LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Understand the principles and characteristics of feedback systems Describe and analyze negative and positive feedback systems Describe tthe principles of oscillator circuits based on Barkhausen Criterion Analyze and several types of oscillator circuits such as RC, LC and RLC oscillator circuits

OUTLINE
Feedback principles Negative and positive feedback Effect of negative feedback Types of feedback connections Oscillator principles RC Oscillator Phase Shift Oscillator Wein Bridge Oscillator LC Oscillator Tuned-Collectors Oscillator Hartley Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator LRC Oscillator Crystal Oscillator

FEEDBACK PRINCIPLES
Feedback is a key tool that can be used to modify the behavior of a system particularly to achieve the desired performance of the system. In an open loop system, a sample or a portion of the output is fed back into the input and a closed loop feedback system is created. Feedback and control systems are major elements in electrical and electronics engineering and largely used in the design and development of radio systems, instrumentation systems, amplifier systems, etc.

FEEDBACK PRINCIPLES
The output of the amplifier is feedback to the input so that correcting action can be taken. A closed loop feedback system consists of two basic sections: 1) Amplifier; which is an active element 2) Feedback with passive elements

General feedback system

FEEDBACK PRINCIPLES

Signal Source :
Either a signal voltage, VS in series with RS or a signal current IS parallel with RS. Amplifier : 4 types of amplifier : Feedback network () : Usually a passive two-port network which may consist of resistors, capacitor and inductors.
voltage amplifier current amplifier transresistance amplifier transconductance amplifier

NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Generally, there are two types of feedback commonly used: negative feedback positive feedback

Xs = Source signal Xo = Output signal Xf = Feedback signal Xi = Input signal

Mixer network : 1. Series mixer

2. Shunt mixer
Sampling network : 1. Voltage or Node sampling

2. Current or Loop sampling

NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK GAIN, AV

Open loop gain: = = , =

Closed loop gain : = = feedback factor

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK GAIN, AV

Closed loop gain (cont) : =

Since = ,
= ( ) = Since = , = + = (1 + ) = = = 1 +

POSITIVE FEEDBACK GAIN, AV

Open loop gain: = = , =

Closed loop gain :

= = feedback factor

POSITIVE FEEDBACK GAIN, AV

Closed loop gain (cont) : =

Since = + ,
= ( + ) = + Since = , = + = (1 ) = = = 1

EFFECT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Gain: Make the high gain amplifier independent of open loop gain. = 1 + High gain, Av >> 1, so that 1 can be neglected = 1 +

1 =

=> So, it can be concluded that the closed loop gain of a high gain amplifier is independent of the open loop gain.

EFFECT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Gain: Reduce the gain. Gain without feedback, =

Gain with feedback, = 1 + => By applying negative feedback, gain is reduced by a factor of 1+ AV

EFFECT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Gain: Improve the gain stability. % reduction of gain for a system with a negative feedback applied is much less than % reduction of gain for an open loop gain. Gain is much more stable

Example: An amplifier has open loop gain, Av=2000. Then negative feedback is connected to this amplifier with feedback factor of 0.001. (a)Calculate feedback gain, Avf (b)Calculate feedback gain if open loop gain is reduced by 50% Solution: (a) = (b) =
1+ 1+ 2000 1+(2000)(0.001) 1000 1+(1000)(0.001)

EFFECT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

= =

= 666.66 = 500
Avf reduction, 666.66 500 = 100 666.66

=25% 2 findings: 1. By applying negative feedback, gain is reduced by a factor of 1+ Av 2. A reduced by 50%, but A reduced by 25% only

EFFECT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Bandwidth: Lower cutoff frequency is reduced by 1 + Av

Upper cutoff frequency is increased by 1 + Av

Bandwidth is increased by a factor of 1 + Av

OR

= 1 +

= (1 + ) = 1 +

EFFECT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Distortion: Consider amplifier with added distortion

Without feedback, = +

EFFECT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Distortion(cont): Gain with feedback, = = =
= + = ( ) + = + + = + 1 + = + + = 1 + 1 +

= 1 +
=> Distortion is reduced by a factor of 1+ Av by adding the negative feedback

EFFECT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Noise: Consider amplifier with an internal noise added

Without feedback, = (1 + )2 = 1 2 + 2 1 2 = = + 2

EFFECT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Noise(cont): With feedback, = = + 2 = + 2 = + 2 + = + 2

(1 + ) = + 2
2 => Noise is reduced by a factor + = 1 + 1 + of 1+ Av by adding the negative feedback

TYPES OF FEEDBACK CONNECTIONS

There are four basic ways of connecting the feedback signal.

Both voltage and current can be fed back to the input either in series or parallel.

TYPES OF FEEDBACK CONNECTIONS

Specifically, there can be:

Voltage-series feedback

Voltage-shunt feedback

Current-series feedback

Current-shunt feedback

Voltage refers to connect output voltage as input to the feedback network. Current refers to connecting output current through the feedback network. Series refers to series connection, while shunt refers to parallel connection.

