Trecute Vieti de Doamne Si Domnite

C.
Gane
Trecute vie'i de Doamne #i domni'e
'946-27:
'YZRX REMRXI.
0YTXE TIRXVY GEXSPMGMWQ.
4VMQIPI (SEQRI EPI 1YRXIRMIM #M EPI 1SPHSZIM.
(SEQRE 'PEVE E PYM %PI\ERHVY &EWEVEF. 15
1Y#EXE #M RIZIWXIPI PYM %PI\ERHVY GIP &YR. 21
(SEQRE 1EVMRGE E PYM -PMI :SH. 25
*EQMPME PYM "XIJER GIP 1EVI. 31
(SEQRIPI QYRXIRI HMR ZIEGYP EP <:-PIE.
(SEQRE 6Y\ERHE E PYM &SKHER :SH. 40
(SEQRE #M HSQRM'IPI PYM 2IEKSI &EWEVEF. 47
(SEQRE )PIRE E PYM 4IXVY 6EVG#. 53
(SEQRE 6Y\ERHE E PYM 0TY#RIERYP. 61
(SEQRE 'LMENRE E PYM 1MVGIE 'MSFERYP.,. 67
(SEQRE )GEXIVMRE E PYM %PI\ERHVY :SMIZSH. 79
(SEQRIPI 1VME #M -VMRE EPI 7YM 4I'MI "GLMSTYP. 92
9PXMQIPI (SEQRI HMR ZIEGYP EP <:--PIE.
(SEQRE 1VME PYM PERGY 7EWY #M MHMPE HMR :IRI'ME. 99
*EQMPME PYM 1MREM :MXIE^YP. 110
(SEQRE )LWEFIXE 1SZMPE. 124
(SQRMJIPI 1SZMPI#XMPSV. 149
(SEQRIPI #M HSQRM'IPI PYM 6EHY :SH "IVFER. 163
*EQMPME :SMIZSHYPYM 6EHY 1MLRIE. 17
(SEQRE )PIRE E PYM 1EXIM &EWEVEF. 186
(SEQRIPI 8YHSWGE #PI PYM :EWMPI 0YTY. 197
(SQRM'I 0YTY. 219
(SEQRE 7E J XE E PYM +LISVKLI "MRGMTIWE 1MLEMPS[E. 247
(SEQRE 157
(SEQRE (EJQE (EFMNE. 286
(SEQRE %REWXEWME (YGE. 292
(SEQRE 1RS #PMRGE. 315
(SEQRI QSPHSZIRI PE WJYPYM EP <:---PIE.
8VEKIHME &V7
(SEQRE 4RS.
*EQMPME PYM (MV.'.: 376
(SEQRE %RE 6EGSZM'SXI I\TPMGEXMZI. 410
'9:28 2%-28).
8VKRHY-WI HMR RIEQYP +RI#XMPSV, RIEQ ZIGLM #M WXEXSVRMG R
1SPHSZE, RVYHMX, PE VRHY-M, GY HIWXYPI KIRIEPSKMM GVXYVHVI#XM,
'SRWXERXMR +ERI W-E RWGYX PE 27 QEVXMI 1885, PE &SXS#ERM. "M, GYQ
FPE^SRYP JEQMPMIM SFPMK, 'SRWXERXMR +ERI M-E GSRXMRYEX XVEHM'ME.
9VQIE^, R SVE#YP REXEP, 0MGIYP %, 8. 0EYVMER (1895- 1903) PMGIY
HI VIRYQI R 1SPHSZE, HEXRH HMR 1859, HMR ZVIQIE PYM 'YÊ :SH.
ETSM WXYHMM HI HVITX R +IVQERME, PE 9RMZIVWMXEXIE HMR 6SWXSGO, EFWSPZMXI
R 1910. 0E VIRXSEVGIVI, TVEGXMG EZSGEXYVE R FMVSYVMPI HMR &SXS#ERM #M
-PJSZ.
