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PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 1

Visualizing
Psychology
Siri Carpenter &
Karen Huffman

by

Chapter 7: Memory
PSYCH 1560
Dr. Giorgetti

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 2

Lecture Overview
The Nature of Memory
Biological Bases of
Memory

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Forgetting

Memory Distortions

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 3

The Nature of Memory

Memory: internal record or
representation of some prior
event or experience
Memory is also a constructive process

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Dr. Giorgetti

2
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 4

The Nature of Memory

Description of Four Memory Models
1. Information

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Processing Approach

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 5

The Nature of Memory

Description of Four Memory Models
(Continued)
2. Parallel Distributed

Processing Model

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 6

The Nature of Memory

Description of Four Memory Models
(Continued)

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3. Levels of Processing Approach

4. Traditional Three-Stage Memory Model

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

___________________________________
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___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti

3
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 7

Pause and Reflect:

Check & Review

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1. The _____ sees memory as a process similar to a

computer.
2. Which of the four major memory models best
explains how you can wash dishes, wave to your
neighbor, and talk to your friend on the phone all
at the same time?

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 8

The Information Processing System

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Executive Control Processes

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learn
Sensory Perception
Memory

Working
Memory

Long-term
memory

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Retrieve

Decision
making

Work SpaceTemporary Storage

Permanent
Storage

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Allyn & Bacon 2007

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Slide 9

Diagram of Three-Stage Memory Model

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti

4
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 10

The Nature of Memory

Description of Three Stage
Memory Model

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Sensory Memory
Capacity
Duration
Role of attention

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 11

Sperlings Experiment with

Sensory Memory
When flashed an
arrangement of 12
letters for 1/20 of a
second, most people
can only recall 4 or 5.
Sperling proved all 12
letters were available in
sensory memory if they
can be attended to
quickly.

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 12

The Nature of Memory

Three Stage Memory Model (Continued)
Short-Term Memory (STM)
Capacity
Duration
Strategies

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Dr. Giorgetti

5
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 13

STM, also called working memory, is much more than

just a passive, temporary holding area.
Three parts of working memory:
visuospatial sketchpad
central executive
phonological loop

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 14

The Nature of Memory

Three Stage Memory Model
(Continued)

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Long-Term Memory
(LTM)
Capacity
Duration

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 15

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Types of Long-Term Memories

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___________________________________
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti

6
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 16

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Types of Memory
Episodic

Semantic

Procedural

Yesterdays
golf
outing

The concept
airplane

How to
give a
presentation

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Allyn & Bacon 2007

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Slide 17

Improving Long-Term Memory (LTM)

LTM can be improved with:
Organization
Elaborative Rehearsal
Retrieval Cues
Recognition
Recall

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 18

An Example of Elaborative Rehearsal

Understanding and
memory may be
enhanced by elaborating
on previously known
information (e.g., using
knowledge of geography
to better understand
history)

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

___________________________________
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___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti

7
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 19

An Example of Recognition Vs. Recall

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Research shows people are better at recognizing

photos of previous high school classmates than
recalling their names.

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 20

Pause and Reflect:

Check & Review

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1. Why is short-term memory (STM) also called

working memory?
2. Elaborative rehearsal helps improve _____
memory, whereas ______ rehearsal improves
short-term memory (STM).

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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___________________________________
Slide 21

Biological Bases of Memory

Biological changes in neurons facilitate

memory

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1. repeated stimulation of a synapse

2. neurons ability to release its neurotransmitters

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

___________________________________
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___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti

8
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 22

Biological Bases of Memory

(Continued)

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Hormones
flashbulb memories

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 23

Where Are Memories Located?

Memory tends
to be localized
and distributed
throughout the
brain--not just
the cortex.

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 24

Biology and Memory Loss:

Injury and Disease

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Amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti

9
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 25

Biology and Memory Loss:

Injury and Disease (Continued)

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Alzheimers Disease (AD)

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 26

Forgetting: How Quickly Do We

Forget?

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Ebbinghaus found:
forgetting occurs
most rapidly
immediately after
learning.
relearning takes
less time than
initial learning.

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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___________________________________
Slide 27

Why Do We Forget? Five Key Theories

Decay
Interference
Motivated Forgetting
Encoding Failure
Retrieval Failure

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___________________________________
___________________________________

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti

10
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 28

Five Theories of Forgetting (Continued)

1. Decay Theory
2. Interference Theory
Retroactive Interference
Proactive Interference

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 29

Two Forms of Interference

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 30

Five Theories of Forgetting (Continued)

3. Motivated Forgetting
4. Encoding Failure
5. Retrieval Failure

(tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)

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___________________________________

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti

11
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 31

A Test for Encoding: Can You Identify the

Actual Penny?

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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___________________________________
Slide 32

Overcoming Problems with Forgetting

Serial Position Effect

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Source Amnesia

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___________________________________
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 33

Overcoming Problems with Forgetting

(Continued)
Sleeper Effect
Spacing of Practice

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distributed practice vs.

massed practice

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___________________________________
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti

12
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 34

Pause and Reflect:

Check & Review

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1. You remember material from the first and last of the

chapter better than material in the middle. This is a
good example of the _____ effect.

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2. The _____ of forgetting best explains why you forgot

the name of a previous employer who gave you a bad
performance evaluation.

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 35

Memory Distortions
Why do we distort our memories?

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Need to maintain logic and consistency.

Need to shape and construct our memories
because it is more efficient to do so.

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 36

Memory and the Criminal Justice

System
Two memory problems
profound legal

with
implications:

Eyewitness Testimony
Repressed Memories

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

___________________________________
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___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti

13
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 37

Figure 6.9: The Impact of Questions

on Eyewitness Memory

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Copyright Houghton Mifflin

Company. All rights
reserved.

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Slide 38

Pause and Reflect:

Why Study Psychology?
Psychological research conducts basic research, which
helps us describe and understand our own and others
memory processes. This basic research also leads to
applied research that shows us how to improve our
sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.

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___________________________________

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

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Slide 39

Tips for Memory Improvement

Three Popular
Mneumonics

Method of Loci
Peg-word
Method of Word
Associations

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti

14
PSYCH 1560
Chapter 7 Memory
Slide 40

Ways to Improve Memory

Knowledge of results
Recitation
Rehearsal
Selection
Organization
Whole versus part learning

Serial position effect

Cues
Overlearning
Spaced practice
Sleep
Review

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Slide 41

Visualizing
Psychology
Siri Carpenter &
Karen Huffman

by

PowerPoint

Lecture Notes Presentation

End of
Chapter 7: Memory
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing
Psychology

___________________________________
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___________________________________

Dr. Giorgetti