Force,MotionandEnergy Year9ExtensionScience

GZScienceResources2014 1

1a

Thedifferenttypesofmotion

GZScienceResources2014

Objectsthatmovefromonepointof spacetoanotherovertimearesaidto havemotion.Examplesincludeatortoise slowlymovingacrossthegroundora bulletmovingfastafterithasbeenfired fromagun.Objectsthatremainatthe samepointofspaceoveraperiodoftime arecalledstationary.Examplesincludea personsittingstillonachairoraparked 2 car.

1a

Speedisameasureofmotion

Speedisameasureofthedistancetravelledoverthetimetaken.Themore distancecoveredbyanobjectduringagiventime,thefasterthespeeditis moving. Constantspeedoccurswhentheobjecttravelsthesameamountofdistance ateacheventimeperiod.Whenwetravelonanobjectmovingataconstant speedwedonotfeelmovementforexampletravellinginanairplane. Onlywhenweobserveotherobjects movingatadifferentspeedtousdo wenoticethatwearemoving.

NOTE:inthisunitwe alsousethesymbol V tostandforspeed

GZScienceResources2014

1a

Therelationshipsbetweendistance,timeandspeed

Trianglescanbeused tocalculatespeed, distanceortime. Coverthepartofthe triangleyouwishto calculateand multiplyordividethe remainingtwovalues. Theunitforspeed dependsuponthe unitsfortimeand distancebutthemost commonunitinthe labismetresper second(ms1)
GZScienceResources2014 4

1b

MeasuringMotioninScience

Quantity Distance

Unit Kilometre Metre millimetre

Symbol km m mm hr min s

Equipmentused odometer Metreruler Handruler clock watch Stopwatch

GZScienceResources2014 5

Time

Hour minute second

1b

Convertingmeasurements
PrefixScale Kilo=1000 Centi =1/100th Milli =1/1000th So1kilometre=1000metres 1metrecontains100centimetres 1metrecontains1000millimetres

Quantitiesareoftenmeasuredindifferent scales dependinguponwhatismost appropriatefortheoriginalsize.InScience (andMathematics)weusecommon prefixes toindicatethescaleused. Wesometimeswanttoconvertscalesfrom onetoanothertocomparedataorto placethemeasurementsintoequations.

Toconvertfrommetrestokilometresdivide by1000 Toconvertfromkilometrestometresmultiply by1000 Timeismeasuredinimperialunits1hourhas60minutesand1minutehas60 secondstherefore1hourhas3600seconds

GZScienceResources2014 6

1b

Errorsmayoccurinmeasurementsmaybereducedbytakingthe averageofanumberofreadings

Whencollectingandmeasuringdataininvestigations,suchasthatforcalculatingspeed, errorscanoccur.Thismaybeduetothemeasuringinstrumentandthewayitisused. Datacanalsoberecordedincorrectly. Repeatingtheinvestigationanumberoftimesandaveragingoutthemeasurementscan helpreducerandomerrors.Thisvalueiscalledthemean.

Themeanisthemost commonmeasureof average. Tocalculatethemeanadd thenumberstogetherand dividethetotalbythe amountofnumbers: Mean=sumofnumbers amountofnumbers

GZScienceResources2014 7

Distancewalkedin1minute
Trial1
Distance (m)

Trial2

Trial3

113121119

Mean=(113+121+119) 3 =117.7 m

1c

Accelerationisachangeinvelocity

Objectsthathaveachangeinvelocityaresaidtohaveacceleration.
Anincreaseinvelocityor adecreaseinvelocity (deceleration)areboth typesofacceleration. Achangeindirection whiletravellinga constantspeedisalso acceleration.Wenotice whenwearetravellingon anobjectthatis acceleratingby experiencingachangein gravityorGforce.
Year GZScience 10Science Resources 2012 2014 8

1c

Speedandacceleration

acceleration=changeofvelocity timetaken

aaverage =v t
TheunitsforAccelerationdependonwhatvelocityandtimearemeasuredin. Iftimeismeasuredinseconds(s)andvelocityismeasuredinmetres persecond (ms1)thentheunitsforaccelerationwithbemetres persecondpersecond (ms2)
GZScienceResources2014 9

1d

Factorseffectingstoppingdistance

TheStoppingdistanceofavehicleisthetotaldistancetravelledfromthetimethedriver registerstheyhavetostoptotheactualstoppingpoint.Thereactiontime(1.5seconds)is theaveragetimeadrivertakestoapplythebrakes.Themainfactoraffectingthe stoppingdistanceisthespeedthevehicleistravellingatbeforethebrakesareapplied.