%RMM XMRIVI'MM WYRX #M ERMM YRSV HVEQEXMGI RGIVGVM QMPMXEVI
GEQTERME HMR 1913, R YVQE GVIME ZE WGVMI %QMRXMVMPI YRYM JSWX LSPIVMG
(&YGYVI#XM, )HMXYVE 1MRIVZE, 1914), V^FSMYP RXVIKMVMM 'VMM (19! 6-1918),
IZSGEX R 4VMR YMVSEKI #M GSGPEYVM (&YGYVI#XM, 'YPXYVE 2E'MSREPE, 1922),
EQFIPI WYF GYPSVMPI 6IKMQIRXYPYM 37 -RJERXIVMI HMR &SXS#ERM, TI GEVI PI
ZE SRSVE RXSXHIEYRE I\IQTPEV, GY EVQE #M GSRHIMYP. 1EM EPIW ITSTIIE
8916- 1918, QSQIRX HI GYPQI E ZMXINMIM #M NIVXJIM VSQRI#XM, IWXI,
XSXSHEX, S TVSF HI QE\MQ ERKENEQIRX E WGVMMXSVYPYM. (MR KVQEHE
HI GEVXI WXVMZMX. WGVMI 'SRWXERXMR +ERI. HMR FSPM, HMR JSEQIXI, HMR
WVGMI, HMR MWXSZMVI #M HMR PEGVMQM WI HIWTVMRHI, RIFRYMX TSEXI, S
TSI^MI RP'XSEVI, TSI^ME HYVIVMM SQIRI#XM, TSI^ME ZMXINMIM, E NIVXJIM, E
VFHVMM #M E HVEKSWXIM HI 2IEQ. )M FMRI, HVEKSWXIE EGIEWXE HI 2IEQ
1-E YVQVMX GE S SFWIWMI. %YXSVYP S HI3RI#XI TVMRXV-S WYQ HI RXVIFVM
TYWI WMI#M: (EV HEG TQRXYP RY I QEM JVYQSW EMGM HIGX R EPX
TEVXI, RMGM SEQIRMM QEM FYRM #M RMGM QSVEZYVMPI RY-QM TPEG QEM QYPX
EXYRGM HI GI RY TSX XVM R EPX 'EV HIGX RYQEM R EWXE# (I GI, GYQ
XVIG HI WXMTYP KVRMGIVYPYM, QM-I HSV HI GI-EQ PWEX R YVQ #M, GYQ
Q E4Y TVMRXVI WXVMRM, QM WEVI MRMQE HMR PSG, HI-EYH, R XVIEGX, ZVIS
ZSVF VSQRIEWG# (I GI-QM TPEGI QEM QYPX HIGX GIE QEM QMIWXVMX
GRXEVI, HERKE RM XY P QSRSMBR EP YRIM ZIGLM VSQER'I RE'MSREPI #M
HIGX GIE QEM FSKEX SVGLIWXV, 4YMIVYP #M GSFÊ# (I GI-QM WYRX HVEKM
SFMGIMYVM FXVRI, JGPME HI 4E#XM, 7XIEYE #M -VS^MM# (I GI-QM TPEG GVSRMGM
TVJYMXI, ZIGLM MWTMWSEGI GY WPSZIPI PSV RGPGMXI, PIWTI^M HI QSVQMRXI,
Y#M HI FMWIVMGM, XVIGYXYP RSWXVY HYVIVSW QEM QYPX HIGX XVIGYXYP KPSVMSW,
EP PSV, EP XYXYVSV! (I GI, HMR QFMREVIE EXXSV GYPSVM, QM TPEGI QMI
RYQEM YRE, EGIE GY VS#, GY KEPFIR #M EPFEWXVY#
)\GIPIRX QIQSVMEPMWX, 'SRWXERXMR +ERI WI HSZIHI#XI YR ZIVMXEFMP
GVSRMGEV HI V^FSM, EXYRGM GRH HIWISVM, TI :-0-, HVYQYP TVMR ZMVSEKI #M
GSGPEYVM EP 6IKMQIRXYPYM 37 -RJERXIVMI FSXS-#RIER, EP GVYM FVEZ S3'IV
IVE, WGLM'RH TSVXVIXIPI GEQEVE^MPSV HI EVQI, WYVTVMR^RH SQIRI#XMPI
XIQIVM, HEV #M WY4IXYP QEVI, VSQRIWG, HMR MRMQE XYXYVSV.
