Chapter# 28: Identifications

Jacob Riis Jacob Riis was a reporter for the New York Sun. He was a photojournalist. His book, How the Other Half Lives detailed life in the slums. He was trying to bring attention to the situation of the poor to bring about some sort of change. Ida Tarbell Ida Tarbell was a "muckraker" who wrote an expos in the magazine McClure's (1921). As a younger woman, in 1904, Tarbell made her reputation by publishing the history of the Standard Oil Company, the "Mother of Trusts." In it she blasted Standard Oil for using ruthless tactics to drive competition out of business. All her facts checked out as accurate. Robert M. LaFollete He was the governor of Wisconsin, nicknamed "Fighting Bob," and was a progressive Republican leader. His "Wisconsin Idea" was the model for state progressive governments. He used the "brain trust," a panel of experts, to help him create effective, efficient government. He was denied the nomination for the Republicans in favor of Theodore Roosevelt. Charles Evans Hughes Hughes was a reforming Republican governor of New York, who gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election. Upton Sinclair Sinclair was the author of the sensational novel, The Jungle, published in 1906. His intention was to describe the conditions of canning factory workers. Instead, Americans were disgusted by his descriptions of dirty food production. His book influenced consumers to demand safer canned products and led to the Meat Inspection Act and then the Pure Food and Drug Act. Initiative Initiative is the process of the people petitioning a legislature to introduce a bill. It was part of the Populist party's platform in 1891, along with referendum and recall. These all intended to make the people more responsible for their laws and allow them to make political decisions rather than the legislature. Referendum A referendum occurs when citizens vote on laws instead of the state or national governments. The referendum originated as a populist reform in the Populist Party, but was later picked up by the progressive reform movement. Recall In a recall, the people could possibly remove an incompetent politician from office by having a second election.

Muckrakers This was a nickname given to young reporters of popular magazines who spent a lot of time researching and digging up "muck," hence the name muckrakers. These investigative journalists were trying to make the public aware of problems that needed fixing and corruption that needed cleaning. This name was given to them by Pres. Roosevelt in 1906. Elkins Act The Elkins Act of 1903 was passed by Congress against the railroad industries. It specifically targeted the use of rebates. It allowed for heavy fining of companies who used rebates and those who accepted them. It was part of the Progressive reform movement. Hepburn Act This 1906 act was signed by Teddy Roosevelt to give the ICC the right to set rates that would be reasonable. It also extended the jurisdiction of the ICC to cover express, sleeping car, and pipeline companies. It prohibited free passes and rebates. It was the first time in U.S. history that a government agency was given power to establish rates for private companies. Northern Securities Case The Northern Securities Company was a holding company in 1902. The company was forced to dissolve after they were challenged by Roosevelt, his first trust-bust. Meat Inspection Act This law was passed in 1906 after The Jungle grossed out America. It stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection. It was part of the Progressive reforms, which helped the consumer. Pure Food and Drug Act It was created in 1906 and was designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. It was made to protect the consumer. Newlands Act This act was Congresss response to Theodore Roosevelt in 1902. In the law, Washington was to collect money from sales of public lands in western states and use the funds for development of irrigation projects. Dollar diplomacy Dollar diplomacy was Taft's foreign policy which replaced "bullets with dollars." The policy involved investors instead of the military. In the policy, American investors would get poorer nations into debt, then have a bit of economic leverage against those nations. It eventually worked better in Latin America than China. Payne-Aldrich Act This law was signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. It was supposed to lower tariff rates, but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions on it that actually raised tariffs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This also divided the Republican party

Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions Progressive Roots Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld 1. What were the goals of the Progressives?

Before the first decade of the 20th century, the U.S. would be influenced by a "Progressive movement' that fought against monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice. The purpose of the Progressives was to use the government as an agency of human welfare.

Raking Muck with the Muckrakers Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo 2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers?

