SAMPLING

DR. SEEMA MUMTAZ

SAMPLING PROCEDURE
HAS TO FOLLOW THREE
FUNDAMENTALS

• IT IS REPRESENTATIVE
• IS LARGE ENOUGH
• THE SELECTED ELEMENTS
HAVE BEEN PROPERLY
APPROACHED, INCLUDED &
INTERVIEWED
 SAMPLING
SAMPLE IS A SUB SET OF
TOTAL POPULATION.
IT HAS ALL INHERRANT
QUALITIES OF
POPULATION.
WE CAN DERIVE
INFERENCES ABOUT THE
POPULATION FROM
SAMPLE.
SAMLE HAS TO BE A
 REQUISITE FOR A RELIABLE
SAMPLE :
• EFFICIENCY
• REPRESENTATIVENESS
• MEASURABILITY
• SIZE
• COVERAGE
• GOAL ORIENTED
• FEASIBILITY
• ECONOMY & COST
EFFICIENCY
 Type of sampling
procedures
• Probability : each element has an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
1. simple random.
2. Systematic.
3. Cluster.
4. Stratified.

• Non- probability : There is no assurance

that each element will have the same
chance of being included in the sample.
1. Accidental.
2. Purposive.
3. Quota Sampling.
 Probability Sampling
Simple Random:
Each unit has the same chance of being selected, only decide by the law
of chance.

Procedure:
1. Prepare a sampling frame-list show all the units.
2. Decide on the number to be selected-Sample size. It is some what
difficult but very critical.
Three considerations in determination of sample size:
~ variability in the population.
~ amount of accuracy desired.
~ resource available to the researcher.
( table for determine sample size are available ).
~ type of study design.
3. Selected require numbers of units, through.
~ drawing lots ( lottery method ) comes out of lotto, a game of chance.
 Probability Sampling
Systematic:
A pre-determined system is followed.

Procedure:
1. Have the total numbers of units in the population.
2. Decide the sample size.
3. Calculate the sampling ratio i.e. sample of 100 out
of 1000= 1:10
370 out of 1600= 1:4.3 round it to the nearest whole
numbers and it will become 1:4.
4. Select randomly the first unit and interview every
fourth unit that is 1:4.
 Probability Sampling
Cluster Sampling:
Selection is made of clusters of
groups such as mohallas,
apartment, buildings, villages,
housing unit etc.
When a list of the entire area is not
available and is not physically
possible to visit the entire area,
one can divide the area into
several equal size clusters.
 Probability Sampling
Stratified Sampling:
This is done to compare different strata.

Procedure:
1. Population is first divided into subgroups
(Strata) according to one or more
characteristics e.g.; age, sex, economic
status, religion etc.
2. Follow a random or systematic procedure
according to the available information.
 Non-Probability
Sampling
Accidental ( convenience ) Sampling:
* Sample is selected in a haphazard fashion.
* Sample selected is unlikely to be
representative.
* The purpose of such sampling is usually less
cost, convenience etc.
e.g. First ten patient in clinic,
Students in library.
 NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• PURPOSIVE: Sampling done
on the basis of some pre
determined idea (clinical
knowledge etc. ).The result of
such a sample can not be
generalized. Example:
• Samples from different age
groups.
• Sample of all hypertensive.
 NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• QUOTA SAMPLING : The strata of
the population are identified & the
researchers determine the
proportion of elements needed from
the various segments, eg:
• If in a population of students 40%
are female & 60% are males , then
the researcher may decide for a
sample size 50 , to select 20 females
& 30 males .then he can use any
type of probability or non-probability
sampling procedures within the
strata.
 REQUISITE OF A RELIABLE
SAMPLE
• EFFICIENCY
• REPRESENTATIVENESS
• MEASURABILITY
• SIZE
• COVERAGE
• GOAL ORIENTED
• FEASIBILITY
• COST- EFFECTIVENESS