dswon@kogas.re.

kr
www.corrosion.re.kr


1.
2.
3.
4.

Fe Fe2+ + 2eO2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH-

Copper-Copper Sulfate
Reference Electrode
Removal
Cap

Connection
for Test Lead
Copper Rod

Clear
Window
Porous
Plug

Saturated Copper
Sulfate Solution
Undissolved Copper
Sulfate Crystals

Use and Care of CSE

Keep clean
Cap when not in use
Clean porous plug
Keep free of contamination
Chloride contamination

-20mV at 5 ppt / -95mV at 10 ppt

Keep spares in field

Keep fresh electrode for calibration
Record temperature when in use
0.9mV/oC

Shield from direct sunlight

Decrease from 10 to 50 mV

Silver-Silver Chloride Reference

Electrode

Two types:
open
saturated

Potential of open silver chloride

reference depends on the chloride
concentration in the environment
More rugged than calomel reference
electrodes
Used in seawater and concrete

Criteria for Underground or

Submerged Iron or Steel
Structures

0.850 V potential--Negative (cathodic) potential of

at least 850 mV with the cathodic protection applied

0.850 V polarized potential--Negative polarized

potential of at least 850 mV
100 mV polarization--Minimum of 100 mV of
cathodic polarization

International Standard ISO 15589-1

Petroleum and Natural Gas
IndustriesCathodic Protection of
Pipeline Transportation Systems
Part 1 On-land Pipelines
Metal-to-electrolyte potential chosen for a corrosion
rate less than 0.01 mm/yr (0.39 mils/yr)
Polarized potential more negative than 850 mVCSE
Limiting critical potential not more negative than
1,200 mVCSE
Anaerobic soils or sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)
more negative than
950 mVCSE

International Standard ISO

15589-1 (cont)
Part 1 On-land Pipelines
High soil resistivity
750 mVCSE for 100 -m < < 1,000 -m
650 mVCSE for > 1,000 -m

Cathodic polarization of 100 mV

Precautions:
Avoid using 100 mV under conditions of
high temperatures (60C), SRB, interference
current, equalizing current, telluric current,
mixed metals or SCC conditions more
positive than 850 mVCSE.

IR drop

Structure-to-Electrolyte Potential
Potential (-mV)

(-)

(+)

ON Potential
IR

ON-IR -850 mVCSE

OFF Potential

100 mV
Polarization

OFF -850 mVCSE

100 mV Depolarization

Native (Free Corroding, Static) Potential

Time


(polarization shift)

: ,

:

:

-2.5V
.

 (1)

 (2)

 (3)

 (interference)
1)

2) AC
3)

Esoil
Epipe
I

CIPS (p/s)
Pearson method()
Current Attenuation()
DCVG(/CI)()

CIPS

CIPS

IR drop

.

Pearson Survey (AC field)

Pearson Survey (AC field)

Low signal

High signal

Low signal

Current Attenuation

Current Attenuation
Attenuation: mb/m= 10,000(Log10 I/Io)/length = constant

Current Attenuation
Attenuation: mb/m=10,000(Log10 I/Io)/length = constant

DCVG
(Direct Current Voltage Gradient)
DC Pulse
Generator
(DC Pulse
Method)

-

-

Reference
Electrode
Soil
A
n
o
d
e

Equi-Potential
Line

false signal

Coating
Underground Pipeline
Defect

(+)

Potential Gradient
between Two Electrodes

(-)

Distance

-
current
interruption

DCVG/CI

CIPS Application

1000mV p/s potential

CIPS Application

3000mV

p/s potential

DCVG Application

1000mV

p/s potential

DCVG Application

2000mV

p/s potential

DCVG Application

Fig.8). Two electrode method(P/S potential:-3000mV, 1m)

3000mV

p/s potential

DCVG/CI Application

1200mV

p/s potential/400 mV on-off potential

DCVG/CI Application

400 mV on-off potential

DCVG/CI Application

200 mV on-off potential

DCVG/CI Application

100 mV on-off potential

DCVG/CI application

DCVG/CI
0. -1


-
-
2.
-
- On-Off
- , (
)
- ,

DCVG/CI
0. -2

-.Current Interrupt 1
-.EPR(Electric Potential Recorder) 1
-.Cu/CuSO 2, extention
-.EPR : 2m 2
-.(50m)
-.EPR
-.
-.
-.data sheet
-. , , ,
-.
() 200m
1m 1m 4
30V, 10A 1
220V 1KW 1
-. 1

