Steve Goddard

Contents

Topic Page
Differentiation of Common functions 1
Differentiation of a Product 1
Differentiation of a quotient 1
Function of a Function 2
Successive Differentiation 3
Logarithmic Differentiation 4
Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometry and Hyperbolic 5
Functions
Integration of Common Functions 5
Integration Using Algebraic Substitutions 6
Integration Using Partial Fractions 7
Integration by Parts 8
Analyse engineering Situations and solve Engineering 9
Problems Using Calculus
Maclaurin’s Series 16

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 Steve Goddard

Analytical Methods – Assignment 1

Calculus

Differentiation of Common Functions

1. y = 3x 2

dy
If y = ax then
n
= anx n −1
dx

dy
Since y = 3x 2 , a = 3 and n = 2 thus = (3)( 2) x 2 −1 = 6 x
dx

2. y = −4Cos 2 x

dy
y = −4Cos 2 x then = −4( −2 sin 2 x) = 8 sin 2 x
dx

Differentiation of a Product

3. y = e 3t Sin 4t
du
U= e 3t = 3e 3t
dy dv du dt
=u +v dv
dt dt dt V= Sin 4t = 4Cos 4t
dt
y = e 3t ×4Cos 4t + Sin 4t ×3e 3t

= e 3t ( 4 cos 4t +3 sin 4t )

Differentiation of a Quotient

Ln 2 x
4. y =
x

Ln 2 x Ln2 x
y= = 1
x x 2

Using the quotient rule:

dv v
v −u
d u  dx dx
=
dx  v  v 2

du 1
Let U = Ln 2 x ∴ =
dx x

And

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1 dv 1 12
Let V = x 2
∴ = x
dx 2
Putting these values into the equation:

 12 1   1 −1 
 x ×  −  Ln2 x × x 2   12 1   1 −1 
d u   x  2   x ×  −  Ln2 x × x 2 
= =  x  2 
dx  v   x 1 2 
2

x
 

Function of a Function

(
5. y = 2 x 3 − 5 x ) 5

(
y = 2 x 3 −5 x ) 5

Let u = 2 x 3 −5 x
Let y = u 5

du
Hence = 6 x 2 −5
dx
dy
And = 5u 4
du

Using the function of a function rule:

dy dy du
= × = (5u 4 )( 6 x 2 − 5)
dx du dx

Rewriting U as 2 x 3 − 5 x gives:( )
dy
= 5(2 x 3 − 5 x) 4 (6 x 2 − 5)
dt

Successive Differentiation

6. If y = 3x 4 + 2 x 3 − 3 x + 2 Find:

dy
6.1
dx

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dy
= ( 4 × 3 x 3 ) + (3 × 2 x 2 ) − 3 + 0
dx

= 12 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 3

d2y
6.2
dx 2

d2y
2
= 12 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 3
dx

= 36 x 2 + 12 x

Logarithmic Differentiation

7. Use logarithmic differentiation to differentiate the following:

( x − 2)( x +1)
y=
( x −1)( x + 3)

First of all I took logs from each side:

( x − 2)( x +1) 
ln y = ln   = ( ln( x − 2) + ln( x +1) ) −( ln( x −1) −ln( x +3) )
 ( x −1)( x +3 

1 dy 1 1 1 1
= + − −
y dx ( x − 2) ( x +1) ( x −1) ( x +3)

dy  1 1 1 1  ( x − 2)( x +1) 
= + − − ×
dx ( x − 2) ( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x +3)  
 ( x −1)( x +3) 

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Differentiate the following with respect to the variable:

x
8. y = arc Sin  
2

x 1 1
y = arc Sin   = =
2 2 +x
2 2 2−x

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 Steve Goddard

x
9. y = ar Sinh  
3

x 1 1
y = ar Sinh   = =
3 x +3
2 2 x +3

Integration of Common Functions

Determine the following indefinite integral:

∫( x − 4 x +3 dx )
2
10.

 x3 4x 2 
∫(x − 4 x + 3)dx = 
 3 − 2 + 3x 
2
 +c
 

Evaluate the following definite integrals correct to 4 significant figures:

π
2
11.
∫ 4Cos θ dθ
0

π
2

∫ 4Cos θ dθ
0

1 
= 4 sin (1θ + 0 ) 
 1 

  π 
= 4
sin 1 × 
  2 

π
= 4 sin
2

4 −0
1

∫3e
3t
12. dt
0

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 Steve Goddard

∫3e
3t
dt
0

1 
= 3 e 3t +0 
3 

1 
= 3 e 3×1+0 
 3 

1 
= 3 e 3 
3 

= 20 .08 −1

=19 .08

Integration Using Algebraic Substitutions

Integrate with respect to the variable:

u = 4x +9
13. ∫2Sin ( 4 x +9)dx du
=4
dx
 1  du
∫ 2Sin ( 4 x + 9) dx = 2 − 4 cos ( 4 x + 9)  dx =
4

1
14. ∫ ( 5 x −3) 6 dx
2 u = 5x −3
 1 ( 5 x − 3) 7  du
 ×  =5
1 5 7  1  1 ( 5 x − 3) 7  dx
( )  ≡  ×
∫ 
6
5 x − 3 dx =
2 2 2  5 7 
 dx =
du
5

Integration Using Partial Fractions

Integrate with respect to x:

12
15. ∫ (x 2
− 9)
dx

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 Steve Goddard

12 12 A B
∫ (x 2
− 9)
dx = = +
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x − 3) ( x + 3)

Next I multiplied the numerators by the main denominator and cancelled out the
relevant values

12 = A( x + 3) + B ( x − 3)

Next I will substitute a strategic value to make one side of the equation = 0.
Firstly I will make x = -3

Therefore:

12 = A( −3 +3) + B ( −3 −3) = −6 B
B = −2

Doing the same again but for the other side I will use x = +3

12 = A(3 + 3) + B (3 − 3) = 6 A

From this I now know that: A= 2 and B = -2

Now that I now A and B I can put these into the original equation

12 2 −2
= +
( x + 3) ( x − 3) x − 3 x + 3
To integrate this I split it into two parts

2 2
∫ ( x −3) dx 1
=
ln( x −3)

−2 −2
∫ ( x +3) dx = 1 ln( x +3)

Therefore:

12
∫ ( x +3)( x −3) dx

= 2 ln( x −3) +−2 ln( x +3) +c

Integration by Parts

Determine the following integrals using integration by parts:

∫xe
2x
16. dx

Let u = x Let du = e 2 x dx

du
= 1 ∴ du = dx V = e2x
dx

Putting this into the by parts formula:

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 Steve Goddard

∫udv = uv − ∫ vdu

1 2x 1
∫ xe =x e − ∫ e 2 x dx
2x

2 2

1 2x 1 2x
=x e − e +c
2 2

17. ∫xSin x dx

From the integration by parts formula

∫udv = uv −∫vdu

du
Let u=x from which =1 i.e. du = dx
dx

And let dv = sin dx from which v = ∫sin x dx = cos x

Expressions for u, du and v are now substituted into the by parts formula

∫udv =uv −∫vdu

∫x sin x dx = x( −cos x ) +∫−cos x dx

∫x sin x dx = x( −cos x ) +(sin x ) +c

Analyse engineering Situations and Solve Engineering Problems

Using Calculus
18. Find the turning points of:
y = 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 60 x −12

And distinguish between them, showing your calculations and

deductions
Given that y = 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 60 x −12

dy
I determined that = 12 x 2 + 6 x − 60
dx
dy
Let =0 Now I will solve the values for x
dx
If 0 = 12 x 2 + 6 x − 60 = 2 x 2 + x − 10 then:
Using the quadratic formula,
ax 2 +bx + c = 0

if then
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x
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 Steve Goddard

−1 ± 12 − 4 ×2 ×−10
x=
2 ×2
−1 ± 81
=
4
−1 + 9 −1 −9
= or
4 4

=2 or − 2.5

Putting these values into the Y equation:

y = 4 ×2 3 +3 ×2 2 −60 ×2 −12 = −88

or

y = 4 ×−2.53 +3 ×−2.5 2 −60 ×−2.5 −12 = −94 .25

d2y
= 24 x + 6 = 4 x +1
dx 2

∫ ( − 2.5) = −9 ( Max )
''

∫ ( 2) = 9 ( Min )
''

19. In an electrical circuit an alternating voltage is given by

v = 25 Sin 100 πt Volts.