10 GZScienceResources2014

1d

Factorseffectingstoppingdistance

Otherfactorsthatincreasestoppingdistanceincludeawetroad,lowtreadonatyreand wornbrakes.Thesefactorsdecreasefrictionandthereforethekineticenergyofthecar (makingitmove)istransformedintoheatenergyataslowerrate.

11 GZScienceResources2014

1e

SpeedandVelocity

Velocity measuresthespeedofanobjectandthedirectionittravels.Two objectscanhavethesamespeedbutdifferentvelocitiesiftheyarenot travellingthesamedirection.Anobjectcanhaveaconstantspeedbutits velocitycanchangeifitdoesnottravelinastraightline.

Thiscarhasachangeinvelocitybecauseitis travelingaroundacornereventhoughithas constantspeed.

extension
GZScienceResources2014 12

2a

Motioncanberepresentedgraphically Distancevs Time

DistanceversesTimegraph
Distance(yaxis)andtime(x axis)datacanbeplottedona graphtoshowpatternsand comparespeeds. Thesteeperlineontheleft showsstudentAhasafaster speedthanstudentB. Astraightdiagonalline indicatesconstantspeed.A straighthorizontalline indicatestheobjectis stationary .
GZScienceResources2014 13

2a

Motioncanberepresentedgraphically Distancevs Time

DistanceversesTimegraph
Adistancetimegraph canalsoshow acceleration witha curvedline(blue) becauseateachtime intervalthedistance travelledbecomeslarger andlarger. Changesinspeedare alsoshownwitha combinationofdiagonal andhorizontallines (red).

GZScienceResources2014

14

2a

Velocity(speed)canbecalculatedfromaDistancetimegraph

DistanceversesTimegraph
Adistance timegraphcanbeusedto calculatespeed(velocity).Theco ordinatesofastraightlineinthegraph aretaken(forexamplefromAtoB)by projectingbacktothexandyaxis. Tocalculatethevaluefortimefindthe differencebetweent1andt2by subtractingthesmallestvaluefrom thelargestvalue.Thiswillbeyour time. Repeattofinddistanceontheyaxis. Thiswillbeyourdistance. Time(seconds)
15 GZScienceResources2014

Distance(metres)

Placebothvaluesintoyourformulato calculatespeed(velocity) v=d/t

2b

Motioncanberepresentedgraphically Velocityvs Time

VelocityversesTimegraph
Avelocitytimegraphcanshow accelerationwithadiagonal line. Constantvelocityisshownwith astraighthorizontalline. Valuescanbetakenfromthe graphsandusedtocalculate acceleration. Thebluelineshowsavelocity of10ms1 travelledin2 seconds. Theaccelerationwould thereforebe: a=v/t =10/2 a=5ms2

16 GZScienceResources2014

2b

Graphsmaybeusedtodisplaymotion/timerelationships

GZScienceResources2014

17

2c

Distancestravelledcanbecalculatedfromtheareaundera velocitytimegraph

VelocityversesTimegraph
velocity

Thetotaldistancecanbecalculated fromavelocitytimegraphby calculatingtheareaunderthegraph. Workouttheareaofeachtriangle (1/2heightxwidth)andaddtothe areaoftherectangle(heightxwidth) Forexample: d=(8x6)+(1/28x4)+(8x12) d=24+16+96 d=136seconds

18

extension

GZScienceResources2014

3a

Forcecancauseanobjecttochangeitsvelocityortodeform.

Forcespush,pull,tug,heave,squeeze,stretch,twistorpress. Forceschange:
Theshapeofanobject Themovementofanobject Thevelocityofanobject

Notallforcescanbeseenbut theeffectscanbemeasured.

GZScienceResources2014

19

3a

ForceismeasuredinNewtons

IsaacNewtonwasbornin 1642inEngland. He createdlawsofmotionand gravity. IsaacNewtonusedthree lawstoexplaintheway objectsmoveandhowforce actsuponthem.Theyare oftencalledNewtons Laws. Theunitsofforceare namedafterthisscientist andarecalledNewtons.

