r= G#e G# *tat cea!a!t= ceat= a c.#*+irat.ri!.r>% <Cic% In (at!, I1 12>% @uia natura mutri non +.te*t1 idcirco veree amicitiee sempiternge sunt <Fii#4c= ;irea #u *e +.ate *c8i "a1 4e aceea a4e5=rate!e +riete#ii *G#t +er+etui>% <Cic% %e Amic!, (2>% Ut sementem Geceri*1 ita metes <Cu 5ei ;i ;=cut *e =#=tura1 aa &ei *ecera>% <Cic% %e Hrat!, II% 95>% Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda voluntas <Dei !i+*e*c +uteri!e1 cu t.ate ace*tea tre"uie !=u4at= 5.i#Ha>% Nersilia, precibus raptarum "atigata, orat ut parentibus earum det veniam et in civitatem a##ipiat <Ber*i!ia1 .".*it= 4e ru/= i#Hi!e ce!.r r=+ite1 cere ca *= ac.r4e iertare +=ri#Hi!.r ace!.ra i *=@i +ri ea*c= G# cetate>% <T% Li5% I1 11>% Regulus ad supplicium pro"ectus est, ut "idem $osti datam #onse"&a"et <Re/u!u* a +!ecat !a t.rtur=1 ca *= re*+ecte cu5G#tu! 4at 4u a#u!ui>% Ipsa virtus ita beatam citam e""icit, ut beatior esse non possit <Eirtutea *i#/ur= ;ace 5iaHa aa 4e ;ericit=1 c= ai ;ericit= #u +.ate ;i>% Rsec templi est origo, 2uod primum omnium Rom& sacratum est <Acea*ta e*te .ri/i#ea te +!u!ui1 care a ;.*t *;i#Hit ce! 4i#tGi 4i#tre t.ate !a R. a>% <T% Li5% I1 1)>% G# a!c=tuirea ;ra6ei1 *criit.ru! !ati# Hi#ea *ea = 4e a#u ite #.r e care *ta"i!eau u# ;e! 4e .r4i#e #.r a!=1 i a#u e erau +r.+.6iHii *u".r4.#ate care *e ae6au G#ai#tea +ri#ci+a!ei i a!te!e care 5e#eau G# ur a ei% A*t;e!1 +r.+.6iHia te +.ra!= 6dum ea ibi Romani gerunt=, cea cau6a!= 60uia natura mutri non potest=, cea c.#ce*i5= 6ut desint cire=, cea c.#4iHi.#a!= 6si te inter"ici iussero=, cea c. +arati5= 6ut sementem "eceris= *G#t ae6ate 4e ."icei G#ai#tea re/e#te!.r !.r M iar +r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= 6ut det, ut accipiat=, +r.+.6iHia ;i#a!= 6ut conservaret=, +r.+.6iHia c.#*ecuti5= 6ut beatior essenon possit= .cu+= !.c 4u+= +r.+.6iHia re/e#t= M +r.+.6iHia care G#ce+e cu +r.#u e *au a45er" re!ati51 ;ie c= e*te atri"uti5= *au e*te u#a 4i#tre circu *ta#Hia!e1 *e aa6= G# ur a cu5G#tu!ui !a care *e re;er= +r.#u e!e re!ati5 60uod primum omnium Romse sacratum est=! K>K
Dar 4u+= cu G# .r/a#i6area +r.+.6iHiei .r4i#ea #.r a!= +utea ;i r=*tur#at= 4i# a#u ite ceri#He a!e eI+ri =rii /G#4irii1 t.t aa *e G#tG +!= i G# .r/a#i6area ;ra6ei1 i +ute G#tG!#i . +r.+.6iHie !e/at= +ri# +r.#u e re!ati51 ae6at= G#ai#tea cu5G#tu!ui !a care *e re;er=1 cu a5e G# K et 0uos "erro tm-cidari oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero <Cic% In! (at!, I1 9>M *au /=*i . +r.+.6iHie c. +arati5= ae6at= G# ur a re/e#tei K et vives ita, ut 5i5i* <Cic% In (at!, I1 9>1 .ri . +r.+.6iHie cau6a!= ae6at= G# ur a re/e#teiK /agna dis immortalibus $abenda est gratia, 2uod $anc tam in"estam reipublicse pestem totiens iam e..n*imus <Mare recu#.ti#H= tre"uie *= a5e ;aH= 4e 6eii #e urit.ri1 ;ii#4c= 4e atGtea .ri a *c=+at 4e acea*t= #e#.r.cire aa 4e +ericu!.a*= +e#tru *tat>% <Cic% In (at!, I1 11>% 0ri#ci+ii!e care c=!=u6e*c G# r=*tur#area .r4i#ei #.r a!e G# a!c=tuirea ;ra6ei1 i G# *ta"i!irea u#ei #.i .r4i#e1 +e care . #u i .r4i#ea .rat.ric=1 *G#t 4.u= K importan a i armonia! G#t.c ai cu !a a!c=tuirea +r.+.6iHiei1 i +.rta#Ha ce *e ac.r4a u#ei +=rHi 4e +r.+.6iHie *e a#i;e*ta1 G# 4e.*e"i1 +ri# ae6area ei !a G#ce+utu! *au !a *;Gritu! +r.+.6iHiei1 t.t aa G# a!c=tuirea ;ra6ei1 +r.+.6iHia1 c=reia *criit.ru! Gi ac.r4a ai u!t= i +.rta#H=1 era ae6at= !a G#ce+utu! *au !a *;Gritu! ;ra6ei K 3E.# e#i ia i#ter !atera #.*tra *icca i!!a 5er*a"iturM non in campo, non in "oro, non in curia, non deni0ue inter domesticos parietes pertimescemus <C=ci #u *e 5a ai a;!a G#tre c.a*te!e #.a*tre +u #a!u! ace!a M #u #e 5. te e #ici G# cG +u! !ui Marte1 #ici G# ;.r1 #ici G# *a!a *e#atu!ui1 #ici G# *;Grit G#tre +ereHii ca*ei>% <Cic% In (at!, II1 1%> Nosce ego $omines e&cipio et secerno libenter, ne0ue in improborum civium, sedin acer"i**i .ru#i 8.*tiu #u er. 8a"e#4.* +ut. <0e aceti .a e#i eu "ucur.* Gi 4au !a . +arte i Gi *e+ar i *.c.te*c c= #u tre"uie c.#*i4eraHi G# #u =ru! cet=He#i!.r #eci#*tiHi1 ci G# a! ce!.r ai cru#Hi 4u a#i>% <Cic% In (at!, IE1 15>% Iar cG#4 5rea *= #.te6e ra+.rtu! 4e .+.6iHie 4i#tre 4.u= i4ei1 !e G#tru#ete G# aceeai ;ra6= i +u#e !a G#ce+utu! ;ra6ei +artea i +.rta#t= a u#eia i !a *;Gritu! ;ra6ei +artea i +.rta#t= a ce!ei!a!te K Cau*a e*t e#i +.*t ur"e c.#4ita 8aec i#5e#ta *.!a1 in 0ua omnes sentirent unum at0ue idem, pr&ter eos, 0ui, cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cu . #i"u* +.tiu* -ua *.!i +erire 5.!ueru#t <C=ci 4e !a G#te eierea R. ei acea*t= c8e*tiu#e a ;.*t /=*it= *i#/ura1 G# care t.Hi *= *i t= u#u! i ace!ai !ucru1 a;ar= 4e acei care1 ;ii#4c= 5e4eau c= ei tre"uie *= +iar=1 au 5rut *= +iar= ai 4e /ra"= cu t.Hi 4ecGt ei *i#/uri>% <Cic% In (at!, IE1 1C>% A!te.ri1 +e#tru a *c.ate G# re!ie; i4eea u#ei +r.+.6iHii1 Gi *e+ar= +=rHi!e i#tr.4ucG#4 G#tre e!e . a!t= +r.+.6iHie1 G# *+ecia! cG#4 au ace!ai *u"iect *au ace!ai c. +!e e#t 4irectK 3am ita mi$i salva republica vobiscum per"rui liceat, ut e*o% 2uoda in $ac causa ve:ementior sum% non atrocitate animi mo&eo"% sed singulari 0uadam $umanitate et misericordia <C=ci aa *= a eu +arte *= = "ucur G +reu#= cu 5.i 4e re+u"!ica *a!5at=1 cu eu1 ;ii#4c= *G#t ca a+ri/ G# acea*t= c8e*@ tiu#e1 #u *G#t G#at 4e cru6i e *u;!etea*c=1 ci 4e . 4e.*e"it= . e#ie i c. +=ti ire>% <Cic% In (at!, IE1 11>% Aici G# +r.+.6iHia c. +arati5= ut ego non moveor e*te i#tr.4u*= +r.+.6iHia cau6a!= 0uod ve:ementior sum, a5G#4 ace!ai *u"iect% K>L
3on ;i. Gracc8u*1 2uod iterum tribunus plebis "ieri &omit% non C. !"ae-e0us% 2uod agrarios concitare #onatus est% non . )atu"ninus% 2uod <. /emmium o##idit% in discrimen ali0uod at0ue in vestrse severitatis iudicium addu#itu" <Nu e*te a4u* G# 5re. +ri eJ4ie i G# Ju4ecata *e5erit=Hii 5.a*tre #ici Ti"eriu* Gracc8u*1 ;ii#4c= a 5rut *= *e ;ac= +e#tru a 4.ua .ar= t"ibun a! +.+.ru!ui1 #ici C% Gracc8u*1 ;ii#4c= a G#cercat *= aHGHe +e +arti6a#ii 4i*tri"uirii 4e += G#turi1 #ici L% 7atur#i#u*1 ;ii#4c= a . .rGt +e C% Me iu*>1 <Cic% In (at!, IE1 C>% Aici a5e trei +r.+.6iHii +ri#ci+a!e1 care au ca *u"iecte +e )i! .racc$us, +e (! .racc$us, +e *! 1aturninus, iar ca +re4icat +e adducitur, +u* !a *;Grit i ac.r4at cu u!ti u! *u"iect% Fiecare +r.+.6iHie are *u"iectu! 4e*+=rHit 4e +re4icat +ri# cGte . cau6a!=1 *c.HG#4u@*e a*t;e! G# re!ie; ce!e trei *u"iecte a!e +r.+.6iHii!.r +ri#ci+a!e% Acea*t= i#tr.4ucere a u#ei +r.+.6iHii G# c.r+u! a!tei +r.+.6iHii1 ca i i#tr.4ucerea G#tre +=rHi!e u#ui /ru+ *i#tactic 4i#tr@. +r.+.6iHie a u#ui a!t /ru+ *i#tactic c.#*tituie u# $2perbaton! A!te.ri1 4u+= ce +u#e G#tr@. +r.+.6iHie1 *au G# ai u!te *ucce*i5e1 +=rHi!e 4e +r.+.6iHie G#tr@. a#u it= .r4i#e1 G# +r.+.6iHia *au +r.+.6iHii!e ur =t.are !e aa6= G# .r4i#e i#5er*= K Guare, patres conscripti, #onsulite vobis, p"ospi#ite patrise, c.#*er5ate cos, coniuges, liber os "ortunas0ue vestras, populi Romani nomen salutem0ue deendite% mi$i par cere ac de me cogitare desinite <De aceea1 *e#at.ri1 +re.@cu+aHi@5= 4e 5.i1 +urtaHi /riJ= 4e +atrie1 +=*traHi@5= +e 5.i1 *.Hii!e1 c.+iii i a5eri!e 5.a*tre1 a+=raHi #u e!e i 5iaHa +.+.ru!ui r. a#1 G#cetaHi 4e a = cruHa i 4e a 5= /G#4i !a i#e>% <Cic% In (at!, IE1 (>% Aici1 G# +ri e!e trei +r.+.6iHii a5e +re4icatu! +u* G#ai#te i c. +!e e#tu! ae6at 4u+= e! 6consulite vobis, prospicite patrise, conservate vos, coniuges, liberos "ortunas0ue vestras=< G# ce!e!a!te 4.u= *G#t +u*e c. +!e e#te!e !a G#ce+ut i +re4icatu! !a *;Grit 6populi Romani nomen salutem0ue de"endite, mi$i parcere ac de me cogitare desinite=! A*t;e!1 +ri# acce#tuarea +uter#ic= +e +re4icate1 ur at= 4e . acce#tuare ai *!a"= +e c. +!e e#te G# +ri e!e trei +r.+.6iHii1 i +ri# acce#tuarea *!a"= +e c. +!e e#t ur at= 4e . acce#tuare tare +e +re4icate G# u!ti e!e 4.u= +r.+.6iHii1 *e e5it= u#i;.r itatea +re6e#t=rii i4ei!.r i *e atra/e ate#Hia a*u+ra u!ti e!.r +r.+.6iHii +ri# 4i;ere#Ha 4e G#;=Hiare% Acea*t= i#5er*are a !.cu!ui1 +e care@1 .cu+= G# +r.+.6iHie +=rHi!e cu ace!ai r.!1 G# 4.u= +r.+.6iHii c.#*tituie ;i/ura *ti!i*tic= c$iasmus, 4e*+re care a 5.r"it !a t.+ica +r.+.6iHieiK c.#*er5ate vos, coniuges, liberos "ortunas0ue <5e*tra*> k\ <+.+u!i R. a#i> nomen salutem0ue deendite. Al 4.i!ea +ri#ci+iu 4e care *e Hi#ea *ea = G# .r/a#i6area ;ra6ei !ati#e era armonia! Acea*ta re6u!t= 4i# cu5i#te i a#u e K a= 7e +re;erau cu5i#te!e cu *.#.ritate +!=cut= urec8ii% b= 7e e5ita a!=turarea 4e cu5i#te G# care c.#*.a#e!e 4e !a *;GrituG u#uia *e /=*eau i !a G#ce+utu! ce!ui!a!tK mors scriptoris, ars scribendi, auda& lan-t$ippus "uit! K>F
c= 7e e5ita *ucce*iu#ea ai u!t.r cu5i#te cu ter i#aHii i4e#ticeK illorum, "ortissimorum imperatorum Romanorum! d= 7e c.#*i4era ca u# erit arti*tic ;.!.*irea1 ;=r= a"u61 a alitera iei a4ic= a *ucce*iu#ii ai u!t.r cu5i#te a c=r.r c.#*.a#= i#iHia!= e*te i4e#tic= K vi vicia vis! 7ucce*u! era i ai are 4ac= ace!ai cu5G#t *au cu5i#te cu aceeai r=4=ci#= erau ;.!.*ite cu 4i;erite r.!uri G# aceeai +r.+.6iHie K ad senem sene& de senectute scripsit <c=tre u# "=trG# a *cri* u# "=trG# 4e*+re "=trG#eHe>% <Cic% %e Amic!, 5>% Ar .#ia ai re6u!t= i 4i# arta cu care *G#t ara#Jate acce#te!e +r.+.6iHii!.r i a!e +=rHi!.r 4e +r.+.6iHii K Ego sum iile consul, patres conscripti, cui non .o"um% in 0uo omnis se0uitas continetur, non #ampus% consularibus auspiciis consecratus, non curia1 summum au&ilium omnium gentium, non domus% commune per"ugium, #.# le#tus% ad 0uietem datus, non 4e#i-uc 8aec *e4e* 0ono"is um0uam vacua mortis periculo at0ue insidiis "uit <Eu1 *e#at.ri1 *G#t c.#*u!u! +e#tru care #ici ;.ru!1 G# care *e /=*ete *+iritu! 4e 4re+tate1 #ici cG +u! !ui Marte1 *;i#Hit +ri# au*+icii!e c.#*u!are1 #ici *a!a *e#atu!ui1 ce! ai G#a!t *+riJi# a! tutur.r #ea uri!.r1 #ici ca*a1 !.cu! 4e retra/ere a! ;iec=ruia1 #ici +atu!1 4at +e#tru .4i8#=1 #ici G# *;Grit ace*t *cau# 4e ci#*te #u a ;.*t 5re.4at= *cutit 4e +eric.!u! .rHii i 4e cur*e>% <Cic% In (at!, IE1 2>% G# acea*t= ;ra6= acce#te!e +uter#ice care ca4 a*u+ra ce!.r a*e *u"iecte +r.4uc . i +re*ie i +!=cut= i +uter#ic= atGt +ri# a!ter#a#Ha !.r cu +=rHi!e ai *!a" acce#tuate ce ur ea6= 4u+= ;iecare1 cGt i +ri# /ra4aHia a*ce#4e#t= G# care *G#t ae6ate M iar +artea 4e !a *;Grit 6um0uam vacua mortis periculo at0ue insidiis "uit= c.#*tituie u# ;e! 4e 4e*c=rcare a e#er/iei acu u!ate cre*cG#4 +G#= !a u!ti u! *u"iect% 3une, si $une e&itum consulatus mei di immortales esse voluerunt, ut &os populum2ue Bomanum e& csede miserrima, #oniu*es libe"os2ue &est"os :i"*ines2ue :estales e& acerbissima ve&atione, templa at2ue delub"a% nane pul#0e""imam pat"iam omnium nostrum e& "cedissima "lamma, totam Italiam e& bello ac vastitate eriperem, 0ueecum0ue mi$i uni proponetur "ortuna, sube-atur! <Acu 1 4ac= 6eii #e urit.ri au 5rut ca ace*ta *= ;ie *;Gritu! c.#*u!atu!ui eu1 ca +e 5.i i +.+.ru! r. a# *= 5= * u!/ 4i# =ce!u! ce! ai #e#.r.cit1 +e *.Hii!e i c.+iii 5.tri i +e ;eci.are!e Ee*ta!e 4i# cea ai *=!"atec= *u;eri#H=1 te +!e!e i a!tare!e1 acea*t= +atrie ;.arte ;ru .a*= a #.a*tr= a tutur.r 4i# i#ce#4iu! ce! ai .4i.*1 G#trea/a Ita!ie 4i# r=6".i i +u*tiire1 .rice *.art= G i 5a ;i +u*= G#ai#te ie *i#/ur1 *= 5i#=>% <Cic% In (at!, IE1 2>% G# acea*t= ;ra6= a5e aceeai .r/a#i6are i cu ace!ai e;ect arti*tic G#t.c ai ca G# ;ra6a a#teriar=1 cu 4e.*e"irea c= acce#te!e +uter#ice ca4 +e ce!e +atru /ru+e 4e c. +!e e#te 4irecte1 ae6ate 4e a*e e#ea G# /ra4aHie a*ce#4e#t=% Acea*t= arti*tic= ara#Jare a acce#te!.r G# ;ra6=1 ca *= a!ter#e6e G# c8i+ +!=cut +=rHi!e acce#tuate eu ce!e #eacce#tuate i1 e5e#tua!1 *= ;ie 4i*+u*e G# /ra4aHie1 c.#*tituie ritmul ;ra6ei% Dac= G#*= +ri# ara#Jarea acce#te!.r *e ."Hi#e !a u# teIt G# +r.6= ;.r a 4e 5er*1 acea*ta *e c.#*i4er= u# 4e;ect +e#tru arta *criit.ru!ui% Cicer. *+u#e G#% acea*t= +ri5i#H= K @ersus in oratione si e""icitiir coniunctione verborum, vitium est <Dac= +ri# G#!=#Huirea cu5i#te!.r i# 5.r"ire *e +r.4uce 5er*1 acea*ta c.#*tituie u# 4e;ect>% <Cic% %e Hrat!, III1 1,5>% K>M
T.t ca u# e!e e#t a! rit u!ui e*te i ca4e#Ha1 .arecu u6ica!=1 G# care *e ter i#a u# +ara/ra; *au u# ca+it.! a! 5.r"irii% Ace*te ca4e#He *e cerea *= ;ie 5ariate1 c=ci *crie Cicer. K In orationis numero ni$il est tam vitio-sum, 0uam si semper est idem <I# rit u! u#ui 4i*cur* #i ic #u c.#*tituie u# 4e;ect aa 4e are ca re+etarea c.#ti#u= a ace!uiai rit >% U#a 4i#tre ca4e#He!e c=utate 4e *criit.rii !ati#i e*te acea*ta & u & _3 K e&stitisse, consulentem, providete, arbitrabor 6labe"ac=tare possit, cindicand6um= est< +recu i acea*ta & u u u & u ' peste pereamus, et misericordia, 6"or=tuna subeatur, 6sa=lus0ue pariatur, 6"u=isse videamur, 6pe=rire voluerunt, "ama subeund6a= est' *au acea*ta & _@X@@@@@@u M at0ue iucundum, bella gesserunt! Cu +ri5ire !a G#*uiri!e ar .#iei G# arta *criit.ri!.r1 Cicer. *+u#e K %use sunt res 0use permulcent aures, sonus et numerus <D.u= !ucruri i +re*i.#ea6= +!=cut urec8ea K *.#.ritatea i rit u!>% <Cic% Hrat!, 19(>%
ORGANIZAREA PERIOADELOR
0eri.a4e!e *G#t ;ra6e ai "./ate i .r/a#i6ate cu art=% Nu .rice ;ra6= "./at= c.#*tituie u# +eri.4% 0e#tru aceea !a .r/a#i6area +eri.a4e!.r *e Hi# G# *ea = t.ate re/u!i!e rec. a#4ate +e#tru a!c=tuirea ;ra6e!.r1 4ar *e a4au/= i G#4ru =ri *+ecia!e1 caracteri*tice +eri.a4e!.r% I# !iteratura .4er#= #u *e ;.!.*e*c ;ra6e!e "./ate1 ci *e arat= +re;eri#H= +e#tru ;ra6a *curt=1 caracteri*tic= 5.r"irii cure#te% 7criit.rii 5ec8i +u#eau G#*= are +reH +e ;ra6a "./at= i ;=ceau *tu4ii *+ecia!e 4e ret.ric= *+re a G#5=Ha *=@i arate /G#4uri!e G# eI+ri area arti*tic=% La #.i1 B=!ce*cu i '4."e*cu au cu!ti5at +eri.a4e!e% I# *crieri!e !.r *e /=*e*c +r."e 4e a*e e#ea a!c=tuire 4e ;ra6=% G# .r/a#i6area +eri.a4e!.r *e Hi#e *ea a ca +r.+.6iHii!e care !e a!c=tuie*c *= ;ie /ru+ate G# 4.u= +=rHiK G# +ri a *= ;ie ae6ate ce!e care *er5e*c .arecu !a +u#erea +r."!e eiM acea*ta *e #u ete protasa< G# +artea a 4.ua *e aa6= +r.+.6iHii!e care c.#tri"uie !a 4e6!e/area +r."!e eiM acea*ta *e #u ete apodosa! G# ti + ce G# +artea G#tGia +r.+.6iHii!e *G#t rG#4uite G#tr@u# ;e! 4e /ra4aHie a*ce#4e#t=1 +e#tru a ;i != urit= cGt ai c. +!et +u#erea +r."!e ei1 G# +artea a 4.ua a5G#tu! *e 4. .!ete 4i# ce G# ce1 +G#= !a 4e6!e/area c. +!et= a +r."!e ei% G# ;iecare +arte G#*= *e caut= *= #u ;ie .#.t.#ie +ri# G#tre"ui#Harea ace!uiai ;e! 4e c.#*trucHii1 ci *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= . 5ariere cGt ai are K *ecu#4are c. +!ete1 !e/ate +ri# c.#Ju#cHii *au +r.#u e re!ati5e1 a!ter#G#4 cu *u"*tituiri 5ariate1 G# +artea G#tGia M +ri#ci+a!a1 G#c.#Jurat= 4e *ecu#4are cu c.#*trucHii 5ariate1 G# +artea a 4.ua% Lati#ii 4au cu +ri5ire !a +eri.a4e ur =t.area G#4ru are1 ;.r u!at= c.#ci* K Nabet periodus membra minimum duo %%% i a!ta K 1it aperta, ut intellegi possit< non immodica, ut memoria contineri possit <U# +eri.4 are ce! +uHi# 4.u= +=rHi%%% 7= ;ie c!ar1 ca *= +.at= ;i G#He!e* M *= #u ;ie +rea !u#/1 ca *= +.at= ;i G#re/i*trat 4e e .rie>% <Aui#t%1 IZ1 125%> D= ai J.* . ;ra6= 4i# C*e*ar1 care cu+ri#4e ateria!u! 4i*+u* aa c= +utea c.#*titui u# +eri.41 care ar ;i a5ut . +r.ta*a a!c=tuit= 4i# .+t +r.+.6iHii *ecu#4are1 iar a+.4.*a 4i#tr@. +ri#ci+a!=1 4ar care1 4i# cau6a .4u!ui cu *G#t G#;=Hiate *ecu#4are!e1 #u are ar .#ia #ece*ar= +eri.4u!uiK Adventu (eesaris "acta commutatione rerum, obsidibus Nseduis redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novis per (assarem comparatis, 0uod ii, 0ui se ad eorum amicitiam se adgregacerant, meliore condicione at0ue ae0uiore imperio K>C
se uti videbant, reli0uis rebus eorum gratia dignitate0ue ampli"icata, 1e0uani principatum dimiserunt <La *.*irea !ui Cee*ar ;=cG#4u@*e . *c8i "are a *ituaHiei1 .*tatecii ;ii#4 G#a+.iaHi 8e4ui!.r1 ;ii#4 4aHi G#a+.i 5ec8ii c!ie#Hi1 a!Hii #.i ;ii#4 cGti/aHi /raHie !ui CaG*ar1 ;ii#4c= acei care *e a!i+i*er= !a +riete#ia !.r 5e4eau c= ei *e ;.!.*e*c 4e . *ituaHie ai "u#= i 4e . *t=+G#ire & aut.ritate & ai 4rea+t=1 trecerea i +re*ti/iu! ace!.ra & 8e4ui!.r & cre*cG#4 +ri# ce!e!a!te !ucruri1 *ec5a#ii au +ier4ut G#tGietatea>% <C*e*% A! .!, EI1 12%> 0r.ta*a are !a G#ce+ut +atru a"!ati5e a"*.!ute1 4u+= care ur ea6= . cau6a!= 60uod ii videbant= G# care *G#t i#terca!ate . atri"uti5= 60ui se ad eorum amicitiam adgregaverant= i . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= 6meliore condi-cione at0ue as0uiore imperio se uti= i *e G#c8eie cu a! ci#ci!ea a"!ati5 a"*.!ut% Di#tre ace*te a"!ati5e a"*.!ute +ri u! i a! ci#ci!ea +.t ;i c.#*i4erate ca != uri#4 +e +ri#ci+a!a 4i# a+.4.*=1 cu *e#* te +.ra! c.#;u#4at cu cau6a!1 iar ce!e!a!te trei *e +.t !ua ca != uriri cau6a!e !a +ri u! a"!ati5 a"*.!ut% Dac= a *c8i "a G# +r.+.6iHii *u".r4.#ate G#tre/i +ri u! a"!ati5 a"*.!ut i +e a! ci#ci!ea1 ;ra6a ar c=+=ta ai u!t= ;!eIi"i!itate1 ;=r= a a5ea t.tui ar .#ia 4e+!i#= a u#ui +eri.41 c=ci are a+.4.*a .arecu 4i*+r.+.rHi.#at= ;aH= 4e +r.ta*= K (um adventu (eesaris rerum commutatio "acla esset, obsidibus Nseduis redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novis per (sesarem comparatis, 0uod ii, 0ui se ad eorum amicitiam adgregaverant, meliore condicione at0ue se0uiore imperio se uti videbant, et cum reli0uis rebus Nseduorum gratia dignitas0ue ampli"icata esset, 1e0uani principatum dimiserunt! Dar CQ*ar G# .+era *a Gi *crie e .rii!e ;a+te!.r 4e ar e *=5Grite1 G# care are /riJ= *= ;ac= *= a+ar= ."iecti5itatea1 c!aritatea i c.#ci6iu#ea% Cicer. G#*=1 care e*te .rat.r1 i Titu* Li5iu*1 care e*te i*t.ric1 4ar cu G#*uiri ret.rice1 Gi .r/a#i6ea6= *cri*u! cu a!t= +re.cu+are 4e art= i !a*= ca G# .+ere!e !.r *= a+ar= u!t ai 4e* +eri.a4e!e K )i um2uam de bonis et "ortibus viris, *i um2uam de bene meritis civibus potestas vobis iudicandi "uit, si deni2ue um2uam locus amplissimorum ordinum delectis viris datus est, ut sua studia erga "ortes et bonos cives, 2uae vultu et verbis ssepe signi"icassent, re et sententiis declararent, 0o# p"oe#to tempo"e eam potestatem omnem &os 0abetis% ut statuatis, ut"um nos, 2ui semper vestrse auctoritati dediti "uimus, semper miseri lugeamus, a#1 diu 5eIaHi a perdi-tissimis civibus, ali0uando per vos ac per vestram "idem, virtutem sapientiam0ue recreemur <Dac= aHi a5ut 5re.4at= +uterea 4e a +r.#u#Ha 8.t=rGri cu +ri5ire !a cet=He#ii "u#i i "ra5i1 cu +ri5ire !a cet=He#ii care au a4u* ;ru .a*e *er@ 5icii1 4ac= G# *;Grit *@a 4at 5re.4at= +ri!eJ "=r"aHi!.r a!ei 4i# ce!e ai G#a!te c!a*e *.cia!e1 ca *=@i a#i;e*te +ri# ;a+te i +ri# 8.t=rGri *e#ti e#te!e !.r ;aH= 4e cet=He#ii 4e i*+ra5= i curaJ.i1 *e#ti e#te +e care 4e*e.ri !e@au i#4icat +e c8i+uri!e !.r i +ri# cu5i#te1 4e*i/ur c= G# acea*t= G +reJurare 5.i . a5eHi 4e+!i#= acea*t= +utere1 ca *= *tat.r#iciHi 4ac= #.i1 care t.t4eau#a #e@a G#c8i#at aut.rit=Hii 5.a*tre1 a5e *= Je!i G#tr@. #e#.r.cire +er a#e#t=1 .ri 4ac=1 4u+= ce u!t= 5re e a ;.*t 8=rHuiHi 4e c=tre cet=He#ii cei ai ;=r= c=+=tGi1 #e 5. .4i8#i . 4at= /raHie 5.u= i /raHie cre4i#Hei1 "=r"=Hiei i G#He!e+ciu#ii 5.a*tre>% <Cic% Pro! /T!, C%> La ace*t +eri.4 #.t= 1 ca G#*uire *+ecia!=1 +r.+.rHia G#tre ce!e 4.u= +=rHi1 care au G#ti#4ere a+r.a+e e/a!=% 0r.ta*a e*te c.#*tituit= 4i# trei c.#4iHi.#a!e1 rG#4uite G# /ra4aHie a*ce#4e#t=1 ur ate 4e . c. +!eti5= c.#Ju#cti5a!= eI+!icati5=1 G# care e*te i#tr.4u*= K>9
. c.#ce*i5= !e/at= +ri# +r.#u e re!ati5M a+.4.*a G#ce+e cu +ri#ci+a!a1 ur at= 4e . c. +!eti5= c.#Ju#cti5a!= eI+!icati5=1 ur at= i ea1 !a rG#4u! *=u1 4e . i#ter./ati5= i#4irect= 4u"!=1 G# +ri a ;ii#4 i#terca!at= . atri"uti5=1 iar G# a 4.ua ;ii#4 i#terca!at u# participium coniunctum ca *u"*tituire a u#ei +r.+.6iHii te +.ra!e% A*t;e!1 G# a;ar= 4e +r.+.6iHia +ri#ci+a!=1 a5e ci#ci +r.+.6iHii *u".r4.#ate G# +r.ta*= i ci#ci G# a+.4.*=1 re+re6e#tG#4 . ;ru .a*= 5ariere i . .r/a#i6are +r.4uc=t.are 4e e;ect1 G# 4e.*e"i i +ri# i#tr.4ucerea ce!.r trei *u".r4.#ate G# c.r+u! a!t.r *u".r4.#ate1 care ;ac *= ia*= i ai u!t G# re!ie; +=rHi!e 4e*+=rHite% D= a!t +eri.4 cu a!t= .r/a#i6are K In $oc autem uno post $ominum memoriam ma&imo crudelissimo0ue bello, 2uale bellum nulla um0uam barbaria cum sua gente gessit, 2uo in belb le& $asc "uit a *entulo, (atilina, (et$ego, (assio constituta, ut omnes, 2ui sal&a u"be salvi esse possent, in $ostium numero ducerentur, ita me /e**i1 Guirites, ut salvi omnes conservaremini, et, #um $ostes vestri tantum civium supe"u-tu"um putassent, 2uantum in"initse csedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, -ua#tu "lamma obire non potuisset, et u"bem et #i&es inte*"os in#olumes2ue se"&a&i <G#*= G# ace*t r=6".i u#ic1 +e cGt Hi# i#te .a e#ii1 ce! ai are i ce! ai cru41 ce ;e! 4e r=6".i #ici u# /ru+ 4e "ar"ari #@a +urtat 5re.4at= cu #ea u! *=u1 G# care r=6".i a ;.*t *ta"i!it= acea*t= !e/e 4e c=tre Le#tu!u*1 Gati!i#a1 Cet8e/u*1 Ca**iu*1 ca t.Hi cei care +.t *= ;ie *a!5aHi1 ;ii#4 *a!5at .rau!1 *= ;ie c.#*i4eraHi G# #u =ru! 4u a#i!.r1 eu aa @ a +urtat1 cet=He#i1 ca t.Hi *= ;ie +=*traHi G#tre/i i1 G# ti + ce 4u a#ii 5.tri *.c.ti*er= c= atGHi cet=He#i 5.r *u+ra5ieHui1 cGHi 5.r r= G#e 4u+= =ce!u! ce! ;=r= ar/i#i1 i c= atGta +arte 4i# .ra 5a *u+ra5ieHui1 cGt #u 5a ;i +utut *= G#tG!#ea*c= ;!ac=ra1 eu a +=*trat *i .rau! *i cet=He#ii G#tre/i *i #e5=t= aHi>% <Cic1 In (at!, III% 25%> Aici +r.ta*a G#ce+e cu u# c. +!e e#t circu *ta#Hia! a! a+.4.*ei1 care c. +!e e#t e*te != urit 4e 4.u= atri"uti5e1 ur ate 4e . c.#*ecuti5=1 G# care e*te i#tr.4u*= . atri"uti5= G# 5.r"ire i#4irect= G# G#He!e* !ar/ i G# ea *e /=*ete u# a"!ati5 a"*.!ut c.#4iHi.#a!M iar a+.4.*a are 4.u= +ri#ci+a!e1 u#a !a G#ce+ut i a!ta !a *;GritM 4u+= +ri a +ri#ci+a!= ur ea6= . c.#*ecuti5= M a+.i 4u+= c.#Ju#cHia et, care a#u#H= +e a 4.ua +ri#ci+a!=1 ur ea6= . c.#ce*i5=1 G# care e*te i#terca!at= . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!=1 4u+= aceea e*te . c. +arati5= G# 5.r"ire i#4irect= G# G#He!e* !ar/1 i iar=i . c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= e!i+tic= 4e +re4icat1 ur at= 4e . c. +arati5= G# 5.r"ire i#4irect= G# G#He!e* !ar/% Deci1 aici a5e i +r.+.rHia +=rHi!.r ari re*+ectat= i . 5ariere 4e*tu! 4e "./at= a +r.+.6iHii!.r ce c.#*tituie ce!e 4.u= +=rHi a!e +eri.4u!ui% D= acu u# a!t +eri.4 cicer.#ia#1 ca eIerciHiu1 *+re a@i ;i eIa i#at= .r/a#i6area1 care aici e*te a!ta K Guse cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro e&ercitu, pro provincia, 0uam negle&i, pro triump$o ceteris0ue laudis insignibus, 0use sunt a me propter urbis vestrse0ue salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis $ospitiis0ue provincialibus 0uae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore tueor 0uam comparo, pro $is igitur omnibus rebus, pro meis in vos singularibus studiis, pro0ue $ac, 0uam per-spicitis, ad conservandam rempublicam diligentia, ni$il a vobis nisi $uius temporis totius0ue mei consulatus memoriam postulo, 0use, dum erit in vestris "i&a mentibus, tutissimo me rnuro saeptum esse arbitrabor! <CG#4 ace*tea *G#t KE?
a*t;e!1 +e#tru & G# !.c 4e & aut.ritatea 4e c. a#4a#t +e#tru ar at=1 +e#tru +r.5i#cia +e care a #e/!iJat@. & Mace4.#ia & +e#tru triu ;u! i ce!e!a!te *e #e 4e ci#*tire1 care au ;.*t re;u6ate 4e i#e 4i# cau6a +a6ei .rau!ui i a *a!5=rii 5.a*tre1 +e#tru c!ie#Hii i .a*+eHii 4i# +r.5i#cie1 +e care +ri# iJ!.ace!e .rau!ui Gi +=*tre6 cu . tru4= e/a!= cu aceea cu care Gi +r.cur1 aa4ar +e#tru t.ate ace*te !ucruri1 +e#tru 6e!u! eu 4e.*e"it ;aH= 4e 5.i i +e#tru acea*t= *tr=4a#ie1 +e care . 5e4eHi1 *+re +=*trarea re+u"!icii1 #i ic #u cer 4e !a 5.i 4ecGt a i#tirea ace*tei *ituaHii i a G#tre/u!ui eu c.#*u!at1 +ri# care1 cGt ti + 5a ;i G#ti+=rit= G# i#Hi!e 5.a*tre1 5.i *.c.ti c= *i#t G#/r=4it 4e u# 6i4 ;.arte *i/ur>% <Cic% In (at! IE1 2(%>
FIGURI GRAMATICALE I 7TILI7TICE

