UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING II CEC 210

YEAR 2- SE MESTER 4 THEORY/PRACTICAL

CEC 210
CONTENT INDEX Week 1: 1.1 Stair detail. 1

Week 2:

2.1 2.2

Special stairs. Pile foundation

2 4

Week 3:

3.1

Steel structural drawings.

Week 4:

4.1 4.2

Connection between steel members. Connections

8 10

Week 5:

5.1

Building services drawings.

12

Week 6:

6.1

Water tank installation details.

16

Week 7:

7.1

Manhole details.

17

Week 8:

8.1

Septic tank details.

18

Week 9:

9.1

Installation of Air conditioning system.

19

Week 10:

10.1 10.2 10.3

Road design presentation. Longitudinal section Cross section

20 20 22

Week 11:

11.1 11.2

Canal and irrigation engineering. Earth dam

24 25

Week 12:

12.1

Site visit.

26

Week 13:

13.1

Computer Aided drawing (CAD).

27

Week 14:

14.1

Computer Aided drawing (CAD).

28

Week 15:

15.1

Computer Aided drawing (CAD).

29

WEEK ONE

1.1

STAIR DETAILS

Detailing of stairs and preparing their bar bending schedules

Fig. 1.1 stairs

Coursework / Practical
Students are to draw reinforcement details for special stairs and attempt to its bar bending schedule sheets

WEEK TWO

2.1

SPECIAL STAIRS AND PILE FOUNDATION DETAILS

Detailing of stairs and pile foundation and preparing their bar bending schedule sheet

Fig. 2.1 Special stairs

2.2

Pile foundation

Fig. 2.2. Piles

COURSEWORK / PRACTICAL
Students are to draw special stairs and pile foundation and attempt to prepare their bar bending schedule sheet.

WEEK THREE

3.1

STEEL STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

The training of the structural steel drafter is of vital importance to the engineering profession, the construction industry and every structural steel fabricator. Steel produced at the rolling mills and shipped to the fabricating shop comes in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. e.g Universal beam, column, channel, angle; structural tees, Hollow structural section consisting of round, square and rectangular section, plates, round and rectangular bars. Standard hot rolled section are produced in three grades of steel 43, 50 and 55. These numbers when multiplied by 10 give the maximum tensile strength of the steel in N/mm2. By adding chromium and copper to grade 50 steel during manufacture, a weather resistant steel is produced which does not require a protective coating. Universal beam, column, joists and channels are described by their depth, breadth, mass per metre and length required in that order. The standard abbreviations used are as follows: Universal beam Universal column Rolled steel joist Rolled steel channel IUB IUC RSJ RSC

The expression 457x 152 x 60 UB x 7440

Fig. 3.1 Universal sections

Means a universal beam with a depth of 457mm, width of 152mm, weighing 60kg/metre and 7440mm long. Cold rolled section are formed by folding flat sheet steel into a variety of shapes like toughing, decking, cladding, zed and channel sections. steel section may be shown in true shape on large scale drawings but on small scale drawing they are shown symbolically as thick lines together with important section properties

COURSEWORK
Students are to draw at least twelve structural steelwork shapes available in the Nigerian market

10

WEEK FOUR

4.1

CONNECTION BETWEEN STEEL MEMBERS

There are many ways of connecting the various elements of steel structure. The decision as to which will be used will have to be taken by the designer from his knowledge of the forces they will have to transmit. Bolts, Rivets, or welds are usually used for connecting two steel members,. Three qualities of bolts are available a. b. Black bolts - common bolts, with un-machined shanks. Close tolerance turned bolts: accurately turned or machine bolts used where ship and vibration are undesirable. c. High-strength friction grip bolts. Grade yield or 0.2% proof stress 4.6 8.8 240N/mm2 640N/mm2

The nominal diameter of the bolt is the diameter of its shank and is given in mm. e.g M16, M20, M22. BS4190.

The process of riveting involves heating the rivet until it is red hot, inserting it in the matched holes in the members to be connected and then forming a cupshaped head on the other end of the rivet by means of suitable dies and a hammer. Welded connections is an alternation to shop bolting. Welded connection have the advantage, of saving in weight of the cleats and splice plates, avoidance of loss of strength of sections by drilling holes in them and a smoother and more easily maintained profile. The two basic welds are: Fillet welds and built welds. Fillet welds are he commonest and designers will sometimes prefer to extend on 2 plate so as to get a fillet weld instead of a butt weld. But welds are formed in a variety of shapes often requiring the butting edges to be specially prepared. Symbols are used to denote the various types of weld and these are extracted from BS499 part 2: symbols for welding. The symbols are used in association with a sloping arrow line pointing to the location of the weld. Attached to the

11

arrow line is a reference line drawn horizontally. There must be a change of direction between arrow line and reference line.

Fig. 4.1 Welding symbols 12

4.2

Connections

Fig. 4.2 Connections

1. 2. 3. 4.

