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MARKETING
Organizational adaptations
11
Agricultural subsidies and development
Rich countries of the developed world
subsidize farm products
Reasons
Consequences
Surplusproduction
Depressed world prices (a result of surplus)
12
Instruments of trade policy
Tax breaks
Import quota
Restrictionon the quantity of some good
imported into a country
Voluntary export restraint (VER)
Quota on trade imposed by exporting
country, typically at the request of the
importing country
GATT
Functions:
• Administering WTO trade agreements
• Forum for trade negotiations
• Handling trade disputes
• Monitoring national trade policies
• Technical assistance and training for developing countries
• Cooperation with other international organizations
The World Trade Organization
Telecommunications (1997)
68 countries (90%) of world
telecommunications revenues
Pledged to open their market to fair
competition
Financial Services (1997)
95% of financial services market
102 countries will open, their markets to
varying degrees
WTO in Seattle
Environmentalists
Objective:-
Dispensation of justice
Technical Assistance
Publication
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
World Bank
Formation 27 December 1945
Type International organization
Legal status Treaty
Purpose/focus Crediting
Membership 186 countries
President Robert B. Zoellick
Main organ Board of Directors[1]
Parent organization World Bank Group
Website http://www.worldbank.org/
The World Bank headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Memberships:- 2%
gold and rest in dollars
OBJECTIVES
• Build capacity
• Infrastructure creation:
• Combating corruption:
To provide a co-finance.
GRANT
TECHINICAL ASSISTANT
Areas of operation
Agriculture and Rural Development
Conflict and Development Poverty Reduction
Development Operations and Activities Poverty
Economic Policy Private Sector
Education
Energy
Public Sector Governance
Environment Rural Development
Financial Sector Social Development
Gender Social Protection
Governance
Trade
Health, Nutrition and Population
Industry Transport
Information and Communication Technologies Urban Development
Information, Computing and Water Resources
Telecommunications
International Economics and Trade Water Supply and Sanitation
Labor and Social Protections
Law and Justice
Macroeconomic and Economic Growth
Mining
FREE TRADE ZONE
During the 60s and the 70s there was a rapid surge in
the development of FTZs across the world.
FREE TRADE ZONE DEVELOPMENT
PLACE
TAX CONCESSION.
LOW BUREAUCRACY .
PURPOSE FTZ
Generation of employment.
FTZ IN INDIA
Free Trade Zones ( Under Ministry of Commerce )
Falta Export Processing Zone Santa Cruz Electronics Export Processing Zone
Definition
Group formed by countries within a geographical area to
promote duty free trade and free movement of labor and
capital among its members. European community (as a
legal entity within the framework of European Union) is the
best known example. Common markets impose
common external tariff (CET) on imports from non-member
countries.
Bilateral trade agreement (BTA)
A Bilateral trade agreement (BTA) is a
trade agreement between any two
countries, usually in order to reduce
tariffs and quotas on items traded
between themselves. A BTA may be either
preferential, wherein benefits and
obligations apply only to the two
signatories, or most-favored, which
applies terms that are already given to
other nations under similar agreements.
Bilateral trade agreement (BTA)
EXAMPLE
India has bilateral agreements with
the following countries and blocs:
ASEAN[3]
SriLanka[4]
Thailand (separate from FTA agreement
with ASEAN)[5]
Malaysia (separate from FTA agreement
with ASEAN)
COMMODITY AGREEMENTS
Commodity agreements are international
agreements designed to stabilize
commodity prices in the interest of
producers and consumers. They can
include mechanisms to influence market
prices by adjusting export quotas and
production when market prices reach
certain trigger price levels. They
sometimes employ buffer stocks which
release stocks of commodities onto the
market when prices rise to a certain level
and build them up when they fall.
Non-tariff barriers