CHAPTER 1 Why Nations Have Their Heroes Played a crucial role in the history of their country Can be mythical

thical or legendary Helped form the country Responsible for inspiring people to fight for their freedom Involved in the struggle They merit the admiration of their countrymen and are considered worthy of emulation Source of inspiration an public worship National icons Demonstrate the best of what a person can be Placed the welfare of their countrymen above their own and work for the general good Developed and manifested strong conviction which aimed to save his country from severe challenges Never self-seeking or seeks reward Preferred humility and anonymity

Through the heros achievements and example Erection of monuments and naming of streets and buildings after him Acclaimed long after his death and by people who are not of his generation Appreciation of his life and achievements goes beyond his lifetime To be considered a hero his life and achievements need to be studied carefully National Historical Institute (now, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines), prescribes the passage of fifty years before a person is finally confirmed as a hero

The Definition of a Hero National Heroes Commission Released a criteria on the definition of a national hero Approved by Director Carlos Quirino of the National Library

The Humanity of Heroes Heroes are made and no one was born a hero A product of his time Product of his environment which includes his society, his surrounding and the conditions happening at his time Responded to the call of the times and their response had a decisive effect Heroes are ordinary human beings who faced challenges with an extraordinary response Students should be guided on the contributions of the hero to the betterment of his country rather than on his shortcomings

An admirable leader towering over his peers, who serves a noble cause, possessing exceptional talent, distinguished valor and/or hold enterprise, exercising a determinative influence over the spiritual life of his people in a particular remarkable event the hero must, during extreme stress and difficulties, project himself by his own fortitude, by his own sacrifices to be the inspiration of his countrymen in leading them to their rightful destiny. He must exhibit self-denial and abandon his personal interests to place those of his country before and other and whose deeds and acts are proudly emulated by a grateful people who, after his death, render him singular tributes, honor him with public worship and acknowledge his meritorious services to mankind by spontaneous national recognition a hero must exercise a determinative influence over the spiritual life of his people in an event of great significance

The Criteria for Heroes Rizals hero status was made by the acclamation of the Filipino people

one must project himself by his own fortitude, effort, and sacrifices to be the beacon of light of his oppressed countrymen to their rightful destiny Characteristics of a hero 1. Extent of the persons sacrifices for the welfare of the country 2. Motive and methods employed in the attainment of ideal 3. Moral character of the person 4. Influence of the person to his age or epoch and the succeeding eras On heroism Ensure that the person who would be conferred the mantle of a hero is truly deserving

The person must identify himself with the nation and would be willing to sacrifice for its benefit Those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation

Dr. Corpuz Those who made the countrys constitution and laws can be heroes Apolinario Mabini and Claro M. Recto

November 15, 1995 NHC decided to adopt a criteria stating that a hero is part of the peoples expression A process of peoples internalization is needed to develop the recognition of who is a hero a hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in history but of the entire process that made this person a hero Understanding of the historical conditions in which the hero had lived

President FVR Issued Executive Order No. 75 creating the National Heroes Committee on March 28,1993 to study, evaluate and explicitly recommend Filipino national personages as national heroes in due recognition to their sterling character and remarkable achievements for the country

Dr. Serafin Quiason a hero is an event-making man who helps create the fork in the historical time that he faces. Heroes in a democracy should be great figures in the pantheon of thought, the men of ideas, and social vision of scientific and artistic power Proclamation of heroes Imitates the practice of canonization of saints Heroes should not be declared by legislation

Round table June 3, 1993 attended by historians Definition of a hero drafted by Dr. Corpuz

Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nations freedom Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system of life and freedom and order for a nation. Freedom without order will only lead to anarchy Important element in considering heroism is the persons nationalism A person who aspires and struggles for the nations freedom Must be guided by conviction of national identity

Commemoration of some heroes 1. Rizal Day Comes from the decree issued by General Emilio Aguinaldo on December 20, 1898 Commemorated on December 30

2. Bonifacio Day

In honor of Andres Bonifcaio who is one of the founders of Kataastaasang Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan Commemorated on November 30 Act No. 2946 by the Philippine Legislature on February 16, 1921

Made it obligatory for college and university students to study the life and works of Jose Rizal

