Madina Arabic: Book 3: Class Notes

ARIC Arabic Class Notes
Part 8
Topics
Classification of Verbs
Pronoun Summary
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1
Revision History
Date
Ver Author
Revision Comments
Sep. 24, 2011
Zahid Naeem
Jan. 14, 2012
Zahid Naeem

Added
Jan. 21, 2012
Zahid Naeem
Added more pages for
Jun. 4, 2012
Zahid Naeem
Added Pronoun summary and notes on
Jul. 15, 2012
Zahid Naeem
Added slides for Exception, Oath and Diptote
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ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 8 (ver. 5)

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II
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(
)ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 8 (ver. 5
An Intermediate Dictionary of Verb Conjugation - Numbering
VIII
V
II
IX
VI

X VII IV
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III

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(
( ) Classification of Verbs Example
VIII
V
II
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X VII IV
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(
VIII
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X VII IV
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V
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(
And when they hear ill speech, they turn away from it.
(28:55)
Answer to the
Condition
In this example
is

can be a nominal or
verbal sentence.
is ,
If
than
will become
...
is prefixed with a < >,
if it meets certain conditions. E.g., if

it is a nominal sentence or there is
in it. For a complete list, see
subsequent pages

If
is prefixed with a < >
is not made ,
is
even if the
the

Verb of the
Condition

In this example is
will always be

or

is ,
If
than
will become
)) (
)) (

)
Instrument of
the Condition

In this example is
signifies a
(conditional clause), and there are

many
( instruments of
condition)

Generally
belongs to one
of two categories:
o
: Ones, which change the

and
verb in

o
: Ones, which do not
and
change the verbs in

, to .
to
belongs to this group
changes the meaning of

and
to future,
even if the verbs are

See subsequent pages for more details
should be preceded with , if it meets certain conditions.

For example, if
is a , it will be preceded with a
And if My slave asks you

about Me, than surely I am
near (2:186)

Also, if
) , it will be preceded with a

contains a (

If I see Bilal, what should
I tell him

There are other conditions which require
to be preceded
with . These are described in subsequent pages.
10

Instruments of Condition -

Two categories of
When Our verses are

recited to him, he says,
"Legends of the former
peoples." (68:15)
If you go,
I (will) go
Whatever you
drink, I (will) drink
If, When
If
Whoever
Whichever
Whatever
Wherever
Whenever
Neither of the two verbs

or
(
) is
made

Both the verbs (

and
) are made
( It makes two
verbs )
Whatever
11

Instruments of Condition -

When Ramadan
comes, doors of the
Paradise are opened
if you support Allah, He will

support you and plant firmly
your feet (47:7) :
Whichever dictionary we find

in the bookshop, we will buy it
Whoever does an atoms weight of

good, shall see it (99:7):
And whatever good you do, Allah
knows it (2:197)
:

Whatever you say,
we believe you

Whenever you travel,

I (will) travel

Wherever you stay, I
(will) stay (there)

12
should be preceded with , if it (

) meets one of the following conditions:
Whoever obeys Allah and His
messenger, has indeed achieved
a great success (33:71) :
If you travel, I will (also)

travel
Whatever the circumstances be, I do not

lie
Whoever puts on silk (dress) in this world, will not put it on in the
Hereafter
Whoever deceives us, is not

one of us
If you see Hamid, ask him

about the time of departure
If you find the patient sleeping, dont wake him up
is a verb having only one form, e.g.

. These have no or
13

Once
is
is preceded with , its verb will not be even if

If you travel, I will (also) travel

In this case, the whole
If, in the above example,
will result in the verb in
is said to be

was not used in the
, it will cause to be dropped, which

to be , as shown below:

If you travel, I (will also) travel
14

II
III
IV
VI
VII
15
VIII
IX
( )
)
(
)
(
Pronouns Summary

[]
[]

[]
[]

[]

[]
[]

16
Only the letters highlighted

in red represent the
Please note a further

breakdown is often done at
advanced levels, but is not
shown here for brevity. For
only example, in
is the
is the sign of , and
plural. For simplicity,

however, we will consider
as
for now.
= ] [
The Absolute Object

Bilal beat me
a beating
is a of the verb occurring in the sentence used along with the

verb, for the sake of emphasis. It is always

Four Uses of

The book was printed
twice

Here the
is
a substitute for
the verb
which is omitted
In this case, only the
To specify the
number
To emphasize the
meaning
I thank
you