(EV, 'SRWXERXMR +ERI QEM IWXI #M YR ZIVMXEFMP GVSRMGEV EP XMQTYPYM
XVIGYX #M EXYRGM GRH WGVMI 8VIGYXI ZMI'M HI (SEQRI #M HSQRM'I, EPI GVIM
ZSPYQI ETEV WYGGIWMZ R 1932, 1933, 1935, 1941, RWYQRH QEM QYPXI
IHM'MM, G HVITX, MWXSVMM VSQER'EXI, HEV, GYQ VIQEVGE 2MGSPEG PSVKE, VSH EP
YRIM GYRSE#XIVM TIVJIGXI E FEÎM HSGYQIRXEVI, #M EXYRGM GRH WGVMI
EPXIPI *EVQIGI :ME'E PYM (IWTSX :SH; %GYQ S WYX HI ERM. 'VSRMGE
PYREV E ERYPYM 1834; 'VSRMGE PYREV E ERYPYM 1935; 4. 4. 'EVT #M PSGYP
WY R MWXSVME TSPMXMG E 'VMM; 2IEQYVMPI 1EZVSHMRI#XM HMR &EVE
6SQRIEWG #M 1SPHSZE #M 1SRSKVE3E JEQMPMIM JSR 1EZVSHM ZIP LEXQER;
%QERXI "0 ZIWIPI ZMI'M HI N Y T RI WI #M GYGSERI; 4I EVMTE ZVIQMM;
(MRGSPS HI ^FYGMYQYP ZIEGYPYM.
'E TYFPMGMWX, E WIQREX R RYQIVSEWI TIVMSHMGI, RXVI GEVI: 'IPI
XVIM 'VM#YVM, %VLMZE 6SQRIEWG, 'SRZSVFMVM PMXIVEVI, )TSGE, 'YVIRXYP,
'YZRXYP, 0MFIVXEXIE, 6IZMWXE *YRHE'MMPSV 6IKEPI, 7RÎERE.
2WGYX R &SXS#ERM, SVE#YP TPMR HI KVHMRM #M HI WSEVI,
'SRWXERXMR +ERI E IZSGEX HIWISVM PSGYVMPI REXEPI, SEQIRMM PSV, GGM
XSEQR, TPSEMI, &SXS#ERMM XSX JVYQS#M VQR. 1EM EMIW KVHMRMPI
&SXS#ERMPSV, GEVI JEG ZEVE ZIVHI #M MEVRE EPF.
'SRWXERXMR +ERI RGIXIE^ HMR ZME' -E 12 ETVMPMI 1962.
(IWMKYV, 8VIGYXI ZMI'M HI (SEQRI #M HSQRM'I VQRI, HMRXVI
XSEXI WGVMIVMPI PYM 'SRWXERXMR +ERI, GIE QEM GYRSWGYX, IE EGSTIVMRH
JETXMG MWXSVME &VMM 6SQRI#XM #M E 1SPHSZIM HI PE TVMQIPI HSQRMM PE
9RMVIE 4VMRGMTEXIPSV, HMR 1859. (IXEPMMPI, 3I IMI GX HI RYQIVSEWI,
EHYWI R TVMQ TPER HI EYXSV, WIVZIWG RXVIKYP, R JSRH, MWXSVME YRYM
TSTSV IWXI S RXVIEK WYGGIWMYRI HI JETXI #M RXQTPVM, IE RY IWXI
HEX HSEV HI IZIRMQIRXI QEVM, GIRXVEPI (IGM, GY EXX QEM QYPX,
STSVXYRMXEXIE GV'MM WI VIPIZ. 6IIHMXEVIE IM, R ERMM 1971 -1973, HI
)HMXYVE .YRMQIE HMR -E#M, WYF RKVMNMVIE PYM :MGXSV 0IELY, W-E HSZIHMX YR
EGX HI XVIFYMR'. "M GLMEV HEG YRIPI TEKMRM HMR IHM'ME MRM'MEP EY VQEW
TI HMREJEV HSKQEXMWQYP TSPMXMG #M GYPXYVEP HI EXYRGM KVIY HI
WYVQSRXEX. JETXYP W-E HSZIHMX WEPYXEV, MRXIVIWYP GMXMXSVYPYM JYRH VIEP,
RXVIEKE IHM'MI ITYM^RHY-WI GSQTPIX.