Determine to 2 decimal places over the range t=0 to t = 10ms:

19.1 The mean and

From excel I have determined that the equation produces a sine wave:

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 Steve Goddard

30

Because it is a sine wave I can use the equation

2
mean value = × max imum value

20
π
From the graph I can see the maximum value is 25 so:

2
mean value = × 25 = 15 .91 V
π

19.2 The r.m.s.

1
This is very similar to the above equation r.m.s. value = × max imum value
2
I already know that the maximum value is 25 so:

1
r.m.s. value = × 25 = 17 .67 V
2

20. A lidless box with square ends is to be made from a thin sheet of
metal. Determine the least area of the metal for which the volume of the
box is 3.5m 3 .

Area x = ( x × x ) + ( x × x )
Area y = ( y × x ) + ( y × x )

10
Y
X

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 Steve Goddard

AT = 2 x 2 + 3 y × x
VT = x 2 y

3.5
I already know that V = 3.5m 2 so: y =
x2

To work out what x is, using the total area equation:

 3.5 
AT = 2 x 2 + 3 ×  2  × x
x 
 3.5 
= 2 x 2 + 3x ×  2 
x 

10 .5
= 2x 2 + = 2 x 2 + 10 .5 x −1
x

Next I differentiate this answer:

∫2x +10 .5 x −1 = 4 x −10 .5 x −2

2

If 0 = 4 x −10 .5 x −2 then 4 x = 10 .5 x −2

10 .5
4x =
x2

1 10 .5 2.625
x= × 2 =
4 x x2

x 3 = 2.625
x = 3 2.625 = 1.38

Putting the value for x back into the original equation for total area:

3.5
AT = 2 ×1.38 2 + 3 2
×1.38 = 11 .417 m 2
1.38
21. The distance, x, moved by a body in t seconds is given by:

20 t 3 23t 2
Distance = x = − + 6t + 5
3 2
Therefore:
dx 60 t 2 46 t
Velocity = v = = − +6 +0
dt 3 2

dv 120 t 46
Acceleration = a = = − +0+0
dt 3 2
Find:

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 Steve Goddard

21.1 The velocity and acceleration at the start

dx 60 × 0 2 46 × 0
Velocity = v = = − + 6 + 0 =6m/ s
dt 3 2

dv 120 × 0 46
Acceleration = v = = − + 0 + 0 = −23 m / s 2
dt 3 2
21.2 The velocity and acceleration when t = 3s

dx 60 × 3 2 46 × 3
Velocity = v = = − + 6 + 0 = 117 m / s
dt 3 2

dv 120 × 3 46
Acceleration = v = = − + 0 + 0 = 97 m / s 2
dt 3 2

21.3 The values of t when the body is at rest

60 × t 2 46 × t
0= − +6
3 2
0 = 20 t 2 − 23t + 6
− 20 2 − 23t + 6 = 0

This is a quadratic equation:

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
where a = 20
b = −23
c =6

23 + 49
t1 = = 0.75 sec onds
40

23 − 49
t2 = = 0.4 sec onds
40
21.4 The values of t when the acceleration is 37 m / s 2

120 t 46
a = 37 = −
3 3

37 = 40 t − 23

60 = 40 t

t =1.5 sec onds

21.5 The distance travelled in the third second

For 3 seconds:

20 t 3 23t 2
Distance = x = − + 6t + 5
3 2

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 Steve Goddard

So if t = 3 then:

20 × 3 3 23 × 3 2
x= − + 6 ×3 + 5
3 2

=180 −103 .5 +18 + 5 = 99 .5 metres

For 2 seconds:

So if t = 3 then:

20 × 2 3 23 × 2 2
x= − + 6 ×2 +5
3 2

= 53 .33 − 46 +12 + 5 = 24 .33 metres

99.5 - 24.33 = 75.17 metres

22. An alternating current i amps is given by:

i =10 Sin 2πft

Where: f is the
frequency in Hz
t is time in
seconds

Determine the rate of change of current when t = 20ms, given that

f=50Hz

i = 10 Sin 100 πt

di
= 10 ×100 π Cos 100 πt
dt
(
= 1000 π Cos 100 π × 20 ×10 −3 )
= 1000 π Cos 2000 π ×10 −3

= 1000 π Cos 2π
= 1000 π A
s

23. The speed of a car, v, in metres per seconds is related to time, t, in

seconds by the following:

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 Steve Goddard

v = 3 + 12 t − 3t 2

Determine the maximum speed of the car in kilometres per hour

dv
= 0 + 12 − 6t m
dt s

dv
Max Speed = = 12 − 6t = 0
dt
12 = 6t
t = 2 sec onds

d 2v
=6
dt 2

V = 3 + 12 × 2 − 3 × 2 2 = 15

15 × 3600 = 54000

54000 m
h = 54 Km
1000 H

24. Determine the area enclosed by: y = 3 x, 2 y = x and y + 2 x = 5

5 The lines on the graph to the right

represent the equations below:

4
y = 3x
1
y= x
3 2
y = −2 x +5

2 From these I will work out the x values at

which the two lines intersect.

