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Mass & Energy Balance
| Islamic Azad University Of Dezful
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6Mk
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k! 4 =k? =MkI? ; k*
jjj pH B >3 B
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=4 , "
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kI!< ; O31
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=4 , "
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!K
! 47
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1' A 2 h,)' >2

! 47
35) &
1' A 2 h,)' >2

>,)!0
=4
6 M:
h, N, A' ^, )]
* 1* 2 ?
<
&
! 4 )" =81,
/ " >MI! =4 3
I, ?
< =? *
! 4
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/b)
>MI!
12
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12
I!
GH
I!
; !I ,
P M: / " >MI!
kH? kI!
q )k ? =4 * ?
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! 4 ; +1 / 1" ;
j *
k =M )0 )E
K? ; ? )!0
)J ] , a? '
-)4U'
! 4 )" ; !I ,
;
=4 , ")M
)J
- )4U'
j
),
>2 / "
50lbm
/
k,
()0 !4 1<
0.454kgr
= 50 0.454kgr = 22.7 Kg
1lbm
j 14 s
k8, ! dk,
k ? Pk M: / k" >MkI!
! 4 ; +1 =81, ; ? "
h!k? [ kA'
)!!f'
k8, ! dk,
8, !
! 4
`)]
6M
n1Z N
Z)?
8, ! d,
=4
M!Q Z
* ?; '
=M8
N, A' ? ^ 1
p!&Q
kI, ? k = kI 5 k =k? 1? 7 )4 P,)K' 8, ! d,

j
N, A'
d, 8, ! d, =M8
1lbm
0.454 Kg
=
0.454 Kg 0.454 Kg
1lbm
8, ! d,
=1
0.454 Kg
j )4
6M
7 M
o =? ? 1< 8, ! d, ; '
k )k? )M k !4 ^kI )k? ;
)k
k14
4)
!@ Q
) ? , !X " )0
)4U'
n
r ,
2200
ft
s
12in 2.54cm
1m
1km
60 sec 60 min
= 950.4 km
hr
1 ft
1in
100cm 1000m 1 min
1hr
j
r ,
; ' =?
8, ! d, ; '
Î )? >3
!@ Q
*?
)4U'
)e >3 )0
=7 7 d, =t 1<
1500in 3 = ? m3
1in = (2.54cm)
3
1500in
1in 3
=1
2.543
2.543 cm3
1m3
= 2.4581m3
3
3
3
1in
100 cm
=k4 k!14 =A & 14

3
1in = 2.54 cm
3
, " ; : d, NZ =? `
r *
400in
cm
=?
day
min
400in 3 2.453 cm3
. 3 3
day
1 in
1day
3
= 4.5 cm
min
24 60 min
=
;:
1< =S!J )"
0.6
G
? h = 0.02G. 0.4 / =H? \ ' =7 7 d, @ )
D
Btu
lbm
hr . ft 2
/ 3? /
Î )? ; ,) @ *
? V >!14 ; !?
hr . ft 2 F
cal
min .cm 2 .o C
SM ^,)] =8!' Q
Î )? @ )
Î )?
SM ^,)] ;
>!" :?
n
=4 ,
* ? Î )?
Z)HJ
r ? " Z =<
1Btu = 252Cal
1hr = 60 min
1in = 2.54cm
1 ft = 12in
1o C = 1.8o F
G 0.6
Btu 252Cal 1hr 1 ft 2
1in 2 1.8o F
h = (0.02G. 0.4 )
o
2
2
2
o
D
hr. ft 2 F 1Btu 60 min 144in 2.54 in 1 F
0.6
0.026 252 1.8 G 0.6
4 G
Cal
=(
)
= (2.11 10
) Cal2 o
o
60 144 2.54 2 D 0.4 min .cm2 C
D 0.6 min .cm . C
=?
* ; !?
Cal
min .cm 2
j ,
/"
Î )? ^!')' =?
? ^ 1 & =? /
h = 2.11 10
(G hrlbm
. ft 2
>!" :? =t 1< NAJ n
? V * ? NAJ n
; " Î
454 gr 1hr
1 ft 2
0.6
1in 2
1lbm 60 min 12 2 in 2 2.54 2 cm 2
(D
ft 12in 2.54 cm 0.4

1 ft
1in
0.6
( 6010454
) 0.6 G 0.6
2
6 G
2.54 2
= 2.11 10
= 3.10
(12 2.54) 0.4 D 0.4
D 0.4
4
=?
) B * ? =! V Î )? ;
d = 16.2 16.2e0.021t
B ; )8! Î )? = Q
j * ? =S!J )?
), =H?
Î )?
=t 1<
=4 !" )!!f' / &
16.2 10 6 m 100cm 1in

16.2 106 m 100cm 1in
d=
.e
1
1m 2.54cm
1
1m 2.54cm
d = 0.38 104 0.38e 1.26t
0.021 60 sec
sec 1 min
j *
6M
? V N!7
h' ! ( ; J
;
$
^kI )? O )0
"
?V
S =4 * ?
!
j *?
kI, ? k
^kI )k?
[ gc ] =
lbm. ft
lb f .sec 2
m.g / =H? =? = ' ?

gc
W=
/b)k j
()
? )? )?
N, K' ; )4 8, -
, ! )f s)
, pH
)0 =3!M ; '
hM*
I, ?
()
; * 8, / )?
I, ?
! )? )?
! /b) @ A &
"
Î )? /b)
N, K' / )?
4
m.g
g c .d
ft
ft
sec2
lbm. ft
lb f . sec2
g
gc
4 =? ), \?
= ft.lb f
r
W = m.
"
j *?
>,)?
lbm
12 >MI!
* ? ), @ Q =?
12 >MI!
hk, k?j>!k14 g &7
W = F .d =
? / )? =4
=?
W = 10
k4)
)?
lbÎ
f
I 7 n
32.2
10lb f
32.174
10 secft
)k k? =k7 7 \kZ d, = ! ? `
100lbm
j !14 =A & $ % Î )? ;
1Btu = 778lb f . ft
g c = 32.174 seclbm2 ..lbft
=< 10lbm () =?
A1
g = 32.2 secft 2
mV 2 1 100 102
Ek =
= 2
= 155 ft.lb f
gc
32.174
1
2
155 ft.lb f
1Btu
155
=
Btu
778 ft.lb f 778
h!kk pHkk =kk?
EP =
AkkI
k * ? k 100lb / k M& =kk4 ` =8kk ? dkk, N!kkI MX /b)kk k n

m
j !14 =A &
5 6' 10 ft j
mgh 100 32.2 10

=
= 1001 ft.lb f
gc
32.174
&'# " 8 #'

;
/ k!1? u
kK' /
)"
()0 d,
@ ,
GAo
j
$
#"
!4 $
#"
XB$
#"
()0
#"
1' A
Q /"
/ !1? / u
1lbmole = 454 gmole = 454 6.02 1023 / !1? / u

1Kmole = 1000 gmole = 1000 6.02 1023/ !1? / u
k , ^4) ), S / )? >' B
' d'
/ )? $ 1" N!8 ' / !1? u - =M8

j
j
>!, 0
MJ
()0
h" >' B
E1
87 B
4 =? , 21' =?
E1 h"
()0 Î )? >'
$ ()0 Î )?
)k?
k87
$ ()0 Î )?
k B
)"
= 4 =t 1< - =M8
()0 d, >!, 0
87 B
'9 '
()
' 1<
MJ l n
E1 `
()0 d,
);
K' =? >I d, / " >' () 7

)"
);
:
:
()0 d, () ) , @ A =? j >!
kK' =k? >I d, / "
()0 d, () ) , @ A =? j >!
87 () 7
7 87 ()
'
'9 '
()0 Î
' 1<
^4)
/ )? 7 87 ()
' d'
/ )?
' () * =M8
j
=Ak &
kI, ? k Uk7 1MI"
) /"
! 4 7 87 ()
j
M=
' () =4 , 3
)? 4
- =M8
), @ Q =? 2 =A & =H? j *
m
n
v ()
v
K'
' v 7 87
, >' ()
)k, @ kQ =k?
[M ] =
7 k87 ()k
k ' ()k ; !I , ; '
_ / =H? =? = ' ? * =M8

j
[ m]
M
=
[n] mole
[ M ] = M .mole1
kQ / " k
M
12
)
; '
' () / )?
? ; !I , =? = ' ? * =M8
j )4
gr
gmole
+
&,
7 87 ()
)K "
! 4 h, / )? ),
lbm
lbmole
Kg
Kmole
n ; 1 =? ; 0 0 / "
7 87 ()
' ()
h!? [ A' / )J)? / )? =M8

>,)!0
Cu = 64
gr
1lbm
grmole 454 gr
454mole
Kg
lbm
= 64 lbmole
= 64 kmole
1lbmole
)E
k8, Pk M: / k" k
k1K,
7 87 ()
cu = 64
lbm
64 lbmole
( k26
gr
gmole
' ()
+ >!, 0
+k >!, k0 k
114 ; !?
60 ; '
MJ l n j
MJ =81, ,
j
k8, ! ( k26
=4
=? =4
_ =
' 6M
7 j ,
() ()0
()
* = )' =M* A
=? = ' ?
?
# " d, =81,
# " d, =4
' =? / f7 )E
h,
)4U'
j I! b h,
>
=
[ ] =
: 8 > )=4
>,
m
V
1, 0
:8
<
)" >3
()
[ m] M
= 3 = M .L3
[V ] L
>4 )k' @ K,
@ K, h, 1"
>3 )!!f'
)!!f' )V
@ K,
Z)?
=M8
j 1
/ )k? 7 j
a? ' \S
I!
a? ' =M!I
j
j I" !
, kI?
k
)kJ
k! " ; / =kK7 H
6M
1,
=M8
a? ' >" ),UX >4 )' @ K,
AJ ^7 H )?
=M!kI @ )!!f'
? O,
),UX >4 )' @ K, / )?
a? ' >"
E F a? ' =M!I
),UX
12 @ A &
G,)o =4 , "
Y7 Z
Z)?
" 0
/ )?
=M8
=8, 3
=M8
" q )0 /) d, j
j )!0
j *
)6kQ k" 0 / )k? k
s) ./
7
) !M
!J
=
/= I
@
j *?
=t 1<
=M8
@ K, / )? ./ \, )*
) !M
1 2 3&> /'%@ A
0"
j 1
Sp.gr =
>I ;
a ,T , P
o ,T , P
o
7 <
1A >I
3 () =? >I
" " 0 / )? ` @
j 1* ?
?1
3 ()
AI
@ K, / )? 1A /
d, /
I, ?
w):
=M8
@ Q
=M8
7 < ; !? =S,)o
k
>I d, 9 %: ; )0
Sp.gr = 0.73
n ; 1 =? * ? Y:
k!J , k =kt 1< j * ?
k* Y:
/
>I
14
=k4 k* A k8, w)k:
)E
)? )? ) !M
? STP \, )*
; !? =? / ! @ Q h,
@ Q
), @ %? 7 < d, )0
;8
n ; 1 =?
), @ %?
3 () =4
7 < ; " =4
8, / )? )0 ,
j I! 7 <
k*
, ? lL K
*? *
20oC
40oC
k 3 ()k )k? >!kIS' ) !M k =

k
( 4)" /
>I
=
? h,
_ Q !
7 < ; !? / )?
l M
E1
; / )?
Z)?
I, ?
E1
`
)" =4
=4
* ; !? 2
h,
)4U'
@ Q;
*?
Kg
Sp.gr = 150 204 oC
oC
=M!kI )k?
Kg
m3
m3
gr
cm3
^kI )k?
) !M k =k
j
* >!IS'
/k
gr
cm 3
)E
Î )?
>I =M!I =4
) !M
? h,
E1
1A >I
^kI )k? ;
k 3 ()k
k* ?
>kI d, 9 %: ; =t 1<
j * ? H 2 O = 1 cm 3 =8!' Q
gr
=? ; N, A'
a =
1.25 gr
cm 3
1lbm
454 gr
sp.gr =
a
o
!14 ` I
/ =H?
N
=A &
2.54 3 cm 3 12 3 in 3
= 77.9 lbm
ft 3
1in 3
1 ft 3
( N
sp.gr =
o =
1gr
cm 3
1.25 =
1lbm
454 gr
a
62.4
6M
=? 1
2O
N, A'
a = 1.25 62.4 = 78 lbm

ft
3
lbm
ft 3
solid .at .20

H O.at .4
/ =H?
2.54 3 cm 3 12 3 in 3
= 62.4 lbm
ft 3
1in 3
1 ft 3
oC
0.73 204 oC@ %? >I d, 7 <
0.73 =
a
o
* ? 1 gr3)? )? ) !M =
`
3 () )0
cm
j ,
? lbm
Î )? ;
3 () * ? *
ft 3
oC
solid .at .20
oC
1 0.73gr 1lbm 2.543 cm3 123 in3 0.73 2.543 123

=
=
454 gr 1in3
1 ft 3
454
cm3
7 > 4/ 8
/ =kH?
=k4 131
4/ =
( =?
!S \ ' l A7 F
M6
7 <
)0
141.5
API =
131.5
60o F
Sp.gr ( o )
60 F
60oF
141.5
Sp.gr oF = o
60
API + 131.5
lbm
ft 3
:*
6
K1Q
=A & ),
> 0"
v=
2# % " 8 /'%@ B=4

j 1, 0 ()
V
m
>3
2 9 %: >3
()
5 >3
[v] = L3 .M 1
k
>3
@ A =4 114
; !? 7 @ Q =? 9 %: >3 aJ
*
Z)?
=M8
=A & ), =H?
V
V =
n
5 >3
K'
7 9 %: >3
6 V 7
'# " *
?/
j
; ) )? 4 8! 1,
)'
! :?
V )4U'
9 %: >3
=M8
7 > #: 1 " 8> A : +

akHS dk, ;
/ A /
8 > 9" 3 8
@ A ; ,) @ * =M !X / " ; ,)
j9Z
j * ; !? >3 ,
, () Î )?
;
m=
'
/ A ()
/ A
6'
)
? -
? -
? -
m
t
[m] = M .T 1
;
/ A >3
$; $ V
V
t
[V ] = L3 .T 1
V=
/ A
$ n
n
t
[n] = Mole.T 1
n=
7
m = .u. A
[ m] =
M L 2
L = M .T 1
3
L T
=M!I
A ; ,) )?
pH
)4U'
m
m
= t/ =
V V
t/
V=
V=
)=4
, -
'
, -
.u. A
= u. A
m
m
M = t =
n
n
t
n=
m .V . A
=
M
M
j
=k? N8k* / = Mk =k7 7 d,

'
m = .u. A = 800
kg
m3
<
3 ms
) ?
j !14 =A &
3m
4 2 in 2
sec
4
7 87 () ' _ =H?
800 mkg3
7
3 () ? /
3 B
V=
19.46
800
m
= 1.24 sec
3
kg
m 19.46 sec
n=
=
= 1.08 kmole
sec
kg
M
18 kmole
? B 14 A
)HJ
D2
4
)4U'
2.54 2 cm 2
1m 2
kg
= 19.46 sec
2
2
2
1 in
100cm
A = .R 2 = .
kg
sec
kg
m3
=t 1<
)4U'
Lit
*?
10.5 min
7 87 () /
)M!7 )? ()0 !4 Î )?
2O
=4 M4 d,
E Fj
= 1000 mKg3 j !14 =A & =S!J )?
5 d,
)Z ; ,) @ *
7 < $`
!4 Î )?
& y x
)Z ; ,)
n
EF
)Z ; ,)
lit
V = 10.5 min
M = 192
C = 41.2%
Sp.gr = 1.024
Cout = ? Kg
lit
n = ? Kmole
min
*?`
=81, s) ?
41.2 Kg 1000 Kg H 2O 1m 3
= 0.412 Kg
Lit
100 Kg H 2O
1m 3
1000 Lit
>,
*?
& N4
*N
S y
>!14 s) )0
41.2 Kg 1.024 1000 Kg solution 1m 3

= 0.422 Kg
Lit
100 Kg solution
1m 3
1000 Lit
*?
V=
n=
& N4 =? [ ?)
7 87 () =81, s) ?
m = V
m V 10.5 Lit 1024 Kg 1m 3

Kmole
+
=
= 0.056
3
M M
min
m
1000lit
min
*?
0.422 Kg solute 10.5lit solution 1Kmolesolute
= 0.023 Kmole
min
Lit solution
min
192 Kg solute
*N
7 87 ()
= =81, s) ?
=M8
!14 = '
j *
20.465 20.46
)0
; )4 )0
@ Q =?
), / " n =?
?w
20.4651 20.47
20.4551 20.46
20.455 20.46
j *
)0
@ Q =?
? )
: CDE:
mass. fraction =
[ : ,
mA
mt
& N4 () )? >!IS' 4
()
@ A
' CDE:
[ : ,
mole. fraction =
& N4
K' )? >!IS' 4
K'
@ A
nA
nt
)=4CDE:
volume. fraction =
VA
Vt
[ : ,
& N4 >3 )? >!IS' 4
>3
D
j * ? 8, , ? w):
v[ : ,
@ Q
"D
& CD
v[ : ,
v Q
/ =A &
/" Q
& /
@ A
/ "D
5 3
5 3
=M8
=M8
=M8
*
) D
mA g/ mA
=
=
mt
g/ mt
)
j 1"
D
7 D
6M >"
Q v
O,
@ A
@J
"0
Q
?
*?
N *
a,
D lL K
114 ! ' MK1Q

j !14 =A &
5 Kg.H 2O
& d,
( 4)"
5 Kg.NaOH
xH2O =
mass. fraction
mole. fraction
mH2O
5
= 0.5
5+5
mH2O + mNaOH
mNaOH
xNaOH =
= 1 xH2O = 0.5
mNaOH + mH2O
xH2O =
nH2O
nH2O + nNaOH
x NaOH =
=M8
mH 2O
M H 2O
mH 2O
M H 2O
+ MmNaOH
NaOH
5
18
5
18
+ 185
= 0.69
nNaOH
= 1 xH2O = 0.31
nH2O + nNaOH
=M8
n
\, )* /
*[ : ;'
#" ?;M
#"/ 0
r !14 =A &
;M
7 D
;' 7 D
;M
) D
;'
) D
nCH 4
nCH 4 + nC2 H 6
nC2 H 6
nCH 4 + nC2 H 6
;M
3 D
3
= 0.5
3+3
3
= 0.5
3+3
mCH 4
mCH 4 + mC2 H 6
mC2 H 6
mCH 4 + mC2 H 6
PV = nRT
7 B
& d,
) /"D
nCH 4 .M CH 4
nCH 4 .M CH 4 + nC2 H 6 .M C2 H 6
nC2 H 6 .M C2 H 6
nCH 4 .M CH 4 + nC2 H 6 .M C2 H 6
nCH 4 .RT
VCH 4 + VC2 H 6
j>!14
7 / "D
=A &
) / "D
=A &
3 16
= 0.35
3 16 + 3 30
3 30
= 0.65
3 16 + 3 30
P
nCH 4 .RT
P
nC2 H 6 .RT
P
N @ Q h! " =? ! ; '
>!* ? ! ./
3 / "D
nRT
V=
P
VCH 4
=t 1<
=A &
R/ T/
).nCH 4
P/
R/ T/
(
).(nCH 4 + nC2H 6 )
P/
3 D
=A & / )?
= 0.5
> E=; 8 E F
j Q Î )? [ : ,
j$
k $ k
3
&
$ 7
k ) @ Q =? !7 =4
Q Î )? !7 =4
CD
B$
), S ; !?
B$
h, )? s)
"@
h, )? s) " 0 / )?
@ A !7
1' A !7 5
@ K, / )?
* ? * =M60 ; q Z =81, ) j
j * =M60 ; q Z =8 )
j )? )? >" ?
@ k z !7 k
>1
!7 k h,
=M8
!7
, /" 0
E1 ` " 0 !7 / =A &
=M8
=t 1<
=M8
j 1
)k
k* ? 7 k !7 >!14
s)
"
h,
, )!F / " 0
=M8
j * ? * =M60 ; q Z = I
j * ? * =M60 ; q Z =8 )
=Ak &
k" 7 k87 ()k
>!14
s)
k* ? ;b )M! y!= ;W!I4 y
" 0/= "
h,
N * " !7 =8!' Q
=8
=M8
n
r !14
100 gmole : air
M air =
21gmole : O2
79 gmole : N 2
mair mO2 + mN2 nO2 .M O2 + nN2 .M N2