GZScienceResources2014

20

3a
FirstLaw

NewtonsLaws

Iftheforcesactingonanobjectarebalanced,thentheobjectwill remainstationaryorcarryonatthesamespeedinthesame direction.

Force one STATIONARY Force two Balanced forces

Wind resistance Road friction Constant speed

GZScienceResources2014 21

Engine force
SJ Gaze

3a

Newtons Laws

SecondLaw Ifunbalancedforcesactonanobject,thentheobjectwill accelerateinthedirectionthatthenetforceacts.

Un-Balanced forces

Force two

Force one
GZScienceResources2014 22

Direction of acceleration
SJ Gaze

3a

Newtons Laws

ThirdLaw Whenaforceactsonanobject,anequalandoppositereaction forceoccurs.Thisiscalledactionreaction.

Action force

Reaction force
GZScienceResources2014 23 SJ Gaze

1b 3b
Quantity

UnitsofForce,MotionandEnergyinScience

Unit Newton Kilogram Kilometresper hour(velocity) Metresper second(velocity) Metresper secondper second (acceleration)

Symbol N kg khr1 ms1 ms2

Equipmentused Springbalance scales odometer Tickertimer Tickertimer

Force(weight) Mass Motion

Energy

Joule

GZScienceResources2014

24

3c

Theeffectsofbalancedandunbalancedforces

Ifallfourforcesactingonan objectareequaltheyare saidtobebalanced.

Weight force (gravity) Thrust (resultant force)

Friction force

Support force (reaction force)

GZScienceResources2014 25 SJ Gaze

3c

Intheabsenceofanunbalancedforceanobjectwilleitherremainatrest ortravelwithaconstantvelocity

Whenskydiversreachterminalvelocity theyaretravelingataconstantspeed. Theforcesofgravityacceleratingthe skydivertowardseartharematched exactlybytheforceoffrictionfromthe airparticlespushingagainsttheskydiver. Ifthepersonwearsamoreaerodynamic suitorpointstheirbodydownwardsso thereislesssurfaceareatoactagainst theairwhichreducesfrictionthenthe terminalvelocitywillbefaster.
GZScienceResources2014 26

3c

Unbalancedforceschangemotion

Balancedforces causenochangeinspeedordirection,sincetheyexertequal, butopposite,push/pulleffectsonanobject.Unbalancedforces canchangethe speedand/ordirectionofanobject

Direction of flight

GZScienceResources2014

27

3d

Unbalancedforceschangemotion

Anobjectexperiencingunbalancedforcewillaccelerateinthedirectionofthelargest force.Thenetforcecanbecalculatedbysubtractingthesmallerforcefromthelarger force.

Force one = 30N

Force two = 120N

Netforce=120N 30N=90Npushingtheobjectfromrighttoleft

Netforce
GZScienceResources2014 28

3e

Frictionoftenprovidesopposingforceactingonmovingbodies

Frictionoccurswhenonesurface movesagainstanother.Friction alwaysopposesforce. Whenfrictionoccurs,kinetic energyfrommovementischanged intoheatenergy. Smoothsurfacescreatelessfriction thanroughsurfaces.Frictionthat occursbetweenairorwateranda solidbodyiscalledresistance.

Close-up
GZScienceResources2014 29 SJ Gaze

3e

Sometimesfrictionisuseful,atothertimesitisunhelpful.

SituationswhereFrictionisuseful

SituationswhereFrictionisunhelpful

situation walking

Increasedby Havinggriponthe solesofyourshoes Widertyreswith tread Goodtreadon tyres.Brakepads

situation Frictionin bearings Dragoncar

decreasedby Oilaroundbearings

cycling

Aerodynamic designtoreduce drag Smoothlaquered surface

driving

Dragon snowboard

GZScienceResources2014

30

3f

Therelationshipbetweenforce,massandaccelerationgivenbythe equationF=ma

TheForceexperiencedbyanobjectcanbe calculatedbymultiplyingthemassofthe objectbyitsacceleration. Force=MassxAcceleration Ifmoreforceisappliedtoanobjectthenit willacceleratefaster

31

extension

GZScienceResources2014

3f

Accelerationofabodydependsbothonitsmassandonthesizeofthe unbalancedforceactingonit

Force=MassxAcceleration
Ifthesameamountofforceisappliedtotwosimilarobjectsthathave differentmassthenthensmallerobjectwillacceleratefaster.