I# !i "a !ati#=1 ca i G# t.ate !i "i!e actua!e1 cu5i#te!e i6.!ate *au /!#@4iri!e *G#t G#tre"ui#Hate G#tr@u# c8i+ a#u it1 cu G#He!e*u! !.r /e#era! cu#.*cut i ."i#uit *+re a eI+ri a re+re6e#t=ri cri*ta!i6ate G# ;.r a !.r ;irea*c=% Ace*t G#He!e* /e#era! cu#.*cut i ."i#uit *e #u ete G#He!e* propriu! Dac= cu5i#te!.r i6.!ate *au /i#4iri!.r !i *e 4= . G#tre"ui#Hare 4e.*e"it= 4e cea ."i#uit= i /e#era! cu#.*cut=1 cu *c.+u! 4e a G##.i i 4e a G#;ru u*eHa eI+re*ii!e !i#/5i*tice1 atu#ci *e *+u#e c= *G#t G#tre"ui#Hate G# c8i+ "igurat! G# +r.+.6iHia F +ri5i/8et.area cG#t= ] 5.r"a +ri5i/8et.area are G#He!e*u! ei ."i#uit1 a4ic= propriu re+re6e#tG#4 +a*=rea cG#t=t.are1 /e#era! cu#.*cut= *u" ace*t #u e M cG#4 G#*= 6ice F"ar4u! +=4urii cG#t= X ace!ai *u"iect e*te eI+ri at G# c8i+ "igurat! ] Ace*te G#tre"ui#H=ri +uHi# ."i#uite a!e cu5i#te!.r *au a!e +r.+.6iHii!.r *e #u e*c .i*u"i. Fi/uri!e *G#t 4e C <+atru> ;e!uriK
1% Fisuri etimologice i !! 1 V % % % 2% biguri sintactice = (% Figuri de #n eles *au tropi O %%%% 1% X@wXaQc C% Figuri de cugetare 3 FIGURI ETIM'L'GICE r ] /ra atica!e
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1% A"ere+a e*te . iterea u#ei !itere *au a Fu#ei *i!a"e 4e !a G#ce+utu! u#ui cu5G#t% EIe +!e K sum 4i# esum 4u+= . iterea 5.ca!ei e< lis 4i# ;.r a 5ec8e stlis 4u+= . iterea c.#*.#a#te!.r st a r= a* G# !i "a !ati#= c!a*ic= ;.r a lis <+r.ce*>% 2% Apocopa e*te . iterea u#ei !itere 4e !a *;Gritu! u#ui cu5G#t K dic <+e#tru dice ; 6i>1 duc <+e#tru duce N 4u>1 "ac <+e#tru "ace N ;=>1 "er <+e#tru "ere N +.art=>1 tun <+e#tru tune N tu .areT>1 men4 <+e#tru mene ; +e i#e>% /en servasse ut essent 0ui me perderentD <7a!5atu@i@a eu .are ca *= ;ie ci#e *= = +iar4=T>% (% 12ncopa e*te . iterea u#ei !itere *au a u#ei *i!a"e 4i# iJ!.cu! u#ui cu5G#tK EIe +!e K servasse +e#tru servavisse <a ;i *a!5at>1 donarunt +e#tru donaverunt <au 4=ruit>1 vinclum +e#tru vinculum <!a#H>1 laudasti +e#tru lauda-visti <ai !=u4at>1 di&ti +e#tru di&isti <ai 6i*>% KEE
C% )me+a e*te 4e*+=rHirea u#ui cu5G#t G# +=rHi!e !ui a!c=tuit.areK ante occupatur animus ab iracundia, 2uam providere ratio potuit ne oecuparetur <7u;!etu! e*te cu+ri#* 4e G#ie G#ai#te ca Ju4ecata *= ;i +utut +re5e4ea #a *= #u ;ie cu+ri#*>% <Cic% Ad Guintum "ratrem, I111(8>% +ost diem tertium & 2uam di&erat 6A treia 6i 4u+= ce *+u*e*e>% 5% %ipla+iasmul e*te re4u+!icarea u#ei c.#*.a#e G# iJ!.cu! u#ui cu5G#tK repperi +e#tru reperi <a a;!at>1 rettuli +e#tru retuli <a ra+.rtat>% 9% Antite+a e*te G#!.cuirea u#ei !itere cu a!ta K optumus +e#tru optimus <ce! ai "u#> M olli +e#tru illi <ace!uia>1 verissume +e#tru verissime <;.arte a4e5=rat> M 0uam verissume potero <cGt ai a4e5=rat 5.i +utea>% @ortumnus +e#tru @ertumnus <Eertu #u*1 6eu! *c8i "=rii a#.ti +u!ui>% ,% /etate+a e*te *tr= utarea u#ei !itere *au a u#ei *i!a"e 4i#tr@u# cu5G#tK @ogesus +e#tru @osegus < u#Hii E.*/i>% 8% Paragoga e*te a4=u/area u#ei *i!a"e !a *;Gritu! u#ui cu5G#tK dicier +e#tru dici <a ;i 6i*>1 irascier +e#tru irasci <a *e G#ia>%
FIGURI 7INTACTICE
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d= E!!i+*a 5er"u!ui e*te ;.arte ."i#uit= G# a#u ite G#tre"=ri *curte i cu G#tre"ui#Hare 4ea*=1 ca K Guid enimD Guid ergoD Guid igiturD Guid tandemD G# care *e *u"G#He!e/ 5er"e!e K ais <6ici>1 censes <cre6i>1 censemus <cre4e >1 censetis <cre4eHi>% e= G# eI+re*ii!e K 0uid aliud 0uam, ni$il aliud 0uam, ni$il minus 0uam, ni$il amplius 0uam <#i ic a!tce5a 4ecGt1 #i ic ai +uHi#1 ai u!t 4ecGt> 4i# care *@a *u+ri at 5er"u! "acere! Per biduum ni$il aliud 0uam steterunt para i ad pugnandum <Ti + 4e 4.u= 6i!e #@au ;=cut a!tce5a 4ecGt au *tat +re/=tiHi 4e !u+t=% <Li5%1 ZZZIE1 C91 ,> Du+= ni$il aliud *e *u"G#He!e/e "ecerunt! "= Du+= . +r.+.6iHie G#ce+=t.are cu +articu!a ne *au +ri# 0uod, tre"uie *= *e *u"G#He!ea/= G# a 4.ua +r.+.6iHie 5er"u! dico <6ic> *au i +erati5e!e scito .ri scitote <*= tii1 *= tiHi>1 *+re a *e *ta"i!i G# c8i+ !i +e4e !e/=tura 4i#tre ce!e 4.u= +r.+.6iHii% 3e 0uis a nobis $oc ita dici "orte miretur' <*u"G#He!e* dico= ne nos 0uidem $uic uni studio penitus un0uam dediti "uimus <7= #u *e ire cu 5a #i e#i c= acea*ta e*te *+u*= G# ace*t c8i+ 4e i#e K <4ec!ar> c= #ici eu #u @a 4e4at cu t.tu! 5re.4at= ace*tui *i#/ur *tu4iu>% <Cic% Pro Arc$ia, 11 2> g= 7u"*ta#ti5e!e "ilius *au "ilia 4u+= /e#iti5u! #u e!ui 4e +=ri#te1 *au *u"*ta#ti5u! u&or, 4u+= ce! a! #u e!ui *.Hu!uiK Nannibal .isgonis <Ba#i"a! <;iu!> !ui Gi*/.> <Li5%1 ZZE1 (,1 8> (secilia /etelli <Ceci!ia ;iica !ui Mete!!u*>1 @erania Pisonis <Eera#ia *.Hia !ui 0i*.>% <0!i#% Epist!, II1 2)> De a*e e#ea *e *u+ri = *u"*ta#ti5u! templum *au sedes <te +!u1 *a#ctuar> G#ai#tea /e#iti5u!ui #u e!ui 6eu!ui care r= G#e +rece4at t.tui 4e +re+.6iHia ad' @entum est ad @estse <A aJu#* !a <te +!u!> Ee*tei> <B.r% 1at!, I1 91 (5>% Ttinam pecunia ad Hpis maneret <' ^ 4e@ar r= G#e "a#ii G# <te +!u!> 6eiHei '+* <CD"e!a> <Cic% P$ilip!, I1 ,1 18> $= G# *;Grit *e G#tre"ui#Hea6= e!!i+*a G# a#u ite eI+re*ii +r.5er"ia!e ca K "ortuna "ortes <*u"G#He!e* adiuvat= <#.r.cu! aJut= +e cei curaJ.i>1 audaces "ortuna <*u"G#He!e* iuvat= <#.r.cu! aJut= +e cei G#4r=6#eHi>% Aene tibi, bene vobis omnibus <*u"G#He!e* sit= <7=@Hi ;ie Hie 4e "i#e1 *= 5= ;ie 5.u= tutur.r> <;.r u!a 4e G#c8i#are *+re a "ea G# *=#=tatea cui5a>% /anus manum <*u"G#He!e* lavat= <MG#= +e G#= *+a!=>% 9% Arac$ilogia e*te *curtarea *au c.#tracHia +r.+.6iHieiK Frater mi$i de amici ia, ego illi de caritate opinionem e&posui <Frate!e i@a eI+u* +=rerea *a 4e*+re +riete#ie1 eu !ui 4e*+re iu"ire>% ,% Pleonasmul, c.#trariu e!!i+*ei1 e*te eI+ri area u#ui cu5G#t *au a u#ei i4ei care e*te 4e +ri*.* +e#tru G#He!e/erea /G#4irii eI+ri ate +ri# a!te cu5i#te% 0ri#tre +!e.#a* e *e citea6=K a= a#u ite G "i#=ri 4e cu5i#te1 ;.!.*ite G# !i "a c. u#=1 i# ter e#i Juri4ici1 *au G# ter e#i +.!itici ca K G.rte "ortuna <+ri#tr@u# #.r.c G#tG +!=t.r>1 G.rte temere <!a G#tG +!are1 ;=r= c8i"6uia!=>1 prudenssciens <cu +re5e4ere i cu tii#H=>1 agri da i assignati <Hari#e ac.r4ate i atri"uite>1 ni$il *e-ui boni impetravit <N@a 4."G#4it #i ic "u# i 4re+t>% <Cic% P$ilip!, II1 (,1 9C> b= Re+etarea cu5G#tu!ui !a care *e ra+.rtea6= +r.#u e!e re!ati51 re+etare care *e ;ace c8iar G# +r.+.6iHia cu +r.#u e!e re!ati5 *+re a 4a ai u!t= +utere i +reci6ie /G#4iriiM G# *+ecia! *e re+et= cu5G#tu! dies <6i>% @enit mi$i in mentem i!!iu* te +.ri*1 0uo 4ie mi$i dicendum est <G i 5i#e G# i#te acea 5re e i acea 6i i# care tre"uie *= iau cu5G#tu!> <Cic% In (secilium divinatio, KEF
1(1 C1>% Erant omnino itinera duo, 0uibus itine"ibus domo e&ire poterant <Erau G# t.ta! 4.u= 4ru uri +ri# care +uteau iei 4i# Har=>% 6(ass! A! .!, I1 91 1> c= A45er"u! !a c. +arati5 & potius < ai "i#e1 ai 4e /ra"=> & *e a4au/= cGte.4at=1 +ri# +!e.#a* 1 +e !G#/= c. +arati5e *au +e !G#/= 5er"e care au G#He!e* 4e c. +arare ca K presstare <a *ta ai +re*u*>1 malle <a +re;era> K An iile Tticse +.tiu* 0uam Romse esse maluissetD <'are e! ar ;i +re;erat *= ;ie ai 4e /ra"= G# Utica 4ecGt G# R. aT>% Preestat mori +.tiu* 0uam vitam miseram vivere <E*te +re;era"i! ai 4e /ra"= *= .ri 4ecGt *= tr=ieti . 5iaH= #e#.r.cit=>% <Cic% Ad Atticum, ZIE1 91 2> d= Cu 5er"u! interest <e*te 4e.*e"ire> +re+.6iHia inter *e +.ate re+eta G#ai#tea ce!ui 4e a! 4.i!ea ter e# a! c. +araHiei *au a! 4i;ere#Hei cG#4 c. +araHia *au 4i;ere#Ha e*te ;=cut= G#tre ai u!te +er*.a#e *au !ucruri1 #u #u ai G#tre 4.u=% A*t;e!K /ultum interest inter /sc$2lum et 1op$oclem et i#ter Euripidem <E*te are 4e.*e"ire G#tre OE*c8D!e i 7.;.c!e i G#tre Euri@+i4e> +e#tru c= 4e.*e"irea *e ;ace G#tre E*c"D!e i 7.;.c!e1 4e . +arte1 i Euri+i4e 4e a!t= +arte% Dac= 4i;ere#Ha *e ;ace #u ai G#tre 4.u= +er*.a#e *e 5a *crie K /ultum interest inter 1op$oclem et Euripidem <#u *e 5a *crie K et inter Euripidem=! e= U# +!e.#a* cu t.tu! 4e.*e"it e*te ace!a +ri# care *e a4au/= +r.#u e!e +er*.#a! sibi +e !G#/= re;!eIi5u! suus' 1uo *i"i <+!e.#a* > suco vivunt <Ei tr=ie*c 4i# +r.+riu! !.r *uc>% 1uam *i"i <+!e.#a* > rem salvam sistam <E.i ae6a a;acerea *a G# *tare "u#=>% 1uo *i"i tempore <!a 5re ea !ui>% 8% Anacolutul! I# 4i*cur*uri!e r.*tite 4e .rat.rii r. a#i i c8iar G# *crieri!e ce!.r ai "u#i +r.6at.ri !ati#i *e G#tG +!= ca . +r.+.6iHie G#ce+ut= *= #u ;ie c.#ti#uat= i i*+r=5it= +G#= !a *;Grit1 +.tri5it cu G#ce+utu! ei% De ."icei acea*t= +r.+.6iHie G#treru+t= e*te re!uat= +ri# c.#Ju#cHii!e verum, sed, veruin tamen, sed tamen, igitur, ergo *au +ri# 5er"u! in0uam <6ic> *au c8iar +ri#tr@u# +r.#u e 4e .#*trati5 care rea i#tete i4eea +ri#ci+a!= G#treru+t=% Acea*t= G#treru+ere *e #u ete anacolut' At0ue ego $oc plus $onoris $abeo, 0uam 0ui ceteros accusarunt 6si onus est id appellandum, 0uod cum laetitia "eros ac voluptate=< 5eru ta e# ego $oc amplius suscepi, 0uam ceteri, 0uod ita postu-latur ab $ominibus, ut $is abstineant ma&ime vitiis, in 0uibus alterum repre-$enderent 6ic1 eu G#*= i@a !uat a*u+r=@ i acea*t= /reutate ai u!t 4ecGt cei!a!Hi ;ii#4c= aa *e cere 4e c=tre .a e#i ca *= te G#;rG#e6i 4e !a ace!e 5icii +e#tru care ai criticat +e a!tu!>% <Cic% In @err!, III1 21 C> 0ri# anacolut *e G#tG +!= c= . +r.+.6iHie a#teri.ar= a ;ra6ei *= #u ;ie ur at= 4e +r.+.6iHia c.re*+u#6=t.are G# +artea a 4.ua a ;ra6ei% A*t;e!K Etenim si mecum patria, 0use mi$i vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res pullica sic lo0uatur' F /! )ulii, 0uid agisD )une eum etc% <C=ci 4ac= +atria care G i e*te ai *cu += 4ecGt G#*=i 5iaHa ea1 4ac= G#trea/a Ita!ie *au t.t *tatu! i@ar 5.r"i a*t;e! K M% Tu!!iu* ce ;aciT 'are +e ace!a% % %> <Cic% In (atil!, 11111 2,>% Du+= ace*te cu5i#te +u*e G# /ura +atriei #e@a ate+ta1 4u+= +r.+.6iHii!e c.#4iHi.#a!e G#ce+=t.are cu si, !a . +r.+.6iHie c.re*+u#6=t.are <a+.4.*=> ace*t.r c.#4iHi.#a!e% Cicer. G#*= +ri# eI+ri area a#ac.!u@tu!ui1 reia i4eea +ri#tr@. +r.+.6iHie i#4e+e#4e#t= K Nis ego sanctissimis rei publicai vocibus pauca respondebo <ace*t.r cu5i#te +rea *;i#te a!e *tatu!ui eu !e 5.i r=*+u#4e 4.ar cGte5a 5.r"e>% <Cic@% In (atil!, I1 121 29> KEM
9% Paronomasia e*te eI+ri area U#5eci#at= a u#.r cu5i#te cu ;.r e a+r.a+e a*e =#=t.are1 4ar cu G#He!e* cu t.tu! 4e.*e"itK )antum pro"eci turn, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut eI*u! potius temptare 0uam c.#*u! ve&are rem publicam posses <D.ar atGt a 4."G#4it cG#4 te@a re*+i#* 4e !a c.#*u!at ca *= +.Hi ca eIi!at *= te ati#/i 4e re+u"!ic= ai 4e /ra"= 4ecit *@. 64r."eti ca c.#*u!> <Cic% In (atil!,l, 1)1 2,>% Le#.#e* vitato tan0uam !e.#e* <Ferete@te 4e +r.Ie#eHi ca 4e !ei>% <Cic% Auct! ad Nerren!, IE1 211 29> 1)% Atrac iunea e*te trecerea *u"iectu!ui +r.+.6iHiei +ri#ci+a!e G# +r.+.6iHia *ecu#4ar=1 G# care are a!t= ;u#cHie *au 5ice5er*aK /etuo Gratre ne intus sit G# !.c 4eK /etuo ne Grater intus sit <M= te ca ;rate!e *= #u ;ie G#=u#tru>% Guam 0uis0ue norit arte 1 in ea se e&erceat <Fiecare *= *e .cu+e cu eteu/u! +e care G! cu#.ate>% G# !.c 4e K In ea arte se e&erceat 0uam 0uis0ue norit! <Cic% )use, I1 181 C1> 11% Endiada e*te !e/area +ri# c.#Ju#cHia et *au @-ue a 4.u= *u"*ta#ti5e1 care *tau G# ace!ai ca61 4i#tre care u#u! ar tre"ui *= ;ie atri"utu! G# ca6u! /e#iti5 a! ce!ui!a!t1 *au *= ;ie eI+ri at +ri#tr@u# a4Jecti5 K Ad memoriam et posteritatem G# !.c 4e K ad memoriam posteritatis <*+re a i#tirea ur ai!.r>% Fidem et amicitiam desiderat <D.rete 4e5.ta e#tu! +riete#iei> G# !.c 4e K "idem amicitise desiderat! Pateris libamus et auro G# !.c 4e K Pateris aureis libamus <Face !i"aHie 4i# cu+e 4e aur>% <Eer/% .eorg!, II1 192> 12% N2paltaga e*te *c8i "area 4e ca6 G#tre 4.u= cu5i#te1 a4ic= ae6area u#ui a4Jecti5 +e !G#/= a!t *u"*ta#ti5 4ecGt ace!a c=ruia Gi a+arHi#e G# rea!itate1 ca atri"ut1 !=*G#4 citit.ru!ui /riJa 4e a re*ta"i!i .r4i#ea ;irea*c= a cu5i#te!.r G# +r.+.6iHie K Ad iu*ti cursum amnis <La cur*u! ce! 4re+t a! ;!u5iu!ui> G# !.c 4eK Ad iuatu cursum amnis! Ei#a cadis onorarat Acestes <Ace*te* u +!u*e "ut.aie!e cu 5i#> G# !.c 4eK 5i#. cados onerarat Acestes! <Eer/% /neis, I1 55)> 1(% 6h$ia&mus e*te% #cruciarea ae !er e % ZM1 <ie . +a#e a4Jecti5 ur at 4e *u"*ta#ti51 iar 4e cea!a!t= +arte *u"*ta#ti5 ur at 4e a4Jecti5M *au 4e . +arte *u"iect ur at 4e +re4icatu! *=u1 iar 4e cea!a!t= +arte1 G# a!t= +r.+.6iHie1 +re4icatu! ur at 4e *u"iectu! *=u K (atilinse color eI*a#/ui*1 Gce4i oculi, citus .4.1 .4. tardus incessus <Cati!i#a a5ea ;aHa !i5i4=1 .c8ii tu!"uri1 er*u! cG#4 iute1 cG#4 G#cet> <Cic% In (atil!, II>% Ratio nostra c.#*e#tit1 +u/#at oratio <Ju4ecata #.a*tr= *e +.tri5ete1 *e G +.tri5ete #u ai 5.r"irea #.a*tr=>% <Cic% de Finibus, III1 (1 1)> 1C% Prolepsa <A#tici+aHia> e*te ;i/ura *i#tactic= +ri# care +.eHii atri"uie u#ei +er*.a#e *au u#ui !ucru1 cu aJut.ru! u#ui +artici+iu *au a! u#ui a4Jecti51 . ca!itate +e care #u . are G#c= i +e care . +.ate 4."G#4i #u ai 4u+= G#4e+!i#irea acHiu#ii eI+ri at= +ri# 5er" K Premit +!aci4a se0uora pontus <Marea Gi a+a*= 5a!uri!e ca *= *e +.t.!ea*c=> <Eer/% /neis, Z1 1)(> G# !.c 4e K Pontus se0uora comprimit 6premit= ut placida "iant! Incute vim ventis Bu" er*a*-ue obrue puppes <D= +utere 5G#turi!.r i ac.+er= c.r="ii!e ca *= ;ie *cu;u#4ate> G# !.c 4eK Incute vim ventis et obrue puppes ut *u" er**e *i#t% <Eer/% /neis, 1199> 15% As2ndeton e*te G#!=turarea c.#Ju#cHii!.r 4i#tre cu5i#te *au 4i#tre +r.+.6iHiiK Egredere e& urbe, (atilina, libera rempublicam metu, in e&silium KE5
pro"ie#scere <Iei 4i# .ra Cati!i#a1 !i"erea6= re+u"!ica 4e ;ric=1 +!eac= G# eIi!> <Cic% In (otii!, I1 81 2)>% @eni, vidi, viei <A 5e#it1 a 5=6ut1 a G#5i#*>% 19% Pol2s2nt$eton e*te re+etarea ace!eeai c.#Ju#cHii G#ai#tea *au 4u+= ;iecare 4i# cu5i#te!e *au +r.+.6iHii!e !e/ate G#tre e!e K Hmnibus rebus maiores notri et agri et urbibus et nationibus rempublicam at-ue $oc imperium et populi Romani nomen au&erunt <0ri# ace*te iJ!.ace *tr= .ii #.tri au *+.rit re+u"!ica i acea*t= G +=r=Hie i #u e!e +.+.ru!ui r. a# atGt G# ./.are1 cGt i G# .rae i #aHi.#a!it=Hi>% Et labore at-ue industria % Et semper me coluit diligentissime0iie observavit <E! t.t4eau#a @a cu!ti5at i @a re*+ectat cu cea ai are ate#Hie>% Et discipulus et magister % X 1,% *itota e*te eI+ri area u#ei a;ir aHii +uter#ice cu aJut.ru! a 4.u= #e/aHii & duple& negatio est a""irmatio & #.# i e .r N memor <a i#tit.r>1 #.# i/#aru* N gnarus <tiit.r>% Nu#-ua #i*i optima alimenta edo <T.t4eau#a =#G#c ce!e ai "u#e "ucate>% N.# possum #.# 4icere <0.t *+u#e>% 18% Alitera ia e*te a!=turarea cu5i#te!.r care G#ce+ cu aceeai !iter=K @iride @ena"rum <Ee#a;ru! ce! 5er4e <"./at G# =*!i#i>% @is vini <T=ria 5i#u!ui>% @is veneni <0uterea 5e#i#u!ui>% Pro viribus virorum <0.tri5it cu +uteri!e "=r"aHi!.r>% H l )ite, tute )a i, tibi tanta, t2ranne, tulisti <' ^ tu1 Titu*1 Tatiu*1 Hi@ai G#*uit atGt 4e ari !ucruri ca u# 4e*+.t>% <E##iu*1 Annales, 11(> 19% Asonanta e*te a!=turarea cu5i#te!.r care *e *;Gre*c cu ace!eai !itere K 3ec reipublicee c.#*u!ui*ti1 nec amicis +r.Gui*ti1 nec inimicis re*titi*ti <Nici 4e re+u"!ic= #@ai a5ut /riJ=1 #ici +riete#i!.r #@ai ;.*t 4e ;.!.*1 #ici 4u a#i!.r #u te@ai G +.tri5it>% Hmnia paravit, omnia laudavit <0e t.ate !e@a +re/=tit1 +e t.ate !e@a !=u4at>%
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(% 1inecdoca e*te G#ti#4erea *au re*trG#/erea G#He!e*u!ui cu5i#te!.r ca 4e !a +articu!ar !a /e#era! *au 4e !a +arte !a G#tre/ K re& animalium ; leo< telum +e#tru arma <ar e> M elep$antus +e#tru ebur <;i!4e>% .rsecorum du& ; Agamemnon! C% Niperbola e*te . c. +araHie eIa/erat= K (onsilia tua !uce sunt nobis clariora <0!a#uri!e ta!e *G#t +e#tru #.i ai !i +e6i ca !u i#a 6i!ei> <Cic% In (atil!, I1 (1 9>% Erat $orribilior !e.#e <Era ai G#;i.r=t.r ca u# !eu>% FIGURI DE CUGETARE <F!/urae *e#te#tiaru > Ce!e ai G#*e #ate ;i/uri 4e cu/etare *G#tK 1% E&clama ia e*te . *tri/are *+.#ta#= a u#ei +er*.a#e e .Hi.#ate K )u, Iuppiter, $une et $uius socios a tuis ceteris0ue templis, a tectis urbis ac mcenibus, a vita "ortunis0ue civium omnium arcebisl <Tu1 3u+iter1 +e ace*ta <Cati!i#a> i +e t.5ar=ii ace*tuia Gi 5ei a!u#/a 4e !a te +!e!e ta!e i a!e ce!.r!a!Hi 6ei1 4e !a ca*e!e i 6i4uri!e .rau!ui1 4e !a 5iaHa i "u#uri!e tutur.r cet=He#i!.r> <Cic1 In (atil!, I1 1(1 ((>% H l bellum magno opere pertimescendum I <' ^ r=6".i 4e care tre"uie *= #e G#/r.6i 4i# t.t *u;!etu!>% 2% Interrogatio e*te G#tre"area .rat.ric= +ri# care *e ur =rete a *e atra/e ate#Hia au4it.ru!ui K Etenim 0uid est, (atilina, 0uod iam amplius e&spec-tes, si ne0ue no& tenebris obscurare ccetus ne"arios, nec privata domus parietibus continere voces coniurationis tuse potestD 1i illustrantur, si erumpunt omniaD <C=ci ce e*te1 Cati!i#a1 ce ai ate+Hi 4ac= #ici #.a+tea cu G#tu#ericu! ei #u +.ate a*cu#4e cete!e ta!e #e!e/iuite i #ici . ca*= +articu!ar= #u +.ate G#="ui G#tre +ereHii ei /!a*uri!e c.#*+iraHiei ta!eT 4ac= t.ate ie* !a !u i#=1 4ac= t.ate HG#e*c a;ar=T> <Cic% In (atil!, 11(1 9>% Guid est, (atilinaD num dubitas id, me imperante, "acere 0uod iam tua sponte "aciebasD <Ce e*te1 Cati!i#a1 .are ai *tai !a G#4.ia!= *= ;aci 4i# +.ru#ca ea1 ceea ce erai +e +u#ctu! *= ;aci 4e "u#= ta 5.ieT> <Cic% In (atil, I1 51 1(> (% #ndoiala 6%ubitatio= +ri# care *e eI+ri = #e*i/ura#Ha .rat.ru!ui a*u+ra !ucruri!.r +e care !e eI+u#e% Acea*t= ;i/ur= 4e cu/etare *e eI+ri = *u" ;.r a u#ei G#tre"=ri .rat.rice cu +re4icatu! !a .4u! c.#Ju#cti5 6coniuncti-vus deliberativus=' @estramne, 0ui summam potestatem $abetis, :oc tempore "idem i +!.re T <G# acea*t= 5re e *= i +!.r eu c8e6=ia 5.a*tr= 4e !a 5.i care a5eHi cea ai are +utereT>% Guid agam, iudicesD Guo accusationis mese rationem con"er amD Guo me vertamD <Ce *= ;ac1 .#.raHi Ju4ec=t.riT G#c.tr. *= G#4re+t Hi#ta G#5i#uiri!.r e!eT G#c.tr. *= = G#4re+tT> <Cic% Pro Rose! Amer!, 111 29 M Ad Nerren!, IE1 29> C% Prosopopeea *au personi"icarea +ri# care *e 4= /rai i 5iaH= !ucruri!.r #eG#*u;!eHite1 ce!.r .rHi *au ce!.r a"*e#HiK 1icilia tota, si una voce lo0ueretur, $oc diceret' IGuod auri, 0uod argenti, 0uod orndmentorum in meis urbibus, sedibus, delubris "uit, 0uod in una 0ua0ue re bene"icia senatus populi0ue Romani iuris $abui, id mi$i tu, (! @erres, eripuisti at0ue abstulisti< 0uo nomine abs te sestertium miliens e&legerepeto X<Dac= t.at= 7ici!iaHi@ar 5.r"i G#tr@u# *i#/ur /!a*1 Hi@ar *+u#e K F T.t auru!1 t.t ar/i#tu!1 t.ate +.4.a"e!e care au eIi*tat KE9
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0ri# a4a.*uri G# ur a r=4=ci#ii 0ri# a4a.*uri G#ai#tea r=4=ci#ii 0ri# a4a.*uri i G#ai#tea i G# ur a r=4=ci#ii domuscula <c=*uH=> domuncula <c=*uH=> domesticus <4e ca*=1 ;a i!iar> domestice <G# ca*=1 G# +articu!ar> domesticatim <G# i#teri.ru! *=u1 G# ca*a *a> domesticatus, -us <c.#4ucerea *er5it.ri ei> domesticitas <*er5it.ri ea> domesticatio <+r.+rietate> domicella <tG#=r= *t=+G#=> domicellus <tG#=r *t=+G#> domicilium <!.cui#H=> dominus <*t=+G#> dominulus <tG#=r *t=+G#> domirellus <tG#=r *t=+G#> 1 Ca+it.!u! FF.r area cu5i#te!.r X a ;.*t /reit i#tr.4u* G# .r;.!./ie1 cu 4e;i#iHia c=reia #u are #ici u# c.#tact% E! ;ace +arte 4i# t LeIic R, i a#u e e*te . *u"G +=r@Uire a ca+it.!u!ui i#tr.4ucti5 a! *tu4iu!ui LeIicu!ui1 a!=turi 4e ca!ea .te#irii i cea a +ru utu!ui%
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6(ontinuare= +"in a4a.*uri I# ur a r=4=ci#ii +"in adaosu"i naintea "d#inii 0ri# a4a.*uri G#ai#tea i n u"ma r=4=ci#ii domina <*t=+G#=> dominula <tG#=r= *t=+G#=> dominella <tG#=r= *t=+G#=> dominium <+r.+rietate> dominor, -ari <a *t=+G#i> dominanter <ca *t=+G#> dominatio <*t=+G#ire> dominator <*u5era#> dominatri& <*u5era#=> dominatus! -us <*t=+G#ire> dominicatus, -us <c.#4ucerea ca*ei> dominicus, -a, -um <4. #e*c> dominicalis, -e <4. #e*c> dominicarius <4e 4u i#ic=> dominiculus <4. #e*c> domneedius <*t=+G#u! ca*ei> domni"unda <*t=+G#= ca*ei> domniprcdia <*t=+G#= ;er ei> domicenium <ci#area aca*=> domiporta < e!cu!> domiseda <*e4e#tar> domiducus <c.#4uc=t.r aca*=> domiduca <c.#4uc=t.are aca*=> domicurius <e;u! "uc=t=riei> domuitio <G#t.arcerea aca*=> domitio <G#t.arcerea aca*=> domusio <u6aJu! ca*ei> perdominor, -ari <a *t=+G#i sin*u"6
Ta"!.u 4e cu5i#te!e ;.r ate 4i# r=4=ci#a cu5G#tu!ui ca4.1 G# .o"ma #ad-% #idcadescere <a ;i /ata *= ca4= caducus <trec=t.r> caducarius <re!ati5 !a "u#uri!e ca4uce> cadivus <care ca4e 4e !a *i#e e+i!e+tic> caduca <e+i!e+*ie> caducia <e+i!e+*ie> caducilor <ca4uc> caducum <;!.are c=6ut=> casus <c=4ere1 G#tG +!are> casualis <G#tG +!=t.r> casualiter <G#tG +!=t.r> easura <c=4ere> supercadere +e*te> 5a #dea acci#ere <a *e ntmpla6 c%nci#ere <a #dea deodat6 decadicus <care t"ebuie s ca4=> occasus <c=4ere1 moa"te% < a+u*> occasio <+ri!eJ> occasiuncula 5mi# p"ile36 occasivus <eI+u* *+re a+u*> accidens <G#tG +!are> accidentalis 5ntmplto"6 accidentaliter <G#tG +!=t.r> accidentia <e5e#e e#t> acciduus <G#tG +!=t.r> concidentia 5a#o"d% analo*ie6
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6(ontinuare= 0ri# a4a.*uri G# ur a r=4=ci#ii
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0ri# a4a.*uri G#ai#tea i G# ur a r=4=ci#ii decidivus <care tre"uie *= ca4=> deciduus <care ca4e1 c=6ut> e&cidium <c=4ere1 rui#=1 a+u*> e&cidiosus <care ca4e> gelicidium <+.!ei1 a!u#ecu>
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procidere <a c=4ea G#ai#te1 a *e +r="ui> recidere <a c=4ea 4i# #.u>
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DERIEAREA
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'e"i&a"ea ad3e#ti&elo"
A4Jecti5e!e *e +.t ;.r aK a= 4i# *u"*ta#ti5e1 cu *u;iIe!e K