=
=
=
nair 100 gmole
100 gmole
gr
+ 79 28
gmole
gr
= 29 gmole
100 gmole
21gmole 32
?#
k1!K
kS
=k4 >k3 k, ()k k,
Î )?
j * ? =M*
*N
# &5G H
" 1
/
>3 , () ,
@ A
Î )?
EF
& ,
# 2"
#%"
#% #
j * ? =M*
6 M: / "
kg
gr
()
lbm
...
m3
*N
cm3
mm3
>3
...
gmol
lbmole
kmole
...
()
$
jjjj
& >3 jjjj

jjjj
'
E F _ P,)K' =? = ' ?
EF/"
*N
&
/ =k?
k* Nk
00
00
()k
kS =k4 k h, )? s)
&0 1 0"1
&0 1 0"1
B$
EF
; !?
1' A
EF
=t 1< )4U'
&
9Z
# # -
k* N ()
)
&
* N ()
& ()
&
B$
*N
K'
7
&
*N
&0 0 - 5
EF5
; !?
=M8
P, K' ( '
=M8
K'
&
&
>3
00
B$
* N >3
3
&
* N >3
& >3
S
&
j * ? 8, w):
=k81, N!7 k? j )k4
6Mk
@ Q
k = 4
$
, ? 00
00
/"
& / = 4 / =? ; '
; )4 )E q)Q N? J
N? S
*N
k "@ k
j *?
@ kK, / )k? * ?
$ 7
=M60 ; q Z =t 1< 00
3 B " 0 / )?
r
26 =< =
00
h, B $
=4
00
a,
00
; !?
00
=M8
h, )? s)
& d,
EF
{ X
* ? =M*
j
* N ()0 !4
j
'
* N ()0
j
r * ? =M*
), >!" 6
*N
26 =< =
'
h,
&
()0 !4
& ,
()0
& ,
h, B $
"
00
EF
{ X
* ? =M*
j
# ^K8 )M
MA&Q ; ?
j
j
=k
k hk,
k* ?
k X k1<
00
)k"
#
#
k dk,
"
, )!F
; < "
#"
#"
#" "
kE F =k Z 4 dk, ` kIX
=k4 k!14 =A & B * = Z
"
# ^K8 i1,
60 ; '
'
"
# ^K8 )M !
j
k"
), >!" 6
#"
=kt 1<
` IX h,
r *
()0 !4
=Z
` IX 4
$
CB = 0.01 ppm
kg
mA = 500000 day
106 Kg A
0.01Kg B
500000 Kg A ? = 5 10 3 Kg B
( N
d, / =, X )? @ A & / 1A
?=
0.01Kg B 500000 Kg A
1lbm
= 0.011lbm
6
0.454 Kg
10 Kg A
HNO3 E F j
,)! ? )E
) !M
7 <`
&
00
HNO3
` Hj *?
15
&
7 D
HNO3
Î )? HNO3
Sp.gr = 1.1
M H 2O = 18
M HNO3 = 63
gr
C = 15 LIt
15
gr
Lit Solution
gr
1m 3 Solution
1000 Lit 15 grsolute
=
= 13.63 solute
3
1.1 1000 Kg Solution 1m
101 grsolution
grsolution
1000 grSolution
x HNO3 =
13.63grHNO3
(1000 13.63) grH 2O
mHNO3
M HNO3
mH 2 O
M H 2O
mHNO3
M HNO3
13.63
63
100013.63
18
+ 1363.63
= 0.0393
15 grsolute
1m 3 solution
1000 Lit 1Kg solute
ppm :
106 = 13636.36
3
1Lit solution 1.1 1000 Kg solution 1m
1000 gr
&
gr
Lit
)? )?
P7
S `
$4 ,
j
MI? ()
S =?
"
' *9 Z
2"
8! 1,
j
MI? ()
S )" /
@A & ,@ ,
3, M >!"
k1A akJ
k
S =? ,@ "
(3
; '
6Mk
j ?,
kKJ
=? ; / 1A 14
j>!14 !J
)E
)'
=4
@ A
1A P,)K'
>,
?;
1A ; 1 =?
=k !
,
1MI" )'
=K7 H
,?
/ 1A , ? >" @ Q h,
=4
Â l A7 F ;
* ` :M / 1A
= I =4 ! /) , Y:* )"
= kI / 1A >!* ? =M*
B
! =4
>!14
6M
B ; t "/
=4
@ A
= I N ; * )M
" ' )4 )4u = I N 5 )*
=k81, k, >!k14 s k = kI
>,)!0
(3
` :M = I )" =? [ ?) @ A & ( 3 / )? =4 K )
k
0
j
k >MkI! , >I N4 / )? ; '
$j *
k @ Ak &
S 9 Z
MI? () =? ' * 9 Z / =K7 H
Z @ K7 H ; / =4 >I
)kJ
` :M
2" - /
)' 9 Z
* ? )E
;8
'
=M8
=M8
' / " 1A
lL K
=M8
j
;k
k1A
k )M2? $ >!14
6M
=4 MJ lL K
Z)?
=M8
j>,)! ? )E
j * " Z NQ h,) '
G,)o p!&Q / 1A ` :M
^ 1
, '
=M8
K' =? h?)4 / " >'
K'
AI B >!* ? =M* ; ' y
;M y<
r !14 =A &
N8 M
MZ
h,
;b
80% CH 4
0 !7
20% C2 H 6
? >'
K'
A >'
K'
=?
Base : 100 gmole of Mix
80 gmole CH 4
20 gmole C2 H 6
80 gmole CH 4 :
Base : 1gmole of CH 4
1gmole C 4 gmole H
()0 N4
K' : 1 80 = 80 gmole
()0 N4
K' : 4 80 = 320 gmole
20 gmole C2 H 4 :
Base : 1gmole of C2 H 6
2 gmole C 6 gmole H
()0 N4
K' : 2 20 = 40 gmole
()0 N4
K' : 6 20 = 120 gmole
[ :
? / " >' N4
K' = 80 + 20 = 120 gmole 6.02 10
23
1gmole
23
6
.
02
10
[ : A / " >' N4 K' = 320 + 120 = 440 gmole
1gmole
120 3
=
A =? ? >' K' AI v A =? ? / "
AI =
440 11
)0
!" / " >'
/ y
;b
!7
kk!" y
B ; kkM y
30% CO
40% CH 4
10% H 2
20% CO2
B h?)4 !kkI4
j !14 =A &
N kk* kk0 dkk, =kkt 1<

0 h, 7 87 ;
kkn
* ? h?)4 !I4
CO = 28
CH 4 = 16
H2 = 2
? N !" ` M4 )Z >, ]
CO2 = 44
30 gmole CO = 30 28 gr CO
M=
40 gmole CH 4 = 40 16 gr CH 4
10 gmole H 2 = 10 2 gr H 2
20 gmole CO2 = 20 44 gr CO2
m 30 28 + 40 16 + 10 2 + 20 44
gr
kg
lbm
=
= 23.8 gmole
( kmole
)( lbmole
)
n
100
j !14 N
= I *?
NAJ n
!7 =81, s) ?
30
gmole CO
28
40
40 gr CH 4 =
gmole CH 4
16
10
10 gr H 2 = gmole H 2
2
20
20 gr CO2 =
gmole CO2
44
30 gr CO =
Base : 100 gr of Mix
M =
m
=
n
100 gr
gr
kg
lbm
= 11.08 ( gmole
)or ( kmole
)or ( lbmole
)
30
40
10
20
+
+
+
28
16
2
44
( N
= I N +c
7 =?
!7 N, A'
30
gmole
28
40
40 gr CH 4 =
gmole
16
10
10 gr H 2 = gmole
2
20
20 gr CO2 =
gmole
44
30 gr CO =
Base : 100 gr of Mix
nt =
30 40 10 20
+
+ +
28 16 2 44
30
nCO
100 = 28 100 = 11.9%
nt
nt
40
nCH 4
16
%CH 4 =
100 = 100 = 27.7%
nt
nt
10
nH
% H 2 = 2 100 = 2 100 = 55.4%
nt
nt
20
nCO2
%CO2 =
100 = 44 100 = 5%
nt
nt
%CO =
!7
!7
' =A & / )? ( / 1A hM )0
11.9 gmole CO = 11.9 28 gr CO

27.7 gmole CH 4 = 27.7 16 gr CH 4

55.4 gmole H 4 = 55.4 2 gr H 2
5 gmole CO2 = 5 44 gr CO2
M =
m 11.9 28 + 27.7 16 + 55.4 2 + 5 44

=
= 11.07
n
100
*?
)0 0
$ )
),
|1
;W!I4
Fu / =
)MI4 Z
(*
k k
=Ak &
k ` kH j *?
C
=9
H
'
AI ? ;b
!" h?)4 N *
j )MI4 Z ` ` IM ; ? N 4 o =? |1
2 + 1 + 6 + 11 + 3 = 23
100 23 = 77
mC + mH = W
Base : 10lbmole.of .C + H
nH
=9
nC
nH = 9nC
nC = 1lbmole = 12 Kg
nH = 9kmole = 9 Kg
mC 12
=
mH
9
N2
O2
H:
C:
nH + nC = 10
9nC + nC = 10
C
H
mC + mH = 77
mC 12
=
mH
9
2
100 = 2.32
86
1
1
100 = 1.17
86
6
6
100 = 7
86
33
33
100 = 38.39
86
44
44
100 = 51.17
86
2
!J ?
Fu h,
Base : 100 Kg.Coal
S:
mC = 44 Kg , mH = 33Kg
$ C9 H
!J ?
." 0"1 %1" &

>I d, / "
87
J 6' @ 4) =? [ ?)
' ) /b)
/ !K
@ A
j ' )
)
S< )" >I d, @ u
4)
) ?
j )4 >!" Z /)M !? /
=8!7
4(3
, '
/b) +1
K'
) , @ A =?
* ? )M !? @ u
)0 B
@ 6M
4)
)0 ?
=M8
j I! =
9 Z ! d, =?
@ u OA1 =?
o
o
AI ( C , F )
AI ( R, K )
1,
AI
5
=M8
$>2
=M8
GH
C = 1.8 F
o
oC
= 1 K = 1.8o R
o
1.8 F
K
=1
1.8o R
F = 1.8o C + 32
K = 273 + o C
o
R = 460 + o F
01" %1" * I
j
O1'
1' A O1' 5
*)? 4/
@L !
P=
/ .h.g
F m.g .V .g . A
=
=
=
= .g.h
/
A
A
A
A
/"
M )6I '
= 76cmHg = 760mmHg = 29.92inHg

= 33.91 ft H 2O
= 1atm
= 1.013 105
n
m2
( pa)
= 14.7 lbf
( psi)
in 2
P = .g.h
lbm
in3
secin2 in
lbm.in
sec2 .lbf
= 14.7 lbf
in 2
r
2atm
1<
#'
14.7 psi
= (2 14.7) psi = 29.4 psi
1atm
=k4 ) !M k =k
E1 >!14
/
4
, pH
7
j * /)!0
"
"
@ A
A&Q =8!MJ
"
7 B
M )6I '
*
\ ' , ? =4 =M )0 )J ;
_
=4
=M8
;
H!&
;k
E1 )M
k? k >!, k ? )k0 Uk7
( )M
? "
/)!0
M
j
/ "
; =4
j>,)!0
k ? )k
h,
E1 * ?
)E
inH2 O
7
=4 /) ,
kK k* ?
*?( L "
/= I
; <
=M8
"
; "
)0
=M8
( 4 )" , B )6I ' d, 1K,

A ak6') =7 7 d,
"
)0
j ,
40mmHg 33.91 ftH 2O 12in 40 33.91 12

=
= 21.42inH 2O
760mmHg 1 ft
760
40mmHg 1.013 105 Pa 1Kpa 40 1.013 105
=
= 5.33Kpa
760mmHg 100 pa
103 760
>
# % "8 J ! * I
&/1" 8>
j *
j *
"8>1"
!31 D Z =?
!31
"
D Z
N8*
N8*
2"8 ,< * I
N8*
N8*
=?
AI /
AI /1"
>,
N8*
/ + gh1. A
/ = Pair . A
/ + gh. A
/ + gh1. A
PN 2 . A
PN 2 = Pair + Prel N 2
>,
N8*
PN 2 .h + gh2 . A = gh2 . A + gh. A

PN 2 = Pabs N 2
j>,)! ? )E
j>!, 0
AI
GH
=?
1" ;
AI B $D Z
GH
"
=4 14
Psia
B $ O8
GH
,?
*?
k4 =k? $D kZ k
B$ k
"@A &
=M8
=M60 ; q Z =8!' Q
=M8
, " = I h, =?
AI
&' B $
), @ A Nn /
Psig @ A
1" ;
)' h!, X B $ O8
=M8
12 >MI!
)' h!, X B$
j
J ! * I " K ,;*
Pabs = Pair + Prel
,< * I
)'L ? @ A -
AI
1" ;
"B$
&' =t 1< _ @ A h!? j
61
AI
1" ;
k !
k" k j
; ,) `
r ,
?
?
K O8
&' / )3 d,
A Î )? =7 7 NZ / " G H
Prel = 4cmH 2 O
Pair = 730mmHg
Pabs = ? inHg
Pabs = Pair + Prel
Pabs =
730mmHg
4cmH 2O
1cm
+
10mm
Pabs = 28.62inHg
1in
1 ft 29.92inHg
2.54cm 12in 33.91 ft H 2O
"
n
*?
+.
3 ' * # L;
* M
A1
P1
P2
h1 , 1
A2
h4 , 4
h3 , 3
h2 , 2
h2 , 2
>,
_ N8* =? = ' ?
1. A1. + 4 .g.h4 . A1 + 3 .g.h3 . A1 + 2 .g.h2 . A1 =

P2 . A1 + 1.g.h1. A1 + 2 .g.h2 . A2 + 2 .g.h2 . A1
j * =K7 H =1! h,
m ? k1" ( k =k? , k" ` kM4
k, ? @ kA!4)'
k"
? N !" ` M4 +!6,
k&
, ! !k*
)4U'
k8, ! 9 Z
)4U'
w ):M
' '
/)k dk,
k / kS? ; kJ / k]
k2
j>!
k, ? , ! !* @L K hM*
+, -
>!
=4 =
"
/)M !4 M ^, )] ^, )] h, =4 )? 8? ^, )]
CH 4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2 H 2O
/)M !4 M ^, )]
@ Akk &
/)M !4 Mkk ^, )kk] =kk? =kk ' k ? NR k I
k Z)? Nkk
; 0 k 0 @ Akk & ( k 3
j 1
$ " 1" O14

\kS "
k
=!7
)Z
k8,
=4
h, )? s)
*(3
1,
K1Q
I! =
" , ! ; ! =? Q Z
Q >" O14
A&Q =t 1< =M8
* ^!4)' >" ? /)M !4 M
,
j 1* ?
7 d, h,
= ] S?
input
reactor
A
B
%&
114
A,
A+ B
C + D
reaction
* q)% " 1" O14 ),

/
& ; 1 =?
(output )
C ,D
)'
=4 /
1" O14
114
j *
; k? ;
AI =?
products
(reac tan ts )
(k ' } ?
/)M !4 M
kS
k*
/)M !4 Mk
AkI
)Mk !? =k4 /
j
;;
k1" O14
J ? O14
; )? L ? O14 )M2? ( 3 = ] N
& N
O14
= ]N
4)*
6M N!7
= ]
% Exess =
( L 114
=A & ), @ Q =? = ] Q
100
& N4 ? N 4 O14 / )? =4 /
O14 @L %&
!14 = ' ), N8* =?
3gmole CH 4
8 gmole O2
% Exess =
k& Nk
reactor
0.5 gmole CH 4
86
100 33.33%
6
k? ^k!4)' / )? $ ( L
S N] 6' l A7 F = ]
j
$>2 j
8? _ / =H?
/ k1A )k? ( L ), kS B k* O1k4
>3 ,
k114
j>!14
? 114
, () Î )? 1 '
k& Nk
=A &
), S
M IJ \S )0 M
114
& N
)4U'
)4U'
N 4 q)%
7N
j>!, 0
O14 N! 8' =
j
O14 N! 8' =
14
)4
4)* O14
4)* O14
$ )9; :*
=4 114
=4 114
& N
& N
114
& N
=A & ), @ Q =? O14 N! 8' =
( k4 )k" =?
=
/
N! 8' =
/ Q
; '
NAJ n
2.5
100 83.33%
3
AI N! 8' =
8? /)M !4 M
j *
1' A =4
AI =?
/ = " =8!' Q
" : ' 6' { X
4 =? " O14
)4U'
* ` I =4
4 O31 / )? ) , P,)K' =
$?# 2"1 #
N, A' ; ! -
$ ""
? :M !7 ' -
2 3
$B " 9
?-
7 $ ,; A E &
k N, kA'
k%& =? =4 m Z
j$ * Y: s S!J
d,
, ? )E
,m Z
%&
@ A
)E
m Z j *
>,
)4 4)* O14
h?)4 !I4 / =? N, A'
=4 ;W!I4
;W!I4 N, A' ; ! =
/ !7 ' h?)4 !I4 / / "
NAJ n
,"
h?)4 !I4 / =? ;W!I4 N, A' ; !
/"
K' =? $` H
j *
2 gmole O2 2.5 gmole CH 4
1gmole CH 4
=
1gmole CO2 2.5 gmole CH 4
1gmole CH 4
%& lL K h!K
3, O14 =M
d,
%& d, / "
=4 $` H
K'
'; &
AI
@ A
%& lL K ) ,
%& d,
&
>!kIS' , k2
k%&
* ? =M*
K' , ()
* ^!4)'
j * ? Y: l
@ A
%& d,
%& d, O!? )0 =!7
4 MI, ? )0
=A & ;
)?
* ^!4)' d,
* ^!4)'
K' , () )?
? =4 7 %&
* ^!4)'
>2 )4U'
j k* ? k O1k4
=k7 K j
k
k ?
)k !X ; !
) B ( ! 8 / , 0 , ! !* =7 K =4 * )o Z =? , ?
)k =? L ? /
kK6
NK h,
7
%&
14
/)!!f' 7 K /
Fu =KHJ d, l n
O14 ( 3 / )? ( L /)M !4 M ), S \S
, ! !*
j "
O" 4 >,
14
!67
6M
qU ), O14 ^
?; '
;W!I4 )V
=?
:? |, / " =7 7 0
:? |, =? /
;W!I4 >,
!67
2 Na2 SO4 + O2
2 Na2 SO4
( L`
k X <+
k! >, k
;W!I4 qU / )? >,
!67 k
C >!" k:?
k?
00
!67
X 1< /
' g &7 =?
& ;W!I4 =8!' Q
, Na2 SO3 : 126) j>!* ? =M* `
(O2 : 32
% Exess =
S !
= 0.35
S
j )0
g &7 @ A &
*a
d,
S h,
r )<
=k4 =kt y
kS k?
O14 )? = ] =4
I,
@ A
S h, ),
* q)%
j *
>! )! ( 26 h, =? _ =H? h!H

