Jessie Zhao Period 1 Chapter #27: Identifications Richard Olney Belligerent U.S.

secretary of state who used the Monroe Doctrine to pressure Britain in the Venezuelan boundary crisis Alfred Thayer Mahan Mahan was an American author that wrote a book called The Influnece of Sea Power Upon History. The book was about how the United States could be more powerful if they invested into a better Navy. Valeriano Weyler Spanish general whose brutal tactics against Cuban rebels outraged American public opinion de Lome Letter De Lome, the Spanish minister in Washington, sent a secret letter he wrote describing President McKinley as weak with no mind of his own, angering many Americans when the letter was intercepted and published in American papers. This incident happened in February, as did the explosion of the battleship Maine. Both incidents stirred up war fever in America and increased cries to go to war against Spain. Emilio Aguinaldo Leader of the Filipino insurgents who aided Americans in defeating Spain and taking Manila Jingoism Extreme nationalism marked by a belligerent foreign policy Teller Amendment pledged that the United States had no intention of annexing Cuba. Rough Riders Roosevelt formed them (a cavalry). Helped win the battle. Anti-Imperialist League People who were against Imperialism and sought to stop it from spreading. Foraker Act Ended military rule of Puerto Rico by United States forces and established limited popular government consisting of an American governor and a bi-cameral legislature. The Act also gave the United States government the right to amend or veto any legislation passed by Puerto Rico. Since Puerto Rico wanted independence, the agitation for it continued after the passage of the Act. In 1917, American citizenship was granted to Puerto Ricans. Puerto Rico remains a territory of the United States today. Insular cases Case that stated that the Puerto Ricans were American citizens but had different rights than the actual American citizens Platt Amendment Stated that the US can intervene in Cuban affairs if Cuba not make treaties with any other countries. Spheres of Influence. Regions in which political and economic control was exerted by one European nation to the exclusion of all others.

Philippine Insurrection Before the Philippines were annexed by the U.S. there existed tension between U.S. troops and Filippinos. eventually we entered into a war with the Philippines. Open Door Policy John Hay. Opened China to business with other large nations. Boxer Rebellion Native China people who used force against the Open Door Policy Big Stick Policy TRs view on how things should be done. Believed in using force rather than compromising. Roosevelt Corollary an extension of the Monroe Doctrine. Portsmouth Conference The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries. Gentlemens Agreement Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them Root-Takahira Agreement Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China. Chapter #27: Identifications America Turns Outward Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement 1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders? In the final decades of the nineteenth century, America grew hungry for empire and expansion, and became incredibly aggressive in its foreign policy.

Spurning the Hawaiian Pear Know: Queen Liliuokalani 2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii? Grover Cleveland, an anti-imperialist, opposed annexation as an infringement upon a soverign nation and tried to restore the Queen (Liliuokalani). Cubans Rise in Revolt Know: General Weyler 3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned? hanks to oppressive Spanish rulers and a crippled economy (caused by the American tariff of 1894's barriers against Cuban sugar production), Cuban rebels (known as the insurrectos) launched an effort to fight for independence in 1895.

Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey 4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines? Dewey's squadron, consisting of six brand new warships, sailed into Manila harbor. The 10-ship Spanish fleet was completely taken by surprise. Several of the Spanish ships were so old and rotting that they could barely float. Dewey's forces quickly defeated the Spanish fleet, without a single US sailor dying. On the Spanish side, around 400 sailors died. The Maine, which most Americans than believed had been destroyed by a Spanish mine, was avenged.

The Confused Invasion of Cuba Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill 5. Describe the fighting in Cuba. The weak Spanish fleet left Santiago Harbor to avoid the Army, steaming out to the waiting blockade of American warships , causing Santiago to surrender; shortly after, American troops easily invaded Puerto Rico, forcing Spain to sign an armistice on August 12, 1898 America's Course (Curse?) of Empire Know: Anti-Imperialist League 6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines? The people that were for annexing the islands argued that there were business interests in thoughts of new markets and fields of investments, the United States wanted to become an empire and so they wanted to expand more. USA, especially, didn't want to lose these islands to Japan or Germany. Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans 7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants? Instead of being a technical "alien" in country, they already have citizenship. Despite being new in the county and knowing nothing (just like other immigrants) , the don't have to go through the naturalization process. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo 8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War. The American military government in Cuba, led by General Leonard Wood, made improvements in government, finance, education, agriculture, and public health; Wood and Colonel William C. Gorgas both supported experiments by Dr. Walter Reed which identified the stegomyia mosquito as the carrier of yellow fever, and launched efforts to wipe the insects and the disease out in Havana and other cities. In 1902, America surprised Old World imperialists by honoring the Teller Amendment of 1898 by withdrawing from Cuba, but not without forcing the Cubans to insert the Platt Amendment into their constitution.

New Horizons in Two Hemispheres 9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War? Peace was arranged by the Treaty of Paris signed Dec. 10, 1898 (ratified by the U.S. Senate, Feb. 6, 1899). The Spanish Empire was practically dissolved. Cuba was freed, but under U.S. tutelage by terms of the Platt Amendment. "Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation 10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism? In 1898, in an effort to free Cuba from the oppression of its Spanish colonizers, America captured the Philippines. This brought about questions of what America should do with the Philippines. Soon, controversy ensued both in the American political arena as well as among its citizens.

Hinging the Open Door in China Know: Boxer Rebellion 11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China? After being defeated by Japan in 1894-1895, a weakened China was subjected to the establishment of spheres of influence of by European powers, causing a concerned America to act. Makers of America: The Filipinos 12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain. Some Filipino immigrants were welcomed with open arms, especially those whose skills were needed at the time, like nurses, who are in short supply at times. Others did the same thing as the Mexicans and either came in illegally or came in on visas. Those were obviously not welcomed. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900? 13. What issues were important in the 1900 election? In the Republican convention of 1900, McKinley was renominated thanks to his victorious war, increased prosperity, and protection of the gold standard, and Theodore Roosevelt was nominated for vice president in an effort by New York party bosses to neutralize their hardheaded governor; the Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan in Kansas City, who charged that Lincoln had freed 3.5 million Africans and that McKinley in contrast had enslaved 7 million Filipinos TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit 14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president? He wins the noble peace award.

Building the Panama Canal Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas 15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal? With the pre-existing lakes, the route across Panama required the least amount of digging and dredging to create a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor 16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary? he reaction of several European powers to Latin American debt defaults worried Roosevelt to the point where he declared the "preventive intervention" doctrine (the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine) which held that intervention by the United States in Latin American countries with financial malfeasance is justified because it will keep the Europeans out; in 1905, as an example, the United States took over tariff collections in the Dominican Republic Roosevelt on the World Stage Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth 17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize? In 1906, Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Russo-Japanese talks as well as his mediation of North African Disputes at Algeciras, Spain; Japanese Laborers in California Know: Gentlemens Agreement, Great White Fleet 18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped AmericanJapanese relations? after the 1906 earthquake, the San Francisco Board of Education segregated schools, dividing White students from Chinese, Korean, and Japanese students, infuriating the Japanese government and nearly causing a war Roosevelt brought the members of the San Francisco Board of Education into the Oval Office and forced them to agree to desegregate the schools as long as Japan and the United States maintained the "Gentlemen's Agreement," negotiated during 1907-1908, in which Japan prohibited their workers from moving to the United States Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power? 19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion. As historians say, race and gender are what propelled America into imperialism. In that time, masculinity was the powerful dominance over the world and the expansion westward provided ample oppertunity to display that characteristic through cowboys and gold diggers.