Lung disease pulmonary fibrosis, asthma & emphysema

Learning objectives Explain what each disease is Explain how each affects lung function

 The alveoli is where gas exchange takes place For gas exchange to be efficient, must be: Thin Large surface area Constantly ventilated Any factor which affects 1 or more of these features will reduce efficiency of gas exchange 3 lung diseases do: Pulmonary fibrosis Asthma emphysema

TASK
DIVIDE INTO 3 GROUPS CHOOSE 1 CONDITION YOU HAVE 20 MINUTES TO USE A PC TO MAKE ONE A4 SIDE OF INFORMATION ON THE CONDITION TO PHOTOCOPY FOR CLASSMATES RETURN AND COMPLETE HSW PG 85 INCLUDE:

Description of factors which cause condition Description of symptoms Effects upon lung function ( high level linking changed structure to change in function)

Pulmonary fibrosis
Scars form on epithelium of the lungs, causing them to become irreversibly thick
Gases have further pathway to diffuse Volume of air that lungs can hold is reduced

Reduced elasticity of the lungs makes it more difficult to breathe out

Effects of PF on lung function

Shortness of breath, esp. when exercising Gases have further pathway to diffuse Volume of air that lungs can hold is reduced Chronic, dry cough Fibrous tissue obstructs airways, reflex it to cough to remove the obstruction Pain & discomfort in the chest Fibrous tissue applies pressure & hence damage Coughing causes damage & scarring Weakness & fatigue Reduced oxygen intake so less energy released from respiration

A chronic disease of the airways that may cause: - Wheezing - Breathlessness - Chest tightness - Night time or early morning coughing

What is asthma?

What causes asthma

Attacks can be triggered by a vast number of allergens. Other trigger factors include: anxiety, exercise and there is possibly a genetic link too.

Pathology of asthma
Muscles in the wall of bronchi and bronchioles contract. Diameter of airways is reduced Mucus secretion increases This mucus then further obstructs the airways Mast cells start producing histamine. Lung linings become inflamed Blood vessels dilate and white blood cells invade the lungs

What asthma does to your lungs

How does this affect the person.

Basically, the lungs of asthmatics are more sensitive than normal. During an attack the amount of oxygen in the blood can be massively reduced. The sufferer can begin to turn blue (cyanosis) In severe attacks reduced oxygen supply to the brain can result in death. Carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, causing further problems. Over 2,000 people die from asthma attacks every year.

Emphysema A condition in which the airways have been so damaged by smoke that activities are severely limited.
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Emphysema
Smoke also stimulates white-blood cells to produce protein-digesting enzymes which break down alveolar walls.
This specimen shows a smoker's lung with cystic spaces (emphysema) due to destruction of alveolar walls
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Emphysema

Emphysema
Non smoker
4 litres can be exhaled after a deep breath

Emphysema sufferer
1.3 litres only

Air in lungs not refreshed Blood poorly oxygenated Rapid breathing Wheezing Eventually a face mask needed

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Linking smoking and lung disease

50% smokers die of smoking related diseases COPD rare in non-smokers 98% emphysema cases are smokers 20% smokers have emphysema Pneumonia / flu deaths twice as common in smokers Risk of lung cancer linked to number smoked per day / age of starting / tar level / length of time a smoker Risk of lung cancer takes 10 years to return to normal after quitting Smokers 18 times more likely to develop lung cancer 25% of smokers die of lung cancer

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Linking smoking and lung disease

Beagles made to smoke cigarettes in the 1960s Amount of tar affected chance of developing tumours / COPD
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Linking smoking and lung disease

Analysis of smoke shows a variety of carcinogens Benzopyrene is the most potent Tar carcinogens painted on mouse skin cause cancerous tumours
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