/
S = !
S 0.35 ~
S = 1.35
h! )o ?
S
7# O *
m Na2 SO3 =
8,330,000lbm H 2 O 2 126lbm Na 2 SO3

10lbm O2
1.35
6
10 lbm H 2 O
32lbm O2
= 885.583lbm
7
m Na2 SO4 =
2 126lbm Na 2 SO4
10lbm O2
8,330,000 lbm H 2 O
1.35
6
32lbm O2
10 lbm H 2 O
= 885.583lbm
O *
),
CaCO3
MgCO3
92.89%
5.4%
r
)J =? d" |1 5 d, !7
else(inso lub b)
1.7%
? d" |1 h'
? d" |1
r
; '
X )" / =? ; '
d"
X 1< P7
X 1< `
( L d" h' d, !7 ' / )? d" |1
X 1< w
MgCO3 = 84
CaO = 40
CO2 = 44
>!I 4 !I4
CO2
CaCO3 = 100
!7 ' / " O14
K h' )"
12 >MI!
)4U'
CaCO3
CaO + CO2
MgCO3
MgO + CO 2
N
56lbm CaO
100lbm CaCO3
92.89lbm CaCO3
100lbmlim stone
5 2000lbmlim stone
P7
= 5501.8lbm CaO
*?
CO2 =
O14
* !7 ' h?)4 !I4 / 5 3 ? )? )? / !7 ' h?)4 !I4 /
44lbm CO2
100lbm CaCO3
44lbm CO2
84lbmMgCO3
S `
92.89lbm CaCO3 1lbmlim stone

+
100lbmlim stone
5.4lbm MgCO3 1lbmstone

= 0.44lbm
100lbmlim stone
1lbmlim stone 0.44CO2 = 0.56

1lbmlim stone
0.56lbm
2000lbm
2000
= 3571lbm
0.56
d"
d" |1
B k* k =k!2' =k] )J hk" k? ; k !M
67 k () )0 =? ;
@ ) )V
),
; k !M
@ ) h" ()0 !4
? ;
!M
)J =? * ( 3 O14
Sb2 S3 + 3Fe
2Sb + 3FeS
()0 !4
!M
67
()0 !4
!14 s)
` H ,
Sb2 S3 : 339.7
114
Fe : 55.8
Sb : 121.8
FeS : 87.9
&
* ^!4)' P7
* ^!4)' Q
O14 N! 8' =
w
N
.6 kgr
0
Sb2 S3
Fe
nSb2S3 =
nFe =
mSb2S3
M Sb2S3
.2 kg
0
Sb
?, ?
reactor
0.25 kg
7P
600 gr 1.76 gmole

=
= 1.76 gmole
339.7
1
mFe 250 gr 4.48 gmole

=
=
= 1.49 gmole
M Fe
55.8
3
j
114
& N
h" +X
7Q
% Exess =
S - Sb S
Sb2 S3 /
2 3
Sb2 S3 !
S
600 gr
% Exess =
100
339.7 gr Sb2 S3 250 gr Fe
3 55.8
100 = 18%
339.73
250
3 55.8
j
O14 N! 8' =
)4 4)* O14
=4 114
& N
=
/
114
& N
3 55.8 gr Fe
200 gr Sb
2 121.8 gr Sb
100 = 54.9%
250 gr
j !14 ` I
O4
)Z _ )M
NQ / " 0 !7 ), N8*
7 " );
C3 H18
CH 4 : 80%
C 2 H 6 : 20%
% E A = 15
F1 = 50 gmole
sec
Kg
F1 + 50 sec
F1 = 20 gmole
sec
F1
CO : 90 %
H = 10 %
F3
% E A = 20
j *?
y< (
% E A = 10
/ =E6&
O14 N! 8' =
7
j() / S? ; J hMI? 4 =?
'
I! / !<
7
j ?V
S ;2
'R
( 26
A' M
() N4 5 3
7B<
j>!
>1I!
>!14
4) M ; /
; ' K7 H =4 #
3
7S -
j>!
\!&
>MI!
=? ; 2
=t )"
7B <
j
j 14
)4
\!&
aHJ ; ) () =4
>MI! =4 ])
o HZ
MI! 7
B< 6'
j 14
j
aHJ ; ) () =4
?V;
j 14 )!!f' ;
MI! 7 <
*U0 ? ; / " )!fM =4

*U0 ? ; / ")!fM =4
MI! 7*
MI! 7 *
O14 ; ?
7
O14 ? ) "
' +L !
TB<
T B<
3B<
!14 = ' ), N8* =?
H 2O
Dryer
90%
80%
? o y= /
? o y< /
/ )? >MI!
m A in mA out = maccumulation
*
n A in n A out = n A acc
j ? " Z n
=0
A acc
\?
; '
maccumulation = 0 * ?
>"
/ )?
, X >MI! )0 )4U'
H 2O / )? >MI!
mH O in mH 2O = mH O acc
2
>,
/ )? h!1t "
nH O in nH 2O = nH O acc
2
A+ B C
)3
generation
A, B ,C
mA in mA out + mA
3B<
/ )? >MI!
mA consumption = mA acc
mA consumption
)% 4()
E1
mA generation
/ !7 ' 4()
E1 )4U'
j *?
* ; '
4 H?
in out + gen cons = acc

>MI!
=M60 ; q Z '
j>!14
N ^!')' h! " =? ! ? $
/ )?
"
)4U'
h,
j>!14
@ 6M
& 5
=4 =7 7 \Z
j !14 =A &
NaOH
,X
"
NaOH ), N8* =t 1< n

NaOH () * 114 [ :
114
Mixer
15kg , 30%
s) $ " 93
G,)o
)Z H 2O
,80%
NaOH 10kg
, X >MI!
mH
2O
out
mNaOH
=?
out
=?
N
D >A
mNaOH
mNaOH
in
mNaOH
out
out
= mNaOH
in
+m
/ NaOH
gen
m
/ NaOH
cons
mH
2O
out
2O
out
=0
= 10 0.8 + 15 0.3 = 12.5kg

H 2O
mH 2 O in mH
/ )? >MI!
+ mH
2O
gen
mH
2O
cons
/ )? >MI!
=0
= mH 2O in = 10 0.2 + 15 0.7 = 12.5kg
7 5L ( *
k k1, )
5 k hk,
w Z l R >" @L %&
*
k" k !J ? +ck j k* !7 '
%& ' >!14
)
*
F 6'
l R =!7
; !? ? @ Q =?
)AQ >!14
)Z /
=!7
j>!14
()k h, )? k1?
w Z >MI!
1, ) ( 3 h ]
j * ? * ( ' 1, ) =4 *
w Z MJ
7
j !14 !X
2
)Z N4 ()
7
14
:';
'T )
a 3' >MI!
3#U
kg
sec
mC
out
'T
w Z >MI!
;W!I4 h?)4 () ), N8*
Kg
sec
%&
'T
<
#U
=?
mO2 out = ?
O2
7 $4
C
mC
in
mC out + mC
mC
out
= mC
in
( gen cons )
/ )? >MI!
=0
Kg
= 2 sec
>,
;W!I4 / )? @ Q h! " =?
kg
mO2 out = 3 sec
4 () =
mtotal
in
mtotal out = 0
mtotal
out
Kg
= 3 + 2 = 5 sec
k!X
k )Z Nk4
K' ! ;W!I4 h?)4
)Z / "
n N8*
7 #U
j !14
7 $4
h?)4 / "
nC in nC
out
+ nC
2000
nC
12
out
gen
out
= nO
in
/ )? >MI!
nC cons = 0
=0
nC out = 166.67 gmole

sec
? " Z @ Q h! " =? ! ;W!I4 / "
nO
/ )? >MI!
3000
= 93.75 gmole
sec
32
)0
=A & ), @ Q =?
)Z / "
N4
ntotal in = ntotal out = 166.67 + 93.75 = 260.42 gmole

sec
k )Z
k N4 / )? ! D
/ )? $()0 !4 Î )?
)Z () ), N8*
7 #U
j !14 ` I
kg
sec
C
kg
3 sec
O2
C + O2
CO2
7 $4
j * , 1*
nC =
4 g &7 =? O14
2000
= 166.67
12
166.67
= 166.67
1
3000
= 93.75
32
93.75
= 93.75
1
nO2 =
, ? M?
(3
j ? " Z ;W!I4
Ccons = 3000 gr O2
CO2
gen
nO2 =
, ! !* O14
114
MJ
&
+X
1gmole O2 1gmole C
12 gr C
= 1125 gr
16 gr O2 1gmole O2 1gmole C
= 3000 gr O2
1gmole O2 1gmole CO2 44 gr C

= 4125 gr
16 gr O2
1gmole O2 1gmole C
3000
= 93.75
32
h?)4
/ )? >MI!
;W!I4
/ )? >MI!
h?)4 !I4 /
/ )? >MI!
93.75
= 93.75
1
mO2 in mO2 out + mO2 gen mO2 cons = 0

3 mO2 out + 0 3 = 0
Kg
mO2 out = 0 sec
mCO2 in mCO2 out + mCO2 gen mCO2 cons = 0

0 mCO2 out + 4.125 0 = 0
Kg
mCO2 out = 4.125 sec
k )Z /
Nk4 D k
)Z /
/"
K' $
7 #U
j !14 =A &
gmole in
785
12
C : 166.67
O2 :
7 $4
gmole out
= 72.91
93.75
0
= 93.75
CO2 : 0
4125
44
total : 260.42
166.67
j !14 =A &
N4
)Z /
gmole in
C:
)Q 1 / "
K' $
7 #U
gmole out
785
12
166.67
O : 93.75 2 = 187.5
+ 4125
= 166.67
44
2 4125
= 187.5
44
total : 354.17
354.17
1' A _ / " n , M
>" /
>" N4 D
/"
>" () >" M6! _ 6'
14 =4 /
j )? )?
/ kI
k )Z N4 () ? /
N4 () >" ? M
j
k8, k )Z / k"
k Nk4
_ 6' , ! !* O14 =4 /
/ I () =
K' * ( 3 >" , ! !* O14 =4 /

kK' k? /
=
M
/ k"
)Z
)Z /
* =MI? )Q 1 / =
N4
K' !
)Z /
=t 1< )Q 1
j ? " Z
+X >!"
)J / M4
,2
h?)4
J?
r
r
*w Z
M4
* w Z h?)4
M4
1<
"
/
? =<
)0
X 1< P7
1< h?)4
)Z /
i!" N 4 _ )M
X 1< ;W!I4
;W!I4
r
24
2
=2
=2
12
1
300
nO2 =
0.21 = 2.17
29
1< `
/"
N4 w
nC =
N
2.17
= 2.17
1
C 24
lbm
Air 300
lbm
12
32
114
64
h?)4 +X
O2
44
C + O2
CO2
24
& N
CO 2
88
N2
O2 : 0.21
N 2 : 0.79
k q)k% /
h?)k4 / =k " =k4
k h, )? s) +X
O14 N! 8' =
; <
j )0
P7
mC in mC out + mC
gen
mC
cons
=0
24 mCout + 0 24 = 0
mO
in
mO2 out + mO
gen
mC
mO
cons
out
h?)4
/ )? >MI!
;W!I4
/ )? >MI!
=0
=0
300
0.21 32 mO2 out + 0 64 = 0
29
mO
out
= 5.52lbm
N4 / )? >MI!
mtotal = mO2 out + mCO2 out + mN 2 out =

5.52 + 88 + 300
0.79 28 = 322.35lbm
29
$/
() ? / I
G!J ;
; )4 )0
G!J
7 87 ()
G!J
!
?
* / HZ -
g &7 (
nC
in
nO2 in =
nC
out
mC in
MC
mO2 in
nO2 out =
M O2
mC out
MC
mO2 out
M O2
24
= 2lbmole
12
300
29
0.21 32
= 2.17lbmole
32
0
=0
12
5.52
= 0.17lbmole
32
ntotal
in
24 300
+
= 12.34lbm
in
12 29
mO out mCO2 out mN 2 out
+ nCO2 out + nN 2 out = 2 +
+
M O2
M CO2
M N2
= nC in + nair
ntotal out = nO2 out

ntotal out =
5.52 88
+
+
32 44
300
29
0.79 28
= 10.34lbmole
28
7 '
=
NR I
]) / " ; ,) >
' $V < $ -; E=;
E*
>" ? * ? =M !X
MI! =t 1< =M8
?; '
j )4 N =M !X / " >MI!
@ Q =? >MI!
)" e
)0
/ )? , >MI!
23 n B=7 K n / "
7
N N? J
NR I N
K' =t 1< )ZL ?
= I
;8
* ?
/)'L ?
* ? @L K
Z )E =? =4
$ steady state
$ >!* ? =M*
j
, X =K7 H
)Z /
; ,)
* w Z ! ; ) , G,)o
$j
' 6' =M !X =<
K'
1, )
'L K
=4
=M
,X
=!7
7
&' )0
=4
@A &
K'
=
S?
>!14
'
M >,)!0
s) ; '
=4
@ &6Q
=M60 5 ] q Z =8!' Q
* >MI!
K' )M !? @L K
? N !" , , ` M4
* ? ! =M !X @ %?
? >MI! =<
) , 7
)M !? @L 23
14 = ] @L K
J =? =1! h,
=M8
K' =8!' Q
* ? @L 23
j>, U0
j )0 =K7 H
/ )J)?
/)%1 ,
@L 23
] , )E
J ;
=M* =
* ? 8, NSMI @L K
N N? J )!F = I
` :M
Z ) =? =4
1 "
h,
=M8
)E
>" ?
E1
B<
)k, =k? )kM0 ? >MkI! dk,
j>!14 )J)? NSMI
(L 2 ;
H? 2 / )?
3B<
=? @L 23 N / )?
@L K
Z)?
>!14 >!IS' /)M8< 4 / " >MI!

,)! ? )E
F = 100
Kg
min
0 . 2 KCl
0 .8 H 2O
KCl
= ?
O
= ?
A = ?
0 . 33 KCl
0 . 67 H 2 O
0 . 5 KCl
0 .5 H 2 O
C = ?
B = ?
),
net
= ?
0 . 95 KCl
0 . 05 H 2 O
P = ?
\kS >!MkI"
=k81, N!7 k? >!k14 )kJ)? =k
/ )k? >, kA3 Uk7j

6Mk
k23
k!
)J)? ),
k6" = kI =k8!7
k* / " >MI! ),
M
; '
>MkI! Nk4 / )? \S >!" :? =t 1<
l n >!14 N
>!kI, 1? NSMI =7 K
=
/ )J)? )M !? @L K ;
= I
` :M
100 + C = A
0.2 100 + 0.33 C = xKCl A
=7 K
>MI!
F (P + W ) = 0
0.8F = W + 0.05P
KCl =
() =
>MI!
KCl =
>MI! N4
() =
` / )? >MI! N4
* ; '
>!14
() =
>MI!
xKCl . A (0.5B + 0) = 0
6" 2 h!?
>MI!
A + (W + B) = 0
xKCl + xH 2O = 1
I ' >!" Z
>M6" =7 K ;
=
? / )?
7 B < $4
T =k? k! ; k?
1MkI! w k ) , k8, ?
/"=
'
' $V <
=4 *
=M60
R I =?
j 1MI" N N? J /)A / "

k =k1! hk,
P, K' Z)? )4u =? M?
K1Q
, )? 4 _ )M
1, )
! " N!7 ?
>, )X
k:? hM )k0 )E
j 2 ` hM )0 )E
>k" k!
k / k"
? _ )M
NQ / " 0 ( ' $stack gas O4
; ? _ )M
k* k1, )
NQ / " 0 !7
j 1, 0
$orsat @
!7
MkI, ? Nk 4 _ )M / )? =4 " /
S /
$
N 4 _ )M
2 =t )?
$;W!I4
"
S $
'/ "
!
] ;W!I4 = ] / "
j
Nk 4 ^kI )k? = k] / k" @ A & / 1A
* ( 3 YJ
o =? _ )M N
)0 M
=M8
j ? " Z
*
y
2
H 2O
N2
, _ )M
4 O14 ), N8*
xCO2
O2
C H
x y
Fuel
2 ,N2
air O
Cx H y + ( x + 4y )O2
xCO2 + 2y H 2O
Cx H y + ( x + 4y )O2
xCO2 + 2y H 2O
N 4 _ )M O14
Cx H y + ( 2x + 4y )O2
xCO + 2y H 2O
YJ _ )M O14
r ,
CH 4
air
? _ )M
NQ / " 0 !7 B >!
I?
] / "y
CH 4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2 H 2O
Base : 1 gmole of CH 4
? ; M )0
CO2
H 2O
N 2 ,O2
h?)4 !I4 / / "

nCO
in
nH
in
0 nH
2O
2O
out
+ nH
+ nH
out
2O
2O
gen
gen
nH
2O
cons
in
=0
=0
nH
2O
out
= nH
2O
gen
= 2 gmole
;b )M! / "
nN
/ )? >MI!
nCO2 out = nCO2 gen = 1gmole
` /"
2O
nCO2 out + nCO2 gen nCO2 cons = 0
0 nCO2 out + nCO2 gen = 0
nH
/ )? >MI!
/ )? >MI!
nN 2 out + nN 2 gen nN 2 cons = 0

nN 2 out = nN 2 in =
79
21
nN
)0
in
79
21
(2 2.3) = 17.3gmole
=A & ;b )M! /
< =4 * )H
h, , *
{ X
`)k] x
;W!I4 !
B *
=k81, =k? =k ' k?j )k0 =Ak & /

k* ? k
;W!kI4 /
=?
;b )kM!
" ;W!I4 =? ;b )M! Q

S x
j "
aJ
=? /
>MI!
] / "y
kS ; aA' =? /
O14
j )0
in
S ' )4
;W!I4 /)M !4 M ^,)]
;b )M!
* `)]
79
21
+X
MJ =4
/ )? >MI!
nO2 out + nO2 gen nO2 cons = 0
2 2.3 nO2 out + 0 2 = 0
!7
;W!I4
=A & _ G,)o =? ;b )M! /
;W!I4 / "
nO
=4 h, =? = ' ?
%CO2 = 1+ 2 +171.3+ 2.6