As a substitute for
its verb

To specify the type
of action
And Allah spoke to Ms

directly :
He died the death of

martyrs
is used and the verb is omitted
17
Deputies of the Masdar

The following words deputize for and are therefore
, and are grammatically

regarded as

Flog them eighty stripes
I know him fully well
A number with the

as its
spoke to me harsh
Hewords

Do you accord me this kind of

reception?
A demonstrative pronoun
with the as its
A synonym of
the
I lived a happy life

with the as their

Words
This is for
I understood the
lesson very well
And you love wealth with an

abounding love :
An adjective of
the , which
itself is omitted
The cognate
I worked hard in a way nobody else did
See subsequent pages for more on these topics
A pronoun referring
to the
18
**
The Cognate Masdar
***
A cognate masdar is one which is not the masdar of the verb used in the sentence, instead it is
related to the verb in its common root. Following two situations apply:
From two different forms

And devote yourself to Him with
complete devotion
And you love wealth with an

abounding love :
Form II
Masdar
Masdar:

Root:
Form V
Ma
Masdar:

Root:
) ( Form IV
Ma
Masdar:
Ma
Masdar:

Root:
Root:
Common root
*
cog-nate - \kg-nt\ : word related to another by common root
Common root
**
***
( Form III): To meet : Derivation

19

It is a word, which has the same meaning as the masdar but has less letters than the masdar. Every
verb has a masdar. But in the derived forms of verbs, i.e.
, there could be along
with the regular masdar. Mostly Form II has
regular masdar on the pattern of

.

:
:
Number of letters in each word:
on the pattern of along with its
Form II
Form V
5
20

The Exception
The
excepted
The tool of
exception
The one from which the

exception is made
All the students have

passed except Hamid

is a particle used as an instrument of exception. There are
many other instruments of exception, including the following
important ones.

21

Types of Exception

is
not mentioned
is
mentioned
All students came except Hamid
No one came except

Hamid
The guests have arrived

except their luggage
is of a
different kind
than
Does anyone fail except the

lazy?
is of the
The sentence
is an
affirmative
sentence
I have visited all European countries,

except Greece
The sentence is a
negative, prohibitive
or interrogative
sentence?

Open the windows except
the last one
same kind as
22
Declension of Exception with illa

When is used as the instrument of exception, the declension of depends on
the type of exception, as shown below
is
not mentioned
is of a
different kind
than

As required by the
sentence, as if
is not mentioned

OR
Same as
is
mentioned
is of the
same kind as
The sentence is a
or interrogative
sentence?
The sentence
is an
affirmative
sentence
Declension

with
of
23
Examples for illa

Allah forgives all
sins except shirk

, which is , is mentioned
is
not mentioned
is of a
different kind
than

As required by the
sentence, as if
is not mentioned

OR
Same as
is
mentioned
is a kind of
is of the
same kind as
The sentence is a
or interrogative
sentence?
The sentence is an
affirmative sentence
The sentence
is an
affirmative
sentence
Declension

with
of
24
Examples for illa

/

No students were
present except
Hamid
Declension of
is the same as
OR
is
is
not mentioned
mentioned
is of a
different kind
than
is a student
is of the
same kind as
The sentence is a negative sentence

As required by the
sentence, as if
is not mentioned

OR
Same as
The sentence is a
or interrogative
sentence?
The sentence
is an
affirmative
sentence
Declension

with
of
25
Examples for illa

Every sickness has a
medicine except death

is
not mentioned
Death is
not a
sickness
is of a
different kind
than

As required by the
sentence, as if
is not mentioned

OR
Same as
is
mentioned
is of the
same kind as
The sentence is a
or interrogative
sentence?
The sentence
is an
affirmative
sentence
Declension

with
of
26
Examples for illa

No one failed except Bilal
To get the correct declension for
is not mentioned
is
not mentioned
is of a
different kind
than

As required by the
sentence, as if
is not mentioned

OR
Same as
is
mentioned
in the case of , remove

from the sentence. )
( In
so it is . Of
this case,
is
course, removing will make the
meaning opposite of what the original
sentence means. This is done only to
establish the declension.
is of the
same kind as
The sentence is a
or interrogative
sentence?
The sentence
is an
affirmative
sentence
Declension

with
of
27
The Oath

One of the important things in Arabic is the Qasam
or a statement etc. It has its own rules.
: taking an oath to emphasize a point, a matter,
The following are the instruments of Qasam used to commence an oath
is not used frequently.