32

extension

GZScienceResources2014

4a

Massandweight

AllobjectshaveMass.Massreferstotheamountofatomsinanobject. Theformulasymbol formassism. Massismeasuredingrams(g)orkilograms(kg).1kg=1000g Themassoftheobjectremainsthesame regardlessofitslocation. Theweightofanobjectdepends onitslocationandthegravity pullingdownonit. Theweightofanobjectcan changedependingonwhereitis located.Astronautsweighlesson themoonbecausetheforceof gravityisless,buttheirmassis thesameinbothlocations.
GZScienceResources2014 33

4a

Massandweight

GZScienceResources2014

34

4b

Gravityisaforcewhichactsbetweenbodieseventhoughtheyarenotin contact

Objectscreateagravitationalfieldaroundthem >thebiggertheobject;thestrongerthefield >thefurtherawayfromtheobject,thelessgravitationalpull Anyotherobjectwithinthefieldispulledtothecenterofthemass: >accelerating >feelingweight

Strong pull Weakest pull

Not so strong pull

SJ Gaze 35

GZScienceResources2014

4c

TheEarthisthesourceofagravitationalfield

IsaacNewtonwasalsofamousforhisworkon gravity.Hislawofuniversalgravitationstates thatobjectswithmassattracteachotherwith aforcethatvariesdirectlyastheproductof theirmassesanddecreasesasthedistance betweenthemincreases. Thisgravitationforcecausesobjectsto acceleratetowardsthecentreoftheEarth (rememberF=mxa).Oncetheyreachsolid groundthesupportforcepreventsthem fallinganyfurther. Becausewealsohavemass theEarthfeelsagravitationalattractionand acceleratestowardsusbutourmassissotiny comparedtotheEarthandtheeffectisnot noticed.
36

extension

GZScienceResources2014

4c

TheEarthisthesourceofagravitationalfield

ThemassoftheEarthcreatesanaccelerationof9.82ms2 forobjectsfalling towardsit.Regardlessofthesizeoftheobject,theyallfallwiththesame acceleration onlytheshape,whichcauseschangesinairresistance,causes someobjectstoexperiencemoreopposingforceandaccelerateslower. Tocalculateourweight,whichisaforceonanobjectinagravitationalfield, wemultiplyourmassbythegravitationalaccelerationofEarth(9.82ms2)

Force=massxacceleration Weight=massxgravity
37

extension

GZScienceResources2014

5a

Thelinksbetweenforcesandenergy

Whenaforceisappliedtoanobjectof massandmovesitoveradistancethen workhasbeendone. Workismeasuredinjoules. Todo1jouleofworkyouneed1jouleof energy.

Work=forcexdistance W=fxd

38

extension

GZScienceResources2014

5b

Thelinksbetweenforcesandenergy

Power isameasureofworkdoneovertime. Powerismeasuredinunitscalledwatts.

Power=work/time P=w/t

Force=20N

Time=25seconds

Distance=5metres

Acarispushedwithaforceof20Nandtravels5metres. Theworkdoneisw=fxdw=20x5=100joules Thepowerusedtopushthecarisp=w/tp=100/25=4watts

39

extension

GZScienceResources2014

5c
Anobjecthaskinetic energywhenitismoving. Kineticenergythatan objectcontainsdepends uponbothitsmassand thevelocitythatitis moving. Anobjectwithmoremass willpossessgreater kineticenergythanan objectwithlessmassthat istravelingatthesame velocity.

Kineticenergy

Kineticenergy=0.5xmassxvelocity2 KE=(0.5)x(m)x(v)2

40

extension

GZScienceResources2014

5c
Anobjectthathasthesame massasanotherbutis travellingatagreater velocitywillcontainfarmore kineticenergy. Thiscanbedemonstratedby twosimilarvehicleshittinga stationaryobject.Avehicle travellingat100kmperhour willreleaseamuchgreater amountofkineticenergyon impactcomparedtoa vehicleonlytravellingat 50kmperhour.