% H 2O = 1+ 2 +172.3+ 2.6
% N 2 = 1+ 2 +1717..33+ 2.6
2.6
%O2 = 1+ 2 +17
.3 + 2.6
nO2 out = 2 2.3 2 = 2.6 gmole
k, 2
)k
k, ? ,
=< '
=k
5 Ak*
NaHCO3
& j >!14 =!2'
&
k & ()0 k !4
AM
NaHCO3
k :
B ()0 !4
>!" Z
r M6!? _ 6' h, ' >!14

oC
NaHCO3 !7
gr
100 grH 2O
*?
Î )? _
!7
N
mNaHCO3 = 10000Kg at 60o F
mNaHCO3 = 500 Kg
=10000 kg
NaHCO3 F
TC = ?
kg
NaHCO3 9500
TC = ?
O, )
xNaHCO3
xNaHCO3
mcrystal
mNaHCO3in mNaHCO3 out = 0
NaHCO3
= 500 Kg
NaHCO3
mNaHCO3in = mNaHCO3out
10000 xNaHCO3 = 500 + (10000 500) xNaHCO3
/ )? >MI!
Base : 100 gr of H 2O
,2
x=
mNaHCO3
mt
5 A*
& N4 ()
= 100 + 16.4 = 116.4 gr
16.4
116.4
16.4
10000 116
= 500 + 9500 NaHCO3
.4
xNaHCO3 = 0.096
Base : 1gr of output ' s

0.096 gr NaHCO3
C =?
(100 0.096) gr H 2O
C=
grNaHCO3
100 0.096
= 10.62
1 0.096
100 gr H 2O
* >!" Z ? !
(11.1,30)
(9.6,20)
(10.62, ?)
TC = 26.8o C
,:
=ko ?) NR kI 1* ? =M* m)M @L K
1k* ? kHZ O'L kK ( '
!k )' / k" T
3O *
'
1* ? ) , 8, =? =MI? = I @L 23 =8!' Q
? @L K
=t 1< j 1
kI, ? k lL k K 1k* ? kHZ )k!F \?
/)A T
)0 7
kE F k? !k ; k "
1!K
S =? y x d, 67
!14 Y:
y x
y x
S >!14 !7 ' y x
? NR I
N N? J M
j
y x
'
4 =? /)' !c 4
! ()0 !4
S )0
& >!" :?
H 2 SO4 : 77.7%
P=?
H 2 SO4 : 18.63%
F2 = ?
H 2 SO4 : 12.43%
min = mout
F1 + F2 = P
P F2 = 200
*= ]
F1 = 200 Kg
>MI!
=?
N4 () =
! d, 67
mH 2 SO
in
mH 2 SO
out
/ )? >MI!
=0
(200 0.777 + 0.1243F2 ) 0.1863P = 0

0.1863P 0.243F2 = 200 0.777
P F2 = 200
0.1863P 0.1243F2 = 200 0.777
*N
()k
` H j
*
j/
( L@
o ? ) " )!HS' w)? =
, ? _ @L K
d, ), N8*
m Z ()0 !4 )" / =? ()0 !4 Î )? )HS
&
>MI!
I 14
35% EtOH
65% H 2O
5% EtOH
95% H 2O
85% EtOH
15% H 2O
N
>MI!
4 () =
min = mout
F =W + D
W + D =1
(I )
' / )? >MI!
minEtOH moutEtOH = 0
0.35F (0.85D + 0.05W ) = 0
( )
W + D =1
I .II
W = 0.625Kg , D = 0.375Kg
0.05W + 0.85D = 0.35
k =k8 ; k? k! /)k!!f' =k
>I d, )'
; ? =?j *
t!" ; k? =4
NSM1 ) , ; ,) =?
)k0 Ok:X k" ; k,) ), k
=k8 ; ?
B \? $ >3
,)
* =M 4 , = ] ; =? /) ,
; ,) d, =4
j *
/)kA T
k? NR kI k '
j
=4
h, ; / )? =
* >!SMI T
>I d, =M8
hM*
\?
w Z ; ,) d,
\? >3
6M
? NR I =? N, A' =4 * } ? ,
)4 )'
!14 = ' ), N8* =?
A, C , D
A, B
A, B, C , D
C, D
\? >I B
k* ? ` y
@ kKHJ ;
kM? >!14 ,
? o B >!" :?
` H * ? =M* ` y
3?
* !Q "
%&
' d, =t 1<
>!14 w Z ; `
()0 !4
j h4 d Z =? /
100kg H 2O
\? () hM )0 )E
; ?
"
T
dryer
H 2O
A 80
%
H 2O
A 40
%
4 () =
min = mout
F =W + P
mH
2O
in
mH
F P = 100
2O
out
(I )
` / )? >MI!
` / )? >MI!
=0
0.8 F (W + 0.4 P ) = 0
0.8 F 0.4 P = 100
F P = 100
0.8 F 0.4 P = 100
Y7 Z " ;
( )
P = 50 Kg
F = 150 Kg
= 0.2 150 = 30 Kg
or
0.6 50 = 30 Kg
$ 1MI" \? >I " "
\? >I hM )0 )E
? ( T
4 () =
F P = 100
>MI!
0.2 F = 0.6 P
=k? ` k,
k" =k Z
=Z
kH? , k' =k?

=k Z
=k Z
" () = 0.2 150 = 30 Kg
F = 150
Na2 SO4
h!, kX
k? k, =7 7 [ HZ
d,
` =, 3' !14 s) j *
k X )k0 j k"
` =, 3' >!, 6!? = Z

" ;
! ; ,) @ * /)!0
3300 ppm
180 ppm
` ; ,) =?
d, @
Na2 SO4
!<
Na2 SO4
Z 18,
N 4 [ MZ N =4
?
gal
hr
x
H 2O
Î )?
H 2O
ppm
3300
Na 2 SO 4
Na2 SO4 180

ppm
F1
F2 = 10lbmNa 2 SO4
t = 1hr
Base : 1hr
/ )?
6M
j ,
x1
F = 3P
P = 50
2 P = 100
" " / )?
4 () =
min = mout
F1 + F2 = P
P F1 = 10
(1)
>MI!
mH
2O
F1.x1
in
` / )?
mH 2 O out = 0
H 2O
P.xH 2 O = 0
180
3300
)
F1 (1 10
6 ) = P (1
10 6
(1)
P=
180
1 10
6
1 3300
10 6
F1
(2)
F1 = 3194.56lbm
(2)
@ A & / 1A ; <
m=
V=
F1
= 3194.5 lbm
hr
1hr
>,
? hM* / )?
3196.5lbm
ft 3
7.48 gal
= 382.9 gal
hr
3
hr
62.4lbm
1 ft
gr
)?
)? =
5 100 grH
2O
)6Q
gr
)? )? ) !M
34 100 grH
2O
>, ? @ )M!
!7
n
j *?
=k
5 Ak*
k w kZ
&
k & dk, @ kQ =k? Y7 Z >, ? @ )M! ()0

AM >, ? @ )M!
r ? " Z !
S =< >!14 ) =
)6Q '
>!" :? )0 $ P7
S =< >,
4U
) !M
& )0 $ `
r *
$ P7
100 gr
5 A*
Ba( NO3 ) 2 (net )
P
W =?
H 2O
&
Ba ( NO

$x
x=
) D
Î )?
m Solute
34 gr
=
= 0.25
m Solution 100 + 34 gr
W = P (1 0.25) = P 0.75
)Z
EF;
` / )? >MI!
P=
W
= 1.33w
0.75
>MI!
100 + W = P
100 + W = 1.33W
34
W = P(1 134
)
100 + W = P
P=
100
W=
= 303.03Kg
0.33
? " Z ), @ Q =?
() =
; )4 )0 ; ? G!J `
W
34
(1 134
)
100 + W =
W
34
1 134
1
100 = W (
1)
34
1 134
W=
100
= 294.1Kg
( 134 1)
1
134
$`
100 o C 5 A*
&
5 A*
F1 Ba(NO3 ) 2
&
0o C
P1 Ba(NO3 ) 2
P2
Y7 Z Ba(NO3 ) 2
F1 =
= ) h,
>,
W
294.1
=
= 394.9 Kg
34
34
1 134 1 134
>,
\? >3 / )? >MI!
F )? )? NAJ / = ) P
hM*
? \? >3 `
NAJ
IJ
h,
34
5
F1 (1 134
) = P1 (1 105
)
P1 =
34
394.09 (1 134
)
= 308.8Kg
5
(1 105 )
>MI!
F1 = P2 + P1
P2 = F1 P1 = 394.09 108.8 = 85.29 Kg
() =
7>Recycle8
4)k* ; k? =4 / =!7
B
0)? =
)M14 ; t " 7)M14
(3 ,
/ !I?
M4
NAJ =?
( L@
o =? , ? M6!? _ 6' , ! !* O14
I, ?
M 0)? / " ; ,)
w Z M4
j )!0
( L =4 34 )" = I \, )* =? 1? =4
IW A :
)J
6M
O14
jjj
M 0)? ; ,) N * NR I ?
1, ) )0 =81, ) ,
>!14 )J)?
S< >!1!A? =81, / )?
)? 1, ) m Z , ? 114
j *
)? , 2
k!7 '
, k2
k%& k'
114
4)*
k* ^k!4)'
/
k!
S =4 14
&
hM , / )?
%& , ?
k%& k?
j 1
` 3, \, )* B
)k4
kA ;
U0 14 ; ,)
14
9 %Z =?
* O14
7 >by pass8 *XW *
=k81, ; ? 1, )
Z)?
"=
j )4 = ' O14 N! 8' =

k
EFB
A :
Z)?
* 1, )
; ,) h, j 114
7 >purge8
Nk
k114 [ k :
j 1
; kI8,
Mk 0 ?
6Mk
O,
k ,
; ,)
A :
NAJ ; ,) h, =t 1< M 0)? / " ; ,)

,
/ k" ; k,)
; ,) >,)! ? ;
E F * ? )8 /
6M
>!"
)J =!6%'
* = I =8!' Q
j>,)!0
=M8
)E
k dk!86' hR k7 ' y
kM&'
8000 kg
hr
IJ
w)?
k2 ;
; k,)
; 1? y
)Z
J
IJ
N8 M
o :
; 1? y / M&
)!HS' w)? d,
n
10000 kg
hr
I 14
A +X w)? J
%& j *
I 14 =? /
:? ; ,) @ *j * ?
hR 7 ' y /
k !J ? >! )k0 k )A )? =k? Mk 0)? ; ,) @ Q =?
D k )Z
k%& B V w)k?
%& =? M 0)? ; ,)
%& h,
kJ ; k,) =k8 s)k ?j *
AI / =A &
` H 1* ? =?
R j
w Z) , q %
^!4)' /
R M 0)?
j
V : 8000 kg
hr
10000
kg
hr
F
50% B
50%T
D:
95% B
5%T
I
W:
R
=?
D
Base : 1hr
F = D +W
10000 = D + W
D = 10000 W
()
(1)
xBF F = xBD D + xBW W
0.5(10000) = 0.95D + 0.4W
(2)
w)?
96%T
4% B
4 >MI!
4=
() >MI!
B =
)Z
(1), (2)
D = 5050 Kg
w = 4950 Kg
( ) >MI!
4=
V =R+D
8000 = R + 5050
R = 2950 Kg
R 2950
=
= 0.584
D 5050
; k,) @ *
` H j
), N8*
114 )!:A' d, =? [ ?) , M
Kg / hr Î )? M 0)?
H 2O
W
Fresh Feed
10000 kg
hr
KNO3 20%
M
KNO3
0.6kgKNO3
kgH 2O
R=?
50%
&
KNO3 / " MI,)4

4% H 2O
base : 1kgH 2O
KNO3 / )? >MI! N4
mKNO
in
mKNO
out
=0
10000 0.2 0.96 C = 0
min = mout
M +C + R
M R = 2083.3
C = 2083.3Kg
114
AM
4 () =
KNO3 / )? 114 AM >MI!

0.6
R
1.6
0.5M = 0.96C +
M R = 2083.3
0.6
0.5M
R = 0.96 + 2083.3
1.6
k )kV
k]
kM =? d, !"
M = 9454.9 Kg
R = 7371.68Kg
, !
N!M
kg / day
, !7 ' T d,
_ 6' ), O14
>!"
HI + CH 3OH
CH 3 I + H 2O
N8k M ` IX
kM4
*?
^!4)'
O1k4 N! 8' =
M ) " =? CH 3 I
* s) `
Q
d, !"
/ M&
%& )0
, !
Q
` H *?
HI = 128
CH 3OH = 30
*= ]
M 0)? ; ,)
CH 3 I = 142
M ;
HI
P7
S `
H 2O = 18
HI
100%
kg
F = 2000 day
40% N! 8' =
HI
81.6%
CH 3 I
18.4%
CH 3OH
100%
82.6%
17.4%
HI
H2 O
Base : 1day
HI / )? >MI!
mHI in mHI out + mHI
gen
mHI cons = 0
2000 0.826W + 0 (2000 + R)0.4 = 0
(1)
CH 3OH/ )? >MI! N4
mCH OH in mCH OH out + mCH OH
3
M 0.184 P + 0
(2)
mCH I in mCH I out + mCH I

3
0 0.816 P +
(3)
gen
mCH OH cons = 0
3
30 (2000 + R) 0.4
=0
128
CH 3 I / )? >MI! N4
gen
mCH I cons = 0
3
142 (2000 + R) 0.4

0 =0
128
` / )? >MI! N4
mH O in mH O out + mH O gen mH O cons = 0

2
(4)
0 0.174W +
18 (2000 + R) 0.4
0=0
128
j
" Z
? @L 23 _ @L K
N ?
k
/
k? o y N k* T kZ =4 ()0 / " \ ' = )

k23 ), kS 1k* ? k )
k*
A ` o)
), N8*
/ k" Q =! 4 =81, s) ?j )0
d Z *?
j ,
? N8*
Base : 1 min
>MI! N4
A / )?
m A in m A out = 0
0.2 F = 0.9 50
F=
0.9 50
= 225
0.2
= )
min = mout
N4 () =
F + 80 = W1 + P
A
m A in = m A out
0.2 F = 0.6 P
P1 =
0.6 225
= 90 Kg
0.5
225 + 80 90 = W 1 = 215Kg
/ )? = )
` / )? = )
mH O in = mH O out
2
0.05 80 + 0.8 225 = 0.5 90 + xW 215
xW 0.65
j>!14
N @ Q h! " =? ! K? N ) / )?
: Y
;
^!')' =? =4 P,T,V[ A' 9 %Z =? >MI! 9 Z =4
B " . X B q )e B "
; M? '
)0 Y:
! "
9 Z ,?
h! :' ?)3' \?
"
?)3' @
o =4 KJ
, N 4 / " 0 ; J Nn
)o
B 1MI" >MI!
o
Q
)o jjj
"
*?
)I!
)?
1"
)c 4
( J / =!2' =4
=3!M
AJ
/ !I?
B >3 /
j )4
/ " ^!4)' / = " / )? ; 1! o N? J G!J
Z*@ Z W
p]
K!Ao
)E
j
7 3 W
j )4 )E q)Q ; @ u O14 >")? ; M? =4 / 0
, 0
, 0
7 =7 K
PV = nRT
GH
>3 V
K' n
" 0
?V R
GH /
j *?GH ,? M
j * ? =M*
: "R
I, ?
>3
_ / =H?
=M8
=M8
R
R=
PV
nT
R = 8.314
SI :
( pa)(m3 )
( gmole)(k )
=M8
>3 22.4 lit B /
STP \, )*
, 0
()0)"
; J
PV (1.013 105 pa)(22.4 103 m3 )

R=
=
nT
(1gmole)(273K )
PV = nRT
12 >MI!
3
R=
8.314( pa)(m )
14.7 psia
35.31 ft
6
( gmole)( K ) 1.013 10 pa
1m3
R / =A &
454 gmole 1k
1lbmole 1.8R
( psia)( ft 3 )
= 10.73
(lbmole)( R)
k?
kI, ? k PV=nRT / =kH?

