Nathan Morgan 13l0398 Report Development and principles of editing Transitions: Shot-reverse-shot, providing and withholding information, editing

rhythm, Crosscutting, Cutting to soundtrack Seamless Layer cake http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_0D8F_X7us

Seamless editing that was used was also known as invisible editing. This meant that the cuts between the shots were matched to the action, this technique was usually used by DW Griffiths, with the seamless editing it makes you watch something and not even realise that its been edited. So in this case in layer cake it is shown to show a crew robbing a warehouse full of drugs then by using seamless editing showing the audience who will be sold to. Its purpose is to be an invisible cut but at the same keep the viewers entertained by showing the view on the drug industry which is the key theme in Layer Cake. This helps the story follow on in a nice pace instead of using a straight cut which would slow down the process. Identify which genres predominantly user particular Conventions and Techniques. It mainly gets used in action crime and drama film genres, This clip keeps the audience entertained by showing an armed robbery then using seamless edit showing the people who buy it. This engages the audience and keeps them interested by using these combining shots into sequences and then creating the final piece. Continuity The godfather http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DZNDEqcSi0

Continuity editing is a system that focuses on creating a clear continuity for the final piece that you have created. The idea of this style of editing is to create a smooth flow between all of the clips so the narrative of the story will be obvious without interruptions. In this case Al Pacinos character a Mafia boss, talking to another Mafia member to taking over his business. With community editing you make sure that there isnt and jump cuts and to make sure that people dont jump around the room through the different shots that have been used. The main focus of this type of editing is to make sure that the audience stays focused on the story instead of the techniques that are used. This engages the audience in the narrative and helps develop the narrative. This techniques is used in most genres its a technique which is required in any film. This engages the audience and keeps them interested by using these combining shots into sequences and then creating the final piece.

180 rules
Blade runner http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWPyRSURYFQ

The 180 degree makes sure that the cameras are only on one side so theres no switching between sides to side. This is used so it doesnt confuse the audience and they dont think about editing that is used there. As a matter of convention, the camera stays on one side of the line of action throughout a scene. This engages the viewer in the conversation and doesnt confuse them when

Nathan Morgan 13l0398 Report the camera looks at the other characters, so there for this helps development of drama. Every genre going should use this rule but sometimes with the story, sometimes breaking the rule works e.g. the dark knight scene where batman is interrogating the joker. Also in the shining where jack Nicolson is in the toilet speaking to a ghost. This engages the audience and keeps them interested by using these combining shots into sequences and then creating the final piece. Motivated Tron Legacy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUCBTize2mg

A motivated edit or motivated cut as it is also known is when the scene cuts to another scene or object that was not in the previous frame. This is done in a discreet manner so as not to come off as jarring to the audience or break the illusion of continuity. Motivated edits are usually justified by narrative means such as in Flashbacks, to create a sense of tension and reverse shots. Cutting from one scene to another or cutting from one character to another will help persuade how the audience will feel. Each cut will help motivate their emotions and cause them to react positively or negatively to the scene. Montage Captain America http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNksVacSVc0

A montage sequence consists of a series of short shots that are edited into a sequence to condense narrative. It is usually used to advance the story as a whole (often to suggest the passage of time), rather than to create symbolic meaning. In many cases, a song plays in the background to enhance the mood or reinforce to engage the audience in whats going on. So in this case captain America is taking down Nazi strongholds which would take hours but the montage shows it in a couple of minutes. Jump-cutting Breathless http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ov4mQJIHhc

A jump cut is a transition between two shots which appears to "jump" due to the way the shots are framed in relation to each other. Jump cuts are usually caused by framing which is quite similar, such as these two. When the first shot above cuts instantly to the next, the effect is not pleasing. The framing is not different enough to be a new shot the transition instead appears to be a mistake in editing. Parallel editing The godfather http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_I82117oAw

Nathan Morgan 13l0398 Report

Parallel editing (cross cutting) is the technique of alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations. If the scenes are simultaneous, they occasionally culminate in a single place, where the relevant parties confront each other. To add interest and excitement so it can engage the audience. Parallel editing is often applied to create suspense. Imagine the following scenario. The celebrated baptism scene from Francis Ford Coppolas The Godfather (1972) masterfully interweaves six different lines of action simultaneously. The murder of the five heads of crime families by Michael Corleone. Michael is at the church whilst the these brutal murders are taking place, making a very clear intellectual point that Michael is in no way worthy of renouncing Satan. The montage also features several sublime match cuts. One character wipes his face wipes his face in a medium close-up, and then cuts to someone else completing the gesture in a long shot Image. Transitions Straight Cut Casino royal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZxNbAwY_rk

The most common transition, instant change from one shot to the next. The raw footage from your camera contains cuts between shots where it stops and starts stop and start recording). In film and television production, the vast majority of transitions are cuts. Dissolve Saving Private Ryan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTuoq6Tr3gE

Like the fade, a dissolve involves gradually changing the visibility of the picture. However, rather than transitioning from a shot to a colour, a dissolve is when a shot changes into another shot gradually. Dissolves, like cuts, can be used to create a link between two different objects, a man telling a story, and a visual of his story, for instance. Fade Saving Private Ryan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTuoq6Tr3gE

A fade occurs when the picture gradually turns to a single colour, usually black, or when a picture gradually appears on screen. Fade in generally occur at the beginning of a film or act, while fade outs are typically found at the end of a film or act.