9R EXEVI WYFMIGX ZMI'MPI (SEQRIPSV #M HSQRM'IPSV VSQRI
RXQTMR, TIRXVY RGITYX, S KVIYXEXI HMR GIPI QEM QEVM, GIE QEM QEVI
HMR XSEXI: MMTWE HI HSGYQIRXEVI.
RGITRH GY ZIEGYP EP <:---IE, QEXIVMEP TIRXVY HIWGVMIVIE EGIWXSV
ZMI'M E4Q RHIENYRW, FSKEX YRISR, MRXIVIWERX RXSXHIEYRE, RW TIRXVY
ITSGE ERXIVMSEV EGIWX QEXIVMEP WI JEGI HMR GI R GI QEM VEV, EFME
GXIZE ZI#XM #M S WIEVFH RSQIRGPEXYV TIRXVY ERMM 1400 PE 1500, MEV
TIRXVY RGITYXYVMPI RIEQYPYM R ZIEGYP EP <P:-PIE PMTWIWG EHIWISVM TR
#M RYQIPI RIZIWXIPSV :SMIZS^MPSV RS#XVM.
8SXY#M RY WI TSEXI RGITI JV RGITYX. "M EGIWX RGITYX EVI,
HMRGSPS HI HSQIRMYP TVSTVMY-^MW EP WYFMIGXYPYM RSWXVY, S FSKEX PEXYV
MRXIVIWERX R WXVRW PIKXYV GY ZME'E HI EPXHEX E (SEQRIPSV
VSQRI. ) ZSVFE HI PYTXE GI W-E HEX R XVIGYX TIRXVY VWTRHMVIE
GEXSPMGMWQYPYM R QIPIEKYVMPI RSEWXVI, PYTX GEVI WI GSFSEV R XMQT
QYPX REMRXI HI RXIQIMIVIE ZSMIZSHEXIPSV 1SPHSZIM #M 1YRXIRMIM.
'RH R ERYP 1038 VIKIPI "XIJER EP 9RKEVMIM, ^MW 'IP 7JRX, E
QFV'M#EX GVI#XMRMWQYP, MEV G'MZE ERM QEM XV^MY (HYT WGLMWQYP HMR
1054) #M-E YQTPYX 'EVE HI TVIS'M #M HI GPYKVM GEXSPMGM, HI FMWIVMGM, HI
QRWXMVM #M HI ITMWGSTEXI TETMWXE#I, 3VI#XI G-E RGIVGEX R XSEXI
GLMTYVMPI GE ZIGLMPI E#I^VM VSQRI#XM HMR %VHIEP #M HMR 3PXIRME
(ZSMIZSHEXI, FEREXI, GRIÊXI) W 3I GSRZIVXMXI #M IPI PE GEXSPMGMWQ.
'IIE GI RW R-E M^FYXMX YRKYVYP W JEG EXYRGM, E JSWX RJTXYMX HI YR
VSQR, GEQ HSY ZIEGYVM QEM XV^MY, #M ERYQI R ERYP 1204 HI GXVI
-SR %WWER, QTVEXYP VS-QRS-FYPKEVMPSV. %GIWX SQ, GEVI TVMR RIWQYMXE
PYM IRIVKMI E #XMYX W WGYXYVI HI PER'YVMPI FMÊRXMRI EXX TSTYPE'ME
FYPKVIEWG, GX #M EGIE VSQRIEWG HMR RXMRWIPI WEPI HSQRMM, GEVI W-E
TVMGITYX, RXVY RJTXYMVIE TPERYVMPSV WEPI, W GETIXI #M WTVMNMRYP
VSQRMPSV HI HMRGSEGI HI (YRVI (ZPELMM HMR 1YRXIRME #M FVSHRMGMM HMR
1SPHSZE), EGIWX SQ E R'IPIW G TIRXVY QIR'MRIVIE #M E3VQEVIE
RIE#XITXEXIM PYM TYXIVM, GX #M TIRXVY E TYXIE HYGI QEM HITEVXI PYTXE
QTSXVMZE -QTIVMYPYM &MÊRXMR, M XVIFYMI WTVMNMRYP 4ETIM, GEVI TI ZVIQIE
EGIIE HI'MRIE R QMRMPI PYM RY RYQEM TYXIVIE WTMVMXYEP, GM #M TI GIE
PYQIEWG. "M EWXJIP W-E TYXYX G R ERYP 1204 YRMYRIE MQTIVMYPYM
EWWRIWG GY FMWIVMGE HMR 6SQE W WI RJTXYMEWG.
