Adverbul (the Adverb)

1. Formarea adverbelor
Adverbele pot fi fie cuvinte individuale(here=aici, soon=curnd, then=atunci, when=cnd), fie cuvinte compuse: formate din doua parti de vorbire diferite (anywhere = oriunde; somewhere = undeva) formate dintr-un adjectiv substantiv ! sufi"ul # ly (badly=ru; suddenly= deodata; loudly=tare) a) adjectivele terminate in #e, p$strea%$ #e si li se ad$u&a #ly: e"treme # e"tremely; lar&e # lar&ely (e"cep'ie: true # truly) b) adjectivele terminate in #le pierd #e si primesc termina'ia #y: capable # capably; &entle # &ently (bland # cu blnde'e) c) adjectivele terminate in #l precedate de o vocala, p$strea%$ #l si li se adau&$ termina'ia #ly: beautiful # beautifully; final # finally; usual # usually (de obicei) d) adjectivele terminate in #ll primesc doar #y : full # fully e) la adjectivele terminate in #y, y final devine -i- si apoi se adau&$ #ly: easy # easily; happy - happily unele cuvinte pot avea in propo%i'ie rolul de adjective (e": fast, hard, late), dar si de adverbe fara sa-si schimbe forma( )he is a fast typist( = ea este o dactilo&rafa rapida )he types fast( = ea bate rapid la ma*ina in ca%ul adjectivului good, adverbul corespun%$tor este well( +e is a good student( +e prepares his lessons well(

2.Tipuri de adverbe
a) adverbe de mod (circumstana) ,"prima modul in care a fost e"ecutata o ac'iune( ,": badly (=ru); carefully (=cu &rija); carelessly (=neatent); correctly (=corect); dan&erously (=periculos); delicately (=cu delicate'e); differently (=in mod diferit); easily (=u*or); professionally (=profesional); rapidly (=rapid); simply (=simplu); -nele e"prima atat modul in care este e"ecutata ac'iunea, cat si sentimentele persoanei care o reali%ea%$ ,": an&rily(=sup$rat); an"iously (=cu .n&rijorare); calmly (=cu calm); cheerfully(=cu voio*ie); hopefully(=cu speranta); proudly(=cu mandrie); sadly(=cu triste'e) ,"prima circumstan'ele in care a avut loc un eveniment ,": accidently (=accidental); artificially (=artificial); ille&ally (=ile&al); indirectly (=indirect); lo&ically (=in mod lo&ic); Adverbele de mod r$spund la intrebarile: how/ = cum/ 0n what way manner/ = in ce fel mod/

b) adverbe de loc arata unde s-a facut actiunea; indica locul, po%itia, directia, destinatia adverbe care indica po%i'ia: ahead (=in fata); anywhere (=oriunde); everywhere (=peste tot); somewhere (=undeva); nowhere (=nic$ieri); here (=aici); there (=acolo); under (=sub); raspund la .ntrebarea where/ = unde/ adverbe care indica destina'ia: abroad (=peste hotare); downstairs (=jos); near (=lan&a); outdoors (=in aer liber); outside (=in afara); there (=acolo); upstairs (=sus) adverbe care indica direc'ia: ahead (=in fata); alon& (=de-a lun&ul); around (=in jurul); bac1 (=inapoi); bac1ward (=in spate); forward (=in fata); left (=stan&a); ri&ht (=dreapta); sideways (=intr-o parte); east (=est);eastward; eastwards (=catre est); south (=sud); southward; southwards (=catre sud); raspund la intrebarea where to/ =incotro/ 2here from/ = de unde/ c) adverbe de timp arata fie cand este reali%ata o actiunea, raspun%and la intrebarea when/=cand/, fie durata actiunii, raspun%and la intrebarea since when/ = de cand/ for how long/= pentru cat timp/ adverbele de timp definit se refera la timpul curent sau la anumite %ile,ani,etc: yesterday (=ieri); today(=a%i); tomorrow (=maine); on 3onday (=4uni); in the evenin& (=seara); at noon (=la pran%); last wee1 (=saptamana trecuta); at three o5cloc1(=la ora trei) cand apare mai multe adverbe de timp definit, acestea se succeda de la cel mai particular la cel mai &eneral: time!day!date!year ,": 2e6ll have to meet them at 78 o5cloc1 in the mornin& on 2ednesday 3ay 97-st 988:( cnd punctul de referin'a este pre%ent se folose*te adverbul ago( ,": 0 wrote to him three days ago( =0-am scris cu trei %ile in urma( ;and punctul de referinta este trecut sau viitor, se foloseste before( ,": )he said she had met him two days before( = ea a spus ca il intalnise cu doua %ile in urma( <hey will arrive here before noon( = ei vor ajun&e aici pana la pran%( Adverbe de durata : always (=intotdeauna); all day lon& (=toata %iua); briefly (=pe scurt); for ever (=pentru totdeauna); permanently (=permanent); for a wee1 month year (=pentru o saptamana luna an); from=to(( (=de la=pana la); since (=de cand); ntil (=pana cand) d) adverbe de grad 0ndica e"tinderea unei actiuni sau &radul pana la care este reali%ata actiunea( Adverbe de &rad frecvent intalnite: almost (=aproape); completely (=complet); enormously (=enorm); enou&h (=destul); entirely (=in .ntre&ime); e"cessively (=e"cesiv); e"traordinarily (=e"traordinar); half (=jum$tate); little (=pu'in); much (=mult); very (=foarte); too (=de asemenea), rather (=oarecum); hardly barely (>aproape ca nu) Aceste adverbe pot modifica intensitatea cuvntului, facondu-l mai tare sau mai slab ,": - adjective : rather difficult = oarecum dificil -adverbe: ?uite fluently = destul de fluent - verbe: 0 didn5t ?uite understand = nu am prea inteles e) adverbe interogative )e folosesc la inceputul unei intrebari: +ow/=cum/ 2hen/=cand/ +ow often/=cat de des/ +ow much/= cat de mult/ 2

2here/=unde/

2hy/=de ce/

+ow far/=cat de departe/

3. Compararea adverbelor
a) Adverbe monosilabice pozitiv fast hard early safe b) Adverbe plurisilabice pozitiv correctly wisely openly slowly c) Adverbe nere&ulate pozitiv well badly much little comparativ better worse more less superlativ best worst the most least traducere bine rau mult putin comparativ more correctly more wisely more openly more slowly superlativ the most correctly the most wisely the most openly the most slowly traducere in mod corect in mod .n'elept in mod deschis incet comparativ faster harder earlier safer superlativ fastest hardest earliest safest traducere repede tare devreme si&ur

d) Adverbe cu doua forme de comparatie pozitiv near far late comparativ nearer farther further later Superlativ+traducere nearest = cel mai aproape ne"t = apoi, imediat dupa farthest = cel mai dep$rtat ca spa'iu furthest = cel mai dep$rtat si ca timp latest = cel mai recent last = ultima data