Kineticenergy

Kineticenergy=0.5xmassxvelocity2 KE=(0.5)x(m)x(v)2

41

extension

GZScienceResources2014

6a

Energymakesthingshappen

Energyisnotasubstance oranobjectthatyoucan touchorhold,but substancesandobjects canpossessenergy Energyissomethingthat isrequiredtomakethings change Energyisneededtomake objectsmoveorchange theirstate
GZScienceResources2012 42

6a

Energymakesthingshappen

Anychangeinspeed,size,shapeor temperatureinanobjectrequires energy. Energyistheabilitytodowork. Workisapplyingforcetoanobjectand makingitmoveindistance.

GZScienceResources2012

43

6a

Energyismeasuredinaunitcalledajoule(J).

AJoule,unitofworkorenergy,isequaltotheworkdonebyaforceofone Newton actingthroughonemetre.Thisunitisnamedinhonourofthe EnglishphysicistJamesPrescottJoule. W(work)=F(force)xd(distance)

GZScienceResources2012

44

6a

Powerismeasuredinaunitcalledawatt(w).

Powerisameasureofenergyuse.Powerishow quicklyenergyisbeingusedwhichiscalledtherateof energyuse. Poweristheamountofenergyusedinaperiodof time andtheunitsarecalledwatts. 1jouleofenergyfor1second=1wattofpower 1wattofpowerfor1second=1jouleofenergy

45

6b

EnergycanexistasChemicalpotential,Gravitationalpotential,Elastic potential,Kinetic,Sound,Electrical,Light,Heat

Energycanbeclassifiedintotwo types;kineticenergy(KE)and potentialenergy(PE) Kineticenergyisseenwhen particles,wavesorobjectsmove Allformsofstoredenergyare calledpotentialenergy thiscan notbeseenuntilitistransformed (changed)intoactiveenergy

GZScienceResources2012

46

6b

Kineticenergyisseenwhenparticles,wavesorobjectsmove

Light (radiant) Energy

Energy travelingin waves,with wavelengths thatcanbe seenby humans.

Sound Energy
Soundtravels inwavesof different pressure.This causes movementof particles. Soundcannot travelina vacuum.

Mechanical kinetic Energy

Movement energy.This canbeseen whenmatter changesits positionin space

Heat (thermal) Energy

Thekinetic energythat atomscontain. Themorethey movethe moreheat theycontain. Measuredby temperature

Electrical Energy
Energy containedin electrons.This caneitherbe staticlike lightningor current electricitythat movesina circuit.

47 GZScienceResources2012

6b
Gravitational Energy Thisisthe energy containedby anobject whichpullsit backtoEarth. Thefurtherup fromthe groundthe moreit contains.

Allformsofstoredenergyarecalledpotentialenergy
Elastic Energy Foundin springs, rubberbands etc.Themore theyare compressed themore energythey containto makethem changeback totheir originalshape Nuclear Energy Theenergy containedby thenucleusof anatomwhich holdsthe neutronsand protons together.Alot ofenergyis releasedwhen theseare separatedina nuclear reaction Chemical Energy Theenergy containedin thebondsof chemical molecules i.e.foodor batteryacid. Whenthese bondsare brokenina chemical reactionthen theirenergyis released Geothermal Energy Energy producedby geological processesof theEarth whichcauses heatand pressureto risetothe surface. Magnetic Energy Energy containedbya magnetto eitherattract orrepelother magnetic objects.Itcan alsocause electrical currents.

48 GZScienceResources2012

7a

Energyisalwaysconserved.

Energycannotbecreatedordestroyed,itcanonly bechangedfromoneformtoanother.
Thetotalamountofenergy neverchanges.Energyisableto transformfromonetypeto another.Alltypesofpotential energymustbetransformed intokineticenergyinorderfor work tobedone.

GZScienceResources2012

49

7b

Energycanbetransformedfromonetypetoanother

Energycanbetransferred fromone objecttoanother.e.g.heatenergy fromtherockscookingthefoodina hangi.Thetypeofenergydoesnot change Energycanbetransformed fromone typeintoanother.e.g.electricalenergy changedintoheatandsoundenergy whenboilingajug. Onetypeofenergycanbe transformedintomanydifferenttypes.
50 GZScienceResources2012

7b

Energycanbetransformedfromonetypetoanother
Anyobjectliftedupwardsgainsin gravitationalpotentialenergy.This gravitationalenergytransformsback intokineticenergywhenitis releasedornolongersupported. Hydroelectricpowerstationsusethe gravitationpotentialenergyofwater toflowdownwardsthrougha spillwayandmoveturbines. Allbondsthatholdatoms,ionsand moleculestogethercontain chemicalpotentialenergy.When thesebondsarebrokenorthe atomsformmoleculesoflower energythenheatenergyisreleased. Respirationinourcellsinvolves releasingenergythatiscontained withinthebondsofglucose molecules.