7u;iIu! -eus -icus -ticus -osus -ulentus -olentus -tus -o& -atus -ius -icius -ivus -anus -arius -inus -aceus -ilis -alis -aris -atilis -itus -utus -timus -ester -nus -ensis Cu5G#tu! 4e "a6= ;erru <;ier> Cu5G#tu! #.u <4eri5at> ;erreu* <4e ;ier> 8.*ticu* <4u =#e*c> a-uaticu* <4e a+=> +ericu!.*u* <+ericu!.*> .+u!e#tu* <"./at> 5i.!e#tu* <a+ri/> r."u*tu* <+uter#ic> ;er.I <cru4> "ar"atu* <cu "ar"=> +atriu* <+=ri#te*c> +atriciu* <+atricia#> ae*ti5u* <4e 5ar=> 8u a#u* <. e#e*c> /re/ariu* <4e tur => e-ui#u* <4e ca!> 8.r4eaceu* <4e .r6> +ueri!i* <c.+i!=re*c> #atura!i* <;ire*c> +.+u!ari* <+.+u!ar> a-uati!i* <ac5atic> auritu* <cu urec8i> c.r#utu* <cu c.ar#e> !e/iti u* <G#te eiat +e !e/e ca +e*ter <cG +e#e*c> +ater#u* <4u+= tat=> ;.re#*i* <4e +iaH=> At8e#ie#*i* <ate#ia#> A;rica#u* <a;rica#> 0. +eia#u* <+. +eia#> Cee*aria#u* <ce6aria#> Tare#ti#u* <tare#ti#> Iu/urt8i#u* <iu/urti#> Brita##icu* <"rita#ic> C.ri#t8iu* <c.ri#tia#> Ar+i#a* <ar+i#ia#1 ar+i#atJ> 7 Dr#eeu* <* ir#ea#> Cu5G#tu! #.u <4eri5at> i*e!!u* <*=r a#ei> +ar5u!u* < icuH> +au+ercu!u* <*=r=cuH> aure.!u* <aurit> ter#ariu* <4e trei% % %> aG-ua!i* <e/a!1 #ete4> cru4e!i* <cru4@ .ra!>
VV
-anus
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-ianus -inus
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-icus -ius -as -mus 7u;iIu!1
8.*ti* <4u a#> a-ua <a+=> +ericu!u <+eric.!> .+* <a5ere> 5i* <+utere> r."ur <r.".*@t=rie> ;era <;iar=> "ar"a <"ar"=> +ater <+=ri#te> +ater <+=ri#te> ae*ta* <5ar=> 8. . <. > /reI <tur => e-uu* <ca!> 8.r4eu <.r6> +uer <c.+i!> #atura <;ire> +.+u!u* <+.+.r> a-ua <a+=> auri* <urec8e> c.r#u <c.r#> !eI <!e/e> ca +u* <cG +> +ater <tat=> ;.ru <+iaH=> At8e#ae <Ate#a> A;rica <A;rica> 0. +eiu* <0. +eiu*> C*e*ar <C*e*ar> Tare#tu <Tare#tu!> Iu/urt8a <Iu/urta> Brita##ia <Brita#ia> C.ri#t8u* <C.ri#tu!> Ar+i#u <Ar+i#u > 7 Dr#a <7 ir#a> Cu5G#tu! 4e "a6= i*er <*=r a#> +ar5u* < ic> +au+er <*=rac> aureu* <4e aur> ter#i <cGte trei> ;;i-uu* <e/a!> cru4u* <cru41 +r.a*+=t>
b= Di# a4Jecti5e1 cu *u;iIe!eK
4elZ us 1 4i i#u@-olus -arius

