Cursul 4

Coninut: Verbele modale i nlocuitorii lor; Mesele zilei, mncruri, buturi, tacmuri; Conversaie la restaurant; Exerciii cu verbe modale. 1. Verbele modale u urmtoarele caracteristici: nu au !orme "entru toate tim"urile.#e aceea au ec$ivalente ce le inlocuiesc; !ormeaz ne%tivul "rin sim"la adu%are a lui &not'; ntrebarea (intero%ativul) se !ormeaz "rin sim"la inversiune a modalului cu "ersoana; modalele nu "rimesc &s' la "ersoana a ***+ a sin%ular ( $e, s$e, it); nu au in!init lun%, numai scurt, de aceea nu "rimesc &to' in !a; du" modale se !olosesc numai verbe la in!initiv scurt nu au !orm continu (cu terminaie &in%'). Cele mai !olosite modale sunt: CAN / COULD ,oate avea urmtoarele sensuri i traduceri: Abilitate, capacitate - a "utea cu sensul de a !i ca"abil s . - are !orm numai la prezent - can i la trecutul simplu could - la celelalte tim"uri se !olosete ec$ivalentul : to be able to + verb (to be se con/u%) E emple! ,rezent sim"lu : * can sin%.*0m able to sin%. 1recut sim"lu : * could sin%.* "as able to sin%. ,rezent ,er!ect: * #a$e been able to sin% since * 2as 3. ,ast ,er!ect : * #ad been able to sin% be!ore * could read. 4uture : * "ill/s#all be able to sin% better next 5ear. ,rezent "artici"le: %ein& able to sin% at 3 is not extraordinar5. 6 Sensul de permisiune numai formele: can si could E emple! Can * come in7 - ,ot s intru7 Could * come in7+ "utea intra7 6 Sensul de posibilitate numai formele: can si could E emple! 8e could be ri%$t. + 9+ar "utea s aib dre"tate. 8e can be slee"in% no2.+ E "osibil ca el s doarm acum. Obs. Can ex"rim un "rocent de si%uran mai mare dect could. ' Sens de imposibilitate + numai !ormele: cant si couldnt E emple!
:

8e can0t be ri%$t. - ;u se "oate sa aiba dre"tate. 8e couldn0t be slee"in% no2.+ ;u cred c doarme acum. Obs. Can0t ex"rim un "rocent de si%uran mai mare dect couldn0t. 6 Can se folosete cu verbele de percepie "entru a le sublinia e!ectele.<n aceast situaie can nu se traduce (Verbele : $ear, see, smell, taste, !eel) E emple! * can see a car in t$e street. Can 5ou $ear me7 Can 5ou smell it7 (A) / (*+,,oate avea sensul i traducerea de : 6 permisiune : (a. are numai !orm de "rezent.=a celelalte tim"uri se nlocuiete cu to be allo"ed to/ $erb sau to be permitted to / $erb, unde to be se con/u%. Obser$a0ie! May "oate !i nlocuit i de might. Might este un mod mai "oliticos de a cere "ermisiunea.*ar cnd se redau cuvintele cuiva( limba/ indirect) might l nlocuiete "e may. E emple! ,rezent sim"lu: * ma.(* am allo"ed to) come 2it$ 5ou. 1recut sim"lu : * "as allo"ed to come 2it$ 5ou. ,rezent ,er!ect: * #a$e been allo"ed to come 2it$ 5ou. ,ast ,er!ect : * #ad been allo"ed to come 2it$ 5ou. 4uture : * "ill be allo"ed to come 2it$ 5ou. ,resent ,artici"le: %ein& allo"ed to come 2it$ 5ou. 6 posibilitate ( se !olosesc !ormele may i might) E emple! 8e ma5 come tomorro2.8e mi%$t come tomorro2. Obs. May re"rezint un "rocent de si%uran mai mare.4olosirea lui might arat c "osibilitatea a"roa"e nu exist. (U11. 9ensul de ordin, absolut necesitate, obli%aie. Must are !orm numai la "rezent. =a restul tim"urilor este inlocuit de to have to + verb. La prezent e ist2 o di3eren02 4ntre cele dou2 3orme: (ust ex"rim obli%aia autoim"us( eu vreau sa.) Ex: * must c$an%e m5 be$aviour. ,a$e to ex"rim obli%aia exterioar( sunt obli%at s.) Ex: >ou $ave to 2i"e 5our !eet 2$en 5ou come in. =a celelalte tim"uri aceast di!eren dis"are "entru c must nu mai are !orme i rmne doar ec$ivalentul. E emple! ,rezent sim"lu: * must 5#a$e to) %o no2. 1recut sim"lu : * #ad to %o earlier. ,rezent ,er!ect: * #a$e alread. #ad to %o. ,ast ,er!ect : * #ad #ad to %o be!ore $e came. Viitor : * "ill #a$e to %o tomorro2. ,resent ,artici"le: ,a$in& to &o .