DCVG/CI
1. Interrupter ( )
Current Interrupter

-/
-

-CIPS
- On:Off = 4:1
( )

-
(250mV
)

DCVG/CI
1. Interrupter ( )
Check list

Current Interrupt
EPR /

Cu/CuSO

DCVG/CI
2. Field (EPR )
1.
2.
(pipe locater/
)

3. EPR
-10mV
4. 2 3~4

5. T/B On/Off

DCVG/CI
3. -1

DCVG/CI
3. -2

DCVG/CI
3. -3
Side Drain
1.
2.
3.
cone

cone
false signal

1. 2m
on-off
2. 3m on-off
3. data sheet T/B on-off
4. 2m side drainage on-off 3m side drainage on-off

Side drainage

%iR
(NACE RP0502-2002)
-Category 1: 1~15% IR:
.

-Category 2: 16~35% IR:

, .
.
.
-Category 3: 36~60% IR:


Category 2 .
-Category 4: 61~100% IR:
.

DCVG/CI
3.
1. : (; ) .(00
111-1 30m)
2.On / Off P/S potential:
T/B on, off .

3. : on, off

on-off .

4. side drainage: .

DCVG/CI
4.
Check list
data sheet
Cu/CuSO
EPR off ?
EPR pen ?
C.I.
?

DCVG 1

Asphalt, concrete
asphalt

( : )

DCVG 2

Mg anode
Mg
T/B Mg
30cm
30cm
:

Mg
:

20mV
Mg 30mV

DCVG 3

pipe locater
SIDE DRAINAGE

(/)
/

, ()

= =>

DC Power Sources for CP

Transformer-rectifier
(Rectifier)
Standard Rectifiers
Silicon Controlled
Rectifiers (SCR)
Switching-Mode
Rectifiers
Pulse Rectifiers

Thermoelectric
Generators (TEG)

Solar Power

Wind-Driven Generators

Engine Driven Generators

Batteries

Fuel Cells

Single Phase
Transformer-Rectifier

Basic Rectifier Tests

DC Volts
DC Amperes
Tap Setting
(Potential set
point)
Tap AC
Voltage
AC supply
Voltage (if
qualified)

Zero Voltage & Zero Current

Problem is upstream of DC output

Terminals
May be failed components, open circuit
or a short causing a blown fuse or
tripped circuit breaker

Locating Short based on

Breaker Tripping
Does
Breaker
Trip?

No

Temporary short or circuit

resistance dropped.-restore
output voltage level

Yes
Disconnect DC
Output Cable & Reset
Breaker
Tripped
Input Circuit
Breaker

Yes
Lower Voltage Taps
& Reset Breaker

Does
Breaker
Trip?

No

Look for short

in output circuit

Yes

Remove taps

Does
Breaker
Trip?

Yes

No
Fault in rectifier between
transformer and output

Fault in
transformer
or breaker

DC Current Change with

Unchanged DC Voltage

Change in External Resistance

Increased current indicates a reduction in resistance
Increased moisture
Short to a proportionally larger structure
Reduced current indicates an increase in resistance
Anode failure
Anode drying
Gas blockage
Frost
Broken bond across isolation

Change in both DC Current

and Voltage

If external resistance
unchanged then
investigate upstream of
rectifier DC output
otherwise investigate
external circuit.

If half voltage and

current then half waving
due to failed diode

Poor connections
High resistance
shorts
Change in power
supply
Look for electrical
damage

Diode Testing
Good 0.32 V / OL
OL / OL

Short 0V / 0V

Open

Rectifier Efficiency
DC Power Out
Percent Efficiency
100
AC Power In
Example: 10 VDC 25 ADC 300 WattsAC
DC power out (watts) = VDC x IDC

10 v 25 A
Percent Efficiency
100
300 watts
Percent efficiency = 83.3%

megger/DVM

1. (Megger)

M
*

2.
(NACE )

(K)

1": 5%

12":20%

3.

P/S

4.

(P/S)

'0'

5.
(Polarizati
on method)

DC

'0'

6.

IJ ,
on, off IJ

'0'