The Catholic Church and Opposing Party Assailed the Rizal Bill as anti-church because it forced the students to read Rizals works like Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo which contained passages that were anti-church Made use of lobbyists as well as priests in opposing the Rizal Bill Catholic organizations such as the Accion Catolico which was formerly head by Senator Francisco Soc Rodrigo Fr. Jesus Cavanna commented that Rizals novels belonged to the past and it would be harmful to read them because it presented a false picture of the conditions of the country at the time Noli Me Tangere contained only 25 patriotic statements compared to 120 antiCatholic statements Jesus Paredes said that the novels contained objectionable matter and Catholics had the right to refuse to read them as to not to endanger their faith Narciso Pimentel speculated that politics was involved in Rectos motive in drafting his Rizal Bill Congressman Miguel Cuenco and Senator Francisco Soc Rodrigo voiced the opposition of the church in both houses of Congress Rodrigo said that would not let his teenage son read the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo lest he endangers his Catholic faith The novels should be footnoted or annotated versions of the novels be used instead The Church called all Catholic voters to reject lawmakers who supported Rectos Rizal bill Bishops threatened to close down Catholic schools if the bill was approved

3. National Heroes Day Every last Sunday of Agust Public Act No. 3827 passed by the Philippine Legislature on October 28, 1931 4. Ninoy Aquino Day Created by PGMA on December 25, 2004 Republic Act 9256 Commemorated on August 21

CHAPTER 2 The Story of the Rizal Law Rizal Law Passed in 1956 The original author saw the need for the Rizal Law to instill heroism among the youth 1950s was a time of uncertainty in the country; ravaged by the Hukbalahap insurgency

Economic condition of the Philippines US still reigned supreme with the enforcement of the Bell Trade Act in 1947 Parity rights granted in the Philippine Constitution allowed the Americans to exploit the countrys national resources Laurel-Langley Agreement ensured the free entry of American products thus ensuring the preference of Filipinos for American goods The country was buffeted by corrupt party politics and news of political corruption was rampant

Rectos Bill

Result

After a month-long standoff, a compromise bill was filed, authored by Senator Jose P. Laurel and was based on the proposals of Senators Roseller Lim and Emmanuel Pelaez On June 12, 1956, the Republic Act No. 1425 came into effect The law accommodated the objections of the Catholic Church; allows students to seek exemption from reading Rizals works for religious reasons

Royal Patronage Agreement between King Carlos VII and Pope Pius Gave right to owning properties and lands

Triumvirate of the Propagandists Rizal, del Pilar, and Marcelo Philippines will be assimilated as a province of Spain Equality and Freedom July 6, 1892 Rizal was sent to exile La Liga fell Mason Enemies of the Church Enlightened thinking Katipunan Wanted independence 1896 Revolution June 12, 1898 Aguinaldo went back from Hong Kong to declare Philippine Independence August 13, 1895 Mock Battle between Spain and US December 10, 1898 Treaty of Paris $20 million was paid by US to Spain to give them Philippines George Dewey On the harbors of China and Japan in May 1898 American Industrialization William McKinley Working on how to enter China and Japan Reported about the Philippines 1899 Americans entered the Philippines Benevolent Assimilation Military Rule Tone down revolutionists 1900s Taft Commission As soon as a stable government is established, independence will be given to the Filipinos

CHAPTER 3 RIZAL Proposed Bill Sen. Claro M. Recto Jr. Senate Bill R.A. 1425 or Rizal Law Nationalism and Freedom Executive Judiciary Legislative Congress Senate Bill Law Needs vote from congress and senate, and approval of president +1 15th-16th Century Rebellion, revolts, oppression, etc. Failed due to personal interests Secularization vs. Regulars Secularization Filipino priests Regulars Friars Friars Religious Orders Franciscans Augustinians Dominicans Recoletos Jesuits Missionaries, not friars Patronato Real

1907 Philippine Assembly First taste of Philippine Elections Philippine Commission Upper house Lower house Commissioners Senators Taft Congressmen 1916 Philippine Autonomous Act/Jones Law Abolished the commission Senator upper house Congressmen lower house Civil Governor Francis Burton Harrison Wanted the Filipinos to lead at that time Department of Finance Department of Defense Department of Public Works and Highways These three are still under American rule 1919-1933 Independence Missions Os-Rox Mission 1933 Hare-Hawes Cutting 10 year transition Sen. Manuel L. Quezon Rejected the HHC Lacking provisions on naval and fueling station 1935 Tydings-McDuffie Law Copy of HHC with provisions on naval and fueling station 1936-1646 Commonwealth Government Manuel L. Quezon as president Manchuria China, women were raped by Koreans MacArthur Australia Said that they are prepared for Japan in summer 1942 Roxas Directly reported to MacArthur during the war