)4 ` :M
), T
" )M
X =! 4
8, ; '
* =M60 =M8
4 h, ( 3 / )?j * ? =M*
j
k k
B ft H 2o B k
B ^kK8 )kM
* >!" Z B 1" :?
R=
"
=M8
: "R
R G? H = I / "
)!!f' -
j= I / "
)!!f' -
k ! >k3
= I
G? H R
=t 1< n ; 1 =? -
h, 4 Î )? Î )?
33.91 ft H 2O
8.314( Pa)(m3 )
1000m3
( gmole)( K ) 1.013 105 Pa
1m3
= 1261.5261
=4 =
? Blbmole
454 gmole
1lbmole
( ft H 2O )(mm3 )
(lbmole)( K )
) !M k / =k
ft H 2o
h?)4 !I4 / B
lb \ ' =4
j !14 =A &
8.314 Pa.m3
R=
gmole.K
3
*
33.91 ft H 2O
ft H 2O .m3
454 gmole CO2
= 1.26
lbmole
1.013 105 Pa
lbmole.K
1.26 ft H 2O .m3 1lbmole CO2

V=
44lbmole
lbmole.K
88lb CO2
288K
= 22.539m3
32.2 ft H 2O
n
f*
^K8 @
>3 =?
O' ; : d,
h?)4 !I4 /
=4 !14 h!!K' * ? _ Q N 4 0 ; J =8 s) ? B
r " ;
,? /
=< AI 1
>,
) !M
/=
n
/
N =? ; &M ; : ; ? )X ; 1! o / )? )0
10lbm CO2 = m
V = 20 ft 3
T = 30 o C
3
psia )( ft )
R = 10.73 ((lbmole
)( R )
P=
10
44
lbmole 10 .73( psia )( ft 3 ) (30 + 273) 1.8 R

= 66 .50 Psia
(lbmole )( R )
1K 20 ft 3
Pabs = Prel + Pair
Prel = Pabs p air = 66 .50 14 .7 = 51 .80 Psig
j * =M )0 )E
30 o C /
"
100cm 3 >3 =? q)e d,
1K,
"
;b )M! !I4
[ :
!X
; <_
5 J =? q)e
n
!14 s)
)4U'
n
), O14 j
2 NO + O2
2 NO2
* ? 170 Kpa q)e
? $ NO, NO2 [ : ()0

j *?
NO2 Q
1<
q)e
NO[ :
N4 () )0
Q
V = 100cm 3
T = 30 o C
m = 0.291gr
P = 170 Kpa
M W :NO = 30
M W :NO2 = 46
PV = nRT
n=
PV
( gmole)( K )
170 10 3 Pa 100cm 3 1m 3
=
RT 8.31( Pa)(m 3 ) (30 + 273) K
100 3 cm 3
= 0.0068 gmole
1< !14 =A &
7
k
MA&kQ / = kI
)k0
=?
MI? =4 1, 0
j
k!14 =Ak &
j !31I? 9 Z 0 ; =?
AI
0 )" >3
M
j
9 kZ k0 dk, kM )X dk,
?1
E1
d, N% P,)K' ; " 7 <
k0 dk, 7 <
0 7 < =4
()
* =M60 =? =t 1< =M8
h,
E1
)J ) , 8, ? / I
n ; 1 =?
Sp.grCH 4 =
CH
CH
(CH 2 = 1) !14 =A &
CH 4 7 <
j !14 =A & ), / " 0 ? =I, S
mmHg
,2
7 <
STP \, )*
mmHg
,2
" -P7
" `
P7
PV = nRT
m
RT
M
P.M m
= =
RT
V
PV =
P.M
R.T
PN 2 .M N
Sp.grN 2 =
N at 80
2
F , 745 mmHg
air at STP
R.TN 2
PN .M N 2 .Tair
= 2
Pair .M air Pair .M air .TN
2
R.Tair
745 28 (32 460)

= 0.862
760 29 (80 + 460)
Sp.grN 2 =
PN 2 .M N 2 .Tair
Pair .M air .TN 2
k" 7 k87 ()k
M N2
M air
28
29
AkI )k? )? 0 7 < B
? 8, 1A
=t 1< )4U'
? " Z
A'
1* ?
PVt = nt .R.T
A' M
, / " 0jjj C B A )0
(1)
nt = n A + nB + .....
* ; '
>" " 0 d' d' / )?
PA .Vt = n A .R.T
PB .Vt = nB .R.T
( PA + PB + ...)Vt = nt .R.T
Pt = PA + PB + ..... =
(1), (2)
(2)
; M7 ; J
Pi
i =1
, /"[ :
N4
v R
/"
a
R
(3)
Pt .Vt = nt .R.T
(4)
Pi .Vt = ni .R.T
( 4)
(3)
Pi ni
= = yi
Pt nt
Pi = Pt . yi
Pi = Pt . yi
=A &
+ W F A' M
>,
), N8* =? = ' ?
PtV A = n A RT
PtVB = nB RT
Pt (VA + VB + ...) = nt RT
PtVt = nt RT
(1), (2)
(1)
(2)
Vt = V A + VB + ....
)4 ? V ; '
Vi = Vt . yi
>3 =A &
+ck
>!14 [ :
)k !X =
" ;
M? =MI? _ )M =E6& d,
I? YJ ; M y =4 / =
)6I '
=E6&
B 1
* ? ()0
= ] / "y
* ( 3 _ )M N
_ )M ( '
; =? S, ' ; M
? ;M
K?
S
! N 4 _ )M O14
q)e >3 =81, s) ?
j !14 =A & _ )M ( '

j ,
CH
4
3.6 0.8
CH
0.4
? =E6&
2
3.6 0.8
7.2 0.8
3
2
K? =E6& /
!J ?
+ 2O 2
CO
8,)M87 / =J) = ! ?
*?y
^K8 )M
0 =t 1<
>3
P7
`
+ 2 H 2O
7.2 0.8
O2
CO + 2 H 2 O
0.4
0 .6
0 .6
64 gr CH 4
nCH 4 =
mCH 4
M CH 4
64
= 4 gmole
16
P7
PtVt = nt RT
T=
Pt .Vt
nt R
CH 4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2 H 2O
k )k? /
;W!kI4 =k81, =k? =k ' k? kJ O14
/)M !4 M ^, )]
)0
AI =? = ' ?
=A & N 4 _ )M
8gmole v !
;W!I4
8 1.2 = 9.6 gmole

v/
79
9.6
= 36.11gmole v !
21
;W!I4
;b )M!
nCO
nCO
in
out
0 nCO
out
+ nCO
gen
CO2 / )? >MI!
H 2O / )? >MI
/ )? >MI!
/ )? >MI!
/ )? >MI!
nCO2cons = 0
+ 3.6 0.8 0 = 0
nCO2out = 2.88 gmole
nH O in nH O out + nH O gen nH 2Ocons = 0

2
nH O out = nH O gen = 7.2 0.8 + 0.8 = 6.56 gmole

2
CO
nCO in nCO out + nCO
gen
nCOcons = 0
nCO out = 0.4 gmole
nO
nO
in
9.6 nO
nO
out
+ nO
out
gen
nO2cons = 0
O2
+ 0 (7.2 0.8 + 0.6) = 0
out
= 3.24 gmole
N2
nN
in
nN
nN
in
+ nN
out
= nN
out
gen
nN 2cons = 0
= 36.11gmole
CH 4 / )? =
CH 4 in
nCH
4 nCH
nCH
out
out
out
+ nCH
gen
nCH 4cons = 0
+ 0 (3.6 0.8 + 0.4) = 0
= 0.72 gmole
N(gmole)
CO2
7.88
0.057
CO
0.4
0.008
H 2O
6.56
0.131
CH 4
0.72
0.014
O2
3.24
0.064
N2
36.11
0.72
N4 a
49.91
0.99
gmole. K
3atm 1.013 105 pa 3m 3
1
T=
1
1
1
49.91gmole 8.314 Pa.m 3
3 1.013 105 3
=
= 2197.12 K = 1924.12o C
49.91 8.314
`
CO2
PCO2 = Pt . yCO2 = 3atm 0.057

VCO2 = Vt yCO2 = 3m3 0.057
3 W
j )4 )E q)Q ; @ u O18 ")? ; M =4 / 0 P,)K'

k1, ) 5 k
k B k =k?
>!k14 s)k
S!S ) , \, )*
k, ; kM
MkI?
k" 0 ), =8!7
AkI l
k4 )k dk, k0 dk, ; k?
, \, )* d,
j )0 s)
;8
, = '
0 d, =8, H?j
\, )* ; "
) ,
0 d, ,
j )4 s)
k0 =k4
k* k }k ?
)k"
/ =kH? / kHZ @ kQ hk,
k? V k
j >, k* dk,
j )4
;)kkJ
'k ,
{, k'
ko
Y:k
k
k
k O" 4 ,
kS!S / k" 0
6M ;
K k
k / k"
; '
k
k&
=M8
k =? >,)! ? = Q
) ,
k7 / =kk7 K
?,
O,
PV=nRT
kS!S / k" 0
$; 14 '
? ?)3' @L K /) d,
j
+7
O,
9 Z / " 0 Z)? / )? ; 1
" 0 ; " / )? \S @L K h, =4
j
?V/
6M N? J
7 / =7 K B , )0 =R =4 / =!7
(3
& ; " \S
?)3' @L K =
[ *
n2a
( P + 2 )(V nb) = nRT
V
j ,
? O,
G,)o
0)" / )? =4 1MI" , " ? V b a

GH
K' n
GH /
>3 V
" 0 ?V R
[nb] = [V ]
[b] =
[V ]
[ n]
m3
SI :
gmole
n2a
] = [ P]
V2
SI :
[a] =
[ P][V ]2
[ n ]2
Pa.(m3 ) 2
( gmole) 2
[ *
+.' = A
23 T
( P + nV 2a )(V nb)
2
T=
P=
nR
23 P
nRT
n2a
2
V nb V
V3 +(
nRT 2 n 2 a
n3 ab
)V + (
)V
=0
P
P
P
23 V
j
j !14 !X =o ?)
" Z
=
23
=7 K * ?
j * =K7 H =1! h,
=7 K N ?
23 n )0
` M4
h,) '
n )4U'
665 psig
$ +7
)J ` M ), ; X )X 50lb / M& 5 ft 3 >3 =?

=7 K
6M
?r
I!< ; : NZ ; X )X / j "
( P + nV 2a )(V nb)
2
T=
nR
P = 665 + 14.7 = 679 psia

n=
50
44
= 1.14lbmole
V = 5 ft 3
R = 10.73
( Psia)( ft 3 )
(lbmole)( R)
ft 3 2
)
lbmole
ft 3
ft 3
b = 90.7 1.6 102 = 1.45.12 102
= 1.45
lbmole
lbmole
2
3
(679.7 + 10.4 3452.8310 )(5 1.14 1.45)
T=
= 681.4 R = 221.4o F
1.14 10.73
a = 9.24 106 3.776 10 3 = 34.83 103 Psia(
n
;
4 W
XT B
;5 4
PV = ZnRT
Z = f (Tr , Pr )
/),UX >4 )' ^,)] Z
$ !" 4
$ !" 4
Tr =
T
Tc
Pr =
P
Pc
Vr =
V
Vc
j 1MI"
S ; M!
` M4 D = ! ]
'
; '
@ &6Q / 2 )0
6M
)&? @ !Q %Z !
%S /
%S
Tr
Pr
B >3 T,P,V
Tc
)&? /
)&?
Pc
)&? >3
Vc
? B $ Vr l !
Pr Tr hM* ?
Pc Tc =A & / )?
?
j
6M
\ 0 '
?
)"
=MA7 j 14
/ )!X ), N8*
l A,)S'
*I &
( ' / )?
$j
* ')
Î )?
R
/ 2' 6' ) ,
0
a,
)&? =HS
$critical point
7
j * ? =M*
:? a, / "
h!?
K'
7 ;
7
&'
=4
Q Z 8, ! \, )* @ A
j ,
7 =? 1 '
; I8, l
:? a, ;
a,
=4 /
- 5 4
/ =H
Y:
7 d, ; * , X =4
>,
Tc = Tc + 8o K
Pc = Pc + 8atm
>,
7
)&? >3
7 -
W, () 2
=HS h, ) , 8, ?
=HS d, @ A
>! " ;b
)&?
K'
)&? =HS -
!" / " 0 / )? \S
)4U'
RT
Vc = c
Pc
P * L;
h,)'L ? Y7 Z >I d,
j 1* ? =M*
j 14
)n4
4 @ %? :? a, @ %: ),
=4
- !
Z ` M4 D = ! ] =4 1MI" /), S T , P
c
c
* )? 4 =? @ A &
, ? =4 1MI" /), S
Tc, Pc
*?
Vc = nVc
)&? =HS
)&? >3
0 =81, s) ? - )4U'
psig
>4 )' ^,)] =7 K
6M
1
?
=4
? ^K8 @
j !14 =A &
P = 292 psig
m!
0/
S =t 1<
! ; : >3
,2
;:
m!
() /),UX
T = 125o F
V = 120 ft 3
PV = ZnRT
Z (Tr , Pr )
Tr = (
T
)
Tc
, Pr = (
P
)
Pc
mNH3 = ?
` M4 )Z D = ! ]
NH 3
T c= 405.5K
Pc = 111.3atm
Tc = (405 273) 1.8 + 32 + 460 = 730.5o R

Tr =
T 125 + 460
=
= 0.8
Tc
730.5
Pr =
p
292 + 14.7
=
= 0.19
7 psi
pc 111.3 141.atm
Z=0.85
n=
PV
(292 + 14.7) 120
=
= 6.9lbmole
ZRT 0.85 10.73 (115 + 460)
m = nM = 6.9 17 = 117.26lbm
q )0
^K8 )M
>3 =?
/),UX >4 )' ^,)] =7 K
j ? " Z
36 )HZ ? ; : ,
a, ;W!I4 ()0 !4
S =< ; : NZ
* ? )6I '
;:
j
3
!14 s)
* )!:A' ) !M
=t 1< B$ *
n
=
6M
r )!Z
mO2 = 3.5kg
PV = ZnRT
V = 0.0284m3
ZnRT
V
V
Vr =
Vc
P=
T = 25o C
P=?
Tc = 154.4 K
Pc = 497atm
;W!I4 / )? D = ! ]
cm
Vc = 74 gmole
Tr =
(25 + 273)
= 1.6
154.4
3
pa.m
RTc 8.314 gmole. K 154.4 K
VC =
=
= 2.55 10 4
5
1.013 10
Pc
49.7atm
1atm
3
0.0284m
V
3500 / 32 gmole
Vr =
=
= 1.018
VC
2.55 10 4
Z = 0.93
ZnRT 0.93 3500
32 8.314 ( 25 + 273)
=
= 738495.8Pa
V
0.0284m 3
1atm
738495.8Pa
= 72.9atm
1.013 105 Pa
j
$c - q )0
P=
36 )HZ +X
4
\?
)4 )E q)Q 2 @ u O18 ")? ; '
@A & (3 T
2< M
h,
=4 , 3
@ 6M
3 W K' @
S!S / " 0
, / " 0 ? ! 2 [ : / )? )E
j *
)K
S!S / " 0 [ :
5 4 +. L >P
+7
PA =
n A RT
n2 a
A 2A
V n Ab A V
PB =
nB RT
n2 a
B 2B
V nB bB
V
Pt =
Pi =RT (
i =1
=7 K / )? n ; 1 =?
* >!" Z _ @L K ( ' a
nA
+
V n AbB
1 2
(n A .a A +
V2
5 4 +. L * 3 5 ] S ' >Q
>,
bmix = bA y A + bB y B +
1
+7
=7 K / )? n ; 1 =?
a 2 mix = a A2 y A + aB2 y B +
(P +
>,
[ : / )?
nt2 .amix
)(V nt bmix ) = nt RT
V2
XT B
+c
!X " q )0 = 0
PV = ZnRT/ =H?
=A &
H? [ :
2 =4 /
_ S ' >^
)" / )? /),UX >4 )' ^,)] 31,
0 [ : \ M /),UX >4 )' ^,)] ), / =H?
6M
j *
Zm = Z A yA + ZB yB +
8? Pr h!!K'
(L
%S /
K? ' Z =4 , 3
j * ` :M
?
)J
j>!14
=A &
%S R
DE:
A
B
C
PA
A
B
C
)" / )? $; M7 ; J )? 4 $ -w
Tr
PB
- + %@I
Tc A , Pc A
T c B , Pc B
T c C , Pc C
Pr
Tr
PA
Pc A
PB
Pc B
PC
PcC
Tc A
T
Tc B
T
Tc C
ZA
y A .Z A
ZB
y B .Z B
ZC
y C .Z C
Zm
4 H?
Pri =
Pi
P .y
= t i
Pci
Pci
j>!14
` :M N4
%S
)" / )? $ @ 0
Tr
; J )? 4 $ -w
Pr
Tr
Pc A
Tc A
T
B
A
B
DE:
- + %@I
Tc A , Pc A
A
B
T c B , Pc B
T c C , Pc C
Pc B
P
Tc B
PcC
Tc C
ZA
y A .Z A
ZB
y B .Z B
ZC
y C .Z C
Zm
* ; '
P
Pri = t
Pci
4 o =?
- , + %@I >
Pc = PcA . y A + PcB . y B +
Tc = TcA . y A + TcB . y B +
Pr =
Pt
Pc
T r =
T
T c
j *
j *
6M
" q )0 =4
ZZ
S q )0
! ? d, \S
6M
? +c
7 h,
6!4 @ Q =? =4 !14
"
/),UX >4 )'
/ " 1&1
/ =
), N8*
j
* >! )'
Vr
Z
Tr
Pr
j 1* ?
T r)
!J Z =? [ ?)
| )" ! [ HZ
V r) !? | )J [ HZ _ N8* - =M8
& / )? Pr =? [ ?)
S & / )? - =M8
j
@ Q
j *
j *?
=?
? /
Z
j *?
S |
h!, X / "
2
* >! )' T
=? T r
Pr
; ? Y:
A / * >! )' T =? Pr
/),UX >4 )' ^,)] / " 1&1
? 4 / =S,)o
` M4
@ &6Q
"
h,
/=
- =M8
V r ; ? Y:
8!' * _
) , / = 0 =? L ? \ M / "
'
@ Q
)0
- =M8
=? [ ?) / "
j
* )4u T
), @ %? 0 [ : d, AI ^!4)'
N 2 : 50 %
C 2 H 4 : 30 %
CH 4 : 20 %
6M
[ :
7 >3 j
)J )6I '
) !M
!14 =I, S
[ :
=A & ), / 2*
N 4 / " 0 ; J $P7
; M7 ; J ~ +7
=7 K \? V \ M
6M
=7 K $`
? +7
=7 K $ w
; M7 ; J /),UX >4 )' \ M ^,)] $

@0
; J /),UX >4 )' \ M ^,)] $

)&? =A* ), S $
cm
a[ atm ( gmole
)2 ]
cm
b ( gmole
)
CH4
2.25 106
C2 H 6
N2
Tc (K )
Pc (atm)
42.8
191
45.8
4.48 106
57.2
283
50.9
1.35 106
38.6
126
33.5
N
j ? " Z n=1 +X /
R = 82.06
7 >3
* =M60 ; <
(cm3 )(atm)
( gmole)(K )
N 4 / " 0 ; J $ P7
n=1
PV = nRT
PV = RT
RT
V =
P
82.06(cm3 )(atm) 373K

cm3
V =
= 340
( gmole)(K )
90atm
gmole
; M7 ; J ~ +7
=7 K $ `
2
nC2 H6 RT
nCH4 RT
nN2 RT
nCH
aCH nC2 H aC H nN2 aN
Pt = (
+
+
)( 4 2 4 + 2 6 2 2 6 + 2 2 2 )
V nCH4 bCH4 V nC2 H6 bC2H6 V nN2 bN2
V
V
V
0.2 82.06 373 0.3 82.06 373 0.5 82.06 373