A-EN-*E 6 Must not ex"rim o obli%aie n sens ne%ativ. E emplu!>ou must not smo@e $ere( nu trebuie s !umezi aici) <n aceast situaie must nu "oate !i nlocuit cu ec$ivalentul &to $ave to'A Not to have to ex"rim absena obli%aiei i se trece "rin tim"uri !olosind auxiliarul'to do'( "rezent, trecut). E emple! ,rezent sim"lu: * don7t #a$e to %o to sc$ool on 9unda5. 1recut sim"lu: * didn7t #a$e to %o to sc$ool last 2ee@end. ,resent "er!ect: * #a$en7t #ad to %o s$o""in% !or a lon%time. Viitor : * "on7t #a$e to %o to 2or@ tomorro2. 8. bsena obli%aiei se "oate traduce si cu need not . E emplu! * needn0t "a5 cas$(nu a !ostBnu este necesar s "ltesc cas$) OU+,- -O / $erb 5 1,OULD / $erb9 Ex"rima o datorie, o aciune corect i raional sau un s!at. E emple! >ou ou&#t to 5s#ould9 "a5 5our taxes. >ou ou&#t to 5s#ould9 "ractise more i! 5ou 2ant to succeed. >ou ou&#t to 5s#ould9 read t$is boo@. *t0s ver5 %ood. Construcia ou&#t to5 s#ould9 / be / $erb / in& se !olosete "entru a ex"rima ideea c subiectul nu+i nde"linete obli%aiile sau nu reacioneaz rezonabil. E emplu! >ou s$ould (ou%$t to) be 2earin% 5our seat belt but 5ou are not 2earin% it. Construcia ou&#t to 5s#ould9 / #a$e /$erb ( cu terminaia &ed' dac e re%ulat sau !orma a ***+ a dac e nere%ulat) se !olosete "entru a ex"rima o obli%aie nende"linit sau o aciune ce a !ost ne%li/at. E emplu! >ou s$ould ( ou%$t to) $ave "aid 5our taxes but 5ou didn0t "a5 t$em. 1,ALL Este s"eci!ic viitorului dar "oate avea i sens modal atunci cnd e prim2 solicitarea unui s!at, o o!ert sau o su%estie. E emple! 9$all * bu5 t$is boo@7 9$all * $el" 5ou7 9$all 2e meet at t$e station7 :*LL Este s"eci!ic viitorului dar "oate avea neles modal atunci cnd e prim2 : - obiceiuri sau aciuni re"etate din "rezent.9e !olosete "ill / $erb5 in3initi$ scurt9 "entru subliniere. E emplu: C$ildren 2ill al2a5s destro5 t$eir to5s. - voin, insisten sau nc"nare n "rezent. E emplu! 8e 2ill do 2$at $e 2ants, no matter 2$at 5ou sa5. - o cerere "oliticoas, "rotocolar. E emplu: Cill 5ou sit do2n, "lease7
D