TYPES OF FEEDBACK CONNECTIONS

Specifically, there can be:

Voltage-series feedback

Voltage-shunt feedback

Current-series feedback

Current-shunt feedback

VOLTAGE-SERIES
Basic amplifier -> voltage amplifier Sampling -> voltage Mixer -> series Gain -> voltage gain = = , =

if feedback is connected in series with input, then

=

= ( )
=

VOLTAGE-SERIES
Gain -> voltage gain (cont) Since = ,

= + = (1 + ) = = = 1 +
=> Voltage gain is reduced by a factor of 1+ Av

VOLTAGE-SERIES
Effect of negative feedback on input resistant, Ri : =

with feedback:
=

= = +

VOLTAGE-SERIES
Effect of negative feedback on input resistant, Ri (cont)

with feedback:
= + =

Since = ,
+ =

Since = ,
+ = = 1 + = 1 +

=> Rif is increased by a factor of 1+ Av

VOLTAGE-SERIES
Effect of negative feedback on output resistant, Ro = 0 = = + = = = = + = + = (1 + ) =

= = (1 + )

=> Rof is decreased by a factor of 1+ Av

CURRENT-SERIES

= 0, = = =

with feedback
=

CURRENT-SERIES
with feedback(cont)
= ; = + ; =

= = = + + = 1 + = 1 + => Gmf is decreased by a factor of 1+ Gm

CURRENT-SERIES
Effect of negative feedback on input resistant, Ri : =

with feedback:
=

= = +

CURRENT-SERIES
Effect of negative feedback on input resistant, Ri (cont)

with feedback:
= + =

Since = ,

+ = = (1 + ) = 1 +

=> Rif is increased by a factor of 1+ Gm

CURRENT-SERIES
Effect of negative feedback on output resistant, Ro = 0 = 1 = + = 1 = + = = = (1 + ) => Rof is increased by a factor of 1+ Gm

VOLTAGE-SHUNT

= 0, = = =

with feedback
=

VOLTAGE-SHUNT
with feedback(cont)
= ; = + ; =

= = = + + = 1 + = 1 + => Rmf is decreased by a factor of 1+ Rm

VOLTAGE-SHUNT
Effect of negative feedback on input resistant, Ri : = =

with feedback:
=

= +
= = +

VOLTAGE-SHUNT
Effect of negative feedback on input resistant, Ri (cont)

with feedback:

Since = ,

= + = + 1 = 1 +

= , 1 = = 1 + 1 +

=> Rif is decreased by a factor of 1+ Rm

VOLTAGE-SHUNT
Effect of negative feedback on output resistant, Ro = 0 = = = = = ( ) = + = 1 + = = = 1 +

=> Rof is decreased by a factor of 1+ Rm

CURRENT-SHUNT

= 0, = = =

with feedback
=

CURRENT-SHUNT
with feedback(cont)
= = + ; = = +

= ; = = + = 1 + = 1 + => AI is decreased by a factor of 1+ AI

CURRENT-SHUNT
Effect of negative feedback on input resistant, Ri : = =

with feedback:
=

= +
= = +

CURRENT-SHUNT
Effect of negative feedback on input resistant, Ri (cont)

with feedback:

Since = ,

= + = + 1 = 1+

= ; = , 1 = = 1 + 1 +

=> Rif is decreased by a factor of 1+ AI

CURRENT-SHUNT
Effect of negative feedback on output resistant, Ro = 0 =

1 = + = =
= + = 1 + => Rof is increased = = (1 + ) by a factor of 1+ AI

SUMMARY
Circuit Feedback Feedback Gain Factor, Feedback Input Impedance, Rif Feedback Output Impedance, Rof (1 + ) 1 + 1 +

Voltage-Series

= = 1 + = = 1 +
= = 1 + = = 1 +

1 +

Current-Series

1 + 1 + 1 +

Voltage-Shunt

Current-Shunt

1 +

EXAMPLE 1
A voltage amplifier has a gain of 100 before negative feedback is applied. Calculate its voltage gain if 3/100 of the output is feedback to the input anti phase with the input signal. Given: Gain before feedback, = 100 Feedback factor, = 3/100 Solution:

100 = = = 25 1 + 1 + (100)( 3 ) 100

EXAMPLE 2
An amplifier has an open loop voltage gain of 1000. Determine the feedback factor, required to reduce the voltage gain to 500 Given: Open loop gain, = 1000 Gain with feedback, = 500 Solution: = 1 +

1000 500 = 1 + (1000) 1000 500 = = 0.001 (500)(1000)

EXAMPLE 3
The gain of an op amp is 3800 before 4% of its output is applied with negative feedback. Calculate the percentage of reduction in the feedback gain of the op amp if the open circuit loop gain reduces by 25% due to aging.

Solution: Given Av1 = 3800, = 4/100 = 0.04

Av2 = (25/100)(3800) = 950

Avf 1

AV 1 1 Av1

Avf 2

AV 2 1 Av 2

3800 1 0.04(3800) 24.837

% reduction Avf 1 Avf 2 Avf 1 100%

950 1 0.04(950) 24.359

24.837 24.359 100% 24.837 1.925%

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