GZScienceResources2012

51

7b

Energycanbetransformedfromonetypetoanother

Batteriescontainenergyintheform ofchemicalpotentialenergy.When acompletecircuitisconnectedto theterminalsthenchemical reactionstakeplaceandthe potentialenergyistransformedinto electricalenergy.

Sunlightproducesradiantenergyin theformofthermalheatandlight energy.Onlylightenergyisusedby plantsanditistransformedinto chemicalpotentialenergythrough theprocessofphotosynthesis. Chloroplastsintheleavescontaina chemicalcalledchlorophyllthat capturesthelight.

52

8a

RenewableandNonRenewableEnergy

Energytypescanalsobedividedintorenewableandnonrenewableenergy.Renewable energysourcescanbeusedcontinuouslywithoutrunningout.Renewableenergyis availableinunlimitedamountsandtechnologyhasdevelopedsowecanconvertitinto electricity,heatandfuelforhumanuse. Nonrenewableenergyresourceshaveoftentakenmanymillionsofyearstoformand theyareinlimitedsupplies.Oncetheyhavebeenuseduptheycannotbereplaced.

53

8a

RenewableEnergy

Energyisgeneratedbythesun, andisstoredinavarietyof forms.Itislockedintobiomass throughtheprocessof photosynthesis.Burning biomassreleasesenergy,as doesdecomposingbiomass. Energyisstoredintheoceans andfreshwaterwherethe movementoftheearthand gravityreleaseitthroughtides and flowingrivers.Theearths spingeneratewaves andwind. Heatcreatedfromthecenter of theEarthisreleasedthrough geothermal activity.Allofthese energysourcescanbeusedby humans.
GZScienceResources2012

54

8a
Nonrenewableenergyis energythatcomesfromthe groundandisabletobenot replacedwithinausefulperiod oftime.Fossilfuelsarethe maincategoryofnon renewableenergy.Fossilfuels include;coal,oilandnatural gas.Theseresourcescome fromanimalsandplantsthat havediedmillionsofyearsago andthendecomposedto createauseablesourceof energyforhumans. Minedmineralssuchas uraniumusedfornuclear powerarealsononrenewable sourcesofenergy.
GZScienceResources2012

NonRenewableEnergy

55

8a

FossilFuels Coal

Coalwasformedmillionsofyearsagowhenplantsfellintopeatswampsandwere buriedbyheavyearthandrocks.Overmillionsofyears,theweightoftherocksandheat inthegroundturnedtheplantsintocoal. Mostoftheworldscoalwasformed300350millionyearsagoduringthe Carboniferousperiodthatwaswarmanddamp,idealforplantgrowth.NewZealand coalsaremuchyounger theyweremade3070millionyearsagoandtheyarealess energyrichfuel.Coalisminedeitherundergroundorinlargeopencastmines.

56

8a

FossilFuels OilandGas

Oilandgaswereformed manymillionsofyearsagofrom deadseaorganismsfallingtotheseafloor andbeingcoveredbysediment.Overtimethe sedimentthatcoveredthesedeadcreatureswas compressed 57 andformedrock.Thecarbonandhydrogenatomsthatusedtobe partofthedeadorganismsbodiesreformedintofuel theliquidformcalledoilandthegas form.Oilandgasareminedbydrillingdeepintothegroundfromoilrigs.

8b

Thelimitsoffossilfuelsandtheunlimitedenergyofthesun

Fossilfuelsarealimitedresource.Extractionandminingcanbeexpensiveandcan damagethesurroundingarea.Carbondioxidegasthatisreleaseduponburningthefuels arecontributingtothewarmingoftheclimate.Humansocietyhasadependenceonfossil fuelsforenergybutneedstoconsideralternativerenewableenergysourcestoreplace decreasingcoal,gasandoilsupply.Renewableenergyissustainableandinmanycases produceslittleornoharmtotheenvironment.Asnewtechnologydevelopstocollectthe energyitwillbecomecheaper.

