Universiti Tenaga Nasional , 2010 Machine Design And CAD Laboratory

HOOKES COUPLING EXPERIMENT

OBJECTIVES The objective of this experiment is to investigate the variation in displacement for a single joint at various angles and to show that when two joints are used together with the same intermediate angle, the variation in displacement is cancelled out.

THEORY A flexible coupling or universal joint is frequently used to link two shafts and transmit circular motion from the other. Indeed continuous circular motion is perhaps the single largest thing that mankind produces in the world with the available energy. A universal joint is simply a combination of machine elements which transmit rotation from one axis to another. A universal join can accommodate larger angles between the shafts. An arbitrary and accepted lower limit is 3o. In general if the angularity between two shafts is less than 3o a flexible coupling is used. A universal joint is used where the angularity between the shafts is intentional. Kinematically universal joints may be divided into two types the Hookes Cardan coupling ant the constant velocity joint. These name although frequently used do not clarify the difference between them. A Hookes coupling is a fixed arm coupling and a constant velocity joint is a variable arm coupling. We are concerned here with a fixed arm coupling only.

The following analysis will show that the angle as the angle between the shafts increases there is a periodic speed and hence torque fluctuation. Such fluctuation cannot be tolerated in machinery so it is usual to have two coupling with small intermediate shaft. The second coupling introduces equal and opposite fluctuations, thus the overall effect is of smooth and uniform transmission. However both the input and the output shaft must make the same angle with the intermediate shaft for this to work.

A Hookes coupling consists of a cruciform spider which pivots in two fork ends formed in the end of the shafts. For practical manufacturing reasons the fork ends are made as

Universiti Tenaga Nasional , 2010 Machine Design And CAD Laboratory

separate pieces to which the shafts are attached. Thus standard coupling can be simply fixed to any length of shaft. A Hookes coupling is shown schematically below

The driven shaft OB is inclined at an angle to the driving shaft in plan view. The axes of the shafts are on the same horizontal plane. In the figure below the spider arm CD moves through an angle to C1D1.

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P P is the plan view of the plane of rotation of CD and Q Q is the plan view of the plan view of the plane rotation of EF. If we now draw RO at right- angles to C1D1 and project R to R1 in the plan view we can take radius O R1 and draw an arc to cut Q Q at R2. We may now project this point to meet RS at T1. Then angle TOS equals, the angle moved through by the arm EF in the plane of rotation where P P is the plan view

Consider;
Tan = RS SO Tan = TS SO

so;
Tan = TS Tan .. SO

(1)

Tan =

OT1 Tan OR1 OT1 Tan OR2

Tan =

Tan = Tan .Cos (2)

The above equation gives the displacement. The velocity equation may be obtained by differentiating equation (2)

Velocity Ratio; d cos = .. (3) dt 1 sin 2 . cos 2

The graph below shows the relationship between input and output angles from 0 to 90o for displacement where the joint angle is 10o to 50o

Universiti Tenaga Nasional , 2010 Machine Design And CAD Laboratory

The graph below gives the velocity variation for a single coupling for shaft angle from 10o to 50o.

Universiti Tenaga Nasional , 2010 Machine Design And CAD Laboratory

APPARATUS
Hookes Coupling Apparatus

Universiti Tenaga Nasional , 2010 Machine Design And CAD Laboratory

PROCEDURE Part 1
1. Set the left hand Bracket over so that the angle 1 between the shaft is 45 2. Set the other joint to be straight, 2 = 0 3. Start the scale on the input shaft at zero. Rotate the shaft by 10 at each turn. Note the reading on the input and output scales. (you have to minus the zero error to get the output angle) 4. Repeat for 360 that is one complete rotation for the shaft input. 5. Tabulate results in the data sheet 6. Repeat procedures 1 through 5 for 1 = 15 and 30

Part 2
1. Set both 1 and 2 equal at 30, both bend at the same side. 2. For one revolution of the input shaft (at10 intervals), take readings of the scale of the output shaft 3. Tabulate results on the data sheet. 4. Repeat the experiment with the input and output shaft parallel but still keep at the same value of 30. 5. Tabulate results in the table given.

GRAPH AND RESULT From the result in part 1:

1. Plot the output shaft angle versus the input shaft angle for 1 = 15, 30 and 45o (all in one plot). 2. Plot tan (input shaft angle) versus tan (output shaft angle)1. 3. Plot the output shaft velocity versus input shaft angle for 1 = 15, 30 and 45o.

From the result in part 2:

1

Only plot from 100o to 260o for both x and y-axis as Tan 90,270 = infinity.

Universiti Tenaga Nasional , 2010 Machine Design And CAD Laboratory

1. Plot the output shaft angle versus the input shaft angle for both readings, parallel and same side readings in the same graph.

DISCUSSION
1. Comment on the output shaft angle versus input shaft angle plot that you have obtained2. 2. What is the significance of the tan (input shaft angle) versus tan (output shaft angle) plot?3 In other words, what information can you obtain from the plot? Does the plot show the validity of the analysis that was shown in the laboratory?4 3. Comment on the output shaft velocity versus input shaft angle plot that you have obtained. How well do the velocity variations you found compare with those predicted in theory. 4. What is the purpose of the second part of the experiment? Does the result justify the purpose? 5. What is the effect if 1 is not the same as 2

2 3

Minimum 3 comments, hint(1): what happen at 0o& 90o& 180o& 270o& 360o Refer equation 2, recap order of the equation 4 Please recap the boundary of cos().

Universiti Tenaga Nasional , 2010 Machine Design And CAD Laboratory

RESULT SHEET
Hookes Coupling Experiment Part 1 For alpha1, 1 = Input, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 Output, degrees Tan Tan , Velocity Ratio

Universiti Tenaga Nasional , 2010 Machine Design And CAD Laboratory

RESULT SHEET
Hookes Coupling Experiment Part 2 For alpha1, 1 = alpha2, 2 = 30 degrees (same / parallel) Input, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 Output,