Column bases to foundation, usually concrete Beams to columns Beams to beams Splicing beams and column splices

Fig. 4.3 Connections column to column

13

Fig. 4.4 Connection column to foundation

COURSEWORK / PRACTICAL
Students are to prepare working drawings for connections in structural steelwork: Beam to beam Beam to column Column to column Column to foundation

14

WEEK FIVE

5.1

BUILDING SERVICES DRAWINGS

Fig. 5.1 Plumbing drawings

Plumbing work drawings water supply to the building Sanitary pipe work

15

Fig. 5.2 Plumbing-work drawing

16

Fig 5.3 Wash-hand basin

The building regulation require that every soil and waste appliance be adequately trapped with a satisfactory water seal and have means of access for internal cleansing. The entry of foul air from the drainage system into the building is prevented by the installation of suitable traps which should be self cleansing. Drainage systems must be designed to provide efficient and economical method of carrying water borne waste in such a way as to avoid the risk of pipe blockage and the escape of effluent into the ground. Sewer arrangements Combined systems Separate system
Partially separate system

Access to drains: This is required for inspection and rodding to clear blockage. The means of access is the inspection chambers. Inspection chambers becomes a manhole when the depth exceeds 900mm . Inspection chambers or manholes are mainly provided at: Changes of direction and gradient Junction of two or more sewers Wherever the pipe diameter changes in size The head of the sewer

17

INTERCEPTORS An interceptor or intercepting trap is used to intercept by means of a water seal at least 62mm deep the foul air from a sewer or cesspool from entering a house drainage inspection chamber or manhole and is provided with a rodding arm to give access to the section of drain between the trap and the sewer or cesspool. A cesspool is an underground chamber constructed for the reception and storage of foul water. Cesspool are different to septic tanks in that they only contain the sewage for a period of time and have to be pumped out at frequent interval according to their capacity and usage

COURSEWORK
Students to draw line diagram of plumbing work for water supply and drainage system

18

WEEK SIX

6.1

WATER TANK INSTALLATION DETAILS

Fig. 6.1 water tank installation

Coursework
Students to prepare working drawing for plumbing work

19

WEEK SEVEN

7.1

MANHOLE DETAILS

Manhole and inspection chamber details

Fig 7.1 Manhole

Coursework
Student to prepare working drawing of manhole and inspection chamber

20

WEEK EIGHT

8.1

SEPTIC TANK DETAIL

Septic tank and soak away pit details

Fig. 8.1 Septic tank In areas where there are no public sewers to direct household drains septic tanks are used. In the septic tank, heavier solids settle at the bottom as sludge and lighter solids rise and form a scum which acts as a surface seal and permits decomposition by bacteria. SOAKAWAY PIT Where there is no possibility of recycling the waste water or being used for farmland, the pit is constructed beside the septic tank to dispose the treated waste into the surrounding ground.

COURSEWORK / PRACTICAL
21

Students to prepare working drawings for septic tank and soak away pit

22

WEEK NINE

9.1

INSTALLATION OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

Air conditioning provides a comfortable climate within the structure. A good air conditioning system controls all the principal factors that affect human comfort. That is the right temperature the right amount of moisture and a controlled supply of fresh, clean, odourless air. Table 9.1 Air conditioning unit Air conditioning system Mechanical unit Temperature control Heating Refrigeration Energy sources Gas, wood, Gas, electricity Humidity control Ventilation Humidifier de humidifier Electricity coal, electricity,

Fan, intake and Exhaust Electricity filter

Line diagram is used to represent the units on drawings

COURSEWORK
Students to draw the installation layout plan for air-conditioning system

23

WEEK TEN

10.1

ROAD DESIGN PRESENTATION

Road design drawings should include the following 1. 2. 3. A layout plan A longitudinal section A cross section

LAYOUT PLAN This is normally presented to a scale of 1:500. The layout plan should show the existing details (as broken lines) and the proposed work (as continuous lines). The layout plan normally includes the following details The horizontal alignment The existing drains, manholes culverts Location of bridges, and railway level crossings Existing footpath and proposed paths The direction of the North

Normally drawn to the following scales Horizontal 1:500 Vertical 1:100

10.2

Longitudinal section

Details on the longitudinal section The datum from which all levels are measured The existing ground levels The chainage along the centre line of the road. The proposed longitudinal profile of the road The existing /proposed invert level of drains and culverts The gradient of the proposed road The vertical curves of the proposed road.

24

Fig.10.1 Longitudinal section

25

10.3

CROSS SECTIONS

Normally drawn the following scales: Horizontal 1:100 Vertical 1:50 or 1:100

Fig. 10.2 Cross section

26

DETAILS TO BE SHOWN The extent of the road reserve The datum from which all levels are taken The existing ground level The chainage from the centre line of the road to edge of the road reserve. The proposed road levels at the edges and along the centre line. The proposed and existing invert levels of drains and culverts The cross- slope of the road The thickness of the layers.

COURSEWORK / PRACTICAL
Students to draw the proposed road profile: the longitudinal and cross sections .

27

WEEK ELEVEN

11.1

CANAL AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

The most commonly used systems embrace porous or perforated pipes or gravel filled trenches laid to one of the following arrangement. Natural:- the drains follow natural depression or valleys on the site with branches discharging into the main pipe Herringbone:- A number of main drains into which smaller subsidiary Grid:- main drain are laid near the boundaries of a site into which branches discharge from one side only. Fan:- The drains converge to a single outlet at one point on the boundary of the site without the sue of the site without the use of a main drain. Circular section Triangular section

CANAL SECTION Natural, irregular channels section Trapezoidal sections Rectangular section

28

11.2

EARTH DAM

Fig. 11.1 Earth dam

Earth dams consisting entirely of impervious material at the centre made of clay puddles and graded aggregate the finest to boulder stones, from the clay

puddles outwards, provides the most economical dam for irrigation purposes

COURSEWORK / PRACTICAL
Students to draw and detail canal sections in relation to their engineering economy.

29

WEEK TWELVE 12.1 SITE VISIT Students to be taken on excursion to dam site, irrigation project site and road project site

30

WEEK THIRTEEN

13.1

COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING

The use of CAD to produce working drawings

31

WEEK FOURTEEN

14.1

COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING

The use of CAD to produce working drawings

32

WEEK FIFTEEN

15.1

SITE VISIT

Students to write technical report on project sites visited

33

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