:OULD / $erb5 in3initi$ scurt9 Este s"eci!ic condiionalului dar "oate avea sens modal cnd e prim2! - obiceiuri sau aciuni re"etate din trecut, inexistente n "rezent. E emplu: * 2ould al2a5s come to sc$ool late 2$en * 2as ei%$t. - voin, insisten, nc"nare n trecut. E emplu: 8e 2ould al2a5s ob/ect to m5 ideasA - o cerere "oliticoas( este mai convenional ca 2ill). E emplu: Could 5ou sit do2n, "lease7 U1ED -O / $erb5 in3initi$ scurt9 9e !olosete numai "entru a ex"rima obiceiuri sau aciuni re"etate n trecut, ine istente n "rezent.Nu are !orm la alte tim"uri. E emplu: C$en * 2as a bab5 * used to cr5 all da5 lon%. -O %E -O Ex"rim: - o comand sau instruciuni ntr+un mod im"ersonal. #e obicei se !olosete "ersoana a ***+a sin%ular. E emplu! 8e is to sta5 $ere till 2e return.(1rebuie s stea aici "n ne ntoarcem.) - o aciune "lani!icat( mai ales n s"ort). E emplu:1$e matc$ is to start in a 2ee@ time. Meciul trebuie s ncea" n tim" de o s"tmn. - un ordin sau o comand n vorbirea indirect. E emplu: Cait $ere till * come.( tea"t aici "n vin.) 8e sa5s t$at * am to 2ait $ere till $e comes.( Eice s ate"t(trebuie)aici "na vine el.) DA;E 1e 3olose<te cu sensul de a ndrzni, a avea cura/ul mai ales 4n propozi0ii ne&ati$e <i=n 4ntreb2ri. E emplu: 8o2 dare 5ou contradict me7 8e dared not tell 5ou 2$at $e did. La a3irmati$ este con/u%at normal (dareB daresB dared). Exem"lu: #are $e s"ea@7 8e dares to s"ea@. >oate 3i urmat de : - in!initivul scurt al verbului( !r to) E emplu! * 2onder 2$et$er $e dare come. 8e !elt t$at $e dared not tr5. - in!initivul lun%( cu to) al verbului du" "ersoana a ***+a sin%ular. E emplu! 8e dares to attac@ meA 8e $ad never dared to as@ meA(;u ndrznise niciodat s m ntrebeA) Obs. #are este urmat de in!initivul lun% atunci cnd este verbul "rinci"al al "ro"oziiei. A>L*CA-**! 1ranslate: :. ?. D. F. Cill 5ou !etc$ me t$e ne2s"a"er, "lease7 9$all * bu5 an5 bananas7 >ou 2ould better bu5 some oran%es. Could 5ou si%n in t$e re%ister, "lease7 Could 5ou $el" me 2it$ m5 lu%%a%e7
F

3. Could 5ou li@e a cu" o! co!!ee7 ;o, t$an@s, *0d li@e a cu" o! tea. G. 9$e can0t s"ea@ En%lis$ 5et but s$e 2ill be able to do so soon. H. 8e could $ave learned t$e "oem but $e 2ouldn0t. I. 1$e s@5 mi%$t clear u" later. J. Ma5 * borro2 t$is boo@7 >es, 5ou are allo2ed to ta@e it. :K. * used to %o s2immin% ever5 da5 last summer. ::. 1$e5 ma5 $ave 2on t$e matc$ but *0m not sure. :?. 8e s$ould to $ave le!t earlier. :D. >ou s$ouldn0t miss t$e concert. :F. ,eter is absent toda5. 8e must be ill. :3. >ou must not "la5 in t$e middle o! t$e road. :G. 8e can0t $ave been abroad last 2ee@. * met $im on 4rida5. :H. 8e must $ave been ver5 tired. :I. 1$e c$ildren 2ere allo2ed to %o out 2$en t$e rain sto""ed. :J. 8o2 dare $e sa5 suc$ a t$in%7 ?K. >ou needn0t $ave ta@en 5our umbrella; it $ad sto""ed rainin%. (E1ELE ?*LE* 6 table L mas( obiect) # M: meal L mas (activitate) 6 1$e meals o! t$e da5 are: - Nrea@!ast in t$e mornin% L micul de/un ; - =unc$ at noon L %ustare de "rnz, de/un scurt; - =unc$eon L mas "rinci"al a zilei; - #inner L mas de sear, dineu; - 9u""er L cin uoar, su"eu. 6 Ce "unem "e mas (obiecte) - 1able clot$(s) L !a de mas; - 9ou" "late L !ar!urie adnc; - #inner "late L !ar!urie ntins; - #essert "late L !ar!urie de desert; - 9aucer L !ar!uriu; - #is$ L !el de mncare - #is$es L vesel; - Cutler5 L tacmuri; - Cover !or one L totalitatea tacmurilor "entru o "ersoan; - 4or@(s) L !urculi; - Oni!eB@nives L cuit; - 9"oon L lin%ur; - 1ea+s"oon L lin%uri; - =adle L "olonic; - 9cum ladle L s"umier; - Plass L "a$ar; - Cine %lass L "a$ar de vin - Mu% L $alb; - Cu" L ceac; - 9ou"+tureen L castron de su"; - Nread - bas@et L co de "ine; - 1ra5 L tav, "latou ; as$+tra5 L scrumier;
3

E%%+cu" 9alt+cellar 1oot$+"ic@ stand ;a"@in 1ea+ @ettle Co!!ee+"ot Cruet stand Cor@scre2

L su"ort de ou; L solni; "e""er+box L "i"eni; L scobitori; L ervet; L ceainic, ibric de ceai; L ca!etier, L olivier(oet Q ulei); L tirbuon; + C$ic@en L "ui; + 3o"l @ pas2re; + tur@e5 L curcan; + %oose L %sc; + duc@ L ra; + +ame @ $BnatC + rabbit L ie"ure; + venison L c"rioar(deer); + "$easant + !azan + 2ild boarL mistre;

