I.

INTRODUCTION

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Low birth weight Difficulty handling the stresses of vaginal delivery Decreased oxygen levels Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) because hypoxia increases glucagon which depletes liver glucose due to glycogenolysis . Low resistance to infection infants born prematurely and those with low birth weight as result of IUGR are unlikely developed immune system that is functional at birth. IUGR related to associated with compromised cell mediated immunity and lymphocyte production for several months or even years thereafter. On the other hand., prematurely infants Low Apgar scores (a test given immediately after birth to evaluate the newborn's physical condition and determine need for special medical care) Meconimum aspiration (inhalation of stools passed while in the uterus), which can lead to breathing problems - which is when the baby swallows part of the first bowel movement. This can cause the alveoli to be over distended, a pneumothorax to occur, and/or the baby can develop bacterial pneumonia. Trouble maintaining body temperature Abnormally high red blood cell count

ETIOLOGY a. Placental Abnormalities. Any placental abnormalities can potentially cause growth restriction due to decreased blood flow. b. Multiple fetuses. Pregnancy with two or more fetuses is complicated by appreciable impairment in growth of one or both fetuses.