'RH 40 ERM QEM XV^MY, R.1241, -SR %WWER EP ---MIE, 3YP PYM %WWER,
W-E PITHEX HI FMWIVMGE VSQR, TIRXVY WGSTYVM TSPMXMGI, HI EPXJIP
EREPSEKI GGM &MÊR'YP G^YWI R QMRMPI GVYGME'MPSV, JSVQRH EGYQ
-QTIVMYP 0EXMR HMR 3VMIRX, #M -YM -SR %WWER M XVIFYME HIGM YR RSY WTVMNMR
QTSXVMZE ZI#RMGYPYM HY#QER FMÊRXMR, TI GEVI 1-E E4EX R EPMER'E GI E
RGLIMEX GY QTVEXYP HMR 2MGIE, SVXSHS\ GRH HIGM R ERYP 1241
-QTIVMYP 6SQRS-&YPKEV W-E PITHEX HI 4ETE, EGIWXE, Z^RHY-#M
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HI E JEGI S I\TIHM'MI QTSXVMZE RIGVIHMRGMS#MPSV VSQRM #M FYPKEVM #M HI
E-M EHYGI HMR RSY. GY WMPE, PE GEXSPMGMWQ. &IPE
3 8 ' ' EP -:--IE, RXVY QTPMRMVIE QERHEXYPYM WY, WI TVIKXIE
XSGQEM HI E GPGE XIVMXSVMYP PYM %WWER, GRH WI RXQTPE IZIRMQIRXYP
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*SEVXI WPFMX, TR PE HMWXVYKIVIE WXEXYPYM PSV HI GXVI XYVGM, MEV
VSQRMM, HMRGSEGI HI (YRVI, TIRXVY E TYXIE VI^MWXE QTSXVMZE XXEVMPSV,
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1241, VSQRMM HMRXVI 'EVTE'M #M (YRVI, HMR EQFIPI TV'M EPI 'MXYPYM,
IVEY SVKERMÊ'M R ZSMIZSHEXI, TVSFEFMP WYF WYÎVERMXEXIE -QTIVMYPYM
6SQRS-&YPKEV EP %WWRI#XMPSV. R 3PXIRME HSQRIE 0]XYSR, WEY 0MXSZSM,
MEV R 1YRXIRME (&EVE 6SQRIEWG, 8IVVE &PEGSVYQ) HSQRIE :SMIZSHYP
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E RJVYRXE WXVHERMMPI FMWIVMGMM VSQERI TIRXVY E-M EHYGI WEY TIRXVY E-M
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RGIXEWIV HI JIP RMGMSHEX #M GEVI, S WYX HI ERM QEM XV^MY, EY TVMGMRYMX
HIWGPIGEXYM 1SPHSZIM HI GXVI &SKHER. 4I HI EPX TEVXI, 3MRH QIVIY
LV'YM'M HI XXEVM, MEV VIKIPI 9RKEVMIM, GY XSEX TVSXIG'ME RSQMREP GI PI
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0]XYSR, :SMIZSHYP 3PXIRMIM, QTVIY-- RE GY JVE'MM PYM, E GYGIVMX XIVMXSVMYP
EGIWXYME #M PI-E YRMX GY EPI PYM, R3Q'RH EWXJIP YRMXEXIE RE'MSREP HMRXVI
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GRH, HYT QSEVXIE GIPYM HMR YVQ VIKI EVTEHMER, &EWEVEF W-E WGYXYVEX
HI EGIE WYÎVERMXEXI, FIRIZSP PE RGITYX, TVMR WXVPYGMXE ZMGXSVMI GI E
VITYVXEX QTSXVMZE VIKIPYM 'EVSP 6SFIVX H'%RNSY, PRK 'IXEXIE
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TETMWXE# RIQEMTYXRH M MQTYW RMGM TVMR EVQI, RMGM TVMR EPXI QMNPSEGI
(GYQ JYWIWI, HI TMPH, QEM REMRXI TVMR QMNPSGYP 3VHMRYPYM 'EZEPIVMPSV
8IYXSRM #M PSERM'M, GVSVE VIKMM 9RKEVMIM -I HHYWIV GIPSV HMRXM &EVE
&VWIM, MEV GIPSV HI-EP HSMPIE 3PXIRME #M 1YRXIRME RXV-YR JIP HI ETEREN),
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TVMR JIQIM.