Lincoln Steffens unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and the government. Ida M. Tarbell published an expose of the Standard Oil Company. Thomas W. Lawson exposed the corrupt amassing of American fortunes. David G. Phillips charged that 75 of the 90 U.S. Senators did not represent the people, but actually the railroads and trusts. Ray Stannard Baker said that 90% of America's 9 million blacks still lived in the South, and that a third of them were illiterate. John Spargo brought the abuses of child labor to light. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley exposed the frauds that sold potent patent medicines by experimenting on himself.

Political Progressivism Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists 3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.

Lincoln Steffens unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and the government. Ida M. Tarbell published an expose of the Standard Oil Company. Thomas W. Lawson exposed the corrupt amassing of American fortunes. David G. Phillips charged that 75 of the 90 U.S. Senators did not represent the people, but actually the railroads and trusts. Ray Stannard Baker said that 90% of America's 9 million blacks still lived in the South, and that a third of them were illiterate. John Spargo brought the abuses of child labor to light. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley exposed the frauds that sold potent patent medicines by experimenting on himself.

Progressivism in the Cities and States Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes 4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?

Progressives in Galveston, TX either used, for the first time, expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs or the city-manager system, which was designed to take politics out of municipal administration. Urban reformers attacked "slumlords," juvenile delinquency, and wide-open prostitution. In Wisconsin, Governor Robert M. La Follette wrestled control from the crooked corporations and returned power to the people. Under the leadership of Governor Hiram W. Johnson, other states also took to regulate railroads and trusts, such as Oregon and California. Charles Evans Hughes, governor of New York, gained fame by investigating the malpractices of gas and insurance companies.

Progressive Women Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry" 5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills?

They were successful. Progressives made major improvements in the fight against child labor. The landmark case of Muller vs. Oregon found attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuading the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws that protected women workers. Anti-liquor organizations like the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, founded by Frances E. Willard, and the Anti-Saloon League were formed. Finally, in 1919, the 18th Amendment prohibited the sale and drinking of alcohol.

TR's Square Deal for Labor Know: 6. Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor What were the three C's of the Square Deal?

They were get control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States' natural resources. .

TR Corrals the Corporations Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company

7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved." He understood the political popularity of monopoly-smashing, but he did not consider it a sound economic policy. He did not want to punish the trusts for their economic success, so he made his purpose symbolic. He wanted to prove that the government, not private business, ruled the country. He did not come down on trusts as hard as he could have.

Caring for the Consumer Know: 8. The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle?

It enlightened the American public to the disgustingly unsanitary food products in the big canning factories.

Earth Control Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club 9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation?

Roosevelt, convinced by the actions other conservationists like Gifford Pinchot, head of the federal Division of Forestry, convinced Congress to pass the Newlands Act. He pined to preserve the nation's shrinking forests by setting aside 125 million acres in federal reserves, earmarking millions of acres of coal deposits, and he earmarked water resources for irrigation and power.

The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907?

The panic paved the way for long-overdue fiscal reforms, and Congress, in 1908, passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in response to the hard-pressed banks being unable to increase the volume of money in circulation.

The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: 11. William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency?

He was to be known as the president to tame capitalism giving it a long adult life, with enthusiasm and perpetual youthfulness, that strenuously sought the middle road between unbridled individualism and paternalistic collectivism, and, most of all, the president that started a conservation crusade.

Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole 12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain He was fat, jovial, graduated second in his class at Yale, had an enviable reputation as a judge and a lawyer, and was a trusted administrator of Roosevelt's, but he had none of the arts of a dashing political leader, was passive to Congress, did not take criticism well, and he was more wedded to status quo than to change.

The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: 13. Dollar Diplomacy What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced?

A policy which called for Wall Street bankers to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S., especially in the Far East and in the regions critical to the security of the Panama Canal. Taft, seeing a possible strangulation of Chinese economic interests, had Secretary of State Philander C. Knox propose that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the railroads and turn them over to China. Taft also pumped U.S. dollars into Honduras and

Haiti, while in Cuba, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic, American forces were brought in to restore order and protect American investment.