1 y = 3 x = −2 x + 5
5x = 5
x =1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1
x = −2 x + 5
-1 2
1
2 x =5
2
-2 x =2

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 Steve Goddard

1 2 2
1
∫ 3xdx + ∫ 5 − 2 xdx − ∫
0 1 0
2
xdx

1 2 2
3x 2   2x 2   0.5 x 2 
=  + 5 x −  − 
 2 0  x 1  x  0

 3 2  3 2 
 2 ×22   2 ×12      
 −   0.5 × 2  −  0.5 × 0  
2 2
= +
  2 ×1  −  2 × 0    5 × 2 −  − 5 ×1 −    
      2   2    2   2 

= 1.5 ×12 + (10 −1 × 2 2 ) − (5 −1 ×12 ) − 0.25 × 2 2

= 1.5 ×12 + 5 − 2 2 +12 − 0.25 × 2 2

= 1.5 + 5 − 4 + 1 − 0.25 × 4

= 2.5 Square Units

Maclaurin’s Series

25. Use Maclaurin’s series to find a power series for:

e 3 x .Cos ( 2 x )

As far as the term x 2

∫( x ) = e ∫( 0) =1
3x

∫( x ) = 3e ∫( 0 ) = 3
' '
3x

∫ ( x ) = 9e ∫ ( 0) = 9
'' ''
3x

∫( x ) = cos 2 x ∫( 0 ) =1
∫( x ) = 2 sin 2 x ∫( 0) = 0
' '

∫ ( x ) = −4 cos 2 x ∫ ( 0) = −4
'' ''

So ...

9x 2 4x 2
1 +3x + ×1 −
2 2

9x 2
=1 + 3 x + −2 x 2
2

5x 2
=1 + 3 x −
2

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 Steve Goddard

26. Show, using Maclaurin’s series, that the first 4 terms of the power
series for

Sinh ( 2 x ) is given by: 2 x +

( 2x) 3 +
( 2x) 5 + ......
3! 5!

1
[ ]
Sinh ( 2 x ) =   × e 2 x − e −2 x By definition;
2

xn
Now use the known series for e x (which is ∑ n! ):

1  ( 2x) n ( − 2x) n 

=   × ∑ −∑ 
2  n! n! 

Note the even power terms cancel out and the odd powers appear twice:

 1   ( 2x) 
2 n +1
2 x 2 n +1
=   ∑
×  ∑
=
 2   ( 2n +1)! (2n +1)!

(All summations go from n=0 to infinity).

So the series goes: 2 x +

( 2x) 3 +
( 2x) 5 + ......
3! 5!

27. Find the first 4 terms of the series for ( 2 + 3 x ) 4 by applying

Maclaurin’s Theorem

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 Steve Goddard

∫ ( x ) = ( 2 + 3x ) ∫ ( 0) = 16
4

∫ ( x ) = 4( 2 + 3 x ) ∫ ( 0) = 96
' 3 '
×3

∫ ( x ) = 36 ( 2 + 3x ) ∫ ( 0) = 432
'' 2 ''
×3

∫ ( x ) = 216 ( 2 + 3x ) × 3 ∫ ( 0) = 1296
''' '''

So the first four terms are:

432 2 1296 3
16 + 96 x + x + x = 16 + 96 x + 216 x 2 + 216 x 3
2 6

28. Determine the following limiting values:

 x 3 − 2 x +1 
lim  3 
x →1  2 x + 3 x − 5 

If you substitute x=1 directly into the expression, you obtain 0/0, which is
undefined

Using l'hopital's rule:

Differentiate both the numerator and denominator with respect to x.

Thus:

3 x 2 − 2 
lim 6 x
x →1
2
+3


When x=1 substituted into the above equation is definable (i.e doesn’t = 0/0),
l’Hopitals rule doesn’t need to be used again. Therefore this expression is correct.

Then substitute the value x=1 into this new expression,

=1/9

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 Steve Goddard

Bibliography

Higher Engineering Mathematics 5th Edition – John bird

In-class notes – Roger Macey
Course Hand outs – Roger Macey

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