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1SPHSZE, GXIZE ZSVFI QEM RXM EWYTVE VSQRMPSV HI PE RSVH.
R 1SPHSZE HI E^M, R XSX XMQTYP RZPMVMPSV FEVFEVI, HI PE KI'M
(271) #M TR R ZIEGYP EP <P---IE, EHMG ZVIS 900 ERM, RY W-EY TYXYX
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EY WXEX S ZVIQI, EY ZIRMX EP'MM TIWXI IM, GEVI PE VRHYP PSV EY JSWX MEV
EPYRKE'M HI EP'M RSM ZIRM'M. 'YQERMM WMRKYVM EY EZYX S SVKERMÊVI QEM
XIQIMRMG, HI#M HI JETX WIHMYP PSV TVMRGMTEP IVE HMRGSPS HI 2MWXVY. 8SXY#M,
R TIVMSEHE HI PMRM#XI HI WYF HSQMRE'ME PSV, E#I^VMPI EY RGITYX E WI
RQYP'M. 4VMR ERYP 1150 HSGYQIRXIPI #M GVSRMGMPI WXVMRI RI EVEX &EVE
1SPHSZIM PSGYMXE HI VSQRM, GE #M 1YRXIRME, GE #M 3PXIRME, GE #M RXVIK
%VHIEPYP, GE #M 1EGIHSRME. 6SQRMM HMR TV'MPI EGIWXIE TYVXEY, GIP TY'MR
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PE RSVH (HI PE FSPSL, ZPSL, ZPEL). %GI#XM FSPSLSZIRM EZIEY GRINMM PSV #M
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EGIWX VY, WTVI RSVH, HEV EZRH VEQM3GE'MMPI PSV RWTVI WYH #M ZIWX, TR
R QYR'MM 'EVTE'M. 4IWXI IM, GE #M TIWXI XSEX PYQIE, W-EY RTYWXMX XXEVMM
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RIRGIXEXI PYTXI. %FME R ERYP 1342, GRH XVSRYP 9RKEVMIM JY SGYTEX HI
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GSQERHE S#XMVIE EGIWXIM I\TIHM'QRM, #M RSFMPYP VSQR (VEKS# HMR
&EHIY, R 1EVEQYVI#, WI E4E TVMRXVI GTMXERMM WM. 8XEVMM 3MRH RZMR#M #M
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R HEV HI PE VIKI TQRXYVM TI QEPYVMPI 1SPHSZIM #M WI WXEFMPMV EGSPS,
YRHI PI ZIRM GY EXX QEM Y#SV E WXE, GY GX, TI HI S TEVXI, IM KWMV T-
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XY #M W QIVKM PE FMWIVMGE GEXSPMG, #M RSM TI HI EPX TEVXI -E EPX FMWIVMG
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XVKRH R JYK HYT .P HRWE TI (SEQRE 1EVKLMXE GY XS'M 3MM IM. R XVIM
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YRIPXMVM, W GETIXI WGEYRYP
1SPHSZIM, TR GRH, R 1618, E4RH GE JVEXIPI WY +EZVMP NP
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1SZMPI#XMPSV VEQYVE 7MQMSR MEV IP WI GNN PYKVM, HIZIRMRH QEM XV^MY
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HI'MRIE R RYQIPI MYPYM IM. 2IQEMP EZRH GSRXVSPYP WS'YPYM, IE YQTPY GY
HEVYVM TI GPYKVMMM GEXSPMGM, HEVYVM JGYXI HMR ZMWXMIVME WXEXYPYM, TVIGYQ
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ZVIS HERMI, P TYRI W WGVMI G IWXIN,JGYX GY ENYXSVYP (SEQRIM
QEQIM QIPI, (SEQR # JGXSEVI HI FMRI.