-alis -elis
c= Di# 5er"e1 cu *u;iIe!e K

7u;iIu! -a& -bundus -cundus -idus -ilis -bilis -ibilis
=2<2@S
Cu5G#tu! 4e "a6= ra+ere <a r=+i> ;urere <a ;i ;uri.*> 5ereri <a *e te e> ca!ere <a ;i ca!4> uti <a *e ;.!.*i> !au4are <a !=u4a> cre4ere <a cre4e> ;acere <a ;ace> /arrire <a ;!ecari> #.cere <a 5=t= a> ca+ere <a !ua> c.#*e#tire <a c.#*i Hi> Cu5G#tu! 4e "a6= +ere/re <G# Har= *tr=i#=> cra* < Gi#e> 8.4ie <a6i> *e +er <t.t4eau#a> 4iu < u!t ti +> +.*t <G# ur =1 G#a+.i> a#te <G#ai#te> c.#tra <G# c.#tra>
Cu5G#tu! #.u <4eri5at> ra+aI <r=+it.r> ;uri"u#4u* <;uri.*> 5erecu#4u* <re*+ectu.*> ca!i4u* <ca!4> uti!i* <;.!.*it.r> !au4a"i!i* <4e # 4e !au4=> cre4i"i!i* <4e cre6ut> ;acticiu* /arru!u* <;!ecar> #.cuu* <5=t= =t.r> ca+ti5u* <+ri#*> c.#*e#ta#eu* <care *e +.tri5ete> Cu5G#tu! #.u <4eri5at> +ere/ri#u* <4i# Har= *tr=i#=> cra*ti#u* <4e Gi#e> 8.4ier#u* <4e a6i> *e +iter#u* <+er+etuu> 4iutur#u* <G#4e!u#/at> +.*ticu* <4e 4i#a+.i> a#ti-uu* <5ec8i> c.#trariu* <c.#trar>
-ulus -uus -cus -aneus 7u;iIu! -inus -tinus -rnus -ternus -turnus -icus -i0uus -arius
d= Di# a45er"e1 cu *u;iIe!e K
Deri5area 5er"e!.r Eer"e!e *e +.t ;.r aK a= 4i# *u"*ta#ti5e *au a4Jecti5e1 cu 5.ca!e!e caracteri*tice a!e c.#Ju/=ri!.r1 i cu *u;iIe K
E.ca!a caracteri*tic= i *u;iIu! Cu5G#tu! 4e "a6= - re -e re -i re -gare
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Cu5G#tu! #.u <4eri5at> !au4are <a !=u4a> ae-uare <a e/a!a> ;r.#4ere <a ;i G#;ru#6it> a!"ere <a ;i a!"> cu*t.4ire <a +=6i> *u+er"ire <a ;i tru;a> +ur/are <a cur=Ha> #a5i/are <a c=!=t.ri cu c.ra"ia>
!au* <!au4=> aa-uu* <e/a!> ;r.#*1 @#4i* <;ru#6=> a!"u <a!"> cu*t.*1 @4i* <+=6it.r> *u+er"u* < G#4ru> +uru* <curat> #a5i* <c.ra"ie>
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b= 'in &e"be% #u *u;iIe!eK

7u;iIu! Cu5i#tu! 4e "a6= Gu5G#tu! #.u <4eri5at>
-scere
-iscere -tare -itare -sare -titare -sitare -ilare -essere -cire i#c.ati5e ;rec5e#@tati5e cu 4.u= *u;iIe ;rec5e#@tati5e 4e6i4e@rati5e *e#ere <a ;i "=trG#> i#/e ere <a /e e> 4icere <a 6ice> c!a are <a *tri/a> currere <a a!er/a> 4ictare <a *+u#e 4e*e.ri> cur*are <a a!er/a 4e*e.ri> ca#ere <a cG#ta> ca+ere <a !ua> e4ere <a G#ca>
'e"i&a"ea ad&e"belo"
*e#e*ccre <a G#ce+e *= G "=@trG#ea*c=> i#/e i*cere <a G#ce+e *= +!G#/=> 4ictare <a re+eta> c!a itare <a *tri/a a4e*ea> cur*are <a a!er/a 4e*e.ri> 4ictitare <a re+eta ereu> cur*itare <a a!er/a G#c.ace i G#c.!.> ca#ti!are <a ;re4.#a> ca+e**ere <a 4.ri *= ia> e*urire <a 4.ri *= =#G#ce>
Ad&e"bele *e +.t ;.r a 4i# K a= 7u"*ta#ti5e1 a4Jecti5e1 5er"e1 a45er"e1 cu *u;iIe!e K

7u;iIu! Cu5G#tu! 4e "a6= Cu5G#tu! #.u <4eri5at> -e
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-unt -er -ter -iter -tim -atim -sim -itus 4.ctu* <G#5=Hat> ;a!*u* <;a!*> u!tu* < u!t> *a+ie#* <G#He!e+t> 4i;;ici!i* <a#e5.i.*> ce!er <re+e4e> tri"u* <tri"> car+ere <a cu!e/e> +au!u <+uHi#> /ra4u* <trea+t=> +a#4ere <a G#ti#4e> ;u#4u* <;u#41 "a6=> 4i5i#u* <4u #e6eie*c> 4.cte <cu tii#H=> ;a!*. <;a!*> u!tu < u!t> *a+ie#ter <G#He!e+tete> 4i;;icu!ter <cu a#e5.i#H=> ce!eriter <cu re+e6iciu#e> tri"uti <+e tri"uri> car+ti <+e a!e*e> +au!ati <cu G#cetu!> /ra4ati <tre+tat> +a**i <ici i c.!.> ;u#4itu* <4i# te e!ie> 4i5i#itu* <4e !a 6ei> +e#itu* <G# ;u#4> +e#e* <!a1 G# +uterea>
b= Di;erite ca6uri1 u#e!e 4i*+=rute1 a!e +r.#u e!.r 4e .#*trati5e1 re!ati5e1 #e8.t=rGte K
Cu5G#tu! 4e "a6= 8ic <ace*ta> ii!e <ace!a> i*te <ace*ta> 8ic ii!e i*te 8ic ii!e i*te 8ic ii!e i*te -ui <care> F.r a a45er"ia!= 8ic <aici> i!!ic <ac.!.> i*tic <ac.!.> 8uc <G#c.ace> i!!uc <G#tr@ac.!.> i*tuc <G#tr@ac.!.> 8i#c <4e aici> i!!i#c <4e ac.!.> i*ti#c <4e ac.!.> 8ac <+e aici> i!!ac <+e ac.!.> i*tac <+e ac.!.> -u. <G#c.tr.>
-ui <care> i*te ii!e

