Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
GHILQLWH
0HWRGD'UHSWXQJKLXULORU
0HWRGD7UDSH]HORU
Integrala definit
,QWHUSUHWDUHDJHRPHWULF
Fie datIXQFLDf(x) FRQWLQXSHVHJPHQWXO=CD?.
,QWHJUDODGHILQLW
b
f ( x)dx
a
Metoda dreptunghiurilor
Determinarea ariei unei figuri curbilinii este destul de dificil
GHDFHHDVHXWLOL]HD]SURFHGXUDGHDSUR[LPDUHDILJXULLLQLLDOe
SULQXQVHWGHILJXULJHRPHWULFHDULLOHFURUDVHGHWHUPLQGXS
formule standard.
'HPR
ba
;
h=
n
xi = a + ih, i = 0,..., n.
b
f ( x)dx
a
xi +1 + xi
hf
=
2
i =0
n 1
h
= h f a + (2i + 1)
2
i =0
n 1
f ( x)dx
a
n 1
h f ( xi ) =
i=0
n 1
= h f ( a + ih )
i=0
f ( x)dx
a
h f ( xi ) =
i =1
= h f ( a + ih )
i =1
Algoritmul general
QXPUIL[GHGLYL]UL
1. Se introduc limitele de integrare CD LQXPUXO
GHGLYL]ULP.
2. Se calculeaz pasul de deplasare J
3. Pornind de la C se calculHD] mijlocXOILHFUXL
segment elementar \K H
\Ki ariile
dreptunghiurilor elementare.
4. Se sumHD] ariile elementare.
Sergiu Corlat, 2004
Estimarea erorii
f(x) VHDSUR[LPHD]
prin g(x).
y
f(x)
f ( x) g ( x)
xi
xi+1
xi +1 xi
M x
f ( x ) dx
xi
xi
M sup f ( x )
Sergiu Corlat, 2004
[ x i x i +1 ]
xi +1 xi
g ( x )dx M
f ( x ) dx
xi
x i +1
xi
x i +1 x i
g ( x )dx M
,
2
M sup f ( x )
[ x i x i +1 ]
3ULQXUPDUHHURDUHDGHFDOFXODOLQWHJUDOHLSH>DE@QXGHSHWe sume
erorilor pe segmentele elementare
b
h
h
f ( x ) dx S nM = ( b a ) M ,
4
2
M sup f ( x )
[ a ,b ]
3HQWUXRHURDUHIL[DW QXPUXOGHGLYL]ULVHFDOFXOHD]DSULRUL
(b a ) 2 M
h
( b a ) 2 M 4 n n =
(b a ) M
+ 1;
4
4
Exemplu program:
XCT CDJ5 TGCN LMKP KPVGIGT
HWPEVKQP H
ZTGCNTGCN
DGIKP H
ZZUKP
Z GPF
DGIKP
HQT L VQ FQ
DGIKP
C D P
HQT M VQ FQ
DGIKP
PP
5 J
DCP
HQT K VQ P FQ
ECUG L QH
UU
JH
C
KJ
UU
JH
C
KJ
J
UU
JH
C
KJ
J
GPF
YTKVGNP
P P + U
GPF
GPF
GPF
Rezultate:
Dreptunghiuri
stanga:
Dreptunghiuri
dreapta:
Dreptunghiuri
mijloc:
n= 10 I=14.777608
n= 10 I=14.342392
n= 10 I=14.720000
n= 20 I=14.748804
n= 20 I=14.531196
n= 20 I=14.680000
n= 30 I=14.727351
n= 30 I=14.582279
n= 30 I=14.672593
n= 40 I=14.714402
n= 40 I=14.605598
n= 40 I=14.670000
n= 50 I=14.705922
n= 50 I=14.618878
n= 50 I=14.668800
n= 60 I=14.699972
n= 60 I=14.627436
n= 60 I=14.668148
n= 70 I=14.695577
n= 70 I=14.633403
n= 70 I=14.667755
n= 80 I=14.692201
n= 80 I=14.637799
n= 80 I=14.667500
n= 90 I=14.689529
n= 90 I=14.641171
n= 90 I=14.667325
n=100 I=14.687361
n=100 I=14.643839
n=100 I=14.667278
Metoda trapezelor
Aproximarea ariei unui trapez curbiliniu HVWHPXOWPDLHILFLHQWvQ
cazul cnd SHILHFDUHGLQVHJPHQWHOHHOHPHQWDUHHVWHDSUR[LPDWSULQ
XQWUDSH]LQXSULQGUHSWXQJKL
Pe segmentul elementar =ZKZK
? trapezul este determinat de
H[WUHPLWLOHVHJPHQWXOXLSHD[D;ZK) (ZK
LGHYDORDUHD
IXQFLHLI[vQH[WUHPLWLZKH
ZK) (ZK
H
ZK
)
'HPR
Aparatul matematic
ba
;
h=
n
xi = a + ih,
i = 0,..., n.