Taft the Trustbuster Know: 14. Rule of Reason Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft?

In his four years of office, Taft brought 90 suits against trusts. In his seven and a half years in office, Roosevelt brought 44 suits against trusts. In 1911, the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company. After Taft tried to break apart U.S. Steel despite Roosevelt being personally involved in one of the mergers that prompted the suit, Taft increasingly became Roosevelt's antagonist.

Taft Splits the Republican Party Know: 15. Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft?

Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill, thus betraying his campaign promises and outraging the progressive wing of his party. Taft rubbed salt in the wound by proclaiming it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed."

The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture 16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?

In 1911, the National Progressive Republican League was formed, with LaFollette as its leader, but in February 1912, Roosevelt began writing to state governors that he was willing to accept the Republic nomination. Roosevelt forthwith seized the Progressive banner pushing LaFollette aside.

Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad Big Picture Themes 1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft. 2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people. 3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico. 4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being.

Chapter #29: Identifications Eugene Debs Debs represented the Socialist Party in the 1908 and 1912 elections. He got a high number of votes in the 1912 election which made the Socialists think that they would win the presidency in 1916. Pancho Villa Pancho Villa was a combination of a bandit and Mexican Robin Hood who raided Americans and American towns. He was a rival of President Carranza. He escaped Pershing and was never caught because Pershing was forced to go fight in WWI. John J. Pershing Pershing was an American general who led troops against Pancho Villa in 1916. Pershing later took on Germans at the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 which was one of the longest lasting battles, 47 days, in World War I. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I. Central Powers During WWI, these were the powers opposing the Allies. The Central Power countries included Germany, Austro-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Allies The Allies were composed of France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy. The Allies fought the Central Powers in World War I. The United States joined the Allies in 1917. Lusitania The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915.

128 Americans died. The unrestricted submarine warfare largely caused the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans. Sussex Pledge In this pledge, Germany agreed not to sink unarmed passenger ships without warning. The pledge was named after the French ship Sussex which the Germans sank and caused the U.S. to roar. They eventually broke this pledge, since issuing a warning before attacking essentially wiped out the advantage of a sub (surprise attack). Wilson threatened to break diplomatic relations because of this return to unrestricted submarine warfare. Federal Reserve Act The Federal Reserve Act might be the most important piece of economic legislation between the Civil War and the New Deal. It created a regulatory agency for banking with 12 regional reserve districts. Each bank was independent but was controlled by the Federal Reserve Board, which was controlled by the public. The Federal Reserve controls the amount of money in circulation through its reserves and interest rates. New Nationalism The so-called New Nationalism was the progressive policy of Theodore Roosevelt in 1912s Progressive party platform. It favored a more active government role in economic and social affairs. It favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions and the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington. It favored women's suffrage and social welfare programs (including minimum-wage laws and "socialistic" social insurance). New Freedom New Freedom was Wilson's policy that favored the small business, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and un-monopolized markets. Underwood Tariff The Underwood Tariff (1913), substantially reduced import fees. The lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment. Federal Trade Commission The Federal Reserve Act might be the most important piece of economic legislation between the Civil War and the New Deal. It created a regulatory agency for banking with 12 regional reserve districts. Each bank was independent but was controlled by the Federal Reserve Board, which was controlled by the public. The Federal Reserve controls the amount of money in circulation through its reserves and interest rates. Clayton Antitrust Act The Clayton act helped to control monopolies by strengthening the Sherman Antitrust Act's list of business practices that were objectionable (such as interlocking directorates). It exempted labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing.

Chapter #29 Identifications

The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Know: 1. Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's.

Roosevelt campaigned for female suffrage and a broad program of social welfare, such as minimum-wage laws and "socialistic" social insurance. Wilson's New Freedom favored small enterprise, desired to break up all trusts.

Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President 2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain.

With the Republicans split, Woodrow Wilson easily won with 435 Electoral votes, while Roosevelt had 88 and Taft only had 8, but the Democrats did not receive the majority of the popular vote. Socialist Eugene V. Debs racked up over 900,000 popular votes, while the combined popular totals of Roosevelt and Taft exceeded Wilson.

Wilson: The Idealist in Politics 3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president?

Woodrow Wilson was a sympathizer with the South, a fine orator, a sincere and morally appealing politician, a very intelligent man, cold personality-wise, austere, intolerant of stupidity, and very idealistic. When convinced he was right, Wilson would break before he would bend, unlike Roosevelt.

Wilson Tackles the Tariff Know: 4. Underwood Tariff What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?"

The three parts were the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.

Wilson Battles the Bankers Know: The Federal Reserve Act

5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913? It had a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank, and had the power to issue paper money. The President Tames the Trusts Know: 6. Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act How did Wilson curb the trusts?

In 1914, Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act, which empowered a presidentappointed position to investigate the activities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, & bribery. The 1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices that were objectionable, exempted labor unions from being called trusts, and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members.

Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis 7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilsons progressive legislation and actions. It empowered a president-appointed position to investigate the activities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, & bribery.

New Directions in Foreign Policy Know: 8. Haiti Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft.

Wilson proceeded with further reforms, such as the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916, which made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest, and the Warehouse Act of 1916, which permitted loans on the security of staple crops. The La Follette Seamen's Act of 1915 required good treatment of America's sailors, but it sent merchant freight rates soaring as a result of the cost to maintain sailor health. The Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916 granted assistance of federal civil-service employees during periods of instability but was invalidated by the Supreme Court. The 1916 Adamson Act established an eight-hour workday with overtime pay. Wilson appeased the business by appointing a few conservatives to the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Trade Commission, but he used most of his energies for progressive support.

Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing 9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration?

Mexico had been exploited for decades by U.S. investors in oil, railroads, and mines, but the Mexican people were tremendously poor, and in 1913, they revolted, and installed full-blooded Indian General Victoriano Huerta to the presidency. The rebels were very violent and threatened Americans living in Mexico, but Woodrow Wilson would not intervene to protect American lives. After a small party of American sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico, in 1914, Wilson threatened to use force, and even ordered the navy to take over Vera Cruz, drawing protest from Huerta and Carranza.

Thunder Across the Sea Know: 10. Central Powers, Allied Powers What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914?

In 1914, a Serbian nationalist killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The domino-effect began where Austria declared war on Serbia, which was supported by Russia, who declared war on AustriaHungary and Germany, which declared war on Russia and France, then invaded neutral Belgium, and pulled Britain into the war and igniting World War I.

A Precarious Neutrality Know: 11. Kaiser Wilhelm II What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers?

German and Austro-Hungarian agents in America tarnished the Central Powers' image when they resorted to violence in American factories and ports, and when one such agent left his briefcase in a New York elevator, the contents of which were found to contain plans for sabotage.

America Earns Blood Money Know: 12. Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex H Germany announced its use of submarine warfare around the

British Isles, warning the U.S. that it would try not to attack neutral ships, but that mistakes would probably occur. German subs, or U-boats, sank many ships, including the Lusitania, a British passenger liner that was carrying arms and munitions as well. The attack killed 1,198 lives, including 128 Americans.ow did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.?

Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916 Know: 13. Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War" What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916?

The Democratic ticket, with Wilson at its head again, went under the slogan "He kept us out of war," and warned that electing Hughes would be leading America into World War I. Even though Wilson didn't specifically promise to keep America out of war, enough people felt that he did to vote for him.

Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives? Know: 14. Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why?

I think the "New Left" historians are right. The Progressives wanted reform. They would not fight for reform if the corruption did not directly affect them in any way. The Progressives were the people who were affected by the corruption of trusts and wanted to do something about it.