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-ua <+e u#4e> i*t. <ac.!.> i!!. <ac.!.> e. <ac.!.> e.4e <t.t ac.!.> a!i. <aiurea>
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Formarea de cuvinte noi prin unirea de cuvinte cu e&isten proprie se numete #ompune"e. G#tr@. c. +u#ere1 cu5G#tu! a! 4.i!ea e*te ce! i +.rta#t1 +ri u! cu5G#t ;ii#4 . 4eter i#are *au . c. +!i#ire a i4eii 4i# ce! 4e a! 4.i!ea K magnanimus, ;.r at 4i# magnus i animus, u#4e magnus e*te 4eter i#area !ui animus, ar=tG#4 G#*uirea lui. Compune"ea #u p"e.i4e n c. +u#erea cu +re;iIe *e +etrec ur =t.are!e ;e#. e#e K a= 0re;iIu! Gi +.ate +=*tra ;.r a G#trea/= 6perdominari, e&cidere=< *au Gi .4i;ic= *u#etu! ;i#a! 4u+= *u#etu! cu care G#ce+e r=4=ci#a !a care *e a4au/=1 a*i i!G#4u@*e *au ;=cG#4u@*e i4e#tic cu e! 6adcadere N accidere, ob-cadere N occidere=< *au Gi .4i;ic= u#e!e *u#ete1 #u +e#tru a *e ;ace i4e#tice cu *u#etu! i#iHia! a! r=4=ci#i1 ci +e#tru a *e a4a+ta +ri# ;.r = !a *u#ete!e i#iHia!e a!e r=4=ci#ii1 a4ic= +e#tru a a5ea . ;.r = care *= *e +.at= +r.#u#Ha u.r G +reu#= cu *u#ete!e care ur ea6= 6cum-cadere , concidere, abs-portare N asportare=! b= Cu5G#tu! 4e "a6= Gi +.ate +=*tra ;.r a G#trea/= 6super-cadere , supercadere= *au Gi .4i;ic= 5.ca!a 6de-cadere ; decidere, per-" acere N per"icere=! 0re+.6iHii!e G#tre"ui#Hate ca +re;iIe *G#tK a"* <G# ;.r e!e abs, ab, a, as, au I>1 a4ucG#4 G# c. +u#ere i4eea 4e G#4e+=rtare 4e ce5a2K condere <a ae6a> & abscondere <a +u#e !a . +arte 4i# 5e4ere1 a a*cu#4e> M ducere <a c.#4uce> & abducere <a 4uce 4e !a1 a !ua> M volare <a 6"ura> & avolare <a 6"ura 4e !a> M portare <a +urta> & asportare <a !ua cu *i#e1 a tra#*+.rta> M "ugere <a ;u/i> &@ au"ugere <a *c=+a>% a4 <G# ;.r e!e ad, ac, a", ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, a G#ai#te 4e *u#ete!e se, sp, st=, a4ucG#4 G# c. +u#ere i4eea 4e icare G#tr@. a#u it= 4irecHie K ducere <a c.#4uce> & adducere <a c.#4uce !a1 a a4uce> M capere <a !ua> & acci-pere <a +ri i> M "igere <a ;iIa> & a""igere <a +ir.#i> M gerere <a +urta> & aggerere <a +urta c=tre1 a a4uce> M lo0ui <a 5.r"i> & allo0ui <a *e a4re*a cui5a> M nectere <a !e/a> & annectere <a ataa1 a a4=u/a> M petere <a *e G#4re+ta *+re1 a Hi#ti> & appetere <a ataca> M repere <a *e tGrG> & arrepere <a *e *trecura *+re> M servire <a ;i r."> & asservire <a *e *u+u#e> M tentare <a G#cerca> & attentare <a ataca> M sciscere <a *e i#;.r a> & asciscere <a c8e a>% a#te <G# ;.r e!e ante i anti=, G#*e #G#4 FG#ai#te X K "erre <a +urta> & ante"erre <a +urta G#ai#te> M capere <a !ua> & anticapere <a !ua G#ai#te1 a G#trece>% #i"#um <G# ;.r e!e circum, cir cu=, G#*e #G#4 FG +reJur XK ducere <a c.#4uce> & circumducere <a c.#4uce G +reJur> M itus < er/ere> & circuitus <G#c.#Jur1 .c.!>% #um <G# ;.r e!e corn, col, con, cor, co=, a4ucG#4 i4eea 4e c.!a".rare1 4e G#*.Hire !a acHiu#e K parare <a +re/=ti> & comparare <a +u#e a!=turi1 a c. +ara> M lo0ui <a 5.r"i> & collo0ui <a 4i*cuta cu ci#e5a> M cdere <a c=4ea> & conci1% 0articu!a au, G#tre"ui#Hat= a!=turi 4e abs i cu ace!ai *e#*1 e*te 4at= 4e ;i!.!./ie c= ar a5ea a!t= .ri/i#e1 #u ar +r.5e#i 4i# abs! 2% AtGt !a +re;iIe1 cGt i !a cu5i#te!e c. +u*e cu e!e1 4= G# /e#era!1 *e#*u! +ri .r4ia!1 #u i t.ate *e#*uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# e!e% KL?
dere <a c=4ea tm )Guaa'"sr sv-Srm/ s"S SSmSS/Y 7o[`72 , corripere <a * u!/e> a optare <a 4.ri> &
cooptare <a 4.ri G +reu#=1 a@i a*.cia>% P 4e1 eI+ri G#4 i4eea 4e icare 4e *u* G# J.* PK cdere <a c=4ea> & decidere <a c=4ea 4e +e>% eI <G# ;.r e!e e&, e1 e"=, a4ucG#4 i4eea 4e icare 4i# i#teri.rK cdere <a c=4ea> & e&cidere <a c=4ea 4i#1 a iei> M iacere <a aru#ca> & eiicere <a 4a a;ar=> M "acere <a ;ace> & e""icere <a ter i#a>% i# <G# ;.r e!e in, im, ii, ir=, eI+ri G#4 i4eea 4e +=tru#4ere G# ce5a$% ducere <a c.#4uce> & inducere <a c.#4uce G#> M parare <a +re/=ti> & impe-rare <a c. a#4a> M Isedere <a 5=t= a> & illidere <a i6"i> M ruere <a er/e /r="it1 a a!er/a> & irruere <a #=5=!i a*u+ra>% i#ter <G# ;.r e!e inter, intel= , G#tre K rumpere <a ru+e> & interrumpere <a ru+e G#tre1 a t=ia G# "uc=Hi1 a G#treru+e> M legere <a a!e/e1 a citi> & intel-legere <a G#He!e/e>% ." <G# ;.r e!e ob, obs>, oc, o", op, os, o=, eI+ri G#4 i4eea FG# ;aHa1 G +.tri5a X K se0ui <a ur a> & obse0ui <a ce4a> M tenere <a Hi#e> & obstinere <a ar=ta>M cdere <a c=4ea> & occidere <a c=4ea !a += G#t1 a +ieri>M "undere <a 5=r*a> & o""undere <a G +r=tia G# ;aHa> M petere <a *e G#4re+ta *+re> & oppetere <a G#;ru#ta> M tendere <a G#ti#4e> & ostendere <a G#ti#4e G# ;aHa cui5a1 a ar=ta> M mittere <a tri ite> & omittere <a !=*a !a . +arte>% pe" <G# ;.r e!e per, pel=, eI+ri G#4 i4eea 4e er/ere 4e !a u# ca+ !a a!tu!1 4e *tr="atere K ire <a er/e> & perire <a er/e cu t.tu!1 a 4i*+=rea>M Iacere <a atra/e> & pellicere <a . i1 a cGti/a>% +.*t N 4u+= K "erre <a +urta> & post"erre <a +u#e G# ur =1 a *.c.ti 4e ai ic= 5a!.are>% +rae N G#ai#teK ire <a er/e> & prseire <a er/e G#ai#te1 a +r.ce4a>% +r*eter N +e !G#/= K mittere <a tri ite> & prsetermittere <a !=*a !a . +arte1 a #e/!iJa>% +r. <G# ;.r e!e pro, prod 21 por *>1 eI+ri G#4 i4eea FG#ai#te1 G# ;.!.*u! X K ponere <a +u#e> & proponere <a +u#e G# ;aHa1 a +re6e#ta> M agere <a !ucra1 a G#a> & prodigere <a ri*i+i> M tendere <a G#ti#4ere> & portendere <a +re6ice>% *u" <G# ;.r e!e sub, suc, su", sug, sum, sup, sur, susP, su= N *u" K agere <a G#a> & subigere <a *u+u#e>M cedere <a er/e> & succedere <a ur a> K "undere <a 5=r*a> & su""undere <a i#u#4a> M gerere <a +urta> & suggerere <a +r.4uce> M monere <a *;=tui> & summonere <a *;=tui G# tai#=> M premere <a a+=*a> & supprimere <a 5irG !a ;u#4> M regere <a c.#4uce> & surgere <a *e ri4ica> M pendere <a atGr#a> & suspendere <a a/=Ha> M specere <a +ri5i> & sus-picere <a +ri5i 4e J.* G# *u*1 a "=#ui>% subte" NN 4e4e*u"tK linere <a u#/e> & subterlinere <a u#/e +e 4e4e*u"t>% supe" N 4ea*u+raK ducere <a c.#4uce> & superducere <a G#ti#4e +e 4ea*u+ra1 a a4=u/a>%
> 2
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Dac= G#tr@. c. +u#ere +re;iIu! *e ter i#= +ri# uta1 iar cu5G#tu! ce!=!a!t G#ce+ea cu !i-ui4a1 I#trucGt uta cu !i-ui4a aici #u +uteau trece G# *i!a"a ur =t.are1 c=ci uta *e +r.#u#Ha ca e!e e#t a! +re;iIu!ui1 *i!a"a +re;iIu!ui #u era a#ce+*1 ci !u#/= +ri# +.6iHie K obligare, obrepere! Dac= G#tr@. *i!a"= *e /=*ete . 5.ca!= !u#/= 4i# #atur=1 care +ri# ;!eIiu#e *au 4eri5are e*te ur at= 4e uta cu !i-ui4a1 5.ca!a Gi +=*trea6= ca!itatea *a 4e 5.ca!= !u#/= i *i!a"a re*+ecti5= r= G#e t.t !u#/= K "rter & "rJtris, laudre , laudtri&, arare & artrum! 9% E.ca!a care re6u!t= 4i# c.#tracHie1 a4ic= 4i# c.#t.+irea a 4.u= 5.ca!e G#tr@u#a *i#/ur=1 e*te !u#/= i1 +ri# ur are1 *i!a"a G# care *e /=*ete . atare 5.ca!= e*te !u#/= K mlo <4i# mvolo=, debeo <4i# de$beo=, cogo <4i# cogo=, prudens <4i# providens=, di <4i# d#t=, isdem <4i# ##sdem=, nil <4i# #!8G!>1 mi <4i# G8G>% De a*e e#ea e*te !u#/= 5.ca!a care1 G# c. +u#ere1 re+re6i#t= u# 4i;t.#/ 4i# cu5G#tu! *i +!u K csedere & occidere, claudere & includere, plaudere , e&plodere! ,% E.ca!a i#iHia!= *au i#ter#= care e*te ae6at= G#ai#tea a!tei 5.ca!e 4i# *i!a"a ur =t.are1 e*te *curt= 6@ocalis ante vocalem brevis est= i a*t;e! e*te *curt= i *i!a"a G# care *e /=*ete . atare 5.ca!=K $ab1o, "erreus, sus, "illa! 7G#t G#*= !u#/i1 4ei *e /=*e*c G#ai#te 4e a!t= 5.ca!= K e !a 4ec!i#area a E@a !a /e#iti5 i 4ati5 *i#/u!ar1 cG#4 e*te G#tre 4.i i' diei, progeniei< a!t;e! e*te *curtK rei, spei! i !a /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar +r.#. i#a!K illius, istius, ipsius, tot#us, unius, ullius! N.t=% 0.eHii1 +ri# !ice#H= +.etic=1 +e#tru #ece*it=Hi!e 5er*i;icaHiei1 c.#*i4er= +e ace*t i ca *curtM aa c= G# +.e6ie i 4e !a /e#iti5u! +r.#. i#a! e*te anceps! I# alterius e*te tratat G# +.e6ie t.t4eau#a ca *curt% i !a ;.r e!e 5er"u!ui "io, care #@au +e r' "io, "iam, "iebam! F.r e!e care au +e r au +e i *curtK "ieri, "ierem! a i e !a 5.cati5u! i /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar a! *u"*ta#ti5e!.r 4e 4ec!i#area a Ii@a ter i#ate G# -aius, -eius' .ri, Pompei! a !a /e#iti5u! *i#/u!ar ar8aic a! 4ec!i#=rii I K a0ui, auli, viti! 8% Litera $ #u e*te c.#*.a#=1 ci G#;=Hiea6= #u ai a*+iraHia 5.ca!ei care ur ea6=% De aceea #u e*te Hi#ut= G# *ea = !a *ta"i!irea ca#tit=Hii *i!a"e!.rK d$ibere, in$onestus! CG#4 *e a;!= G#tre 4.u= 5.ca!e1 ace!ea *e c.#*i4er= ca @ocalis ante vocalem' co$abitare, co$ibere, co$ortari, co$ors! 9% u ae6at 4u+= 0 e*te t.t4eau#a c.#*.a#= i1 4i# +u#ct 4e 5e4ere +r.*.4ic1 #u are #ici . 5a!.are G# *ta"i!irea ca#tit=Hii *i!a"ei +rece4e#te1 c=ci e! ;ace . u#itate G +reu#= cu 0' 0ua, co0uere, re0uies! u ae6at 4u+= g, G# u#e!e ca6uri e*te c.#*i4erat c.#*.a#= K snguis <2 *i!a"e>1 nguis <2 *i!a"e>1 lJnguor <2 *i!a"e>1 l#ngua <2 *i!a"e>1 lnguere <( *i!a"e>% E*te G#*= c.#*i4erat 5.ca!= i ;.r ea6= *i!a"= i# a4Jecti5e!e ter i#ate G# -guus, ca e&iguus <C *i!a"e>1 ambigTus <C *i!a"e>1 riguus <( *i!a"e>1 G# 5er"u! argo <( *i!a"e> i G# t.ate +er;ecte!e G# -gui' vigi <( *i!a"e>1 pigiiit <( *i!a"e>1 langui <( *i!a"e>% E*te c.#*i4erat c.#*.a#= i G# suavis <2 *i!a"e>1 suadeo <( *i!a"e>1 G# c. +uii !ui suescere <( *i!a"e> i G# 4eri5ate!e !.rK assuescere! 34
1)% M.#.*i!a"e!e ter i#ate G# 5.ca!= *G#t !u#/i1 e#c!itice!e *G#t *curte 6-0u1, -v, -n, -t, -ce=' de, pro, si, , e, me, te, se< mari0u, "ilistine>, $icce, tute! 0r.#u e!e 0ua e*te *curt & 4ei e*te u# .#.*i!a" ter i#at G# 5.ca!= & cG#4 G#!.cuiete +e ali0ua !a #. i#ati5 ;e i#i# *i#/u!ar i !a #. i#ati5 i acu6ati5 +!ura! #eutru% 11% M.#.*i!a"e!e ter i#ate G# c.#*.a#= *G#t *curte1 4ac= #u *G#t !u#/i 4i# a!te G +reJur=riK b, d, sed, t, cm, in, sb< G#*= tune <!u#/ +ri# +.6iHie>1 e& <!u#/ +ri# +.6iHie>1 nori <!u#/ +ri# c.#tracHie K ncenum=! 12% 1inere+ e*te /ru+area G#tr@. *i#/ur= *i!a"= a 4.u= 5.ca!e a!=turate 4i# ace!ai cu5G#t1 5.ca!e care1 G# .4 ."i#uit1 c.#*tituie 4.u= *i!a"e K deirsum <i# ( *i!a"e> & deorsum <G# 2 *i!a"e>1 de$inc <G# 2 *i!a"e> & de$inc <G#tr@. *i!a"=>% Ace*t ;e#. e# *e G#tG!#ete !a +.eHi1 cG#4 #ece*it=Hi!e 5er*u!ui Gi ."!i/= ;ie *= re4uc= . *i!a"=1 ;ie *= ai"= ac.!. *i!a"e cu a#u ite ca#tit=Hi% Nu +ute +reci6a 4ac= *i#ere6= era #u ai u# ;e#. e# etric *au era i G# 5.r"irea +.+.ru!ui1 c=ci +ri# *i#ere6= #u 4i*+are #ici . 5.ca!=1 ci #u ai *e /ru+ea6= a!t;e! +e *i!a"e1 iar !a +r.6at.ri #u e*te #ici u# i#4iciu *= cu#.ate cu *e +r.#u#Ha% N.i1 G# !i "a #.a*tr=1 a a+!icat *i#ere6= !a cu5G#tu! teatru1 care a ;.*t 4e ( *i!a"e i a 4e5e#it 4e 2 *i!a"e M G# *criere #u *e cu#.ate1 4ar G# 5.r"ire *e *i te% E.ca!e!e care *u;er= acHiu#ea *i#ere6ei *G#t e1 i, u! Ce!e 4.u= 4i# ur = trec1 +ri# *i#ere6=1 G# cate/.ria !ui i c.#*.#a#* i u c.#*.#a#*% T.ate i#*= Gi +=*trea6= eIi*te#Ha G# *criere1 c=ci1 4e ."icei1 *G#t ae6ate G#ai#tea u#.r 5.ca!e 4e.*e"ite1 #u i4e#tice% I# ca!itate 4e c.#*.a#e1 i i u G# *i#ere6=1 4ac= *G#t +rece4ate 4e . c.#*.a#=1 +.t ;ace ca *i!a"a care !e +rece4= *= 4e5i#= !u#/= K 4i# b#ete ."Hi#e biete, 4i# "liiviorum ."Hi#e "luviorum, 4i# tenuia ."Hi#e tenuia, 4i# genua ."Hi#e genua! Acea*t= .4i;icare a *ituaHiei *i!a"e!.r *e c.#*tat= #u ai G# citirea 5er*uri!.r G# care +.etu! a ;=cut u6 4e *i#ere6=% 7G#t G#*= ca6uri cG#41 4ei *e a+!ic= *i#ere6=1 #u *e .4i;ic= *ituaHia *i!a"ei a#teri.are1 c=ci ea era !u#/= i ;=r= *i#ere6=1 ;ie +ri# +.6iHie1 ;ie +e#tru c= are 5.ca!= !u#/= 4i# #atur=K omnla & omnia, peccnt#a , pec-cntia, (onsualia , (onsualia< p#tita & p#tuita, vindemiator , vindemiator, promontorium , promontorium, 1erv#llo & 1ervilio! Dar eIi*t= i ca6 G# care +.etu! ;ace u6 4e *i#ere6= ;=r= a *c8i "a ca#titatea *curt= a *i!a"ei a#teri.are K ptrus & ptruus!
N.t=% Cu c. +uii !ui semi *i#ere6= e*te ."!i/at.rie i *i!a"a a#teri.ar= r= G#e !u#/= K semianimis, semiermis, semiuncia, semiustus, care *e /=*e*c i cu ;.r aK setna-nimis, semermis, semuncia, semustus!
E.ca!a e, i#trG#4 G# *i#ere6=1 c.#*tituie 4i;t.#/ G +reu#= cu 5.ca!a ur =t.are1 4G#4 a*t;e! . *i!a"= !u#/= K dein, deinde, deinceps, alveare, alveus, "erreus, eodem, eosdem, de$inc, deorsum, seorsum, meo! G# c. +uii cu ante, grave, male, suave, e ;i#a!1 i#trG#4 G# *i#ere6=1 #u i#tr= G# ca!cu! G# =*ura 5er*u!ui i #u .4i;ic= +ri# #i ic ca#titatea *i!a"ei G# care a i#tratK anteire, ante$ac, anteactus, mJleoleo, grveblens, suaveolens' KLC
#nde ubi O vene O re ad "au O ces grJveo d lentis A O verni CG#4 +ri# *i#ere6= *e u#e*c G#tr@. *i!a"= 4.i i, *e +r.#u#H= ca u# i !u#/% De ;a+t aici e*te . c.#tracHie1 c=reia i *e +=*trea6= G# *criere e!e e#te!e care . c.#*tituie M cG#4 *e #.tea6= c.#tracHia *e *crie u# *i#/ur i' dii <G# 4.u= *i!a"e> di# <G#tr@. *i!a"= +ri# *i#ere6=> & d# <c.#tracHie>M i#dem <G# ( *i!a"e> & i#dem <G# 2 *i!a"e +ri# *i#ere6=> & idem <c.#tracHie>% CG#4 +ri# *i#ere6= *e u#e*c G#tr@. *i!a"= 4.i e1 *e +r.#u#H= ca u# e !u#/% Cu t.ate c= i aici e*te 4e ;a+t . c.#tracHie1 *e *criu t.t4eau#a cei 4.i e G# ;.r e!e 5er"u!ui deesse i a!e !ui deerrare' deest, deerat, deerit, deesset, deerravit! La 5er"u! pre$endere i !a c. +uii *=i1 u#e.ri *e #.tea6= cei 4.i e a;!aHi G# *i#ere6=1 a!te.ri G#*= *e #.tea6= c.#tracHiaK pre$endit <*i#ere6=> & prendit <c.#tracHie>1 compre$endet <*i#ere6=> & comprendet <c.#tracHie>@ 7e +.ate G#tre"ui#Ha *i#ere6= i cu 5.ca!a o, care1 u#i#4u@*e G#tr@. *i!a"= cu 5.ca!a 4i# *i!a"a ur =t.are1 4au . *i!a"= !u#/= K 0uod & 0uoad, proin & proin, proinde & proinde, prout , prout! La u#e!e cu5i#te c. +u*e1 cG#4 *e G#tG!#e*c 4.i o i *e ;ace *i#ere6=1 *e ;ace 4e ;a+t . c.#tracHie1 c=reia i *e #.tea6= G#c= e!e e#te!e care au +r.4u*@. M 4ar *e *crie u#e.ri i cu u# *i#/ur o' cbopto , coopto <*i#ere6=> & copto <c.#tracHie> cooperuisse & cooperuissc <*i#ere6=> & coperuisse <c.#tracHie>% 1(% 1incopa e*te *u+ri area u#ei *i!a"e G# i#teri.ru! u#ui cu5G#t% Ace*ta #u e*te #u ai u# ;e#. e# etric1 a4ic= ;.!.*it #u ai 4e +.eHi +e#tru #ece*it=Hi!e 5er*u!ui1 ci a+arHi#ea i 5.r"irii ."i#uite a +.+.ru!ui% 7e G#tG!#ete !a u#e!e cu5i#te ter i#ate G# -uium, u#4e *e *u+ri = +ri u! u' periclum , periclum, vinciilum & vinclum, gubernaclum& gubernaclum! 7e G#tG!#ete 4e a*e e#ea !a +er;ecte!e G# -vi i !a ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# te a +er;ectu!ui1 cG#4 4u+= v ur ea6= . *i!a"= G# care *e /=*ete * *au r' & amavisti , amasti, amaverunt & amrunt, amaverit & amarit, amavisset & amasset, amaverat , amarat! 7i#c.+a *er5ete +.eHi!.r *= re4uc= . *i!a"=1 4ac= #ece*it=Hi!e 5er*u!ui . cer% 1C% %iere+a e*te . .+eraHie i#5er*= *i#ere6ei i c.#*t= G# tra#*;.r area !ui i c.#*.#a#* i a !ui u c.#*.#a#* G# i 5.ca!i* i u 5.ca!i* K Priameius, G# care G#tre e i u e*te u# i c.#*.#a#* i care are +atru *i!a"e1 4e5i#e +ri# 4iere6= Priameius 4e ci#ci *i!a"e M Pleiades, care a5ea i ;.r a 0!ia4e*1 citi#@4u@*e G# trei *i!a"e1 +ri# 4iere6= 4e5i#e Pleiades 4e +atru *i!a"e% La c. iciK iam < .#.*i!a"ic> & #am <"i*i!a"ic>% T c.#*.#a#* +utea 4e5e#i 5.ca!= G# ;.r e!e !ui solvere' solvi , soli, persolvi & persoli, e&solvi & e&solui, dissolvi , dissoli, dissolvendus & dis-solendus< evolvam & evoluam, evolvi & evolui< suetus <cu 2 *i!a"e> & suetus <cu ( *i!a"e>1 adsuerit <4e ( *i!a"e> & adsuerit <4e C *i!a"e> M cui < .#.*i!a"ic> & ci <"i*i!a"ic>1 $uic < .#.*i!a"ic> & $uic <"i*i!a"ic>% Diere6a 4= +.*i"i!itate +.etu!ui *= a4au/e . *i!a"= *curt= ac.!. u#4e #ece*it=Hi!e 5er*u!ui . cer% 15% Eli+iunea e*te .+eraHia +ri# care1 cG#4 i# cu+ri#*u! u#ui 5er* u# cu5G#t *e ter i#= cu 5.ca!=1 cu 4i;t.#/ *au cu m, iar cu5G#tu! ur =t.r G#ce+e cu 5.ca!= *au cu $, *e e!i4e 5.ca!a1 4i;t.#/u! *au 5.ca!a +!u* m 4e !a %(C9
*;Gritu! +ri u!ui cu5G#tK un6a= ante, ant6e= alias, hEnead6se= in, tergeminam-0u6e= Necaten! Dac= u# cu5G#t *e *;Grete G# 4.u= 5.ca!e1 ;iecare 4i# *i!a"= 4e.*e"it=1 #u ai 5.ca!a 4i# *i!a"a u!ti = *e e!i4e K aula6i=in! CG#4 u# 5er* *e ter i#= cu 5.ca!= i 5er*u! ur =t.r G#ce+e cu 5.ca!=1 #u *e ;ace e!i6iu#e% 7G#t ;.arte rare ca6uri!e 4e a*e e#ea G#c=!c=ri 4e 5er*uri% I#terJecHii!e o, $eu, a$, pro$, io #u *G#t *u+u*e e!i6iu#iiK o $ominum, $eu, ubi, a$W ego! U#e.ri i#terJecHia o *e *curtea6= G#ai#tea u#ei 5.ca!e K o Ale&i, M Eur2tion! N.t=% 7criit.rii !ati#i #u 5.r"e*c 4e *u+ri area 5.ca!e!.r1 cG#4 u# cu5G#t *e ter i#= G# 5.ca!=1 4i;t.#/ *au m i ce! ur =t.r G#ce+e cu 5.ca!= *au $, ci 4e reu#irea ce!.r 4.u= 5.ca!e G#tr@. *i#/ur= *i!a"=1 care reu#ire #u i#;!ue#Hea6= ca#titatea *i!a"ei +ri e a cu5G#tu!ui a! 4.i!ea 1% 19% (uvintele iambice! CG#4 u# cu5G#t e*te ;.r at 4i# 4.u= *i!a"e1 4i#tre care +ri a e*te *curt= i a 4.ua e*te !u#/=1 u# a*e e#ea cu5G#t 4i# +u#ct 4e 5e4ere etric c.#*tituie u# ia "% 0e#tru #ece*it=Hi etrice1 a4ic= G# i#tere*u! a4a+t=rii cu5i#te!.r !a ;.r a 5er*u!ui1 +.eHii & ai a!e* G# +eri.a4a ar8aic= & Gi +er iteau *= *curte6e i *i!a"a ;i#a!= a cu5i#te!.r ia "ice i *= !e tra#*;.r e G# +Drri8ice <O E3 >5 i a*t;e! G# !.c 4e cave, vide, tace, ibe, rFg, vani, bono etc% G#tG!#i K cavi, vldi, tac, ibe, rog, veni, bono! T.t *u" i +eriu! !e/ii cu5i#te!.r ia "ice a45er"e!e bene, male, care !a G#ce+ut tre"uie *= ;i a5ut ;i#a!a !u#/=1 aa cu e*te !a t.ate a45er"e!e ter i#ate G# -e, au 4e5e#it 4i# ia "ice 6bni, mle= +Drri8ice i au c=+=tat ;.r a bane, mle, cu care *e /=*e*c G# +.e6ia c!a*ic= !ati#=%
BEGULI GENEBALE 0ENTBU 7ILABELE FINALE
Dec!i#area *u"*ta#ti5e!.r i a4Jecti5e!.r 3ominativul singular are ;i#a!a *curt= !a 4ec!i#=ri!e I1 a Ii@a1 a IE@a M !u#/= !a 4ec!i#area a E@aK capr, domins, mans< dies, res! La 4ec!i#area a I!I@a 5aria6= ;.arte u!t i1 u#4e #u e*te !u#/= +ri# +.6iHie 6co$ors, du&=, *e caut= G# 4icHi.#arK mils, pater, $onbr, gens, animal< $onos, virtus, bonits! .enitivul singular are ;i#a!a !u#/= !a 4ec!i#=ri!e I1 a Ii@a1 a IE@a1 a E@aM *curt=1 !a 4ec!i#area a I!I@a K caprse, domini, manus, diei, re#< duc#s! N.t=% Di;t.#/u! se 4e !a 4ec!i#area I are G# !i "a !ati#= ar8aic= ter i#aHia i' viti! %ativul i ablativul singular au ;i#a!a !u#/= !a t.ate 4ec!i#=ri!e1 a;ar= 4e @e 4e !a 4ec!i#area a III@a K caprse, capr M domino< duci, animali< mJnui, manii< diei, dii< duc! Acu+ativul singular are ;i#a!a *curt= !a t.ate 4ec!i#=ri!e1 4ar1 ;ii#4 ter i#at= G# -m, e*te *u+u*= e!i6iu#ii1 4ac= e*te ur at= 4e . 5.ca!= *au 4e $ G# 5er*1 *au 4e5i#e !u#/= +ri# +.6iHie K caprJm, dominm, ducm, mJnm, dim< mar, animal!
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3ominativul, acu+ativul i vocativul plural, a*cu!i# i ;e i#i#1 au ;i#a!a M= !a t.ate 4ec!i#=ri!e M !a #eutru . au *curt= K caprse, caprs< domini, in os< duces< manus< dils< genera, mari, cornu! .enitivul plural are ;i#a!a *curt= !a t.ate 4ec!i#=ri!e1 4ar1 ;ii#4 ter ici G# -m, e*te *u+u*= e!i6iu#ii1 4ac= e*te ur at= 4e . 5.ca!= *au 4e $ er*1 *au 4e5i#e !u#/= +ri# +.6iHie K caprarum, dominorm, ducum, manuum, _um< maritim, cornum! %ativul i ablativul plural au ;i#a!a !u#/= !a 4ec!i#=ri!e I i a Ii-aM rt=1 !a ce!e!a!te 4ec!i#=riK capris, dominis< ducibus< manibs, diebus! +"onumele Personale! Fi#a!a *curt=K 1gb, nostrm, vestrm! Fi#a!a !u#/=K mei, tui, sui, notri, vestri< tu< mi< me, te, se 6s#se=< *1 vos< nobis, vobis! Fi#a!a a#ce+*K mlB#, tib#, slb4i, ;ii#4 tratate ca ia "ice% N.t=% Ego a a5ut !a G#ce+ut ;i#a!a !u#/=1 cu e*te i G# !i "a e!e#= M G#*= +e "aia Mii cu5i#te!.r ia "ice1 ;i#a!a a 4e5e#it *curt= i aa a ;.*t tratat G# +eri.a4a c!a*ic=1 +eri.a4a i +eria!= tGr6ie +.eHii au G#ce+ut *= c.#*i4ere ;i#a!a !u#/= igo, *u" i#;!ue#Ha r ei e!e#e% CG#4 *G#t G#t=rite cu +articu!e!e@ a1 -tg,-psl,-pT, Gi +=*trea6= ca#tit=Hi!e ;i#a!e!.r a cu !e au cG#4 *G#t ;=r= +articu!e K egomT, memet, mi$#pt, totg, teT, tu#m1t, suimit, psi! )u G#t=rit cu 0uidem e*te tratat ca *curtK t`0uidem <Luci!iu*>% Posesivele au ;.r a a4Jecti5e!.r 4e c!a*a I1 cu trei ter i#aHii 6-us, @a1 im< -er, -ra, -rum=! Fi#a!e!e !.r ;ii#4 i4e#tice cu a!e ace*t.r a4Jecti5e1 *e a+!ic= re/u!i!e ar=tate +e#tru a4Jecti5e% E.cati5u! *i#/u!ar a*cu!i# a! !ui meus, -a, -um e*te !u#/ K mi! %emonstrative! N. i#ati5u! *i#/u!ar are ;i#a!a *curt= !a ce!e ter i#ate # @e1 -is, -d' ill1, iste, ipse< Is< illud, istd, #d! Noc e*te !u#/M $#c e*te a#ce+*% Ge#iti5u! *i#/u!ar are ;i#a!a *curt= K ill#iis, istis, ips#s, eis, $uiiis! Dati5u! *i#/u!ar are ;i#a!a !u#/= K illi, iti, ipsi, $uic, ei! La ce!e!a!te ca6uri1 a5G#4 ter i#aHii a*e =#=t.are cu a4Jecti5e!e1 au ca#tit=Hi!e ;i#a!e!.r ca i a4Jecti5e!e% T.t aa #. i#ati5u! *i#/u!ar ;e i#i# K ill, ist, ips, ea< iar $sec e*te !u#/ ca 4i;t.#/% Interogative i relative! N. i#ati5u! *i#/u!ar ur ea6= *ituaHia .#.@*i!a"e!.r% 7G#t *curte K 0u#s, 0u#d, 0uod, utlr! 7G#t !u#/iK 0ui, 0use! Ge#iti5u! *i#/u!ar i 4ati5u! *i#/u!ar ur ea6= *ituaHia +r.#u e!.r 4e .#*trati5e1 a5G#4 ter i#aHii a*e =#=t.are% Ce!e!a!te ca6uri ur ea6= *ituaHia a4Jecti5e!.r% Guse !a #. i#ati5 i acu6ati5 +!ura! #eutru e !u#/ ca 4i;t.#/% 3e$otrite! La #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar ce!e c. +u*e cu +r.#u e!e re!ati5e i i#ter./ati5e1 cG#4 ace*tea *G#t ae6ate !a *;Grit1 ur ea6= *ituaHia ace*t.ra K ali0uls, ali0u#d< 0uis0uis, 0uid0u#d! La /e#iti5 i 4ati5 *i#/u!ar1 a5G#4 ter i#aHii!e +r.#. i#a!e G# -ius i @t1 *G#t tratate ca i +r.#u e!e 4e .#*trati5e%
La ce!e!a!te ca6uri & i !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar ce!e ter i#ate ca a4Jecti5e!e1 G# -us, -a, -um, *au G# -er, -ra, -rum ,- au ;i#a!e!e tratate1 G# +ri5i#Ha ca#tit=Hii1 ca i ;i#a!e!e a4Jecti5e!.r1 a5G#4 ter i#aHii a*e =#=t.are% Ce!e ter i#ate cu +articu!e i#5aria"i!e 6-vis, -0ue, -lib, -0um, -dm, -pim= ur ea6= *ituaHia +articu!ei% Gut, guee, 0uod <a4Jecti5>1 0u#d <+r.#u e>1 G# r.!u! 4e +r.#u e #e8.@t=rGt1 4ec!i#G#4u@*e ca +r.#u e!e re!ati5 i i#ter./ati51 are ca#tit=Hi!e *i!a"e!.r ca i ace!ea% F.r a 0u +e care . ;.!.*ete !a #. i#ati5 *i#/u!ar ;e i#i# i !a #. i#ati5 i acu6ati5 +!ura! #eutru1 e*te *curt=% 3emo are ;i#a!a !u#/= M ni$#l are ;i#a!a *curt=1 4u+= !e/ea cu5i#te!.r ia "ice1 G#*= nil e*te !u#/ +ri# c.#tracHieM tot, 0uot *G#t *curte% Nu era!u! Nu era!e!e care 5aria6= 4u+= /e#1 #u =r i ca6 au *ituaHia a4Jecti5u!ui c=ruia Gi c.re*+u#4% 0e#tru ;i#a!e!e ce!.r i#5aria"i!e1 ca#tit=Hi!e *e /=*e*c #.tate G# 4icHi.#ar% Tnus, a5G#4 !a /e#iti5 *i#/u!ar i !a 4ati5 *i#/u!ar ter i#aHii +r.#. i#a!e1 ;i#a!e!e ace*t.r ca6uri au *ituaHia ;i#a!e!.r +re#u e!.r 4e .#*trati5e K unis, unt! %uo e*te *curt i !a #. i#ati5 a*cu!i# i #eutru i !a acu6ati5 #eutru1 G# e+.ca i +eria!= tGr6ie a G#ce+ut a ;i tratat cu ;i#a!a !u#/= !a #. i#ati5 a*cu!i#% C.#Ju/area Acti5=% 0er*.a#a I *i#/u!ar% Fi#a!a G# -o e*te !u#/= K canto > <+re6e#tu! i#4icati5u!ui>1 cantabo <5iit% I a! i#4%>1 cantavero <5iit.ru! a! II@!ea a! i#4%>% N.t=% Di# cau6a cu5i#te!.r ia "ice1 ca scio, puto, volo, G# care ;i#a!a a G#ce+ut a ;i c.#*i4erat= *curt=1 ca#titatea *curt= a G#ce+ut1 G# e+.ca i +eria!=1 *= *e eIti#4= i Ia ce!e!a!te 5er"e1 /e#era!i6G#4u@*e cu 5re ea% De aceea1 G# /e#era!1 *e c.#*i4er= anceps! Fi#a!a G# -i e*te !u#/=K cantae#, legi! Fi#a!e!e G# -m 6-am, -em, -im= *G#t *u+u*e e!i6iu#ii1 cG#4 cu5G#tu! ur =t.r G#ce+e cu 5.ca!= *au $, *au 4e5i# !u#/i +ri# +.6iHie1 cG#4 cu5G#tu! ur =t.r G#ce+e cu c.#*.a#= K cantabam 1 dicam <5iit% I i c.#Ju#cti5 +re6e#t>1 cantaveram < % %c% +er;% i#4%>1 cantem <c.#Ju#cti5 +re6%>1 cantarem 1 cantavissem < % %c% +er;% c.#J%>1 cantaverim <+er;% c.#J%> M sim, velim, nolim, malim <c.#J% +re6%>% 0er*% II *i#/% Fi#a!a G# -as e*te !u#/= K cants <+re6% i#4% a! c.#Ju/=rii I>1 cantabs 1 cantavers < % %c% +er;% i#4%>1 mones, ducJs, audis <+re6% c.#Ju#ct1 a! c.#Ju/=rii a I!@a1 a I!I@a1 a IE@ a>% Fi#a!a G# @a* e*te !u#/= K mones <+re6% i#4% a! c.#Ju/1 a I!@a>1 cantes <+re6% c.#Ju#ct1 a! c.#Ju/% I>1 duces, audies <5iit.ru! I a! c.#Ju/1 a I!I@a i a IE@a>1 cantares % 1 CG#4 ter i#aHia e*te i4e#tic= +e#tru t.ate c.#Ju/=ri!e !a u# a#u it ti +1 *e citea6= u# *i#/ur eIe +!u i *e #.tea6= ti +u! i .4uL KFE
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4ecGt 4.u= *i!a"e1 8eIa etru! e*te i e! cata!ectic i *e #u ete G# !ati#ete $e&ameter dact2licus catalecticus in dis2llabum! (e+ura! BeIa etru! e*te u# 5er* !u#/1 care +.ate aJu#/e i +G#= !a a+te*+re6ece *i!a"e M 4e aceea G# citirea1 a4ic= G# +r.#u#Harea !ui *e *i te #e5.ia u#ei +au6e1 ca G# t.ate 5er*uri!e !u#/i% 0au6a care *e ;ace G# u#itatea u#ui 5er* *e #u ete ce+ur, cu5G#t care 5i#e 4i# te a *u+i#u!ui 5er"u!ui casdo <tai>1 c=ci ce6ura re+re6i#t= . t=iere1 . 4e*+icare a 5er*u!ui% Ce6uri!e ."i#uite G# 5er*u! 8eIa etru erau ae6ateK !a Ju =tatea +ici.ru!ui a! 4.i!ea1 !a Ju =tatea +ici.ru!ui a! trei!ea1 *au !a Ju =tatea +ici.ru!ui a! +atru!ea% Cea ai i +.rta#t= era cea 4e !a Ju =tatea +ici.ru!ui a! trei!ea1 +e#tru c= 5e#ea ca !a Ju =tatea 5er*u!ui% Ce6uri!e +urtau ur =t.are!e #u iriK cea 4e !a Ju =tatea +ici.ru!ui a! 4.i!ea *e #u ea triimimera, cu cu5G#t /rece*c <a4ic= 4u+= a treia Ju =tate 4e +ici.r>1 *au ses0uipedalis, cu cu5G#t !ati#e*c <a4ic= 4u+= u# +ici.r i Ju =tate> M cea 4e !a Ju =tatea +ici.ru!ui a! trei!ea *e #u ea pentimimera cu cu5G#t /rece*c1 i semi0uinaria, cu cu5G#t !ati#e*c <a4ic= 4u+= a ci#cea Ju =tate 4e +ici.r> M cea 4e !a Ju =tatea +ici.ru!ui a! +atru!ea *e #u ea e"timimera, cu cu5G#t /rece*c1 i semiseptenaria, cu cu5G#t !ati#e*c <a4ic= 4u+= a a+tea Ju =tate 4e +ici.r>% 0e#tru a *e +utea c.#*i4era c= e*te ca6u! *= *e ;ac= +au6= G# 5er* G# .ricare 4i# !.curi!e i#4icate ai *u*1 a4ic= +e#tru a ;ace ce6ur=1 tre"uie *= ;ie G#4e+!i#ite i a#u ite c.#4iHii 4e ;.r =1 i a#u e K ce6ura #u +.ate c=4ea #ici.4at= !a iJ!.cu! cu5G#tu!ui1 ci #u ai 4u+= *i!a"a care e*te *;Grit 4e cu5G#t i G#ce+ut 4e +ici.r% M.#.*i!a"e!e1 cG#4 *G#t ae6ate G# +ri a Ju =tate a +ici.ru!ui1 G#tru#e*c acea*t= c.#4iHie1 +e#tru c= e!e *e *;Gre*c cu acea *i!a"=% Dar #u *G#t *u;icie#te #u ai c.#4iHii!e 4e ;.r =1 +e#tru a *e +utea ;ace . ce6ur= G# 5er*1 ci *e ia G# *ea = i i4eea1 +re;erG#4u@*e +e#tru ce6ur= !.cu! u#4e1 G +!i#i#4u@*e c.#4iHii!e 4e ;.r =1 +au6a e*te cerut= i 4e er*u! i4eii% CG#4 c.#4iHii!e t.ate i#4ic= #ece*ar= . ce6ur= +e#ti i era1 aceea r= G#e ce6ura 5er*u!ui% Ce!e!a!te 4.u= ce6uri +.t ;i i i6.!ate1 4ar 4e ."icei er/ G +reu#=% CG#4 *G#t G#tr@u# 5er* a "e!e ce6uri1 trii i era i e;ti i era1 rit u! 5er*u!ui +re6i#t= . !e/=#are ;.arte +!=cut=% 0.eHii G +erec8ea6= 4e u!te .ri 5er*uri!e cu ce6ura +e#ti i era cu 5er*uri cu ce!e!a!te 4.u= ce6uri G#tru#ite i 4au a*t;e! . 5ariaHie +!=cut= +.e6iei% G# a;ar= 4e ce!e trei ce6uri e#Hi.#ate ai *u*1 8eIa etru! ai +utea a5ea . ce6ur= !a *;Gritu! +ici.ru!ui a! +atru!ea% Acea*ta1 +e#tru c= a ;.*t ."i#uit= G# +.e6ia +a*t.ra!=1 *e #u ete bucolic! G# 5er*u! cu ce6ura "uc.!ic= *e /=*ete 4e ."icei i . ce6ur= +e#ti i era% D= ai J.* *c8e a u#ui 5er* 8eIa etru cu ce6ura +e#ti i era K
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Du+= G#*e #area cu5G#tu!ui cu care e*te #u it1 +e#ta etru! ar tre"ui *= ;ie u# 5er* cu ci#ci +ici.are% i cu #.i ti c= ;iecare +ici.r are u# acce#t1 +e#ta etru! ar tre"ui *= ai"= ci#ci acce#te% De ;a+t1 +e#ta etru! are a*e acce#te ca i 8eIa etru!1 +e#tru c= e! e*te u# 8eIa etru G# care *e *u+ri = a 4.ua Ju =tate & a4ic= cea #eacce#tuat= & 4i# +ici.ru! a! trei!ea i 4i# +ici.ru! a! a*e!ea1 G#!.cui#4u@*e cu +au6= M e*te 4eci u# 8eIa etru ru+t G# 4.u= Ju =t=Hi 4e cGte 4.u= +ici.are i Ju =tate% Ce6ura ."!i/at.rie !a +e#ta etru e*te +e#ti i era% 0ri a Ju =tate a +e#ta etru!ui a4 ite ca 4acti!u! *= ;ie G#!.cuit +ri# *+.#4eu G# +ri u! i a! 4.i!ea +ici.r M a 4.ua Ju =tate are #u ai 4acti!i G# ce!e 4.u= +ici.are G#tre/i% Iat= *c8e a +e#ta etru!ui K D= 4.u= +e#ta etre rea!e K
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METRICA 'DEL'R I E0'DEL'R LUI B'RATIU7K M7URILE /surile *au +ici.are!e1 care i#tr= G# c. +u#erea 5er*uri!.r 4i# .4e!e i e+.4e!e !ui B.ratiu*1 *G#t ur =t.are!e K
4actD!u* & _3 E3 *+.#4aeu* @@@@@ tr.c8aOu* &u ia "u* u& tri"rac8D* uuu a#a+*e*tu* uu& N.t=% I# +re6e#tarea 4i;erite!.r 5er*uri a!e !ui B.ratiu* 5. uti!i6a u#e.ri i cu5G#tu! c8.ria "u*1 care1 4u+= cu a 5=6ut are ;.r a & u u &1 a4ic= e*te . =*ur= c. +u*= 4i#tr@u# tr.c8*eu* *au c8.re.* i 4i#tr@u# ia "u*% Metricie#ii 4e ai tGr6iu au G#!=turat acea*t= =*ur= 4i# 5er*uri!e !./ae4ice a!e !ui B.ratiu* i au G#!.cuit@. cu u# 4acti! +!u* . *i!a"= !u#/= <& Yh u ,=, ;.r = care *e G#ca4rea6= ai "i#e G# .r/a#i6area 5er*uri!.r !./ae4ice% N.i1 cG#4 G#tre"ui#H= cu5G#tu! c8.ria "u*1 . ;ace +e#tru a #u i cu . *i#/ur= 5.r"= acea*t= ;.r = etric=% EER7URILE L'GAEDICE
Eer*uri!e ."i#uite G# +.e6ia !iric= a !ui B.ratiu* *G#t 5er*uri!e logaedice, ;.r ate 4i# G#t.5=r=irea 4acti!u!ui cu tr.8eu!% 1% Eer*u! ce! ai *curt care cu+ri#4e 4acti!u! i tr.8eu! e*te 5er*u! Adonius' D= U%J I ? E. C*e*=rG* d u!t.r Ace*t 5er* re+re6i#t=1 4e ;a+t1 *;Gritu! 8eIa etru!ui1 a4ic= +ici.ru! a! ci#ci!ea i a! a*e!ea% E! #u e*te G#tre"ui#Hat *i#/ur G# c.#*tituirea u#ei +.e6ii G#tre/i1 ci #u ai ca e!e e#t c. +.#e#t a! u#.r *tr.;e1 *er5i#4 ca G#c8eiere a *tr.;ei% 2% Eer*u! Aristop$anius e*te ;.r at +ri# a4=u/area u#ui tr.8eu !a *;Gritu! 5er*u!ui A4.#iu* K hg uu I 7g Oh I Sg D LD4G=1P 4Gc +er d . #e* KM>
F.r u!a 5er*u!ui Ari*t.+8a#iu* & G#trea/= *au cata!ectic=1 a4ic= ;=r= *i!a"a ;i#a!= & e*te te e!ia tutur.r 5er*uri!.r !./ae4ice care 5.r ur a1 a;ar= 4e P$erecrateus< !a ea *e 5.r a4=u/a !a G#ce+ut a!te =*uri% (% Eer*u! P$erecrateus *e ."Hi#e t.t 4i# 5er*u! A4.#iu*1 a4=u/G#4u@i !a G#ce+ut u# tr.8eu% Dar +e#tru c= ace*t tr.8eu e*te ae6at G#ai#tea 4acti!u!ui1 *e *c8i "= G# *+.#4eu1 4e.arece !a B.ratiu* t.t4eau#a tr.8eu! 4i#ai#tea 4acti!u!ui *e *c8i "= G# *+.#4eu% I#ter\;u*= #!\te#te* N.t=% CG#4 *u+!i e#tu! a4=u/at G#ai#tea 4acti!u!ui e*te u# tr.8eu <*+.#4eu> *au . 4i+.4ie & 4.u= +ici.are & tr.8aic=1 *e #u ete ba+< cG#4 e*te . *i#/ur= *i!a"= *e #u ete anacru+! C% Eer*u! .l2coneus *e ."Hi#e 4i# 5er*u! Ari*t.+8a#iu*1 a4=u/G#4u@i !a G#ce+ut . "a6= ;.r at= 4i#tr@u# tr.8eu <*+.#4eu> i re4ucG#4u@i . *i!a"= 4i# u!ti u! +ici.r1 a4ic= ;=ci#4u@1 cata!ectic K Mi!e* I te 4tic7 \ /e**= d rGt 5% Eer*u! 1ap$icus minor *e ."Hi#e 4i# 5er*u! Ari*t.+8a#iu*1 a4=u/G#4u@i !a G#ce+ut ca "a6= . 4i+.4ie tr.8aic= <cu *+.#4eu G# a! 4.i!ea +ici.r>K N.t=!-uae *e J4e* ;aePr=t c7\Iu "i* 9% Eer*u! Alcaicus $endecas2llabus *e ."Hi#e a4=u/i#4 5er*u!ui 7a+8icu* i#.r !a G#ce+ut . a#acru6=1 iar !a *;Grit Gi *u+ri = . *i!a"=1 ;=cG#4u@1 cata!ectic G#tr@. *i!a"= K ET; I 4e* At d a!t= d *tet #!5e I c=#4! d 4a ,% Eer*u! Alcaicus decas2llabus *e ."Hi#e 4i# 5er*u! Ari*t.+8a#iu*1 %a4=u/G#4u@i G#ai#te u# 4acti!%
-- .. I --w I --.* -H
Nec 5ete \ re* =/! d tW#t;ir d .r#i 8% Eer*u! Asclepiadeus minor *e ."Hi#e 4i# 5er*u! G!Dc.#eu*1 a4=u/G#4u@i G#tre "a6= i 4acti! u# c.ria " & a4ic= u# 4acti! ur at 4e . *i!a"= !u#/= K
hggO*uuO*OO*vuO*vO^
Ee#= \ t.r te#e J r=T \\ c.#i;!/!* d KME i e\ .]
9% Eer*u! Asc$piadeus maior *e ."Hi#e 4i# 5er*u! A*c!e+ia4eu* a4ic= G#c= u# 4acti! ur at 4e . i!a"= !u#/= K
i#.r1 4=u/G#4u@i 4u+= "a6= G#c= u# c.ria "1
*-O*TTO-*OO*TTO*OO-T-hO*TO^
7eu +!W d re* M= J e* OO *eu tri"ti O it OO Iu++iter O A!t! d = 1)% Eer*u! 1ap:icus maior *e ."Hi#e 4i# 5er*u! 7a+8icu* i#.r1 i#tr.@4ucG#4 G#tre 4i+.4ia tr.8aic= 4e "a6= i 4acti! u# c.ria "1 a4ic= u# 4acti! ur at 4e . *i!a"= !u#/= K
/-.*01-*-1#-"0*i.**01.#-!*-1#/*i-ii
t O t O i !P!!P !P!P
Cur tt d et ;!= d 5u TG"8 d ri O tW#/7reT O Cur . d U5a ALTE FELURI DE EER7URI 11% Ne&amcter dact2licus catalecticus in dis2llabum, 5er* cu#.*cut 4i# +.e6ia e+ic= i 4i# 4i*ti8u! e!e/iac% , DD 1*- DD I @L DD I , DD I*!uu d *! D \ !P!P 11 !P IP iP NG! 4e* J +er=#J 4u dd T=aJcr. 4t!c<e> 8t d Wu*+Zc= J Teucr. 12% )etrameter dact2licus catalecticus in dis2llabum, ;.r at 4i# u!ti e!e +atru +ici.are a!e 8eIa etru!ui 4acti!ic K Cra* i# J /e#* ite J r="! tt* O *e-uWr 1(% )rimeter dact2licus catalecticus in s2llabam #u it i Arc$iloc$ius minor, ;.r at 4i# trei 4acti!i1 4i#tre care ce!ui 4i# ur = i *e *u+ri = ce!e 4.u= *i!a"e *curte K F!ii !#= d +raet7r7 O u#t 1C% Arc$iloc$ius maior, ;.r at 4i# +ri e!e +atru +ici.are a!e 8eIa etru!ui 4acti!ic1 ur ate 4e . tri+.4ie tr.8aic= K *! DD 1 VP@ DD I*! DD I -* DD I *!u I *-! s I 3L U P IP IP IP I P IP I P 7.!5Gtar d WcrG* 8i d e * /r= O tW 5Gce O 5ert* O 7t F= d 5. 15% Alcaicus enneas2llabus, ;.r at 4i#tr@. a#acru6= i . tetra+.4ie tr.8aic= K I ! I ! I ! I! Ded +r5 ed -u=4ri I ii 7=J" = KMK
19% %imeter troc$aicus catalecticus, ;.r at 4i#tr@. tetra+.4ie tr.8aic= ;=r= . *i!a"= K P I P I P I P Li i ! t.* c!G e#t! ii 7e ai #u ete i troc$aicus semiseptenarius! 1,% Iambicus senarius *au trimeter iambicus, ;.r at 4i# *a*e ia "i K u P u P _3
Be=tt!* G! 3 U7 -uG +r7cu! d #=/.tGG*
G# ace*t 5er*1 ia "u! +.ate ;i G#!.cuit & a;ar= 4e +ici.ru! a! a*e!ea & \
i
cu K& u u M *au cuK$uu M *au cu K _3<3 p%