+
+
)
V 0.2 42.8
V 0.3 57.2
V 0.5 37.6
0.22 0.25106 + 0.32 4.48106 + 0.52 1.35106
(
)
V 2
90 = (
N N? J HZ
K T =? =4 * " Z ), () =? =7 K l M, 2 /
P V = A V 3 + B V 2 + C V + D = 0
V = 332
=7 K \? V \ M
1
cm 3
gmole
6M
? +7
=7 K $w
2
a = y CH 4 a CH
+ y C 2 H 6 a C2 2 H 6 + y N 2 a N2 2
4
1
a = 0 . 2 ( 2 . 25 10 6 ) 2 + 0 . 3 ( 4 . 48 10 6 ) 2 + 0 . 5 (1 . 35 10 6 ) 2
= 2 . 3 10 6
b = y CH 4 bCH 4 + y C 2 H 6 bC 2 H 6 + y N 2 b N 2
b = 0 . 2 ( 42 . 8 ) + 0 . 3 ( 57 . 2 ) + 0 . 5 ( 38 . 6 ) = 45
12 a
)( V 1 b ) = RT
V 2
2 . 3 10 6
( 90 +
)( V 45 ) = 82 . 06 + 373
V 2
(P +
V = 316
cm 3
gmole
; M7 ; J /),UX >4 )' \ M ^,)] $
Tr =
Tc ( K )
Pc
45 . 8
C2H 6
191
283
N2
126
CH
50 . 9
33 . 5
T
Tc
Pr =
Pt . y
Pc
373
191
= 1 . 95
90 0 . 2
45 . 8
= 0 . 39 0 . 99
0 . 2 0 . 99
373
283
= 1 . 32
90 0 . 3
50 . 9
= 0 . 53 0 . 93
0 . 3 0 . 93
373
126
= 2 . 96
90 0 . 5
33 . 5
= 1 . 34
y i .Z i
0 .5 1
Z m = 0 . 977 , n = 1
Z . RT
0 . 9777 82 . 06 373
=
= 332
V = m
90
P
P V = Z m RT
@0
Tr =
Tc ( K )
Pc
45 . 8
C2H 6
191
283
N2
126
CH
50 . 9
33 . 5
T
Tc
cm 3
gmole
; J /),UX >4 )' \ M ^,)] $
Pr =
Pt . y
Pc
y i .Z i
= 0.1.97 0 . 97
0 . 194
0 . 225
373
191
= 1 . 95
90
45 .8
373
283
= 1 . 32
90
50 . 9
= 1 . 78
373
126
= 2 . 96
90
33 . 5
= 2 . 68
0 . 75
1 . 01
0 . 505
Z m = 0 . 924 , n = 1
Z RT
0 . 924 82 . 06 373
V = m
=
= 313
P
90
P V = Z m RT
cm 3
gmole
)&? =A* ), S $
Pc = y CH 4 Pc CH + y C 2 H 6 Pc C
4
2H6
+ y N 2 Pc N
= 0 . 2 45 . 8 + 0 . 3 50 . 9 + 0 . 5 33 . 5 = 41 . 2 atm
T c = y CH 4 T c CH 4 + y C 2 H 6 T c C 2 H 6 + y N 2 T N 2
= 0 . 2 191 + 0 . 3 283 + 0 . 5 126 = 186 K
P
90
=
= 2 . 18
Pc 41 . 2
Pr =
T r =
Z m = 0 .97
T
373
=
= 20
T c 186
P V = Z m RT
V = 328
cm 3
gmole
>B 8
; K!
! ? J ),
H? ;
)&? /
)M !? >4 )'
=M60 :? * ?
)' h!, X
)&? /
?V/
j *?
:?
d,
/L ?
3, Y7 Z /
=4 *
d, / "
$
:?
K'
" Z/
=?
,2
0 )M !? ; K! Â 21'
)&? /
:? P,)K'
=4 / 0 =?
Y7 Z 0 )0 B =81, p!] 'j
)4 " Z ; K! =? 5 )* 0 =4 !
j *
)' h!, X ; /
* @* I
" : O,
_ o 0= 4/
87 )!:A' )V
+1
1MI" 7 K' 'L &'
>!14 >4 )M
=4 /
:?
a? ' :?
?V/
; K!
!
)!:A' j 1, 0
O,
>MI!
>I ; @ u )!:A' )V
>!"
j 1, 0 :?
;
:?
B * ? )M !? !
j ?,
O,
?
:7 /
! :?
, )
)J =MI? >MI! d,
h, 1 )?
K'
7 =? =HS d,
)M !? @ u OA1 )' P!K]
@ uT
)" :?
^1 O,
; '
N!7 ?
G= ! ]
>I d, =t 1< @ u
O,
?j
; M =7 K
' ?,
!X
S<)"
)M !? !
6M
?-
j *
)? )? O )o \!&
j 1
)T
,)! ? )E
)' N!' N87 N!' B `
/ =HS
? >I
)' N!'
:?
)6I ' d,
T
:?
N87 N!'
=4 ,
=HS
=HS
)T
=HS
/ =I, S
), N8*
0 .5
*
P ( atm )
0
34
78
100
T( C)
h,
l1 ]
^!')' =? ,
)M !? ! ;
:?
* ? )' )
pH
)' N!'
N87 N!' T
j )4 1!? O!X P M: / "
T
j>!14
6M (
" q )0
; ^, )]
6M
S<)"
:?
? N !" ` M4 G = ! ]
=HS =4
"
q )0
j *?
) !M
" q )0 h,
)!!f' )V
:?
; )4 !X / "
=4 * ?
"
)0 =3!M ; '
=HS ; '
)E q)Q
=4 =
8,
; M =7 K
6M
)!!f'
:?
)4U'
; )4 !X
?)3' / " =7 K
j *?
7>Buble Point8 Q ,4
j 1
` A / =HS
=? O*
h!7 )V
:? ` A h!7 =4
7 > Dew point 8 B ,

j 1, 0
>1A* =HS
? a,
)HJ h!7
=4 ,
; K! N
!
1"
!
\ 0 '
*I
* ') A'
;9
; ; < =4
>I /
hM L ? q)Q >!"
j *
q)Q
1
)0 h, )V ; < j *
)0 =4
I& / )0 >!14
=4 , )0 +X ;
,
ù
)? )? >" ?
a,
( ' =81, 'j
=4 =
"
MI? ;
?V
;,X
F @ E&7
=? >!MI" /
j
j>!MI"
+X ;
>MI! /
d, /
>, *
q)Q *
)0
; *` u
/ )0
)'
K'
>I )" ` u /
=M8
)!!f' ? $
p]
>,)! ? )J " 1&1 / )0 - =M8

K'
)" $@ )!!f'
)0
= )" = 0 = / =HS
* N, A' a, =?
"
h, h!? 8! 1,
u h,)Z
=M8
- =M8
MJ - =M8
I& / )0 j *
O,
} ?
Z)? )!:A' 1&1 =? =4
1"
=M8
j 1
)!:A' N
=M8
- =M8
Nn
>" ? :? a, B
=? :? ` A h!7 $ =HS >!14

j *
=HS
\S >,)! ? )J " 1&1 h!?
a, =!
O,
1K, 1MI"
$
,
` u@!
)!!f' >" ` u /
)? )?
j 17 K'
)0 O,
)J)?
=? $ T
j 14
O,
=M8
; 2 / )0 ; >!14
h!1t "
j
N8*
+ 1
? a, / )HJ h!7
j 1
U7 B
' / =HS
PJ M
T
O,
! =HS
; /
- =M8
$ ; 2 / )0
1K, 17 K'
? )0 O,
) , 8, ? >" ? =4
+X ;
:? a,
:? =!
* )!:A' ! a,
j *
=HS
=M8
j
; I8,
MJ
=M8
)HJ h,)Z
" Z X
O,
>"
6, 5 4
j 1
5 A*
7 [S
1&1 =
( 4 )" / )?
>!14 ` :M
P T/"
& / )0 l 1 ] B
1&1 h, =? [ ?)
!*
)!:A' 1&1 =t 1<

12 / " 1, ) )n4
$ * " Z NQ ),
1&1 >!14 s
7 = _
1&1 =? = ' ?
)J 1&1 / =4 o S 5 A*
;
a, B >4 )M a,
h, =?j
)J 5 A*
1&1 ), =4 o S 5 A* ;
j *
B 5 A* _
:?
7 h, =? j )!0
)J 5 A*
j *
[S
7 $
a, $
=M60 ! sub cold 7
1&1 /L ? =4 o S
()0 _
)
:? $
=M60 ! super heat :? ()0 _
>x 8 5 R
/ Q ) !? x
x=
:?
>" a,
>" >MI!
=4 , 3
5 A*
* )!:A' =4
mf
:? ()
7
>MI!
mg
mg + m f
j *?
a, ()
m g NAJ =H?
5 A* :? a, 9 %: >3 ? x [ A'
V g = m g .v g
V f = m f .v f
Vt = V f + V g =
m f .v f + m g .v g
m gvg
mfvf
Vt
=
+
mt
mg + m f
mg + m f
Vt =
V t = x .v g + (1 x ). v f
* ; '
h = xh g + (1 x ) h f
/
q)e >3
K' =? :? a, ;
>!* ? =M:, ;
NAJ `
j ,
T = 78 o F
h f = 46 . 03
Btu
lb
h g = 1094 . 9
Btu
lb
v f = 0 . 0160
ft 3
lb
v g = 674 . 4
ft 3
lb
m t = 100 lb
V t = 10000 ft 3
v=
V
10000
=
= 100
m
100
ft 3
lb
=4 `
X
S "
? q)e N4 c7 M
>MI! d,
;
,2
* ? ^K8 @
h!1t "
=t 1<
/=
!
v = (1 x ). v f + x .v g
ft 3
lb
100
= (1 x ) 0 . 01607 + x . 676 . 6
ft 3
lb
x = 2 . 2 10 4
h = xh g + (1 x ) h g
h = 2 . 2 10 4 (1094 . 9
>,
Btu
lb
) + (1 2 . 2 10 4 )( 46 . 09
N4 c7 M / =A & / )?j "
) = 46 . 26
Btu
lb
X d, / =? c7 M
Btu
lb
H total = 100 46 . 26 = 4626 Btu
>B 8 6 ,
1
*@ #
= )? 8! 1,
$ P7
a,
$`
5 A* _
)'
) ;
a,
j>!14
:?
)? ` 5 A*
>Q
5 A* _
\S }&A h,
C ) )_ 8 6 , * @ #
Vf
V fg
Vg
hf
*I
B=4
B=4
` F
/'%@
* K <,
@,; ]
:?
/'%@
6, *@
$w
1K, )Z
6, Y
)'
5 A*
5 A* ;
)? d! 1,
6, Y
h fg
W
A
j * 1" Z
9;)
hg
` F
6, *@
@,;
V fg = V g V f
h fg = h g h f
)4U'
!Q Z
=t 1< d! 1,
)" / )?
)' h! J GAo
:?
1MI" ' * 9 Z
; '
? V ! 9 Z ),
j )4
I, ?
>! :? >!" Z
; < - =M8
1* ?
I!7 !
5 A*
? V >I
' *
' * 9 Z ), B h!K
=4 /
)0
=M8
j>!14 ? !
/) d, =? $ 5 A* _
, 5 A* ;
j
; "
5 A* a, 9 Z
>!* ? =M*
A,)S'
)? d! 1,
H? ; '
)J 5 A*
1&1 /
)0 - =M8
)'
=4
!) ,
5 A* ;
a, ?
Z)? @ Q
- =M8
j )4
; y
\S =4 >!" @ )
* NQ
,2
>!"
)J =MI?) q)e d,
:? a, h!?
K'
7 l1 ]
j ,
6M
=t 1<
? J ? a, @ %?
? q)e N4 c7 M
*?
H total = H liquid + H Vapor = m f h f + m g h g =

= 0 . 5 27 . 07 + 4 . 5 1087 . 2 = 4906 . 41 Btu
:?
6M
,2
5 A* a, ` 9 %:
j ,
X = 60 Y11 = 28 . 07
X 2 = 62 Y 2 = 30 . 06
Y Y1 =
c7 M
? ` 5 A*
HZ ? !
6M
X =
Y = hf
Y 2 Y1
( X X 1)
X2 X2
30 . 06 28 . 07
( X 60 )
62 60
X = 61
Y = 0 . 995 X 31 . 63
Y = 29 . 335
Y 28 . 07 =
( 3 /)M 4 / HZ ?
=? ` I h!* d 4 =? ; '
Btu
lb
?!
@!
)4U'
>6 , a'
d 4 >MI!
:? ; * 1 ? =? =4
=? j )?
O!X ) ;
= I
=t 1< >!14 !X 5 A*
= I
6, A
=? ; q Z
)0 ,
/
)"
Nn
g , f =4 * ? >MI!
:? [ : /
7
*?
H? ; '
=?
Q ZD
* ? )M 4
= I /
)!fM / "
h, h!? )0 >!MI" ()0 _
)0
f )!!f'
/
)0 >!14
; / )?
>!14 !X 5 A*
"
5 A*
8, h, )? 1?
=I, S
= I /
7 /
14
n ; 1
" @ Q h, q Z j
+8! 5 A*
* ? )M 4
>MI!
/= I
1" ;
5 A* ;
>!14
5 ] h, Y!: ' / )?
()0 _
>" ? * ? )M !? 5 A* /
) , /
)0 j >!MI" ) ;
2
7 /
j>,
? )!fM ; 1 =?
4
*
5 A* _
1" ;
60
8 6 , 5 4 \ @I;
=t 1< $v h
*?g
)' ?
j>!MI" a,
QF * @
0 d, ? [ :
)J)? ; )M
'3 B=4 Z * I Z #' K ,;*
2 >! M? >!* ? =M* ) , 8, ? [ : @ %?
X h!? ), [ A'
! ` o) / "
" @ Q h,
:?
" )0
>!14 s)
,
? " Z
Pair
n
= air
PH 2 O
nH 2O
V air
n
= air
VH 2O
nH 2O
Air
+
H2O
Pair
y .P
= air t
PH 2 O
y H 2 O . Pt
(1)
Pair
PH 2 O
n air
nt
=
nH 2O
(2)
nt
Pair
Pair
V air
=
=
PH 2 O
Pt Pair
V f V air
(1), ( 2 )
()0 !4 )? ^K8 )M
)? )? ` o)
:? d, / W, >3 2.45Kpa 400K

r
I!< :?
F = 1 . 8 o C + 32 = 1 . 8 (100 273 ) + 32 = 260 . 6 o F
0 . 505
m3
Kg
T
260
260.6
265
0 . 454 Kg 35 . 3 ft 3
= 8 . 09
1lbm
1m 3
ft 3
lbm
vf
vg
0.01708
0.017086
0.01713
11.771
11.66384
10.875
HZ ? !
V = xv g + (1 x ) v f 8 . 09 = x (11 . 26384 ) + (1 x )( 0 . 017086 )

x = 0 . 69
!6!4 * ?
8 X !4
8 X !4
) !M
)? )?
/=
?V
^K8 )M Î )? d Z / " >3 NJ

=8!' Q
N87 7 87 () j * ? 8 X !4
?
! ) !M
( L N87 ()0 !4 / )?
=
N87 :?
?
j !14 s)
Pt = 100Kpa
T = 20o C
Pt = Pair + Palch
Pair
n
= air
Palch
n alch
Pair = 100 Palch = 100 5 . 93 = 94 . 07 Kpa
n air =
Pair .V air = n air RT
6
49
94 . 07
= 2 . 07 Kmole
5 . 93
V air =
2 . 07 10 3 8 . 314 293
= 53 . 06 m 3
3
94 . 07 10
>V.L.E8
; 1
3B< * Y
W # L;
5 'V * A' M
Pi = Pi * . x i
Pi = Pt . y i >!M* ; M7 ; J
)0 =3!M ; '
Pi * x i = Pt . y i
7 R
; M7 ; J
)0 j
!
) !M
h , )'
* !7 ' :? ^!4)' j !14 ` I
=4
hR 7 ' :?
7 & ^!4)' * ? )6I '

j ,
Pt * = 400 mmHg
Po* = 150 mmHg
Ptotal = Pt + Po = x t . Pt * + x o . Po* = x t Pt * + (1 x t ). Po*
760
= 400 . x t + (1 x t ). 150
2
Pt = y t . Ptotal
Pt = x t . Pt *
y t . Ptotal = x t . Pt *
x t = 0 . 92
x o = 0 . 08
yt =
0 . 92 400
= 0 . 968
760
2
y o = 1 y t = 0 . 032
; '
@ Q h,
L?
7 R ; J / HZ * ? >4 i
E F =t 1< )4U'
j )4
>
), q )0 ; t " , " q )0 ; '
; M7
6M /)1" ; J
7 R h! J G!6 ' =3!M
6M
? =M8
j
T
1
yi
0
0
=4 *
P,)K'
y
Ki = i
xi
xi
)" / )? ), N8* =? a,
:? 7 K' / " >MI!

j
)"
K'
? V =M8
, ) ; ! YZ *
d, =81, ,
* ? =M*
@ 6' ) , 8, ?
h!?
j
:? NQ
=
P = 1atm
?V
7 R ; J =M8
/ , / HZ /
AI ^!4)' >!14 )!:A' a,
K'
!X =4 /
; Mc"
1atm N4
* ? G!J
o : >!" Z
=8!' Q
j !14 h!!K'
>,
vapor
K'
; M7
7 R ; J G!6 '
*
x hex . Phex
= y hex .Pt
*
x hep . Phep = y hep . Pt
liquid
x hex + x hep = 1
y hex + y hep = 1
N hex
N hep
/ =H?
* s) ) !M
T = 121 o C
N hex
N hep
!Z
/ U ,
? =4
" Z
? ; M =7 K ^, )] ` M4 G = ! ]
j ? " Z N N? J _ @L K
$ ln P * = A
6M
B
T +C
; M
3 A' M
Pi = H i . x i
j *
= I @ Q
)0 =3!M ; '
=4
; M7
/)1" ? V H i
/)1" ; J / I'
H i . x i = Pt . y i
*N
7 R / =H?
=4 1MI" , "
&
, G!J / "
j 14
&
)4U'
!KA' /)1" / =H?
VE: 6 ,
5 A*
7 =4 >!"
' >" ? /
j>!
P A P A*
* >!" Z
=? >! M
R
4;
5 A*
:? a,
;
A N!7 ? KJ
!
7
A 4 N!7 =? =t 1<
>!" : N 4 5 A* =? * NQ
PA = PA* >,
5 A*
R Z 5 A*
7 h,
VE: 6 , A
j *?
)!:A' >!" Z
K'
=4 /
7 5 A* =? 7 5 A*
j>!14
6M
PA
PA*
AI 5 A* -
PA
Pt PA
7 5 A* -
PA
P P
AI ) !? =4 t * A
PA
Pt PA*
" * ? * )!:A' @ u / ),UX >!" Z
G H 5 A* -
=4 / 0 =t 1< =M8
? o = 4 _ @ A ( ' B * ? ` >!14
!"#
2
j 1, 0
>MI! ; /b)
P L;
T Z \!& / )? >MI! d, / U0)!V'