Instead
, which is its is
The word
used more often.
/

:
These 3 particles are also used to commence an oath and

act as
, so the noun after them is
. They
deputize for the verb
, which itself is not mentioned

This particle is only used with and

:
:
...
is used to negate any idea, notion,

This is not related to the
. is by itself. The before the
thought or an opinion in the minds of the listener(s) being addressed. The person initiating an oath uses
before the instrument of oath to spell out that the matter is not as you think, but rather it is what he will
) . In the Quran,
has been used 8 times. Even in
state after taking the
. ( /
everyday conversations, one may hear
28

The
or
.
requires
, which may be
as a rule, requires emphasis.
There are instruments of emphasis, which one must understand to fully appreciate the power & force of

. Insha Allah we will study the instruments of emphasis on the next few pages.
negative
positive
negative
positive
No
emphasis
required
Requires
emphasis
No
emphasis
required
Requires
emphasis
The sentence in

negative
positive
No
emphasis
required
Requires
emphasis
can be either
( positive) or
2.
( negative) . The negative sentence
has particles like
1.
29
Instruments of Emphasis in

when it is

, it is emphasized using one of the following
When

is
three instruments of emphasis

Examples
Instrument of Emphasis
being used in the
positive
Requires
emphasis
negative
No
emphasis
required
There is no example of
Quran as

It is used in the Quran but less frequently
...

:
:

They are used most frequently in the ... :
Quran for

. The combination of
:

brings greater and
stronger emphasis than either of 1 and 2, :
above, used by itself

:

30
When

is a
no emphasis is required
when it is

, it is emphasized
is
Instrument of

Emphasis
:

:
When

using
Examples

...

:

positive
negative
, it means Please remember when a sentence commences with
Requires
No
that it is
(present but
invisible). Here

is latent and
emphasis
emphasis
are some examples from the Quran:
required

:

:
as In such cases, i.e. when qasam is latent, we will analyze
:

:
positive
negative
positive
negative
Requires
emphasis
No
emphasis
required
Requires
emphasis
No
emphasis
required

:

:

, no emphasis is required
is a
31
When

when it is
When

is
following instruments of emphasis
Examples
negative
No
emphasis
required
positive
positive
Requires
emphasis
By Allah, I
Requires
.No
love you a
emphasis
emphasis
lot
required
is a
, no
When

emphasis is required
Instrument of Emphasis
...

, it is emphasized using one of
negative
...
)

:
+ +
The lm is prefixed to a present tense verb and the nn is
of emphasis
are used
suffixed to it. These two instruments
together when:
positive
negative
1. The present tense verb denotes futurity and
2.The lm is not separatedRequires
from the verb No
emphasis
This lm is called
of receiving the
( the lmemphasis
required

qasam) and the nn is called
Only the lm (

) , prefixed to a present tense
verb, is used for emphasis when:

1. Either the present tense verb does not denote futurity or
2.The lm is separated from the verb
In both of these cases
is not used.
Please remember if the mode of expression,

+
+ e.g. , appears alone
and the is latent (present but invisible).

Here is an example from the Quran:
:

then for sure it is

32
( combining the qasam with the shart) is another important grammatical element of the qasam.
Now let us join the
to this sentence; by adding
However, is not commonly used. Instead
( the letter lm))

is used and it denotes . Together and are written as
or - The lm that paves the way for the qasam.

This lm is called

It is not qasam itself, but it is an indication of the qasam.
Verb
Meaning
Type/Form

Form II
:
To trample under the foot

To trample continuously (intensive action ;) walking on ground so that a walk
able path is paved. The masdar
Form IV
has come to mean introduction

Same meaning as in Form II
When the qasam is introduced to the shart sentence, the jawab should conform to the qasam and not to the
shart Now the
shart.
will become
. Hence the that was in the
will no longer be there
in the

33
in
Examples of

- The lm that paves the way for the qasam.

, it means is used , as in
It is not qasam itself, but it is an indication of the qasam. So wherever

there is an implicit qasam there.
If the statement is from anyone other than Allah, e.g. from the believers, the qasam can be estimated to be:

If the statement is from Allah, the qasam can be estimated to be:
(about 60 times). Following are some examples of this lm in
is
:
34
is frequently used in the Quran

the Quran, grouped by the type of

When

:

in
Examples of

is
When

=
:
to go off course, to deviate
i.e. it is sister of is , while

:
)
:
(

Note that this verb is

...:
is
When

:

:

35
is
When

:

:

:
:
:
Note, if the sentence is negative, there is no need

for emphasis in the

in
Examples of

) (Its use in the Quran is prolific

is

:
:
www.tanzil.net is an excellent search engine for the Quran,

where you can search using Arabic text. For example, If you were
it would find 61 places in the Quran where it is used. to type
36
When

This last nn is

:

) =

:

Please ponder over the following examples. Identify the
qasam and the jawab-ul-qasam.