Not. Al,i +.eHi a4 it G#!.cuirea i cu *+.#4eu <@@@@@@>i cu +r.ce!eu* atic<uuuu>% CG#4 *e#aru! ia "ic are +ici.ru! a! a*e!ea c.#*tituit 4i#tr@u# *+.#4eu1 *e #u ete sca+on! Ace*ta e*te G#tre"ui#Hat 4e Catu!!u*%
18% Iambicus senarius catalecticus *au trimeter iambicus catalecticus, ;.r at 4i# a*e ia "i ;=r= . *i!a"= K
u JJV ? h7 J ? hS :P hg I Bt! hg ? Et ;!I.r et I 5!r *.r4G4.* d -ue #=t.*
19% Iambicus 0uaternarius *au dimeter iambicus, ;.r at 4i# +atru ia "iK
22 22
Ut +ri*c= /e#* d .rt=!!;i G# ace*t 5er* G# +ici.ru! G#tGi i G# +ici.ru! a! trei!ea *e /=*e*c *+.#4ei G# !.c 4e ia "iK 2)% Elegiambicus, u# 5er* c. +u* 4i# trimeter dact2licus catalecticus v dimeter iambicus'
hg uu I #g -/i I ^ JJ hg .] J u ^, BY S De*G#et d i +=rGd "u* dd certare *u d .tu* +;!4.r
G# ace*t 5er* ia "u! e*te G#!.cuit +ri# *+.#4eu G# +ri u! i a! trei!ea +ici.r a! tetra+.4iei ia "ice% 21% Iambelegiacus, c. +u* 4i# ace!eai e!e e#te1 G#*= i#5er*ate K
Tu 5i#= T.r d -u=t. .5e !d c.#*.!= d +re**= ed.
G# ace*t 5er*1 G# +ri u! i G# a! trei!ea +ici.r ia "u! e*te G#!.cuit cuQ *+.#4eu% KML
GRU0AREA EER7URIL'R
I# *crierea .4e!.r i e+.4e!.r1 B.ratiu* a G#tre"ui#Hat 5er*uri!e *tu4iate G#= aici1 ;ie ;.!.*i#4 u# *i#/ur 5er* +e#tru G#trea/a +.e6ie1 ;ie /ru+G#4 4.u= au trei 5er*uri 4e.*e"ite +e#tru c.#*tituirea 4e *tr.;e% a= Eer*uri!e ;.!.*ite +e#tru .4a G#trea/= *G#tK Asdepiadeus minor!
EIe d /i 5#a O e# Hd taer9 += d re##! d a* <B.r% (arm! III1 ()>
Asdepiadeus maior! [! V d4* ? q >!1d * ?O! >k V uu d & u 1 m P 1 P I P !i P IP !i P IP I P Nu!!= 1 d EWr= *= d er= OO 5it= +r! I u* OO *e5er!* d =r"51 r= <B.r% (arm! I1 18> b= 1trop$ee! La B.ratiu* /=*i c.#*tituite ur =t.are!e *tr.;e 4i# %/ru+area 5er*uri!.r K 1trop$a Asdepiadea prima, ;.r at= 4i#tr@u# 5er* .l2coneus i u# 5er* Asdepiadeus minor'
L - * L 2-"-" * L u * {L -1-*1-)3/*-^**-^))*/-)*.)
P iP i P I P Re44=* d c.!a e +re d c.r Et *er J 5e* =#! d *e dd 4i i4! O u <B.r% (arm! I1 (> e d a*
1trop$a Asdepiadea secunda, ;.r at= 4i# trei 5er*uri Asdepiadeus minor i u# 5er* .l2coneus'
L * L .. * L ** L. ^ * L . 1 4.
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Eict.r1 I MaJ.rii 11 OO c=r !#G* I W!Gd te P IP I P ^! P I P 1 P AuW re d cu -u7 ;= d r.I !J #=5G"a* I aut = O -ui*
PI
1 P
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MG!e* d te 4ace 1 /e**e@1 rit <B.r% (arm! I1 9>
KMF
1trop$a Asclepiadea tertia, ;.r at= 4i# 4.u= 5er*uri Asclepiadeus minor, u# 5er* P$erecrateus i u# 5er* .l2coneus '
L - * +". I L ** L "" * /1. 2-" * 6 L - * L "" * .1 ** I. "^ * .1 . I . i. - * ^-.. * -1 4 2. - * -+ ". * -1 2/ * A
' ;.#* d Ba#4.*G d *e1 dd *+!e#4i4^ d .r 5i d tr.1 Du!ci d 4i/#7 = I r. dd #.# *!#= d ;!.ri d "a*1 Gra* 4. I #W"er!* 8ae4. Cui ;r.#* d tur/!4= d c.r#i d "a* <B.r% (arm! III1 1(>
1trop$a 1ap$ica, ;.r at= 4i# trei 5er*uri 1ap$icus minor i u# 5er* Adonius'
i..* 7 7 I 7 ^+ 7 .+--. -i*-!*8--*i-.#/* 7 .* 7 . i. 9 0 I. -- I i. 99 : /+ ;
1trop$a 1ap$ica maior, ;.r at= 4i#tr@u# 5er* Aristop$anius i u# 5er* 1ap$icus maior'
J !\J 0 /. ) 0 J
L ^ 0 i. = * L 2-* -" * -i ** " .. 0 -1 ) I j #$ I P IP