7
;,
KM
( 6'
$U $
$Q
)0 -
$W
4-
Z /b) -
$ Ep N!I MX /b) $ Ek
A1 /b) -
>W8*
7 $dw=F.dl , $W=F.d j
)" )V )?
>MI! d,
1 ? )V )? N 4
, >MI!
, 3?
8, =? SM
F
A
8! 8
j )4 ; !?
)0 ; ! d,
V = A .l
dV = A .dl
dV
A
W =
dW = p .dV
V2
V1
)' 0 ,
Z )V ; M? =8, H? / 1, )
F = P.A
dW = P . A
0 ,
/b) N * 4 8! 1,
H? ]) m 8HQ / " ( ! 8 ?
W = F .l
dW = F .dl
P =
)! `)# Q
P .dV
() d, ; )4
> Q8
j ,
q MZ )V
=4
4)
/b)
S $C >I
W,
8* )0
Q = mC T
=
; ! =? >I ()
)!!f' / )? ( L / )0
, )0
! )e
C; I ,
[C ] =
[Q ]
[ m ][ T ]
SI : C
j
kg .o C
Eng : C
Btu
lb m .o F
, )0
?V
W,
, )0
! )e 5
! )e C P
? V >3
W,
, )0
! )e C V
C
!K? '
K? ' C
j
j>,)!0
j ,
, O,
CP
)E
= ! ? f =4 B
,
C P = + .T + .T 2
C P = a + b .T + c .T 2
a? ' \S
C
?V
=M8
=M60 ; q Z '
=M8
C P = f (T )
? ), @ Q =? f
) ,
>,
U7
Z)? / )?
Z)? / )?
Y: O,
=! ?
a, b, c, , ,
)" / )? =4 1MI" M? V ^, )]
j 1MI"
` M4 E = ! ]
Q = m .C . T
dQ = d ( m .C .T )
j *?
? V m =t 1<
dQ = m .C .dT
dQ =
Q =m
m .C .dT
T2
T1
C .dT
Q =m
T2
T1
C .dT
j
()0 !4 d, >!" :?
? ) M
C = + T + T 2
' )
>,
Q=m
T2
T1
( + .T + .T 2 ) dT = m[ (T2 T1 ) +
,?
a? ' C ; <
! )e ?
I )0
>! )? T2 =? T1
(T22 T12 ) +
7
j 1
>I ;
CV = (
du
)V
dT
Z /b)
>I )" X 8 )8! @ u
du
= CV
dT
u =
A1
T1
(T23 T13 )]
N!I MX / " /b) 5 3
du = C V .dT
T2
C V .dT
N / )?
I! Y:
; )6Q / 1A h, )? 1?
)6Q
j *
TP
6M
t!"
Z /b) =4 , 3
]) / 1A /
u1
d, N8 h,
u2
` F
*
, * =M )0 c8 )8! 4 ` IM
Z /b) ; "
h = u + PV
CP = (
dh
)P
dT
dh = C p .dT
h =
T2
T1
C p dT
j
_ Q >" h / )? jjj
1A /
n
j !I, 1? ; M
)!!f' B ? , O,
) !M
0 ' )
/=
! )e / =7 K ` M4 )Z E = ! ]
=? ) !M
/=
6M
;M
0/
j !14 =A &
;M
? $ P7
)0 $`
0 c7 M
P7
C P = a + b (T ) + c (T ) 2 + d (T ) 3
C P = 34 . 31 + 5 . 469 10 2 T + 0 . 3661 10 5 T 2 11 10 9 T 3
`
500
h =
100
( 34 . 31 + 5 . 469 10 2 T + 0 . 3661 10 5 T 2 11 10 9 T 3 ) dT
h = 20266 . 52133
c7 M
' )
/)M 4
j
gmole
! )e / =A & / )? " T
J =4 ?)3' \?
/) d,
h,)M2? _
'
o h!1<
=M
(
4 =? / 2*
@ Q
7 j 1MI"
j )? )2? ; '
$< T
I, :
E P = m .g .z
1
E k = m .v 2
2
d,
$ c7 M
MI!
" :? /b) =t 1< ) ,

Z /b) =8!7
" :? /W =t 1<
' A =?
j ? " Z
1MI" /
1MI"
4)
h, / = ! ?
/ " /b) Q W )4U'

* NSM1 ) , / =HS =? =HS
)!Zu N? J / " /b) N!I MX
j )0 N, A' @ Q = h,
8, =? l M
A1 / " /b)
I, ?
* )!Zu
' ; # A' M
E system
1, ) )V
>MI! /b) )!!f'
E surround
1, ) )V
\!& /b) )!!f'
E sys = E surr
E sys = U + E P + E k
E surr = Q W
U + EP + Ek = Q W
$ - >MI! /
* ( 3 4 B $ - >MI!
* =M )0 B $~ >MI! =? *
/ )0
)J
$ ~ >MI! \ ' * ( 3 B
c
U + E P+ E
' ; # A' M
= Q W
_ *A
)' ^ 1
W =
? / " >MI! / )? =4 d! 1,
)'
; J /) , ()
PdV + W s
= PV + Ws
PdV =
P2 V 2
P1V 1
)o
d ( PV ) = P2V 2 P1V1
Q [( P2V 2 P1V1 ) + W s ] = U + E P + E k
U = U 2 U1
)4 I,
=4 >! !
? ), N8* =? _ =H, ; '
+X
Q W s = (U 2 + P2V 2 ) (U 1 + P1V1 ) + E P + E k
H2
H1
Q Ws = H + EP + Ek
q)
/ )? ; !? =7 1 =? ? q)
? 8! 1,
j
()
)' / " )!fM ;
)4U'
/ )? ; !? =7 1 =? d< 4
$`
@ A h?)4 !I4 /
IJ -` M4 0 ' )
C P = 6 . 393 + 10 . 1 10 3 T 3 . 405 10 6 T 2
,
' %? _ / =7 K j * A! h, 4 Î )? T
Cal
( gmole )( K )
"
? ),
Btu /( lbmole )( o F ) with T in
T (K )
Cal
CP (
)
gmole .K
Î )?
o
/=Q ( '
)?
! )e / =7 K
Î )? C P =4
' )
! )e =4
F and T in o F
T (o F )
Btu
CP (
)
lbmole .o F
N
o
F = 1 . 8 o C + 32 = 1 . 8 ( K 273 ) + 32
o
K =
F 32
+ 273
1 .8
T o F 32
T o F 32
+ 273) 3.405 10 6 (
+ 273) 2
1.8
1.8
4.18 j 1Btu 454 gmole 1K
)
1Cal 1055 j 1lbmole 1.8o F
C P = 6.393 + 10.1 10 3 (
(
Cal
gmole.K
#F
j
_ Q C P = C V + R =H?
3 W * C P , CV
:` M4 -
K ,;*
n
)?
' d, N 4 / " 0 / )? =4 !" ;

N
d! 1,
)'
; J
Q W = U + EP + EK
)4 )E q)Q E K , E P
; M? )0
Q W = U
dQ dW = dU
C P dT PdV = C V dT
PV = RT
C P dT RdT = C V dT
PdV = RdT
, - * S '
C P CV = R
;* 4 5
d
T2
h =
T2
T1
C P dT = C Pm
) M ; ?; '
T2
T1
dT = C Pm (T 2 T1 ) = C Pm =
)4U7 _
=? = ' ? 1* ?
I!7 7
T1
C P dT
T 2 T1
C Pm=8!' Q
j )4 N
=
kpa
?V
=4 $;b )M! @
!4 d, c7 M )!!f'
j *
= I /)!0
` H - n
@ ) =
' ) !M
hN 2 = hN 2 hN 2
18 1100
1100
18
= C Pm (1100 T0 ) C Pm (18 T0 )
=0
=0
= 31 . 593 (1100 0 ) 29 . 12 (18 0 ) = 34228 . 14
j
gmole . K
3 K' @
` F , -
200 o F
` M4
550 o F
CO 2 : 9 . 2 %
)?
0 !7
CO : 1 . 5 %
N 2 : 82 %
O 2 : 7 .3 %
Base : 1lbmole of
mix
H mix = nCO 2 H CO 2 + nCO H CO + nO 2 H O 2 + n N 2 H N 2

0 .015
0 .092
H CO 2 =
200
550
0 .073
0 .82
C PCO 2 .dT = C Pm ( 200 T0 ) C Pm (550 T0 )
= 9 .91( 200 32 ) 9 .95 (550 32 )

? ?!
G,)o
Z ` M4
=&6Q
C Pm ), S
j
j * " Z =A &
),
c7 M ^!')' h! " =?
( N
Base : 1lbmole of
mix
>!14
C Pmix =
n
i =1
6M
C Pmix
y i C Pi = y CO 2 .C PCO 2 + y CO C PCO + y O 2 C PO 2 + y N 2 C PN 2
>,
=&6Q E = ! ]
C PCO 2 = 8 . 448 + 5 . 757 10 3 T 21 . 59 10 7 T 2

C PCO = 6 . 865 + 0 . 8024 10 3 T 0 . 7367 10 7 T 2
C PO 2 = 7 . 104 + 0 . 7851 10 3 T 0 . 5528 T 7 T 2
C PN 2 = 6 . 85 + 0 . 7624 10 3 T 0 . 7009 10 7 T 2
j *?
T ( o F ), C P (
Btu
)
lbmole .o F
=4
C Pmix = 0 . 092 ( 8 . 448 + 5 . 757 10 3 T 21 . 59 10 7 T 2 ) + 0 . 015
( 6 . 865 + 0 . 8024 10 3 T 0 . 7367 10 7 T 2 ) +
NQ
,2 `
S / U ,
? =4 * " Z a + bT + cT 2() =? =7 K l M, 2 =4
j )0
` F#
/ !) ,
)" l !SMI
,"
8! 1,
h, )? 4
),
, " 0 c7 M =4
)' a ) ^M4
Z)?
3 9 Z M
Z)?
, >,
,B
' )
,
@ &6Q $` j * =K7 H =1! h,

d, :?
j
)!:A' ; 2 / )0 /
d,
hM*
?
? ; )!X 4
; d,
/"
)!:A' ; 2 / )0 hM* ? ; '
! )e
Î )?
$ *= ' 2
@ 6M /
` F , 6M =?
c7 M ), S =4
& =? , ? " 1&1
$P7 -
` M4 -
, 4 / =7 K
n )4U'
6M
; )!:A' ; 2 / )0 ; '
; I' / =7 K
j
6M
? ) , /
*@ #
j ,
? 5 A* :?
6M
5 A* :?
,2
5 A* :? P7
=
=
c7 M
5 A* a,
5 A* :? a, [ :
C = ! ]
,2
` FA
? ), \, )*
,2
,2
=&6Q
6M
? $ P7
1095 . 8
$`
,2
5 A* a,
87 . 91
$w
h = xh g + (1 x ) h fg
>3
2 5 3 () j >,
,2
h = xh g + (1 x ) h f
:?
h g = 1145 . 8
at 200 o F
h f = 167 . 99
S< [ :
:? a,
c7 M j
o :
^K8 @
n
q)e
Btu
lbm
Btu
lbm
x=?
j>!14
v
200 ft 3
V =
=
= 20
m
10 lbm
:?
at 200 F
o
6M x ; )4 !X / )? = I / "
ft 3
lbm
V g = 33 . 67
ft 3
lbm
ft 3
lbm
V f = 0 . 01663
),
>,
5 A*
7 +X
0 . 01663 20 33 . 67 =81, =? = ' ?
V = xV g + (1 x )V f
20 = x ( 33 . 67 ) + (1 x )( 0 . 01663 )
x = 0 . 59
h = 0 . 59 1145 . 8 + (1 0 . 59 )(167 . 99 ) = 744 . 9
Btu
lbm
H total = mh = 10 744 . 9 = 7449 Btu
>Energy Balance8
>MI! )"
; '
>MI!
/b) =
/ )J)?
2
S!S
')
d! 1,
'
)'
; J
j )4 )J)? ) >MI! ), ,
* ; '
$ >,)!0
), N8* =? = ' ? ; J ; =? ;
)E
aHS
/ )?
, ! !* O14 ; ? / " >MI! l K
2 aHS
i1
e1
i2
e2
i3
e3
Q
Ws
; ,) )"
) u
; ,) )" 5 6' z
)Z
>8, ; ,)
) ) !? u e 1
n / )?
Q W s = ( H 2 H 1 ) + ( E K 2 E K 1 ) + ( E P 2 E P1 )
H
E K
H 2 = H e1 + H e 2 + H e 3 +
E P
= m e 1 .h e 1 + m e 2 .h e 2 +
H 1 = H i1 + H i 2 + H i 3 +
= m i 1 . h i 1 + m i 1 .h i 1 +
E K 2 = E Ke 1 + E Ke 2 + E Ke 3 +
1
2
m e1 .u e21 +
m e 2 .u 2 e 2 +
E K 1 = E Ki 1 + E Ki 2 + E Ki 3 +
E P 2 = E Pe 1 + E Pe 2 + E Pe 3 +
= m e1 . g . z e1 + m e 2 . g . z e 2 +
E P 1 = E Pi 1 + E Pi 2 + E Pi 3 +
1
2
m i1 .u i21 +
1
2
= m i1 . g . z i1 + m i 2 . g . z i 2 +
>!14
Q Ws = (
mej .hej
j =1
+ (g
n
j =1
/ U ,
mij .hij ) + (
j =1
mej z ej g
m i 2 .u i22 +
1
2
n
1
2
; J
mej u
2
ej
j =1
)!Z / =H? O*
m
1
2
mij .u ij2 )
j =1
mij . z ij )
j =1
)J 6
1MI" M * / " 4
)0 N4 1, )? W s Q _ / =H?
)4U'
$=o ?)
j
)"
) ; '
S<)" 1K, j
9Z
4 / =H? d, _ / =H?
m ej = m ij lL K M6! _ 6' O14 =8,

j ? >" w Z I, ?
$ * " Z n=m +X
)4U'
)4U'
* >MI!
_ / =H? h, )? 1?
)
/b) /
S O14 ; ? )!0 )0 ,
j>!14 g &7 @ A &
SM = $ @L %&
=!7
3N
)0 =? =MI? *
, ? =4 $ *
h!?
)3
(3
'
, ! !* O14 =8!MJ - =M8
=M )0 ,
c7 M )!!f' d,
*
S!S
, Ù >MI!
O14 / )0 - =M8
@ )
c7 M
' * N
N!8 '
$( 4
M / )0 =4 Y:
! 4 d,
) , @ A =?j>!, )
H A = H
o
fA
T
T0
e; A
f - '- & =M8

)" c7 M =?
( H of ) $ N!8 '
n i . H
o
fi
i =1
i =1
T reff
1< [ : / )?
n i C Pi dT
>B 87
r >,
C PA dT
>I
H mix =
E1 h, / )?
o
f
,)! ? )E
9 $ -;
? , ! !* O14 ; ? " 1, ) =4 NAJ O:?

O14 ; ? /) ,
O14 ? 8, =4 1, )
)<
) N
T out
Tin
H = H out H in
H in = (H A + H B ) in =
H in = (H A + H B )in =
(nB .H ofB +
Tin
T0
Tin
T0
(H + H
o
fA
(n A .H ofA +
n AC PA dT ) +
(nB .H ofB +
nB C PB dT ) =
fB
)+
Tin
T0
(n AC PA + nB C PB )dT
H =
T0
Tin
Tout
T0
Tout
T0
j *
qU
Tin
Tin
T0
nB C PB dT ) =
Tin
T0
Tout
T0
nD C PD dT
H ro
H = (nD .H ofD n A .H ofA nB .H ofB )
(n AC PA + nB C PB )dT +
Tout
n AC PA dT ) +
T0
(H ofA + H o fB ) +
H =
Tin
H out = (nD .H ofD ) +
H out = (H A + H B ) out =
(H ofA + H ofB ) +
T out
Tin
H = H out H in
(n A .H ofA +
)3
Tout
T0
nD C PD dT
T0
qU N!8 ' / " c7 M
j *
Z =? Z H of=? [ ?) @
Tout
+X
31,
! O14
>,
1* ? 8,
=4 *
o
c7 M H r
)Z /
"
*
/
)0
H = (nD .H ofD nA.H ofA nB .H ofB ) +

T
T0
(nDCPD nACPA nBCPB )dT
j>!14 ( F >! '

h! )o
I, ?
N!8 '
) M
M / " c7 M
?/ I
M6! _ 6'
M6!? _ 6' O14 =4 ' Q
)Z /
, ! !* O14 )0
A 2
)0 )4U'
, =4 =
6M =? / ! U7
"
j>,)! ? )E
!14 = ' ), / "
kj
H
Btu
g &7 @ Q
>,
N!8 '
j *
` M4
kj
gmole
Btu
lbmole
=&6Q
M / )0 hMI =? !
g &7 @ A &
N!8 '
=? )4U'
kj
kg
Btu
lbm
NAJ =M8 =? = ' ? - =M8
Z =? Z O14 / )0 @ A &
c7 M =? [ ?) / "
2 ;
@8 B "T
=M8
j * =K7 H
l"0 *?
!t!X
N8
h8
M / )0 =A & =4 , 3
j *
j * =K7 H ` M4
j
6M _ )M
=M8
M / )0
/ =&6Q @ &!] ' =1! h,
` M4 F = ! ]
N!8 '
M / )0
- =M8
50'
j 1, 0
>3 ,
, ()
_ )M / =? *
;* 4 O *
/ )0
' ) T
$)M ,)7 4 ^ ?
$
)? 4 jjjj$ Y7 Z
K1Q
L? ' ) T
P7
)? 4 jjjj$Y7 Z h!, X ' ) T
`
- =M8
7 5 ] B=4 * N
W 5 ]*I * N
W " K ,;*
QV = U
? V >3
QP = H
?V
= (U + PV )
Q P QV = ( P .V )
( PV ) = nRT
j>,)!0
)E
?V
" O14
>,
, / " 0 / )?
=M60 =4
' )4U'
=4 =!7
S ; \S @ A &
I, ?
( 3 N 4 H? O14 )0 - =M8
j>!14 g &7
j 14
nA
Tin
)V @ A &
:? Z *
A
B
D
B
nB
)4 4)* O14
=? =8!' Q
=M8 h,
n A
n B
T out
nD
; J / )J )?
Q = H reaction
H reaction = H 2 H 1
H 2 = ( n A . H
T out
T0
T0
=4
+ n B . H
o
fB
+ n D . H
o
fD
)+
( n A C PA + n B C PB + n D C PD ) dT
H 1 = ( n A . H
T in
o
fA
o
fA
+ n B . H
o
fB
)+
( n A C PA + n B C PB ) dT
/ Q
Z =? Z
H? M )X NZ @ A
j 14
* g &7 H 2 H 1 =4 MJ
N!Z @ A &
* O14
- =M8
8
:*
'
; +.'%-
9 4*
'
7
) )'
=4 )<
I! / ,
^H
/ )? 7
>!14
b ( gmole ) B
+X >,
` M4
aA + bB
cC + dD
d ( gmole ) D
N!8 '
H reaction = ( c H
M / )0 =4
h,
O14
o
fC
+ d H
o
fD
) ( a H
? " Z 1A /
)4 )H ` M4
? T
]) / " )!I /) d, ? ; '
o
fA
+ b H
=4
o
fB
)
? =4 / !<
H reaction =
< +X
a? ' d, c7 M =4 !* ? =M*
!14 = ' ), N8* =?j )4 N
aA
bB
H I =
Treff
T
aA + bB
cC + dD
(aCPA + bCPB )dT
III
II
T reff
aA + bB
cC + dD
H
II
= H
o
r atT
6M ), / =H?
O14 / )0 ,
r >,
)?
atT
1"u
)J
c ( gmole ) C
1A /
=M )0 ( 3 T /
; 1 h,
* ; =? 7 >,
a ( gmole ) A
at T
, > ,
, =?
= I
cC
dD
H III =
T
Treff
cC
dD
reff
H = H I + H II + H III
(cC PC + dC PD ) dT
H
H
I
R
=
=
T reff
T
T
T reff
( aC
( aC
PA
PA
+ bC
+ bC
PB
PB
) dT
) dT
j *?
c7 M H
" 1" O14
H
j
= H
= H
III
@L %&
c7 M
=4
=4
* ; '
+X
H = H P H R + H ro
- =M8
L c;
; =? $
)0 / " O14
1, ) d, ( 3 )V
; '
=4 ,
, -
)n4
- P,)K'
j
( L j j j _ )M 9 %Z =? 9 Z
/ )? _ /
$Q )0
=!7
O14
@L %&
hMI
Q = H
; J / )J)?
>!M* >" NAJ
IJ
H = H P H R + H ro
Q = H P H R + H ro
w Z )0 ' >!14 =7 ,
>MI!
,?
)n4
=? ; !
/ )?
)0 / " O14 / )? +X
j
j * )E q)Q , ? >" YJ _ )M
l 1 ]j
Q=0 1K,
H P H R + H ro = 0
H P = H R H ro
j !
" O14
>!" Z = K* d!' ? , /
M / )0 / =A & _ )M
=? * ? )J)? )!Z / =H? )0 =81, 1K,
M / )0 >2 / " )? 4
8, j
A+B
D
H ro = ?
A + O2
CO 2 + H 2 O
H c A
B + O2
CO 2 + H 2 O
H c B
( D + O2
CO 2 + H 2 O )
A+B
D
H c D
H ro = H c A + H c B H c D
=M8
; =! ?
` M4 @ 6M " |1I7 Fu ' ) T j 0 =?