n 1
f ( xi +1 ) + f ( xi )
f ( xi +1 ) + f ( xi )
f ( x)dx h
= h
2
2
i =0
i =0
n 1
Estimarea erorii
Fie f(x) - GHGRXRULGHULYDELO
pe intervalul [a,b].
Pe un interval elementar [xi, xi+1]
J[DSUR[LPHD]IXQFLDI[L
FRLQFLGHFXHDvQH[WUHPLWL
(URDUHDDSUR[LPULLHVWH
GHWHUPLQDWGHIRUPXOD
f ( x) g ( x)
( x xi +1 )( x xi )
M
2
M = sup f ( x)
[ xi xi +1 ]
f ( x ) dx
xi
x i +1
g ( x )dx
xi
M
=
( xi +1 xi ) 3
12
x i +1
( x x i +1 )( x x i )
xi
dx =
M sup f ( x )
[ xi xi +1 ]
M 3 (b a ) M h 2
f ( x ) dx S n
h =
12
12
M sup f ( x )
[ a ,b ]
Algoritmul general
QXPUIL[GHGLYL]UL
1. Se introduc limitele de integrare CD LQXPUXO
GHGLYL]ULP.
2. Se calculeaz pasul de deplasare J
3. Pornind de la C se calculHD] YDORDUHDIXQFLHLvQ
H[WUHPLWLOHILHFUXLsegment elementar i ariile
trapezelor elementare.
4. Se sumHD] ariile calculate.
Sergiu Corlat, 2004
Exemplu program
XCT
CDJ5TGCN
LMKPKPVGIGT
HWPEVKQP H
ZTGCNTGCN
DGIKP
H
ZZUKP
ZGPF
DGIKP
CDP
HQT MVQ FQ
DGIKP
PP
UJ
DCP
HQT KVQ PFQ
UU
J
H
C
KJ
H
C
K
J
YTKVGNP
P P + U
GPF
GPF
Sergiu Corlat, 2004
Rezultate:
Trapeze
Dreptunghiuri
de stanga:
n=100
n=200
n=300
n=400
n=500
n=600
n=700
n=800
n=900
n=1000
n=100
n=200
n=300
n=400
n=500
n=600
n=700
n=800
n=900
n=1000
I=14.665600
I=14.666400
I=14.666548
I=14.666600
I=14.666624
I=14.666637
I=14.666645
I=14.666650
I=14.666653
I=14.666656
I=14.687361
I=14.677280
I=14.673802
I=14.672040
I=14.670976
I=14.670264
I=14.669754
I=14.669370
I=14.669071
I=14.668832
Dreptunghiuri
de dreapta:
n=100
n=200
n=300
n=400
n=500
n=600
n=700
n=800
n=900
n=1000
I=14.643839
I=14.655520
I=14.659295
I=14.661160
I=14.662272
I=14.663010
I=14.663536
I=14.663930
I=14.664236
I=14.664480