a LD4t=1 I 4ic1 +=r d 9 #9*1 Te 47 I .* .! r.1 7D"= d ri# dd cur +r9+;e d re* =! <B.r% (arm! 11 8> =#4.
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iui- I !e/ u ui I ia+i#" e uiHu4 I / A *HJ I +i7*u I - a#"H I *uau.4 I i .7 I imrO A' I A3 Ja4 I H]* HuWiH^ *#7uJ I AH.* I 7IA
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' sn0v7i"isvodp snocoO2 739A UTE U7 sn0%c"tsvdum snocKO2 739A tsn0vn"i,svo9puKv snocoi2 u#*aaA e#.+ + BOB'I3'3 Pr?iJ?JD vi]do77g
G# +ri u! 5er*1 u!ti u! ia " e*te G#!.cuit cu *+.#4eu M 4e a*e e#ea G# a! 4.i!ea 5er*1 ia "u! a! trei!ea e*te G#!.cuit +ri# *+.#4eu% 1trop$a troc$aica, ;.r at= 4i#tr@u# %imeter troc$aicus catalecticus i u# )rimeter iambicus catalecticus *au Iambicus senarius catalecticus'
) ! )
N.# 7"iir #W d -u<e> a;!r=a Me= re#i d 4et 4. . d !=ciG#=r1 <B.r% (arm! II1 18> 1trop$a iambica, ;.r at= 4i#tr@u# Iambicus senarius *au *au %imeter iambicus' X
)rimeter iambicus i u# Iambicus 0uaternarius
B7Wt;!* G! d U7 -ui +rWcu! d #e/.tGG*1 P ; I P P Ut +#*c= /e#* d .rta!i ;i <B.r% Ep! E= N.t=% G#tre #u iri!e /receti i ce!e !ati#eti e*te 4e.*e"ire ca ci;r=1 +e#tru c= u#itatea 4e =*ur= !a !ati#i era +ici.ru!1 G# ti + ce !a /reci era etru!1 c.#*tituit 4i# 4.u= +ici.are1 a4ic= 4i#tr@. 4i+.4ie G# e+.4e!e !ui B.ratiu* /=*i G#c= 4.u= /ru+=ri 4e 5er*uri1 care ;.r ea6= a!te 4.u= *tr.;e1 +e care #.i !e #u i 1 *+re a !e 4e.*e"i 4e ce!e!a!te1 +ri# ceea ce au caracteri*tic1 G# ;e!u! ur =t.r K 1trop$a elegiambica, #u it= i 1trop$a Arc$iloc$ia tertia, ;.r at= 4i#tr@u# 5er* Iambicus senarius *aX )rimeter iambicus i u# 5er* Elegiam-bicus'
'uul!uul'lu'u'u'u'
0ettG1 # G!d e *Gcat =# d te= ia5=t 7crG"er/ d 5er*ica d !.*1 dd = .re +er d cu**u /r=5G <B.r% Ep! 11> G# +ri u! 5er*1 +ri u! i a! trei!ea ia " au ;.*t G#!.cuiHi +ri# *+.#4eiM G# a! 4.i!ea 5er* 4e a*e e#ea1 ia "u! a! trei!ea a ;.*t G#!.cuit +ri# *+.#4eu% 1trop$a iambelegiaca, #u it= i strop$a Arc$iloc$ia secunda, ;.r at= 4i#tr@u# 5er* Ne&ameter dact2licus catalecticus in dis2llabum i u# iambe-legiacus!
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u P u P Iu P . P I P uu I P uu I u B.rr!4= d te +e* I t=* c*e d !u c.# d tr=IGt et d i "re* Ni5e*-ue 4e d 4ucu#t I.5e 1 d #u#e KMC
=r=1 I#u#c *i!a d ai
G# 5er*u! a! 4.i!ea1 a! trei!ea ia " a ;.*t G#!.cuit +ri# *+.#4euM iar a! Ji!ea 4acti! e*te c.#*tituit 4i# *i!a"a !u#/= nune i 4i# 4.u= *i!a"e *curte -Iu, crei#4u@*e *i!a"a Iu +ri# 4iere6a *i!a"ei va, a4ic= +ri# tra#*;.r area ii u c.#*.#a#* G# u 5.ca!=% T.t G# e+.4e!e !ui B.ratiu* *e /=*ete /ru+at 8eIa etru! cu 5er*uri i "ice1 c.#*titui#4 ur =t.are!e *tr.;e K 1trop$a P2t$iambicaI prima, ;.r at= 4i#tr@u# 5er* Ne&ameter dact2-cus catalecticus in dis2llabum i u# lambicus 0uaternarius *au %imeter imbicus'
I )) , )) I \J\J I )) )
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N.I 7r=t I et cee d I. dd ;u! d /e"=t d !u#= *e d re#. I#ter !#. r= *i4er=
1trop$a P2t$iambica secunda, ;.r at= 4i#tr@u# 5er* Ne&ameter dact2-licus catalecticus in dis2llabum i u# 5er* lambicus senarius *au )rimeter lambicus'
i uu \ uu \ @hT i uu i uu uPuP!uPuP!uPuP A!tera d i= teri O tur dd "e! I !i* ci d 5i!!"ti* J eetW* 7ai* et i+P!*= R. = 5G d ri"u* rti!t
B.ratiu* are i . e+.4= *cri*= G#tr@u# *i#/ur ;e! 4e 5er* ia "ic1 i a#u e G# lambicus senarius *au )rimeter iambicus'
U-TkU-TiU-l-U-TkiuTkU-ik
I= i<a > e;;Gc= cG 4. =#ii* d *cGe#tG;;i EER7URI UNTREBUINATE DE ALI 0'EI
1% )etrameter iambicus catalecticus, care !a r. a#i *e #u ea Iambicus septenarius, 4ei ar tre"ui #u it Iambicus octonarius catalecticus' E-u!4e +.! 5e!d;=!*9 t= e# <d !au4=# u!dt. =!. Are ce6ura +ri#ci+a!= 4u+= a 4.ua 4i+.4ie% E! a4 ite !a .rice +ici.r *u"*tituiri!e +ri# K uuu1 *au u27 &1 *au@@@@p1 *au , M Bh! E*te G#tre"ui#Hat 4e +.eHii c. ici%
1
Nu e!e P2t$iambic *e /=*ete G# /advig h!R! , .rammaire latine! 2C@c ((5
KM9
2% )etrameter iambicus acatalecticus *au lambicus octonarius'