:

:

The Diptote

Diptote is a
noun is the one that declines, i.e. dhun, dhan, dhin; Noun that
noun, which:
changes the final vowel to indicate its function in the sentence.
1. Does not accept the tanwin, and

2. Does not decline fully, i.e. it takes fathah instead of kasrah when it is majrr
Reasons for a noun being diptote

For one reason
1. Nouns which end in
This alif is either written as a dot-less ya ( )or a long alif (). In both cases, the pronunciation is Aa. While is
used most often as in:
, but if it is preceded by a proper ya ( with two dots), then it changes to a

2. Nouns which end in
Please note if the hamza is the third radical and is not extra,
:
then the word is not diptote. Refer to Book 3 Key, Lesson 34
Alif followed by hamza ().

for more detail and examples

and
.
3. Nouns on the patterns of

These are called
/
( The ultimate plural).

) (

long alif ( )as in
For two reasons (see next page)

37

The Diptote

Reasons for a noun being diptote
For one reason (see previous page)
For two reasons
Proper Nouns -
:

2. Foreign Proper Nouns -
:

3. Altered (modified) Proper Nouns -
:
These are on the pattern of
. The verb means to do
1. Feminine Proper Nouns -

justice, to put things in proper place, to change or alter.

means something which is changed or altered. The name

is the altered form of ( a triptote), which is the
of ( to flourish/thrive/prosper, live long)
4. Proper nouns ending with extra
:

5. Proper nouns resembling verbs:
like , like
6. Compound Proper Nouns

Adjectives -

1. Adjectives on the patterns of

:

2. Adjectives on the patterns of
:

:
3. Altered form of adjective -
a) Numbers on the pattern of
or :
b)
for ( three at a time)

for ( two at a time)
The word
( plural of )
:
38

The Diptote

In one of the following two conditions, a diptote will become a triptote, i.e. it will decline fully:
1
If it is decorated with the definite article
I stayed in these hotels
If it becomes

Diptote
Write with a red pen

-
I gave the loaf to the hungry boy
I taught in the schools of Madinah
I contacted Bilals friends
Triptote (declines fully)

Write with the red pen

-
39
Examples of Grammatical Analysis for
is a non-Arabic
Please remember the proper noun

name and therefore it is diptote
40

( )

Examples of Grammatical Analysis for

41

( )

.
.

.
of Examples of Grammatical Analysis for
.

.
42
, is on the , which is the plural of

The word
(

/
The
ultimate plural),
as plural and at the same time it is
). Other examples include: ( its 3rd radical is ya
of the . These are called the

, and they are treated just as the
in

pattern of


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Visit www.AbdurRahman.org for More Resources

Sep. 24, 2011

Jan. 14, 2012

Jan. 21, 2012

Added more pages for

Added Pronoun summary and notes on

Jul. 15, 2012

Added slides for Exception, Oath and Diptote

Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.com

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 8 (ver. 5)

)ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 8 (ver. 5

An Intermediate Dictionary of Verb Conjugation - Numbering

( ) Classification of Verbs Example

( ) Classification of Verbs Example

( ) Classification of Verbs Example

( ) Classification of Verbs Example

is prefixed with a < >,

if it meets certain conditions. E.g., if

(conditional clause), and there are

belongs to this group

changes the meaning of

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 8 (ver. 5)

should be preceded with , if it meets certain conditions.

And if My slave asks you

) , it will be preceded with a

with . These are described in subsequent pages.

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 8 (ver. 5)

When Our verses are

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 8 (ver. 5)

Neither of the two verbs

if you support Allah, He will

Whichever dictionary we find

Whoever does an atoms weight of

Whenever you travel,

should be preceded with , if it (

If you travel, I will (also)

Whatever the circumstances be, I do not

Whoever deceives us, is not

If you see Hamid, ask him

If you find the patient sleeping, dont wake him up

is a verb having only one form, e.g.

is preceded with , its verb will not be even if

If you travel, I (will also) travel

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 8 (ver. 5)

)ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 8 (ver. 5

Only the letters highlighted

Please note a further

is the sign of , and

plural. For simplicity,

)ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 8 (ver. 5

The Absolute Object

is a of the verb occurring in the sentence used along with the

And Allah spoke to Ms

He died the death of

is used and the verb is omitted

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 8 (ver. 5)

Deputies of the Masdar

Flog them eighty stripes

I know him fully well

A number with the

Do you accord me this kind of

I lived a happy life