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Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad Big Picture Themes

1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft. 2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people. 3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico. 4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being. Chapter #29: Identifications EUGENE DEBS Head of the American Railway Union and the director of the Pullman Strike; he was also imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America. PANCHO VILLA A Mexican revolutionary who killed many Americans in Mexico. The United States sent John J. Pershing to capture him but never did. JOHN J. PERSHING Was ordered by Wilson to take an expeditionary force of about 15,000 soldiers into Mexico and capture Francisco "Pancho" Villa, dead or alive. CENTRAL POWERS The World War I Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. ALLIES The World War I Alliance that included Britain, France, Russia, and later the US and Italy. They opposed the Central Powers. LUSITANIA The British liner that was sunk in 1915 by German U-Boats, causing Wilson to issue a stern warning to the Germans, telling them not to attack unarmed vessels without warning. SUSSEX PLEDGE A statement Germany made saying that they would temporarily stop attacks but might resume in the future if the British continued to blockade German ports in response to Wilsons demand that the Germans refrain from attacking passenger ships, like the French passenger liner that was hit by a torpedo from a German submarine. FEDERAL RESERVE ACT This act created a central banking system, consisting of 12 regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the US with a sound yet flexible currency. NEW NATIONALISM Roosevelts progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice. NEW FREEDOM Woodrow Wilsons domestic policy that promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and

reform in banking and currency matters. UNDERWOOD TARIFF Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION It was established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigating complaints against companies. CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT It updated Sherman Acts list of bad trusts and unions exempt from definition of a trust, and legalized strikes. Chapter #29 Identifications The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom 1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's. Wilsons form of progressivism, called New Freedom, included calls for stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reductions. It favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free function of unregulated and un-monopolized markets. It focused on fragmentations of the big industrial combines. Roosevelts form, New Nationalism, favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions, paralleled by the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington. Roosevelt also campaigned for woman suffrage and a broad program of social welfare, including minimum wage laws and socialistic social insurance. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President 2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain. Wilson won with 435 electoral votes and 6,296,547 popular votes. Roosevelt finished second, receiving 88 electoral votes and 4,118,571 popular votes. Taft won only 8 electoral votes and 3,486,720 popular votes. Wilson, with only 41% of the popular vote, was clearly a minority president, though his party won a majority in Congress. His popular total was actually smaller than Bryan had amassed in any of his three defeats. Taft and Roosevelt together polled over 1.25 million more votes than the Democrats. Progressivism rather than Wilson was the winner. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics 3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president? Wilson sympathized with the Confederacys gallant attempt to win its independence, a sentiment that partly inspired his idea of self-determination for people of other countries. Steeped in the traditions of Jeffersonian democracy, he shared Jeffersons faith in the massesif they were properly informed. He also later used the presidential pulpit to preach his inspirational political sermons. He relied not on arm-waving but on sincerity and moral appeal. Wilson Tackles the Tariff Know: Underwood Tariff 4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?" The tariff, the banks, and the trusts. For tariffs, the House passed the Underwood Tariff Bill, which provided a substantial reduction of rates. The force of public opinion, aroused by the presidents oratory, secured late in 1913 final approval of the bill Wilson wanted. Wilson Battles the Bankers

Know: The Federal Reserve Act 5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913? The new Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, oversaw a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank. The final authority of the Federal Reserve Board guaranteed a substantial measure of public control. The President Tames the Trusts Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act 6. How did Wilson curb the trusts? Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 empowered a presidentially appointed commission to turn a searchlight on industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meatpackers. The commissioners were expected to crush monopoly at the source by rooting out unfair trade practices. It was further cut by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914, lengthening the shopworn Sherman Acts list of business practices that were objectionable. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis 7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilsons progressive legislation and actions. Wilson earned the enmity of businesspeople and bigots but endeared himself to progressives when in 1916 he nominated for the Supreme Court he prominent reformer Louis D. Brandeisthe first Jew to be called to the high bench. However, the Southern-bred Wilson actually presided over accelerated segregation in the federal bureaucracy. New Directions in Foreign Policy Know: Haiti 8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft. In contrast to Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson recoiled from an aggressive foreign policy. Hating imperialism, he was repelled by TRs big stickism. He proclaimed that the government would no longer offer special support to American investors in Latin America and China. He persuaded Congress in 1914 to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912, which had exempted American coastwise shipping from tolls. The president then signed the Jones Act in 1916, granting the Philippines the boon of territorial status and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established. Wilson also defused a menacing crisis with Japan in 1913. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing 9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration? For decades Mexico had been sorely exploited by foreign investors in oil, railroads, and mines. By 1913 American capitalists had sunk about a billion dollars into the underdeveloped but generously endowed country. Fed up with their miserable lot, they at last revolted. All this chaos accelerated a massive migration of Mexicans to the US. The revolutionary bloodshed also menaced American lives and property in Mexico. Despite cries for intervention, Wilson stood firm against demands to step in. Wilson also refused to recognize officially the murderous government of that brute Huerta, even though most foreign powers acknowledged Huertas bloody-handed regime.

Thunder Across the Sea Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers 10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914? Europes powder magazine blew up in the summer of 1914, when a Serb patriot killed the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo. An outraged Vienna government, backed by Germany, forthwith presented a stern ultimatum to neighboring Serbia. A Precarious Neutrality Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II 11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers? Although most Americans were anti-German from the outset, Germanys violence in American factories and ports and discovered documents of industrial sabotage left by a German operative in 1915 made America officially turn against the Central Powers. America Earns Blood Money Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex 12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.? In February 1915 Berlin announced a submarine war area around the British Isles. The submarine was a weapon so new that existing international law could not be made to fix it. Berlin officials declared that they would not try to sink neutral shipping, but they warned that mistakes would probably occur. Later in 1915 the British passenger liner Lusitania was torpedoed killing 128 Americans. Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916 Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War" 13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916? He used the campaign slogan, He Kept Us Out of War, and the pro-labor Wilson received strong support from the working class and from renegade bull moosers, whom Republicans failed to lure back into their camp. Wilsons voters relied on implicit assurances to keep the country out of war. Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives? Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians 14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why? I think Hofstadters view is correct, because usually the successful and the established do not desire any reform because they are already in stable states. However, the middle-class people are not wealthy enough to be satisfied, nor impoverished enough to be entirely discouraged to seek reform. This is their way of participating in society and making an impact.

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