7=rcGre +.* d *<e> ee4e* e=*1 dd -ui# t.tGe +erd+;it_!7 ra=#t
Are ce6ura 4u+= a 4.ua 4i+.4ie i a4 ite ace!eai *u"*tituiri ca i 5er*u! +rece4e#t !a .rice +ici.r1 ;=r= 4i*ti#cHie% E*te ;.arte G#tre"ui#Hat 4e +.eHii c. ici% (% )etrameter troc:aicus catalecticus *au troc$aicus septenarius, ;.arte G#tre"ui#Hat G# teatru! !ati# K %L1@PVLudVOuV!uddV!uViu3JLuu \ j O r r IIP P I P
NW-ue tu 5er"G* d *.!5e* u -u= dd -u.4 G8G re =!= J ; ec=r!*
A4 ite *u"*tituirea tr.8eu!ui +ri#K uuu, *au & &1 *au @?1 *au Mu &% I# 5er*u! citat aici ca eIe +!u a5e tr.8eu #u ai G# +ici.ru! a! a+te!ea 6"ece=< G# +ici.ru! G#tGi e*te *u"*tituit +ri# a#a+e*t 6ne0ue tu=, G# +ici.ru! a! II@!ea1 G# a! III@!ea i G# a! IE@!ea e*te *u"*tituit +ri# *+.#4ei 6verbis, solves um0um=, G# +ici.ru! a! ci#ci!ea i G# a! a*e!ea e*te *u"*tituit +ri# 4acti!i 60uod m#$#, re mle=! C% )etrameter troc$aicus acatalecticus *au troc$aicus octonarius, ;.!.*it ai rar G# teatru! !ati# K
P i OY PIIP P IP P
kk U kk 1C 1 kk U kk 1C 11 kk R-F kk U3 kk O kk 1C
N.5 =/9 5.*tr<a> 8aec d K FN.!!e ;=ctu X% ddGu* iiir=#4u d 4="!tur t<e> e**= A4 ite ace!eai *u"*tituiri ca i 5er*u! a#teri.r% I# 5er*u! citat aici ca eIe +!u1 a5e tr.8eu #u ai G# +ici.ru! a! .+tu!ea 6esse=< G# +ri u! +ici.r tr.8eu! e*te *u"*tituit +ri# 4acti! 6nov6i=e4go=< G# +ici.ru! a! 4.i!ea1 G# a! trei!ea1 G# a! +atru!ea1 G# a! ci#ci!ea i G# a! a*e!ea tr.8eu! e*te *u"@ P & P P P P *tituit +ri# *+.#4eu 6vostr6a= $sec' F 3ollem "ctum X% Ius iiirndum=< G# +ici.ru! a! a+te!ea e*te *u"*tituit +ri# a#a+e*t 6dbltur=! 5% )etrameter anapesticus acatalecticus *au Anapesticus octonarius, care are ce6ura 4u+= a 4.ua 4i+.4ie K
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a4Jecti5e 4eri5ate 4i# #u e!e *tr= .u!ui c. u#% 0e#tru u#e!e *e caut= a+r.+ieri cu *u"*ta#ti5e c. u#e1 care ar *ta !a "a6a #u e!.r re*+ecti5e K Porcius & porcus <+.rc>1 Fabius , "aba < a6=re>1 (secilius , csecus <.r">1 (laudius & claudus <c8i.+>1 i atu#ci *e c.#*i4er= c= ace! *tr= . c. u# *@ar ;i .cu+at cu creterea +.rci!.r1 *au ar ;i cu!ti5at a6=rea1 *au ar ;i a5ut 5reu# 4e;ect 4e 5e4ere1 .ri 4e er*% Prsenomen e*te #u e!e +er*.#a!1 #u e!e +ri# care *e 4i*ti#/ G#tre ei cei care +.art= ace!ai nomen gentilicium! E! *e *cria G#ai#tea !ui nomen, i *e #.ta #u ai +ri# a"re5iere1 ceea ce 4e#.t= ai +uHi#a !ui i +.rta#H= ;aH= 4e nomen! Nu e!e +er*.#a!e !a G#ce+ut au ;.*t ;.arte 5ariate% Cu ti +u! G#*= ;iecare ;a i!ie a a5ut +re;eri#H= +e#tru a#u ite prsenomina! Aa Bseso e*te G# gens Porcia i G# gens Guintilia, %ecimus i Appius G# gens (laudia, /amercus G# gens hEmilia, 3umerius G# /e#* Fabia! Fa i!ii!e c=utau *= *e *i#/u!ari6e6e +ri# acea*t= +re;eri#H= +e#tru a#u ite +r*e#. i#a% U#e.ri prsenomen era 4at G# !e/=tur= cu . e#tu! 4i# 6i a! #ateriiK ce! care *e #=tea 4i i#eaHa *e +utea #u i /anius, /ania 6mane ; 4i i#eaHaO1 ce! care *e #=tea G# ti +u! 6i!ei +utea +ri i #u e!e *ucius, *ucia 6lu& , !u i#=OM *au *e 4a 4u+= .r4i#ea #aterii c.+ii!.r G# ;a i!ie K Guintus, 1e&tus, %ecimus +e#tru "=ieHi1 1ecunda, )ertia, Guarta +e#tru ;e ei% Cei #=*cuHi 4u+= .artea tat=!ui *e #u eau Postumus, Postuma! Di# u!te!e prsenomina ce 5.r ;i ;.*t !a G#ce+ut1 cu ti +u! *@a re4u* #u =ru! !.r !a ur =t.are!e .+t*+re6ece1 care *e a"re5iau a*t;e!K
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+ri it c./#. e# 1cipio, a!Hii 1ulla, a!Hii Asina! Ca i nomen gentile, cognomen a+arHi#ea tutur.r e "ri!.r ;a i!iei care i@1 G#*ui*e i *e .te#ea 4e c=tre 4e*ce#4e#Hii ;a i!iei% (ognomina erau ;.arte u!te K ;a i!ia are!ui .rat.r /! )ullius a5ea c./#. e# (icero< a are!ui /e#era! care a cucerit Ga!ia1 (! lulius, a5ea c./#. e# (eesar < a +.etu!ui G! Noratius a5ea c./#. e# Flaccus< a +.etu!ui P! Hvidius a5ea c./#. e# 3aso< a u#ui . 4e *tat /! Iunius a5ea c./#. e# Arutus< a u#ui a!t . 4e *tat G! Fabius a5ea c./#. e# /a&imus< . ;a i!ie 4i# /e#* )remellia a +urtat c./#. e# 1er o" a! T.ate ace*te G#tre/iri a!e #u e!ui /i#Hii +e#tru a c.#*titui #u e!e ;a i!iei Gi a5eau eI+!icaHia !.r1 c=ci erau !e/ate ;ie 4e a#u ite G#*uiri ;i6ice .ri .ra!e1 ;ie 4e a#u ite acti5it=Hi% A*t;e! +e#tru 0% C.r#e!iu* 1cipio *e *+u#e c= *@a 4at ace*t c./#. e#1 +e#tru c= u#u! 4i# acea*t= ;a i!ie a *er5it +e#tru tat=! *=u1 care +ier4u*e 5e4erea1 ca u# *+riJi# *au c=!=u6= +er a#e#t1 a4ic= +e e! *e *+riJi#ea ca +e u# "a*t.# 6scipio N "a*t.#>% ' a!t= ra ur= 4i# /e#* C.r#e!ia a +ri it c./#. e# Asina, +e#tru c= u#u! 4i#tre re+re6e#ta#Hii ei1 tre"ui#4 *= a4uc= G# *+riJi#u! a#/aJa e#tu!ui *au a;ir aHiei *a!e #ite /ara#Hi1 a 5e#it cu . a*i#=1 +e care *e /=*ea G#c=rcat= . ca#titate are 4e aur1 ce +utea *er5i 4re+t /ara#Hie% Tre e!!iu*1 care a +urtat c./#. e# 1cro"a, *e 6ice c= a tre"uit *= 4ec!are !a . cercetare1 4ac= *e /=*ete G# ca*a *a . *cr.a;= a u#ui 5eci#% E!1 ;ii#4c= *c!a5ii *=i t=ia*er= acea *cr.a;=1 #etii#4 a cui era1 a i#tr.4u*@. G# ca*= i a ac.+erit@. cu 5et i#te u!te1 iar +e*te e!e *@a cu!cat *.Hia *a M i a 4ec!arat c= G# ca*a !ui #u *e /=*ete a!t= *cr.a;= 4ecGt aceea1 ar=tG#4 *+re *.Hia !ui% Cercet=t.rii1 cre6G#4 c= 5.r"a *cr.a;= *e re;erea1 ca . /!u =1 !a *.Hia !ui1 au +!ecat G#cre4i#HaHi c= #u *e /=*ea ac.!. *cr.a;a rec!a at=1 4ei e! *+u*e*e a4e5=ru!1 ar=tG#4 G# *+re !.cu! u#4e *e /=*ea *cr.a;a cea rea!=% 0e#tru c./#. e# (icero, *e "=#uiete c= u# *tr= . a! .rat.ru!ui a +utut a5ea +e ;aH= . eIcre*ce#H= G# ;e!u! "."u!ui 4e a6=re 6cicer , nut= < +e#tru c./#. e# 3aso, c= u# *tr= . a +utut a5ea #a*u! are 6nasus N & #a*> M +e#tru c./#. e# Flaccus, c= u# *tr= . a +utut a5ea urec8i!e ari i 4e+=rtate 4e ca+ <;!accu* N urec8iatu!> M +e#tru c./#. e# (sesar, c= u#u! 4i# ;a i!ie *@a #=*cut cu c8ic= 6cmsaries N c8ic=O M +e#tru c./#. e# /a&imus, c= a ;=cut ari *er5icii !i#itii *.cia!e r. a#e M +e#tru c./#. e# Arutus, c= #u a5ea G#*uiri i#te!ectua!e 6brutus N +r.*t>% A!Hii au a5ut c./#. e# *ongus <ce! !u#/>1 Ru"us <ce! r.u>% De aici 5e4e c= +artea 4i# #u e #u it= cognomen c.re*+u#4ea +.rec!ei #.a*tre% Ce!e trei #u e erau +urtate 4e cei care *e "ucurau 4e 4re+turi!e 4e cet=He#ie% Aui#ti!ia#u* *+u#e K Propria liberi, 0u& nemo $abet, nisi liber <*u#t> K prasnomen, nomen, cognomen, tribus <Caracteri*tici!e +r.+rii a!e . u!ui !i"er i +e care #u !e are 4ecGt ce! !i"er1 *G#tK +r*e#. e#1 #. e#1 c./#. e#1 tri"u!>% Iar G# +ri5i#Ha 4re+tu!ui 4e a a5ea u# nomen gentile, Cicer. *cria K .entiles sunt, 0ui inter se eodem nomine sunt< 0ui ab ingenuis oriundi sunt, 0uorum maiorum nemo servitutem servivit, 0ui capite non sunt deminuti <Me "ri ai /i#Hii *G#t acei care au ace!ai nomen gentile< care *G#t #=*cuHi 4i# +er*.a#e !i"ere M ai c=r.r *tr= .i #@au ;.*t *c!a5iM care #@au *u;erit . c.#4a #are cu +ier4erea 4re+turi!.r 4e cet=He#ie>% K5M
A*t;e!1 #u e!e ;.r at 4i# ce!e trei e!e e#te 4=4ea1 ce!ui ce@1 +urta1 . 4e.*e"it= +re*ta#H=1 4i*ti#/G#4u@ 1 4e cei care #u a5eau 4re+tu! !a u# a*t;e! 4e #u e% Ce!e trei e!e e#te care c. +u# #u e!e *e *criu t.t4eau#a G# acea*t= .r4i#e% CGte.4at= *e a4au/=1 G# acte!e .;icia!e1 i #u e!e tat=!ui1 a! "u#icu!ui1 a! *tr="u#icu!ui% Ace*te #u e *e i#terca!au G#tre #. e# i c./#. e# K M%<arcu*> )ullius M%<arci> \%<i!iu*> M%<arci> F%<e+.*> M%<arci> +r%<.#e+.*> (icero! Mai tGr6iu *@a a4=./at !a #u e G#c= u# e!e e#t1 agnomen, care *e 4a 4u+= ;a+te!e ari1 4e ."icei 4e r=6".i1 *=5Grite 4e ci#e5a% Cu5G#tu! agnomen e*te ;.r at 4i# +re;iIu! ad <!a> i 4i# nomen i re+re6i#t= u# a4a.* !a nomen! 0ri u! . c=ruia i*t.ria arat= c= i *@a 4at u# a*t;e! 4e a/#. e# a ;.*t P! (ornelius 1cipio, c=ruia i *@a a4=u/at A7ricanus <G#5i#/=t.ru! Carta/i#ei G# A;rica> M a!tu! a +ri it a/#. e# 4e /acedonicus, a!tu! 4e 3umidicus, a!tu! 4e Ac$aicus, .ri 4e (reticus, .ri 4e Aalearicus etc% Cat. a a5ut a/#. e# 4e (ensorius, iar A% Fa"iu* MaIi u* a +ri it a/#. e# (uncator! Ace*te #u e1 a/#. i#a1 erau +er*.#a!e i #u *e tra#* iteau ur ai!.r1 G +=ratu! Au/u*tu* G#*=1 4.ri#4 ca i G# ti +u! *=u & cG#4 ;a+te!e ari *e a4=u/au !a /!.ria G +=ratu!ui & *= a+ar= t.tui #u e a i#tit.are 4e 5ict.rii1 a +er i* ce!.r care *e tr=/eau 4i# a*e e#ea *tr= .i *= a4au/e !a #u e!e !.r a/#. e# a! *tr= .u!ui /!.ri.*% Aa1 au a+=rut 4i# #.u & #u +ri# ;a+te 5iteJeti1 ci +ri# /raHia G +=ratu!ui & #u e care *e c. +!etau cu K A7ricanus, 3umidicus, /acedonicus! 0G#= i . ;e eie 4i# /e#* Mu ia i@a a4=u/at a/#. e# Ac$aica, +e care@1 +urta*e u# *tr= . a! *=u% i +ri# a4.+Hie *e a4=u/a u# #u e !a ce!e trei #u e a!e #.ii ;a i!ii1 i a#u e ;=urit 4i# #. e# a! +=ri#te!ui *=u cu *u;iIu! -anus' P! (ornelius 1cipio hEmilianus, ;iu a! !ui *! hEmilius Paullus i a4.+tat G# ;a i!ia P! (ornelius 1cipio! Fe ei!e #u *e +re6e#tau cu trei #u e% La G#ce+ut1 a5eau #u ai +r*e#. e# !a care au G#ce+ut *= a4au/e K ;iica #u e!e tat=!ui1 *.Hia #u e!e *.Hu!ui% U#e.ri ;iica +u#ea 4u+= #u e!e tat=!ui u# \1<i!ia>@ (secilia /etelli< (secilia G! <ui#ti> (retici \%<i!ia> M Plotina )raiani< %omitia Aibuli! 7@a ;.!.*it i +r.ce4eu! ca ;iica *= ai"= 4.u= #u e K prsenomen <a! *=u> i nomen </e#ti!iciu 1 +e care@1 a5ea i tat=!> M iar *.Hia K prsenomen <a! *=u> i nomen </e#ti!iciu a! *.Hu!ui1 iar ai tGr6iu a! +=ri#te!ui *=u>% C=tre *;Gritu! re+u"!icii ;iica i *.Hia *e ."i#uia *= ;ie #u ite #u ai +ri# nomen gentile, iar 4ac= erau 4.u= cu ace!ai #u e1 *e a4=u/a !a u#a maior, !a cea!a!t= minor' Fabia maior, Fabia minor! (ognomen #u ;.!.*eau ;e ei!e% T.t c=tre *;Gritu! re+u"!icii ;e ei!e 4e ;a i!ie are au G#ce+ut *= a+ar= cu trei #u e1 iar G# ti +u! i +eriu!ui +r.ce4eu! ace*ta *e G#tG!#ete ai 4e* K *ivia /edullina cui et cognomen (amillse erat, Furia 1abina )ran0uillina, Htacilia Apollonia /arcella! 7c!a5ii !a G#ce+ut erau #u iHi #u ai cu #u e!e *t=+G#u!uiK /arcipor, Guintipor, *ucipor <+.r & +uer N *er5u*>% Mai tGr6iu au u# prsenomen a! !.r1 !a care a4au/= nomen gentilicium a! *t=+G#u!ui1 ur at 4e prsenomen a! *t=+G#u!ui i 4e cu5G#tu! servus' Ap$rodisius Ploti .ai servus< P$arnaces Egnatii Publii servus' 3icomac$us Albi /rci servus! 7u" i +eriu a G#ce+ut *= *e a4au/e 4u+= +ree#. e# a! *c!a5u!ui1 ce!e trei #u e a!e *t=+G#u!ui i cu5G#tu! servus' Eleut$erus, (! Iuli Florentini servus! CG#4 *c!a5u! Gi *c8i "a *t=+G#u! +ri# 5G#6are *au te*ta e#t1 a4=u/a !a #u e!e #.u!ui *t=+G# cognomen a! ;.*tu!ui *t=+G# cu *u;iIu! -anus' 1ecundiis (sesaris notri servus (rescentianus! K55
Li"ertu!1 !a G#ce+ut1 !ua #. e# a! *t=+G#u!ui1 !a care a4=u/a u# prsenomen .arecare% A+.i a !uat i #. e# i +r*e#. e# a! *t=+G#u!ui i a4=u/a 5ec8iu! *=u #u e 4re+t cognomen' /! *ivius, Augustse libertus, Ismaurus <Aici ;ii#4 !i"ertu! u#ei ;e ei1 a !uat +r*e#. e# i #. e# a! tat=!ui *t=+G#ei>% Cu ti +u! i#*= !i"erHii au c=utat *= G#4e+=rte6e .rice a i#tire 4e*+re *tarea 4e *c!a5ie1 i ai a!e* 4e*ce#4e#Hii !i"erHi!.r% G# ti +u! i +eriu!ui *e i#tr.4uce u!t= 4e6.r4i#e G# .4u! cu *e G#;=Hiea6= #u e!e cet=Hea#u!ui r. a#K u#ii Gi a4au/= ai u!te c./#. i#a1 a!Hii iau ca +rae#. e# cu5i#te care erau c./#. i#a K A"ricanus Fabius /a&imus! A!Hii Gi ;ac ce!e trei #u e 4i# #. e# a! tat=!ui i a! a ei% A*t;e! ;iu! !ui (! 1alvius *iberalis i a! @itellia Ru illa Gi ia #u e!e (! 1alvius @itellianus! A!Hii1 !uG#4 +rae#. e# i #. e# a! tat=!ui1 *e 4e.*e"eau ca ;raHi +ri# c./#. e# K a*t;e! cei trei ;ii ai !ui /! (osinius Priscus i ai *.Hiei *a!e )uccia Prima *e #u e*c /! (osinius Priscus, /! (osinius Primus, /! (osinius Priscianus! Iar a!Hii1 +e#tru a@i *c.ate G# re!ie; u!ti u! c./#. e# a4=u/at1 G! !ea/= 4e Fe! a#teri.r +ri# sive *au 0ui et' Eustatius sive *ampadius< /! %etellius )rop$imus 0ui et Fortunatus!
CALENDARUL R'MAN
R. a#ii1 G# e+.ca i*t.ric=1 au a5ut ca u#itate 4e =*ur= +e#tru ti + a#u! 6annus=, care era G +=rHit G# 4.u=*+re6ece !u#i 6mensis=! A#ii *e *ucce4au u#u! 4u+= a!tu!1 ;=r= *= ;i a5ut u# +u#ct 4e +!ecare /e#era!1 4e !a care *= *e ca!cu!e6e .r4i#ea !.r1 a4ic= ;=r= *= ;i c.#*tituit . er=% De aceea1 G# ti +u! re+u"!icii1 a#ii #u *G#t ca!cu!aHi 4e !a u# +u#ct 4e +!ecare1 4e !a care ar ;i G#ce+ut i*t.ria R. ei *au 4e !a u# a!t e5e#i e#t1 #u er.tG#4u@*e 4e ac.!. t.Hi a#ii G# *erie1 ci erau i#4icaHi +ri# #u e!e c.#*u!i!.r re*+ecti5i 6Ap! (laudio, *! @olumnio consulibus N cG#4 erau c.#*u!i A+% C!au4iu* i L% E.!u #iu*> *au *e #u eau 4i# cG#4 G# cG#4 4u+= 5reu# e5e#i e#t G#*e #at1 cu a ;.*t G#4e+=rtarea re/i!.r 6anno se&agesimo post e&actos reges , G# a#u! a! ai6eci!ea 4u+= G#!=turarea re/i!.r>% A"ia G# e+.ca !ui CX*ar i a !ui Cicer.1 u# are c=rturar a! ti +u!ui1 M% Tere#tiu* Earr.1 a *ta"i!it . er= r. a#=1 G# care a G#ca4rat e5e#i e#te!e trecutu!ui R. ei1 ;iIG#4 +e#tru i#te eierea R. ei . 4at= care c.re*+u#4e Fu a#u! ,5( G#ai#te 4e era creti#=1 !a 21 a+ri!ie% T.ate e5e#i e#te!e *e ca!cu!ea6= 4e !a G#te eierea R. ei1 ceea ce *e #.tea6= +ri# a"re5iere A%U%C% 6a$ urbe condita=! A*t;e! G# a#u! 2C( A%U%C% au ;.*t G#4e+=rtaHi re/ii i *@a G#te eiat re+u"!ica1 *tatu! ;ii#4 c.#4u* 4e cGte 4.i c.#*u!i +e ;iecare a#% G# a#u! ,22 A%U%C% G#cetea6= i re+u"!ica1 i *e G#te eia6= i +eriu!1 'cta@5ia#u* r= G#G#4 *i#/ur *t=+G#it.r a! *tatu!ui r. a#% La G#ce+ut1 ce!e 4.u=*+re6ece !u#i a!e a#u!ui erau ca!cu!ate 4u+= er*u! !u#ii i a5eau cGte 29 *au () 4e 6i!e1 G# .4 a!ter#ati51 4G#4 G +reu#= u# t.ta! 4e (5C 4e 6i!e% A*t;e!1 a#u! r. a# r= G#ea G# ur = ;aH= 4e a#u! *.!ar acu 11 1\C 6i!e% De cG#4 au G#ce+ut r. a#ii *= ca!cu!e6e a#ii cu acea*t= 4urat=1 #u e*te *ta"i!it1 4ar G#te eierea ca!e#4aru!ui . /=*i #.tat= !a Titu* Li5iu*1 i*t.ricu! care G#;=Hiea6= G# .4 ai a =#u#Hit trecutu! R. ei1 ca a+arHi#G#4 i#iHiati5ei !e/e#4aru!ui re/e Nu a 0. +i!iu*1 ceea ce G#*e #ea6= c= e+.ca i*t.ric= a .te#it eIi*te#Ha .r/a#i6=rii a#u!ui cu 4.u=*+re6ece !u#i% 0e#tru a c.recta 4i;ere#Ha 4i#tre a#u! ca!cu!at 4u+= er*u! !u#ii i a#u! *.!ar1 *@a G#tre"ui#Hat *i*te u! a4=u/irii u#ui #u =r 4e 6i!e !a ;i#e!e a#u!ui !a a#u ite e+.ci% A*t;e!1 !a G#ce+ut1 4i# 4.i G# 4.i a#i *e a4=u/au !a *;Gritu! !u#ii ;e"ruarie1 G# .4 a!ter#ati51 22 *au 2( 4e 6i!e1 4u+= 6iua #u it= 4e #.i a6i 2( ;e"ruarie% Ace*te 6i!e *e #u eau dies intercalares! Dar i ace*t *i*te cu 6i!e i#terca!ate #u c.re*+u#4ea eIact cu a#u! *.!ar i tre"uia ca1 G# ;iecare +eri.a4= 4e 2C 4e a#i1 *= *e ;ac= . c.rectur= G# #u =ru! 6i!e!.r i#terca!are% K59
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U#itatea 4e =*ur= +e#tru !u#/i i era pes <+ici.ru!>1 care re+re6e#ta ca )1( <)1295, >% 7u" u!ti+!ii +ici.ru!ui erau K palmus, care era 1\C 4i# pes, i digitus, care era 1\19 4i# pes! Mu!ti+!ii cei ai G#*e #aHi ai +ici.ru!ui erau K
cubitus <c.tu!> N 1 1\2 +e* gradus <+a*u!> N 2 1\2 +e4e* passus <+a*u! 4u"!u> N 5 +e4e* N 1 1\2 actus N12) +e4e* % a+r.I% <11C,9 >%
Di*ta#He!e +e .*e!e erau #.tate +ri# +ietre 6lapis, -idi=, ae6ate !a 4i*ta#H= 4e 1))) +ai <1C,81,) %>1 #u ite milliaria 6milliarium marmor=! Acea*ta era i!a r. a#=1 care era u# u!ti+!u a! !ui passus i re+re6e#ta a+r.Ii ati5 1 1\2 L %
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TABLA DE MATERII
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+"e.a,a.................................................................. ? Biblio*"a.ie .............................................................. C No,iuni /e#era!e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Y A!;a"etu! %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9 7crierea%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9 0r.#u#Harea%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 11 Acce#tuarea%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $] MORFO O!IA +",ile de &o"bi"e........................................................ $C )ubstanti&ul %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $Y .enul%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 19 Nu =ru!%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2) Ca6uri!e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2) Nu =ru! 4ec!i#=ri!.%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 21 R=4=ci#=1 te =1 4e*i#e#H=1 ter i#aHie1 *u;iI %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 21 P Dec!i#area I%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%,%%%%%%%%%%%%M%%%%%%%%%%%%1%%% 22 E Dec!i#area a Ii@a%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2( Dec!i#area a IlI-a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 29 Dec!i#area a IE@a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% () Dec!i#area a E@a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (( Dec!i#area *u"*ta#ti5e!.r c. +u*e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (C
%eclinarea substantivelor greceti%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (5 Dec!i#area I%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (5 Dec!i#area a Ii@a%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (9 Dec!i#area a IlI-a%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (9 Ad3e#ti&ul%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (8 C. +araHia a4Jecti5e!.r %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% C2 cQc Nume"alul%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% /C Nu era!e!e car4i#a!e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% C, Nu era!e!e .r4i#a!e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 5) Nu era!e!e 4i*tri"uti5e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 52 Nu era!e!e a45er"ia!e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 5( A!te ;e!uri 4e #u era!e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 5C
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+"onumele%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 55 0r.#u e!e +er*.#a!e i re;!eIi5e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 55 0r.#u e!e +.*e*i5e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 5, 0r.#u e!e 4e .#*trati5e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 59 0r.#u e!e re!ati5e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9( 0r.#u e!e i#ter./ati5e%%%%%%1%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 95 0r.#u e!e #e4e;i#ite %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9, ^Q&:e"bul%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ,1 Eer"u! sum%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ,C C.#Ju/area 5er"u!ui sum%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ,5 C.#Ju/area 5er"u!ui prosum%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ,9 Eer"u! possum %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ,8 C.#Ju/area 5er"u!ui possum %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%i%%% ,9 $C.#Ju/area I acti5= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8) C.#Ju/area I +a*i5= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 81 C.#Ju/area a Il-a acti5= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 82 C.#Ju/area a I!@a +a*i5=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8( C.#Ju/area a I!I@a acti5=1 cate/.ria 1%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8C C.#Ju/area a I!I@a +a*i5=1 cate/.ria I %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 85 C.#Ju/area a IlI-a acti5=1 cate/.ria a I!@a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1%%%%%% 89 C.#Ju/area a I!I@a +a*i5=1 cate/.ria a I!@a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8, C.#Ju/area a IE@a acti5=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 88 C.#Ju/area a IE@a +a*i5= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 89 @erbele deponente%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9) C.#Ju/area I 4e+.#e#t=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 91 C.#Ju/area I!@a 4e+.#e#t= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 92 C.#Ju/area I!I@a 4e+.#e#t=1 cate/.ria I%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9( C.#Ju/area III@a 4e+.#e#t=1 cate/.ria II %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9C C.#Ju/area IE@a 4e+.#e#t=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 95 Eer"e!e *e i4e+.#e#te %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 99 (on7ugarea peri"rastic %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 99 C.#Ju/area +eri;ra*tic= a 5er"u!ui !au4. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9, F.r a acti5= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9, F.r a +a*i5= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9, '"*er5aHii a*u+ra c.#Ju/=ri!.r%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 98 '"*er5aHii a*u+ra tu!+i#e!.r 5er"a!e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 99 @erbele anomale%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1)1 C.#Ju/area 5er"u!ui colo%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1)2 C.#Ju/area 5er"u!ui eo %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $DJOA C.#Ju/area 5er"u!ui "ero %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% iH) C.#Ju/area 5er"u!ui "io%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% !JJ> C.#Ju/area 5er"u!ui edo%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 112 @erbele de"ective %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 11( @erbele nepersonale%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 119
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A45er"u! 4e ti + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 11, A45er"u! 4e !.c%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $$C A45er"u! 4e ca#titate %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 118 A45er"u! 4e a;ir are %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 118
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Propo+i ia independent%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 19) U#tre"ui#Harea .4uri!.r%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%VVV 19) I#4icati5u!%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 19) C.#Ju#cti5u!%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 192 I +erati5u!%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 195 I#;i#iti5u!%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 19, Fra6a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 199 Fra+a "ormat prin 7u&tapunere %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2)) Fra+a "ormat prin coordonare%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2)1 C.#Ju#cHii!e c..r4.#at.are %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2)2 C.#Ju#cHii!e c.+u!ati5e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2)2 C.#Ju#cHii!e 4i*Ju#cti5e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 21) C.#Ju#cHii!e a45er*ati5e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 21( C.#Ju#cHii!e cau6a!e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 21, C.#Ju#cHii!e c.#c!u*i5e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 22) Fra+a "ormat prin subordonare%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 222 0r.+.6iHia atri"uti5=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%VVV 22( 0r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 229 0r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= i#;i#iti5a!= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 22, 0r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= c.#Ju#cti5a!= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2(5 0r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= i#tr.4u*= +ri# guod %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2(9 0r.+.6iHia c. +!eti5= i#ter./ati5= i#4irect=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2C1 0r.+.6iHii!e circu *ta#Hia!e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2CC 0r.+.6iHia te +.ra!=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2CC 7u"*tituirea +r.+.6iHiei te +.ra!e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 25) 0r.+.6iHia cau6a!=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 252 7u"*tituirea +r.+.6iHiei cau6a!e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 255 0r.+.6iHia c.#ce*i5= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 259 7u"*tituirea +r.+.6iHiei c.#ce*i5e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 259 0r.+.6iHia c.#4iHi.#a!= Z%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 29) 7u"*tituirea +r.+.6iHiei d c.#4iHi.#a!e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 298 0r.+.6iHia ;i#a!=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 299 7u"*tituirea +r.+.6iHiei ;i#a!e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%i 2,1 0r.+.6iHia c.#*ecuti5= %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2,C 0r.+.6iHia c. +arati5=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2,, 0r.+.6iHii!e care G#ce+ cu +r.#u e re!ati5 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 281 Ta"!.u! +r.+.6iHii!.r circu *ta#Hia!e %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 28( C.#*ecuti. te +.rarii%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 28C G#He!e*u! ti +uri!.r %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 28C Ta"!.u! ra+.rtu!ui ti +uri!.r i#4icati5u!ui G#tre e!e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 289 G#tre"ui#Harea ti +uri!.r c.#Ju#cti5u!ui G# +r.+.6iHii *u".r4.#ate@@@@@ 289 'ra! i. ."!i-ua %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 295 Trecerea 4i# .rati. recta G# .rati. ."!i-ua%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 29, G#tre"ui#Harea .4uri!.r%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 29, G#tre"ui#Harea +r.#u e!.r +er*.#a!e%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 299 PJ;c E.r"irea i#4irect= G# G#He!e*u! !ar/ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ()) @P 'r4i#ea cu5i#te!.r G# +r.+.6iHie <T.+ica> %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ()2 'r4i#ea +r.+.6iHii!.r G# ;ra6=%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (1( 'r/a#i6area +eri.a4e!.r%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% (18
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GRAMATICA LIMBII LATINE

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Eer"u! sum are #u er.a*e c. +u*e cu . +re+.6iHie1 ca +re;iI K

C'N3UGAREA EERBULUI 7UM

7/% $ *u m 2 e* ( e* t +I. 1 *u mus 2 e* tis ( *u nt Eu eram 7/% 1 eram

( era t +I. 1 era mus 2 era tis ( era nt Eu voi "i

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;impu"ile de"i&ate din tulpina pe".e#tului u!t ca +er@ 0er;ectu!

a "i "ost ;u i**e

CONJUGAREA VERBULUI PROSUM

;impu"ile de"i&ate din tulpina p"e7entului

i +erati5 +r.4e* +r.4e*teMi#;i#iti5 +r.4e**e

Eu a "i "ost de "olos +r.;ui**e +r.;ui**e* +r.;ui**et +r.;ui**e u* +r.;ui**eti* +r.;ui**e#t

tulpina p"e entului P a putea +.* *e

Mai u!t ea +er@ 0er;ectu! ;ectu!

a "i putut +.t@u@i**e

Ti +uri!e 4eri5ate 4i# tu!+i#a +re6e#tu!ui

care laud4 singular N% !au4a #* G% !au4a #ti* IT% !au4a #tiP

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!au4=@t. !au4=@t. !au4a@t.te !au4a@#t.

aeta <5ar= aet=t i

aet=t e atat e1 aet=t e aet=t u aetat i"u*

+.e* i* <+.e6ie> +.e* i* <@e.> +.e i +.e* i <@i#> +.e* i* +.e* i

u!te 4i#tre acete a4Jecti5e +ier4 +e e G# 4ec!i#are i e 4ec!i#= ca niger!

C. +arati5e!e e 4ec!i#= at;e! K

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i er5ec !a #u =rare i *.c.tire1 cGteT>%

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<4e+re1 4e !a> i#e FF

u#iu* u!!Gu* #u!!Gu* #.##u!!iu* utriu* #eutriu* 5i* utriu5i utriu*!!"et

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7/% $ u m 2 e ( e* t +I. 1 u mus 2 e tis ( *u nt Eu eram 7/% 1 eram

Eu a "i "ost de "olos +r.;uie +r.;uie* +r.;uiet +r.;uie u* +r.;ui**eti* +r.;ui**e#t

plurai !au4a#te1@iad !au4a #tiu 1 !au4a #ti"u 1 !au4a #te*

care citete 7/% N% !e/@@# G% Ie/@e@#ti* 0I% N% !e/@e@#te*1@ia

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7/% 1 #utritu^ eram #utritu ^

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0!%! i itaHi O;i u i itaHi 2 i it=teeJeti ( i itata I*u#t Eu imitasem

7/% 1 i itatuOera 2 i itata 3era ( i it=tu <erat

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