(eat @ carne - Nee! L vac(co2); - Veal L viel; - ,or@ L "orc("i%); - Mutton L oaie(s$ee"); - =amb L miel; - Ais# @ pe<te; - Caviar L icre; - Cra" L cra"; - ,i@e L tiuc; - R5sters L stridii; - 1rout L "strv; - 9almon L somon; - 9$eat !is$ L somn; - Mac@erel L scrumbie; Rver done L bine "r/it; Sndercoo@ed L n sn%e; 9alad L salat;

- ,ors d7oeu$resD entrees L antreuri, a"eritive; - 1oup L su" - ;oodle+ sou" L su"a cu tieei; - 1omato+ sou" L su" de roii; - Cream - sou" L su"+crem( consome); - Nrot$(borsc$) L ciorb; - >otaoes L carto!i; - 4ried "otatoes L carto!i "r/ii; - C$i"s L carto!i "ai; - Mas$ed "otatoes L "iureu; - Noiled "otatoes L carto!i natur ( !ieri); Carnea = roast bee!(c$ic@en) L !ri"tur vac, "ui ("r/it); = stea@ L !ri"tur(bi!tec); - C$o" L cotlet; - Noiled meat L rasol; - Escalo"e L niel; - Meat balls L c$i!tele; %rilled minced meat rolls L mici;
G

8ambur%er, $ot do% L "r/oal, crenvurti n c$i!l; 9te2 L tocan, %$iveci, ia$nie; 8am L unc ; bacon L costi, slnin %read @ pBine C$ite ( 4renc$) bread L !ranzel; Nro2n bread L "aine nea%r; Moll L c$i!l; Croissant L corn; 1oast L "ine "r/it; 1"eets @ desert <i dulciuri ,ie L "lcint, tart; a""le "ie L "lacint cu mere ; c$ees "ie L "lcint cu brnz; Ca@e L "r/itur, tort; Coo@ies L !ursecuri; ,uddin% L budinc; 4ruit salad L salat de !ructe; *ce+cream L n%$eat; Tam, marmalade L %em, marmelad; 8one5 L miere; Com"ote, ste2ed !ruit L com"ot; DrinEs @ b2uturi Mil@ L la"te; sour mil@ L la"te acru ; 5o%urt L iaurt; 1ea L ceai; co!!ee L ca!ea ; 2$ite co!!ee L ca!ea cu la"te; Mineral 2ater L a" mineral; soda L si!on, tonic 2ater - a"a tonica 4ruit /uice L suc de !ructe; so!t drin@s L rcoritoare; Neer L bere; + co%nac L coniac; Cine L vin; + liUueur L lic$ior; C$am"a%ne L am"anie; + 2$is@5, %in; Vermout$ L vermut(bitter); Nrand5 L rac$iu; + rum, coc@tail. A>L*CA-*E con$ersa0ie la restaurant

+restaurant; "ub L berrie; canteen L cantin; +2aiterB2aitress L os"tar; coo@er L buctar; barman, bartender; +menu L bill o! !are ; bill L nota. Pood a!ternoonA *s t$ere an5 table le!t7 >es, sir. 1$is 2a5, "lease. 8ere 5ou are. Can * $ave t$e menu7 1$an@s. Ma5 * $ave 5our order, "lease7 >es, * 2ould li@e to $ave a crab coc@tail !or startin%. 1$en, brin% me a "or@ c$o" 2it$ !ried "otatoes and ve%etables salad. but !irst, * 2ant !is$ sou"A 4or t$e desert, brin% me an ice cream and "anca@es. C$at 2ould 5ou li@e to drin@7
H

bottle o! 2$ite 2ine and a cu" o! co!!ee 2it$ co%nac in t$e end.Ma5 * $ave t$e bill, too7 8ere 5ou areA En/o5 5our mealA 1$an@sA Oee" t$e c$an%eA Pood mornin%A Ma5 * $ave m5 brea@!ast7 R! course, sirA >our order, "leaseA * 2ould li@e c$eese, salami, olives, and mus$rooms 2it$ tomato salad. nd toasts, "leaseA C$at 2ould 5ou li@e to drin@, sir7 Rran%e /uice, !irst and some !ruit "ie 2it$ a cu" o! 1ur@is$ co!!ee. #id 5ou %et an5 cotta%e c$eese( cacaval)7 >es, sir. *0ll brin% 5ou in a minute.8ere 5ou areA En/o5 5our brea@!astA 1$an@s.