B ;M
/
* !7 ' / " 0 T
B
' ) T
Fu N, A'
B * ? )'L ?
, =4 ' %? ), |1I7 Fu j
B
4U
S =8 s) ?j
@ A |1I7 Fu
1I7 Fu
' ) T
)M !? ! ;
$jjj ;b
? ()0 !4 )?
b !4
j; Y7 Z ' ) T
)?
/)!0 0
=< )"
!R B h?)4 !I4 1
' ) T
` H B * ? Fu Y7 Z
Base : 1kg of coal
C : 71 %
H 2 : 5 .6 %
N 2 : 1 .6 %
Nets : 2 .7 %
Fu !7
Ash : 6 .1 %
O 2 : 13 %
j
.
;* 4 O * v " T
h!, X ' ) T
;b
!" ()0 !4
;* 4 O * g @,;
vL? ' ) T
)!:A' / )0
()0 !4 )?
2
H2+
0 . 056
18
1
2
O2
H 2 O
0 .5
b !4
Fu ()0 !4 d,
W
* ; '
+X
vL? ' ) T
H 2O ( g )
H 2 O ( l )
` )!:A' / )? ( L / )0
H = 2370
kj
kg
S = 0 . 504 2370 = 1194 . 48
= 29770 1194 . 48 = 28575 . 52
h!, X ' ) T
$
$ )!F |1 )V ?
%7 Z y
j * NQ
FeS
kj
kg
N! 8' / " O14

y
N8 M h"
,)!X
SO 2 ' 118! =M*)? ), O14 / 1A =?
)?
4 5 d,
] / "y
4 FeS 2 + 11 O 2
2 Fe 2 O 3 + 8 SO 2
FeS2y / M& =4
J ? $ )MI4 Z
j ,
/)M !4 M ^, )]
?
6M
+X
FeS
( # ? " %7 Z ( '
4 ()0 !4 )" / =? O14
H ro ; '
+X
j
M / )0j
( 3 N 4 o =? O14
*Ì "
,?
BASE : 1 Kg ; K |1
/ 0
I
; K |1 1 Kg
Fe 2 O 3 : 85 %
15 %
%7 Z
N2
% EA : 200 %
O2
4 120
11 32
SO
G
O
N
II
2
2
2 160
8 64
4 FeS 2 + 11 O 2
2 Fe 2 O 3 + 8 SO 2
25 o
25 o
FeS
Fe 2 O 3
FeS 2 : 120
O 2 : 32
Fe 2 O 3 : 160
SO 2 : 64
;W!I4 ()
FeS
0 . 85 11 32
3
4 120
S = 0 . 04 P
Fe / )? /)%1 =
m Fe
= m Fe
in
out
0 . 85 56
0 . 04 P 56 0 . 96 P 56 2
=
+
120
120
160
0 . 4 = 0 . 02 P + 0 . 67 P
0 .4
P =
= 0 . 58
0 . 02 + 0 . 67
O14 FeS
4 120
4 FeS
Kg : 0 . 83
gmole :
= 0 . 85 ( 0 . 58 0 . 04 ) = 0 . 83 Kg FeS
11 32
2 160
0 . 61
0 . 55
8 64
+ 11 O 2 2 Fe 2 O 3 + 8 SO
830
= 6 . 92
120
550
= 3 . 44
160
610
= 19 . 06
32
0 . 89
890
= 13 . 91
64
O14
o
r
c7 M =A &
= H II H I
H II = H O 2 + H N 2 + H SO 2 + H Fe 2 O 3 + H FeS 2 + H Other
)o
H O 2 = n O 2 . H
o
f O2
25
T 0 = 25
n O 2 .C PO dT = 0
2
j ? " Z )6Q ! ;b )M c7 M ^!')' h! " =?
H II = n SO 2 . H
i
f SO 2
+ n Fe 2 O 3 . H
o
f Fe 2 O 3
+ n FeS 2 . H
H I = H FeS 2 + H Other + H O 2 + H N 2 = n FeS 2 . H

H ro = n SO 2 H
O14
o
f SO 2
c7 M
+ n Fe 2 O 3 H
+ n FeS 2 H
o
f Fe 2 O
S ` M4 f / = ! ]
o
f FeS 2
N!8 '
+ H Other
o
f FeS 2
+ H Other
o
f FeS 2
n FeS 2 H
o
f FeS 2
M / " c7 M w ):M
j * " Z =A &
$
y
M \, )* ? @ 6M
O14 / )0 / =A &
N, A' ; ! ? ), O14 ; d 8? =4 )4 5 ? / ,
CO 2 + 4 H 2
2 H 2 O + CH
/
" 0 =8!' Q
)0 w Z ;
j
,
*w Z
500 o C
CO 2 , 4 H 2
!7 ' 4 18!
)?
%'
)M:
)!0
(3
I? H
>MI! =? , ? =4 ' )
h! "
) !M
2 H 2 O + CH
/=
500 C
H R
25 o C
CO 2 , 4 H 2
25 o C
H r
2 H 2 O + CH
H rT = H P + H ro H R
C PCO = 36 . 11 + 4 . 233 10 2 T 2 . 887 10 5 T 2 + 7 . 464 10 9 T 3
2
C PH = 28 . 84 + 0 . 00765 10 2 T 0 . 3288 10 5 T 2 0 . 869 10 9 T 3

2
C PH
2O
= 33 . 46 + 0 . 688 10 2 0 . 7604 10 5 T 2 3 . 593 10 9 T 3
C PCH = 34 . 31 + 5 . 469 10 2 T 0 . 3661 10 5 T 2 11 10 9 T 3

4
7 # $4 *
J
H of ( gmole
)
CO 2 ( g ) : 39351
H 2(g) = 0
H 2 O ( g ) = 241827
CH 4 ( g ) = 7484
H ro = 2 H
o
f H 2O
+ 1 H
1 H
o
f CH 4
o
f CO 2
= 2 ( 241827 ) 74848 ( 393513 ) = 164989
H P =
500
25
To
( 2 C PH 2 O + C PCH 4 ) dT =
(101 . 23 + 6 . 845 10 2T + 1 . 89 10 5 T 2 18 . 19 10 9 T 3 ) dT
= 57122 . 29
H R =
=
J
gmole
500
25
J
gmole CO 2
500
25
= 57 . 12
kJ
gmole CO 2
( C PCO 2 + 4 C PH 2 ) dT
(151 . 47 + 4 . 26 10 2 T 1 . 57 10 5 T 2 + 3 . 98 10 9 T 3 ) dT
= 71948 . 25
J
gmole CO 2
= 71 . 95
kJ
gmole CO 2
H rT = 57 . 12 164 . 989 71 . 95 = 179 . 812
kJ
gmole
1
gmole
CO2 1
4 gmole
H 2
2
CO 2 + 4 H 2
2 H 2 O + CH
$4 *
gmole
2
H2O
4
gmole
1
CH4
H r at
500
=?
H = H 2 H 1
H 2 = H H 2 O + H CH 4 =
2 H
o
f H 2O
500
25
C PH 2 O dT + H
o
f CH 4
500
25
C PCH 4 dT
H 1 = H CO 2 + H H 4 =
2 H
o
f CO 2
500
25
H = ( 2 H
C PCO 2 dT + 4 H
o
f H 2O
+ H
o
f CH 4
o
fH2
500
25
o
f CO 2
C PH 2 dT
4 H
o
fH2
)+
H ro
500
25
(2C P
H 2O
+ C PCH C PCO 4 C PH ) dT
4
M \, )* ? @ 6M
j !14 )8'
/= ! ]
O14 / )0 / =A &
6M
H P = 2 H H 2 O + H CH 4
H R = H CO 2 + 4 H H 2
4.4b
H H 2O
500 o C
25 o C
= H H 2 O 773 K = 17795 . 11
= H H 2 O 298 K = 837
H CH 4 500 o C = H CH 4 773 K = 24013 . 91

H CH 4 25 o C = H CH 4 298 K = 879
H H 2 500 o C = H H 2 773 K = 14640
H H 2 25 o C = H H 2 298 K = 718
H CO 2 500 o C = H CO 2 773 K = 22342
H CO 2 25 o C = H CO 2 298 K = 912
)?
? NAJ n =? [ ?) @ A &
H r500 = H P + Hr o + H R
H H 2O
H P = 2 H H 2 O + H CH 4 = 2 ( H H 2 O 500 H H 2 O 25 ) + ( H CH 4 500 H CH 4 25 )
= ( 2 (17795 . 11 837 ) + ( 24013 . 91 879 ) = 57051 . 13
H R = ( H CO 500 H CO 25 ) 4 ( H H 2
H r
500 o C
500
J
H H 2 ) = 77023 . 1 gmole
25
= H P + H ro H R =
57051 . 13 164989 77023 . 1 = 184 . 95

$ , ! !* O14 ? ) " 7 &'
H?
,2
w Z
J
gmole
/=
,2
X )" /
=?
] / "y
/
J
gmole CO 2
/b) =
?
) !M
)? 4
=
_ )M @L %& j 1
Î )? _ )M
=E6&
)?
h?)4 !I4 1
)6I '
)Z @ )
N 4
` Hj
*
j/
n CO = 1
50
CO
CO +
= 50 %
% EA
1000
CO 2
air
1
2
O2
CO 2
800
O2
N2
BASE : 1lbmole CO
!
/
/
O 2 = 0 . 5 lbmole
O 2 = 0 . 5 1 . 5 lbmoe
N 2 = 0 . 5 1 . 5 79
2 . 82 lbmole
21
)Z O 2 = O 2
O 2 Cons = 0 . 5 1 . 5 0 . 5 = 0 . 5 (1 . 5 1) lbmole
input
)Z N = N
= 2 . 82 lbmole
2
2 input
H = H 2 H 1
H 2 = H CO 2 + H O 2 + H N 2 =
H
o
f CO 2
+ 2 . 82 H
800
77
C PCO dT + 0 . 25 H
2
o
f N2
H 2 = H
800
77
o
f CO 2
o
f O2
800
77
0 . 25 C PO dT
2
2 . 82 C PN 2
800
77
( C PCO + 0 . 25 C PO + 2 . 82 C PN ) dT
2
H 1 = H CO + H O 2 + H N 2 =
H
o
f CO
+ 2 . 82 H
50
77
C PCO dT + 0 . 75 H
o
f N2
H 2 = H
1000
77
o
f CO 2
o
f O2
1000
77
0 . 75 C PO dT
2
2 . 82 C PN 2
1000
77
( C PCO 2 + 0 . 75 C PO 2 + 2 . 82 C PN 2 ) dT
j * " Z =A & O14
c7 M _
N] 6' / =A & ?
P & ) )_
$ %& '
fx-5500LA
!*
12 P M:
/ 1" =<)M =? )' a
=4 ] , @ !
@
o =? ? !M
Z)? ( 3
& '
/ )? )!0 )J
* K O:? h,
)?
/)M !? )? 4
j !14 5
` I h!*
* &
$A
SHIFT > F6 > F6

$B
n ; 1 =?j "
; )4
7,2 > F1
11 , 5 > F1
$C
>,
? ; =? [ ?)
S >!" :! =4 $
n / )? )E
; )4
j * NQ
31,
F6 > F6 > 9 > F5 > EXE

* m X ` I h!* / =E
K? @ K / )? , ? ? !
(3
? )"
K? l M
=4
>2 )4U'
), N8* =?j
SHIFT > 4(CLEAR)> F1

SHIFT > 4(CLEAR) > F6
14
m X ` I h!*
7 ) / =E
),
!0
,: +. L
)4U'
SHIFT > 4(CLEAR) > F4

$4 &
!14 = ' ),
j !14 !X ), /)A @L K
2 x1 + 2 x2
x1 + 5 x2
3x1 + x2
x2 + 4 x3
+ 5 x3
+ 2 x3
+ 4 x4
+ 6 x4
+ 3x4 = 15
=7
= 11
=3
n =?
23 ), S
>,
2
1
3
0
2
5
1
1
? V ^, )] / " +,)' N!8 ' ?
x1
3
15
x
0
7
2 =
x3
4
11
x4
6
3
5
2
0
4
@L K ), G,)o =? ` I h!*
6M
? V ^, )] / " +,)' hM*
? ; 14
>!14
SHIFT > F2 > F2

S =7 K
hM*
? 31,
n / )? >!14
@L K
K' , ? = ) h,
j>!
>!
j
? 0
=?
? V ^, )] ; )4
F1
)4
= ) =? F2 ! 4 ? ; 14
23 ), S _ / " +,)' =? [ ?) / " =,
; )4
?
@8
j>! ! ), S ; )4
h! " =?
; ),
)H ), S h!, X O
* Y:
!4; )
?
j>!14
j>!14
/ =E
,?
6M
? )"
6M F5 +c
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(3
! 4 =,
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K? -
)H ), S ; )4
K? -
N / K? / ")H / )? ^!')'
$COMP PRE ! 4 `
_ @!
"
/ )? -
? d, O!? =4 ' Q
j !14 m X * )4u =4 / = 0 =? ` I h!*

* " Z NQ ), ), S _ @L K
x1 = 4.4407
x2 = 0.1299
x3 = 1.6045
x4 = 0.5480
N ?
Q <4 "
=? A o
/ ,
3 #'
K @ Q =? 2 / =A & =4 >!14
), S
,? 7 M
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j * >!" Z ` I h!* /),UX
>!14
) >MI!
_ ; ) (3 ?
N @ Q h, =?
) ; )4
/ )?
n
j !14 =A & Z=23 X=5 / =? Y
Y = 2X 2 3 Z + 4
j *
6M $ALPHA |
j *
Y:
!4
6M
` I h!*
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) >!14
j
6M
F6 (SET) ! 4
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6M
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; ),
K? =4 ' Q
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F6(SET)
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K? B =A & ( 3 / )?
F6 ! 4 +c
; )4 T Z +X
SHIFT > 5(CALC) >F1(f)

$ * )4u l AJ N ) =!S? j ) ; )4
) ; '
A67 q ) ., ' / )?
? ), S d' d' F4(CAL) ! 4 ; )

j>! !
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! 4 +c
=M8
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AC ! 4 =H? /
)Z
4(CLEAR) +c SHIFT ! 4 M? "
" Z
';
E1 =?
=M8
j !"
F4(CALC) ! 4
?Y=53.9999
_ / =H? =A & ?
Q <4 "
>!14
mX
c)
N ), G,)o =? ` I h!*
6M
# ?
, - &
? h!K / " ) M =A & / )?
SHIFT > F3
; )4
SM
/ )? =4 !14 = 'j>!14
J =E
=?
) F2(IN) ! 4 ; )
F1 ! 4 =H? ; )4
/ )?
6M $F1 X =1, 0
23
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j ?,
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F4
F3 / " ! 4
6M
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j
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? ) M
L $4 &
SHIFT > F2 > F1

F3j F2 F1 / " ! 4
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Mass & Energy Balance

| Islamic Azad University Of Dezful

Mass & Energy Balance

| Islamic Azad University Of Dezful

Mass & Energy Balance

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O14 ; ? / " >MI!

O14 ? ) " / " >MI!

Mass & Energy Balance

| Islamic Azad University Of Dezful

0 / )? /),UX >4 )' 7 =7 K

/),UX >4 )' ^,)] \ M

, ' 1< / " >MI!

Mass & Energy Balance

| Islamic Azad University Of Dezful

, ! !* / " O14 ? ) " /b) =

NQ /b) @ )!!f' ; )4 g &7 &

O14 / )0 h!? [ A'

* ^!4)' @L %& =8!7

#') )M4 = )'

Mass & Energy Balance

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>k" m)Mk +1k k, m)Mk

! 4 >!IS' `)] - =M8

1' A 2 h,)' >2

1' A 2 h,)' >2

Mass & Energy Balance

| Islamic Azad University Of Dezful

kI, ? k = kI 5 k =k? 1? 7 )4 P,)K' 8, ! d,

Mass & Energy Balance

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k )k? )M k !4 ^kI )k? ;

=k4 k!14 =A & 14

1< =S!J )"

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>!" :? =t 1< NAJ n

ft 12in 2.54 cm 0.4

=4 !" )!!f' / &

16.2 10 6 m 100cm 1in

d = 0.38 104 0.38e 1.26t

Mass & Energy Balance

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m.g / =H? =? = ' ?

hk, k?j>!k14 g &7

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h!kk pHkk =kk?

k * ? k 100lb / k M& =kk4 ` =8kk ? dkk, N!kkI MX /b)kk k n

mgh 100 32.2 10

&'# " 8 #'

1lbmole = 454 gmole = 454 6.02 1023 / !1? / u

/ )? $ 1" N!8 ' / !1? u - =M8

K' =? >I d, / " >' () 7

Mass & Energy Balance

| Islamic Azad University Of Dezful

kI, ? k Uk7 1MI"

k ' ()k ; !I , ; '

_ / =H? =? = ' ? * =M8

h!? [ A' / )J)? / )? =M8

Mass & Energy Balance