1946-1947 MacArthur asked Roxas to make amends to the 1935 Constitution Gave the US rights to explore, use, navigate, and exploit the natural resources of the Philippines US lend the Philippines $500 million Mutual Defense Treaty Training of soldiers Rebuilding military bases 1956 Laurel-Langley Agreement US can import without quota Philippines can export only a few selected products with quota Abolished by Marcos 1973 Free Trade World Trade Agreement General Agreement on Tariff and Trade Globalization Bill 5561 RA 1425 Claro M. Recto Jr. Main proponent of the Rizal Bill Ang Pilipinas Noong Panahon ni Rizal 1. Di Matatag na Administrasyong Kolonyal Before Suez Canal opened Napoleon Bonaparte Joseph Liberal governor generals Ferdinand/Isabela Governor generals follows the friars Governor generals are always changed 2. Mga Tiwaling Opsiyal Corrupt 3. Kawalan ng Represenstayon ng Pilipinas sa Cortes Friars and Gov. Gen. report to the king and queen about the colony Ventuar de Los Reyes Ilustrado Philippine representative to Spanish Court Isabela abolished the agreement 4. Pagkakait ng mga Karapatang Pantao sa mga Pilipino Human rights of Indios 5. Kawalan ng Pagkakapantay-pantay sa Mata ng Batas

6. Tiwaling Pagpapatupad ng Sistema sa Hustisya Favored the Spanish 7. Diskriminasyon ng mga Lahi Mestizong bangus 8. Paghahari ng mga Prayle Frailocracy, Frailocracia 9. Sapilitang Paggawa 10. Pag-aari ng mga Prayle ng mga Hacienda 11. Ang mga Guardias Civiles Pagsilang ng Pambansang Bayani June 19,1861 (Wednesday) Baybayin ng bayan ng Calamba, Laguna Sa pagitan ng ika-11 ng gabi hanggang bago ang kabilugan ng buwan June 22, 1861 Baptized by Padre Rufino Collantes Pedro Casanas ninong Mercado Ginamit ni Domingo Lamco noong 1731 Pamilya ni Rizal ay may-ari ng mga lupa Pamumuhay Principalia Napag-aral ang mga anak sa mga kolehiyo sa Maynila Bahay na bato Life-size saints Juan Mercado Landowner in Bian Gobernadorcillo, naging kapitan municipal ng tatlong beses Cirila Alejandro, 22 years old 13 kids, Francisco Mercado is 13th, one out of eight boys Francisco Mercado Pinalaki ni Potenciana noong mamatay ang magulang Nag-aral ng Latin sa Bian, nagtapos sa Colegio de San Jose Inquilinos ng hacienda Humingi ng karapatang mag may-ari ng lupa sa Calamba Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro Don Kikoy Teodora Alonzo

10 years younger than Don Kikoy Bunsong anak nina Lorenzo Alberto at Brigida de Quintos Baptized, Sta Cruz, Nov. 18, 1827 Studied at Colegio de Santa Rosa Married June 28, 1848 Teodora Morales Alnzo Realonda y Quintos Donya Lolay

Rizal and his Siblings 1. Saturnina Panganay na anak Neneng Kinasal kay Manuel T. Hidalgo ng Tanawan, Batangas Nagkaroon ng 5 anak 2. Paciano Katulong sa hacienda Matangkad, matipuno, namumulang pisngi at sakon Sumama sa rebolusyon matapos bitayin ang kapatid 3. Narcisa Kinasal kay Antonio Lopez 4. Olimpia Kinasal kay Silvestre Ubaldo, operator ng telegrapo Nagkaroon ng 3 anak 5. Lucia Kinasal kay Mariano Herbosa, na namatay sa kolera Di binigyan ng church funeral ang asawa dahil sa bayaw nya si Jose Rizal 6. Maria Kinasal kay Daniel Faustino Cruz Palayaw ay Biang 7. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda 8. Concepcion Palayaw ay Concha Namatay sa gulang na tatlo 1 taon lang ang pagitan kay Jose Kalaro ni Jose Rizal 9. Josefa Sila ni Trinidad ay tumandang dalaga Palayaw ay Panggoy Namatay sa edad na 80, noong 1945 10. Trinidad