Nathan Morgan 13l0398 Report

Wipe Star wars http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5k-pFjm0sg

A wipe involves one shot replacing another, traveling from one side of the frame to another. A vertical line used from right side of the frame towards the left. On the left side of this line, we have shot A, and on the right side of this line is shot B. When this line reaches the left edge of the frame, shot B will completely fill the scene, and the transition is complete. It can also be done the same from top to bottom as shown in the star wars example above. Cutaway The godfather http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCu9vOpwMp0

A cutaway is a change of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. There are many reasons a filmmaker and editor would settle on using a cutaway, sometimes to mask a problem in the shooting, other times to help tell the story cinematically, one reason for a cutaway is to help the pace, to allow the viewer to absorb information the way the filmmaker intended. In this case dramatically, Al Pacino character dropped a bomb, both for Kay and for the audience. Using a cutaway shows when Johnny story he is just singing normally and to remind the audience who he is talking about. Point of view shot Goodfellas http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hp5mLbSpKT8

First-person point of view is in use when a character narrates the story while you get to hear the thoughts of the narrator and see the world depicted in the story through his or her eyes. In this case as the main character walks into a restaurant he looks at his associates while the narrator describes them. Shot reverse shot Indiana jones http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyTXWaQkCuE

Shot reverse shot is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another character, and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character. Since the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the viewer assumes that they are looking at each other.

Nathan Morgan 13l0398 Report

Nathan Morgan 13l0398 Report

How these conventions and techniques were developed. Seamless Continuity Motivated Montage Jump-cutting Parallel editing 180o rule Splicing Transitions: Straight cut Dissolve Fade Wipe Cutaways Point of view shot Shot-reverse-shot Providing and withholding information Editing rhythm Crosscutting Cutting to soundtrack Zooming was first used in Spellbound (1945), a psychological thriller/mystery film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The effect was invented by Irmin Roberts, a Paramount second-unit cameraman, and was famously used by Alfred Hitchcock in his film Vertigo, although it appeared earlier at the climax to his film Spellbound. Following the action and multiple points of view was first used in the film Life of an American Fireman in 1903. This shows the events of a fireman rescuing women from a burning building. The film is first viewed by the audience from inside the building and then a shot shown from outside the building which repeats the action in the narrative. This technique has developed over the years as multiple camera action has been introduced; it is commonly used in most genre of films but especially action and crime films. This is because a convention of both films is a fight scene and in order for the audience to fully view the fight the camera must follow and have different shots of the action taking place. 1915, D.W.Griffith was the first to advance shot variation. Griffith used a close up shot to show the character's emotion and the first flash back in The Birth of a Nation.

Nathan Morgan 13l0398 Report Camera effects are still developing to this current day. In 1999 directors for the Matrix became iconic for the Bullet scene, they used green screens and still camera for special effects Manipulation of diegetic time and space is sowing the audience that time or space has changed within the story. Diegetic refers everything within the frame. Space means all events happened in the story already and characters in the story. 1903, One the earliest films to show manipulation of diegetic time and space is Edwin Porter, the Great train Robbery.

Who were the first filmmakers and when the first films were made? The lumiere brothers- the begging of film their evented moving images. Their first film was made 1895, (Employees leaving the lumiere factory) On 20th September 1895 they filmed in Paris, they used projectors to show the images in a bigger screen. When was the analogue videotape invented? The electronics division of a production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording on November 11, 1951. Two guys called John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as "blurred and indistinct" images using a modified tape recorder and standard quarter-inch audio. A year later, an improved version had better quality of the images although they had a "persistent grainy quality that looked like a worn motion picture". Films shot which included digital video. Wanted- 2008 the first film to use Red Digital Cinema's Red One digital cameras. Several prototypes were used, alongside film cameras, to shoot about ten scenes. However, no Red One footage appears in the final cut of the film. G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra-2009 Some of the action scenes including the underwater scene only, the rest of the film was shot on 35mm. Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones-2002 Many of the action sequences especially the finally used digital tape so the CGI can be put in place to engage the audience that it is realistic. Avatar- 2009 First 100% digitally photographed film to win the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. Transformers: Dark of the Moon- 2011 most non-action scenes/close-ups shot with 35mm film. Hunger Games 1 and catching fire- 2012-3 The first two films in the Hunger Games series were shot on 35mm and 65mm horizontal (IMAX). Wrath of the Titans- 2012 Most of the sequences mainly shot with 35mm, while a couple of scenes where is dialog use Analogue tape.

The first commercial film released which includes digital video (this will include film and digital video)

Nathan Morgan 13l0398 Report Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace in 1990 This was the first film to use both Analogue and digital tape together to make a good film. It was George locuss idea to use both of them together to see if the audience would notice the different formats used and when the film was released no one noticed. The begging episode to the prequel trilogy which wasnt considered the best but is well known for being the first to use both formats of film. Mostly shot on 35mm film, the success of the use of digital in this film let the two sequels that followed to be shot 100% digitally.