Fossil fuels

Renewable energy

GZScienceResources2012

58

8c

Hydroelectricenergy

Hydroelectricpowermakeselectricitybyusingtheenergyfromfallingwater. Thewatercomesfrombigdamsacrossrivers,andflowsdowngreattubesto driveelectricitygenerators.NewZealandisfortunatetohavemanyrivers,such astheWaikatoriver,whicharesuitabletomakeuseofthistypeofenergy source.

59

8c

Windenergy

Windpowercandriveaturbinewith apropellerandgenerateelectricity. Windpowerisbecomingmore popularinNewZealandanda numberoffarmshavebeen createdsuchasalongthehillsin Manawatu andthenewsite betweenHamiltonandRaglan.

GZScienceResources2012

60

8c

Solarenergy

Solarpowercanmakeelectricityby usingpanelscalledphotovoltaiccells whichconvertssunlightintodirect currentelectricity.Aninverterchanges thedirectcurrentintoalternating currentwhichcanthenbeusedby householdsandindustrytopower machinesandappliances.

GZScienceResources2012

61

8c

Biomassenergy Biomassreliesonthe photosyntheticabilityof plantstoconvertsolar energyintochemical energy.Thechemical energystoredinplantsis thenbrokendownby enzymesanduseful bacteria intobiofuels to beusedinmachinery. Thistypeoffuelis renewableaslongasthe sameamountoftreesare plantedtoreplacethose cutdown.Thecarbon dioxidereleasedwhen burningthefuelswillalso bereabsorbedbythe plantsastheygrow.

62

8c
Geothermalenergy canbeusedtoheat waterpumped undergroundinto hockrocksandthe steamcreatedthen powersturbinesto createelectricity. Hotsteamthat comesfrom naturallyoccurring ventscanalsobe used.

Geothermalenergy

GZScienceResources2012

63

9aEnergyefficiency howsourcesofenergyaretransformedintouseful
energyandwastedenergy

Whenenergyistransferred,someofthe energyturnsintoformswedon'twant. Thisenergyiscalledwastedenergy. Wastedenergytakestheformofheatand sometimessoundorlight. Duringanyenergytransfer,someenergyis changedintoheat. Theheatbecomesspreadoutintothe environment. Thisdispersedenergybecomesincreasingly difficulttouseinfutureenergytransfers. Intheend,allenergyistransferredintoheat andeventuallylostoutintospace. GZScienceResources2012 64

9a

Energyefficiency howsourcesofenergyaretransformedintouseful energyandwastedenergy

Efficiencyisameasureofhowwellan energyuser(i.e,bulborappliance) transfersenergyintotheformwewant. efficiency(%)=(usefulenergyout totalenergyin)x100. or efficiency(%)=(usefulpowerout total power in)x100 GZScienceResources 2012 65

9b

Energyefficiency comparingtypesoflightbulbs
Incandescent LifeSpan (average) 1,200hours CompactFlorescent 8,000hours LED 50,000hours

Wattsof electricityused (equivalentto60 wattbulb).

60watts

1315watts

6 8watts

Eachofthese typesofbulbs producesthe sameamountof usefulenergy butrequire different amountsof inputenergy

66 GZScienceResources2012

9d

Transformationlosses andinefficientuseincreasetheamountofenergy required

Alargeamountofenergyuseina homeisspentonheating.Ifa homeispoorlyinsulated(with materialsthatdonotconduct heat)thentheheatwilleasily escapeandmoreenergywillbe requiredtomaintainthe temperaturetoasuitablelevel. Leavinglightsonwhennotbeing used,usingstandard incandescentlightbulbsinstead oftheCFLorLEDbulbsand leavingappliancesswitchedonat thewallwhennotinuseareall inefficientusesofenergy.
GZScienceResources2012 67

9d

Reducingenergylossfromourhomes

Itisimportanttoreducethelossofheatfromourhomes.Thisisdoneby increasingtheinsulationofourhomesusingthemethodsshowninthe diagrambelow.

68 GZScienceResources2012

9d

GZScienceResources2012

69

9d

Becomingmoreenergyefficient

OLDNEW
Appliancesforusearoundthe housearebeingdesignedtobe moreenergyefficient.This meansthattheyrequireless inputenergytoproducethe sameamountofusefulenergy output.Lesswasteenergyis producedintheformofheat andsound.