Namatay sa eded na 83 Pinagbigyan ng lutuang lampara Palayaw ay Trining

were fighting association Francisco Zaldua

for

free

speech

and

11. Soledad Kinasal kay Pantaleon Quintero, nagkaroon ng 5 anak Palayaw ay Choleng Execution of Gomburza GOMBURZA Executed on February 17, 1872 Had the habit of playing a card game called panguinge

Bicolano soldier who said that the three priests have an alleged plot to overthrow Spanish rule Fr. Burgos was to become king

Jose Arrieta Counsel of Fr. Burgos Said that his client confessed his guild and was asking for mercy

After the execution Meliton Martinez Archbishop of Manila Was ordered to defrock the priests but refused to do so Believed that GOMBURZA was innocent

Father Jacinto Zamora Examiner of priests at the Manila Cathedral and campaigns for reform in the Catholic Church of Philippines Authored a note saying Meeting tonight, bring powder and shot meeting meant gambling session and powder and shot meant money to be used in gambling Showed no emotion and was pale before being executed; had become insane

Rafael de Izquierdo Governor General at the time Ordered Martinez to defrock the priests

Effects Marked the beginning of Filipino nationalism Reason of reformists and revolutionists to fight for social and political change Rizal dedicated his second novel, El Filibusterismo in their memory The execution was mentioned in the Philippine Declaration of Independence

Father Mariano Gomes Parish priest of Bacoor, Cavite Second to be executed, then aged 73

Father Jose Burgos Prominent member of the secularization movement Last to be executed Cried out that he was innocent during execution

Chapter 4: The Childhood Years Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila Written by Rizal at the age of 17 which is about his pleasant memories of his childhood Written under the name P. Jacinto pseudonym used to keep details of his life private He revealed himself by signing his name at the end of his work Contents: Memories of his birthplace

Cause of the execution January 20 a mutiny by soldiers and workers of Cavite which was caused by the slashing of their salaries The mutineers were led by Sergeant Lamadrid Suspicion fell on native priests seeking secularization of parishes and laymen who

Laguna de Bay- found in the east, the countrys largest lake which was called by the locals as Dagat Tabang or the freshwater sea Talim Island- found at the middle of the lake Mt. Makiling- a mountain that resembles a sleeping woman found at the south and thought to be guided by a spirit named Mariang Makiling Rizals home had a large yard with plants He imagined that the stories of his yaya about duwendes, ghosts, and aswangs were true

Rizal experienced sadness after Conchas (Concepcion) death who was 4 years old because of a disease Rizals Tutors Lucas Padua and Leon Monroy- taught him Latin Rizals Passions Poetry Something newdiscovery He drew things He would make his own ink using charcoal and the juices of plants Jose lit up a bottle of gunpowder and the resulting explosion burned Josefas face Spanked by his mother using a fearsome slipper Rizal realized that Surely a man owes everything to God Memorable anecdote between Rizal and his mother Teodora read El Amigo de los Ninos (The Childs Friend) and noticed that Rizal was not paying attention Rizal was attracted to a pair of moths circling the flame of an oil lampone was larger (assumed to be the mother), one was smaller The small moth flew too close that its wings got burned and fell into the oil and died Rizal realized that to sacrifice ones life for an ideal is worthwhile Rizals Uncles Jose Alberto- lover of books who taught Rizal to work hard, to think of himself, and to observe life keenly Uncle Jose- educated in Calcutta, India and encouraged him to sketch, paint and sculpt Uncle Manuel- looked after his physical development; taught him swimming, fencing, wrestling, and other sports Rizal made various statuettes made of clay and wax

Un Recuerdo de Mi Pueblo Where Rizal immortalized the town of his birth Written at age 15 Rizals Family Full of joy tempered with reverence Francisco Mercado- father; man who was already in forties when Rizal was born, a model of fathers who gave his children an education commensurate Francisco was able to build a stone house, buy another and erect a small nipa hut in the middle of the orchard under the shade of banana trees Teodora Alonzo- mother; a cultured woman of Manila who knew literature and spoke better Spanish and was a mathematician Paciano- brother; studied at the Colegio de San Jose which was managed by the Society of Jesus The sisters were educated at the Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion, a fashionable boarding school in suburban Manila Siblings were tightly bound by love and companionship Ute or Moy- other nicknames given to Rizal by his siblings Pepe or Pepito- his nickname outside the house

How Rizal was described Small and had fragile physique His head was rather large He developed love for sculpture when his sisters joked about the head of his sculpture disproportionately large compared to the body Paciano was Rizals second father who respected the potentials of Rizal and supported him in his endeavors