Lightbulbs

Televisions

GZScienceResources2012

70

Refrigerators

Energycanbetransferredbyconduction,convectionorradiation

10a
Conduction of heat along a solid object

Methods of heat transfer

Radiation of heat waves from hot objects
71 GZScienceResources2012

Convection currents in liquids or gases

LiquidsandGasestransferheatenergybyConvection

10a
Convectionoccurswhenfreemoving particlesfoundinliquidsandgases haveheatenergyaddedtothem.This causesanincreaseinkineticenergyof theparticlesandastheycollideinto eachothertheypushapartmore.The hotterareaofliquidorgasbecomes lessdenseorlighterandrises.Asthe particlesloseenergytheyslowdown andbecomeclosertoeachother whichmakesthemdenserandthey fallbackdown.Thismovementcreates convectioncurrentswherethe particlescirculate.

GZScienceResources2012

72

HotairballoonsriseduetoConvection

10a
Whenyouheattheairinthe balloonyourincreasethe kineticenergyoftheair particles.Theairparticles absorbtheheatenergyand movefaster.Thismakesthem movefaster.Airparticlesare pushedoutoftheballoon,as theytakeupmorespace. Ahotairballoonrisesbecause itisfilledwithhot,lessdense airandissurroundedbycolder, moredenseair.

GZScienceResources2012

73

10a

SolidstransferheatenergybyConduction

Whenheatistransferredby conduction theatomsremainin fixedsolidposition andtheheat energyistransferredfromoneatom toanotherbybeingcarriedby movingelectronssurroundingthe atoms.Themoreheatenergyan electronhasthefasteritmoves. Somematerialsconductbetterthan others.Theyarecalledconductors andincludemetalswhichhave electronsthatarefreetomove. Thosematerialsthatcannotconduct heatareknownasinsulators.They havenofreeelectronstocarrythe heatenergy.
GZScienceResources2012 74

10b

VacuumstransferheatenergybyRadiation

HeatEnergycantransferredin waves itdoesnotneedatomsor electronstotravel.Ourgreatest sourceofradiationwavescomes fromthesun. Whiteandsilverobjectsreflect radiationandverylittleheatenergy istransferredtothem.Blackobjects absorbradiationandalarge proportionoftheheatenergyis transferredtothem.

Radiation source

reflected

absorbed

white Temp. down

silver Temp. same

black Temp. up

GZScienceResources2012

75

Themethodofheattransferislinkedtothestateofmatter Heat Transfertype What doesit travelin? Liquid And gas solids Doesit require matterto travel? yes Description example

convection

Heatenergy Hotairballoon containedby risingwhen particlesthatmove burnerisgoing andcarryit. Heatenergyis passedfrom particletoparticle. Heatenergy travellingininfra redwavesatthe speedoflight Ametalspoon heatingupina hotdrink Skinwarming upwhilesitting inthesun

conduction

yes

Radiation

Ina vacuum

no

GZScienceResources2012

76

Themethodofheattransferislinkedtothestateofmatter

Conduction passestheheat energyfromparticletoparticle andoccursinsolidswhenthe particlesarefixedinplace.Thisis liketherugbyplayerspassingthe ballfromonetoanother.

Convection requires particlestomove aroundsuchasin liquidandgasand carryaroundthe heatenergylikea rugbyplayercarrying theballandrunning.

77

Radiation doesnot requireparticlesto movetheheatenergy. Thisislikearugbyball kickedwhichthen movesbyitselfdown thefieldwithoutany playersrequired.

GZScienceResources2012

light kinetic heat

electrical sound Active transformations

elastic geothermal gravitational

chemical nuclear magnetic potential

energy
Energyefficiency=
Usefulenergyx100 Energyused Law Energycannotbe createdordestroyed itcanonlychange fromoneformintoanother

Black absorb

Heat transfer conducters White silver metals

Hottercolder expansion
particles

contraction

Nonconducters radiation reflect

Waves electromagnetic

conduction
Energy moves

Plastics Air (nonsolids)

78

convection
Particles move

No matter GZScience Resources2012

solids

insulators

Liquids And gases

More Surface Area More Heat loss