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EGYQ QSVX. 4EVXMH EGIWXIME HMR YVQ IVE HIWXYP HI TYXIVRMG R
1SPHSZE #M XVIFYME WYTVEZIKLIEX RHIETVSETI, R HSYE VRHYVN FSMIVMM
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RMGM QEM QYPX RMGM QEM TY'MR HIHE GYQ TYXIE WYJIVM IP GE (SQRYP
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XVMQMXIEA R KVEF WSPMM IM EGSPS, GY TYRKM TPMRI HI KEPFIRM, WEP WTYR
YQFVIM PYM %PEL TI TQRX G :SH 'SRWXER'MM! 1SZMP IWXI WYTYWYP #M
YQMPYP WY WGPEZ, RXME SEV, ZM^M-A VYP 'EVEQER %KE, TVMIXIR GY
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W GYKIXI R RN GLMWSEVIE 'IPSV "ETXI 8YVRYVM EWYTVE RIGYZMMR'IM
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134
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WGEYRYP/ZMSP HS ZIM.
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IP RHYTPIG TI (SEQRE )PMWEFIXE W JEG, R RYQIPI 3YPYM IM, YR EGX HI
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8SQ#E KWM G RY JEGI W EXEGI JIQIMPI, GSTMMM #M FXVRMM GI WI
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IVEY PMFIVM. 'YQRE'MM PYM
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WYTIVMSEVE GE RYQV #M TSEXI GE GSQERH, GGM EZIE R VRHYVMPI IM TI
GTMXERMM MEV WXTR EM PYM 1MLEM :MXIE^YP, 1VÊ, +LI'IE #M 6X,
VIWTMRWIV TI TSPSRM, GEVI RGITYV E FEXI R VIXVEKIVI. 4SXSGOM, 3MRHY-
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QYVMWI HIQYPX, TI GRH QEQ-WE XSX XVKIE RHINHI W-1 QEM WXVRK
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EMI LERYPYM, GIIE GI IVE XSXYRE), JETX GEVI JEGI TI GVSRMGEVYP TSPSR
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QYVMX EGSPS HI WYJIVMR'. 2-S / JSWX WYPXERYP IP RWY#M FMRI MRJSVQEX, WEY
TSEXI S M RWGSGMX 1MLMPIWGY TSZIWXIE RIGVMM GY KRHYP HI E EWGYRHI
RHYVIVEXIM QEQI WYJIVMR'IPI 3YPYM IM, RY TYXIQ #XM RSM E^M, HYT QEM
FMRI HI XVIM WYXI HI ERM.
7GVMWSEVIE LERYPYM, TVMR GEVI EGIWXE ZIWXIE QSEVXIE PYM
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VRMX E )PMWEFIXIM. 2IQYP'YQMX GY HSQ-1 RME PYM 8SQ#E, IP SJIVIE JSWXIM
(SEQRI WTVMNMRYP GPEVI 'MPSV WM, TIRXVY E#IÊVIE XR WGEYR E PYM
%PI\ERHVY, EPA HSMPIE Q EP IM. @TEV
%QFM'ME JIQIMM SHEX WGSVQSRMX, HYVIVIE QEQIM, GY RGIXYP, WI
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1615, FE RXV-S TEVXI, FE RXV-EPXE, ME 9WXMI, PE 0IQ-FIVK, 7E ,EPMG^,
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7XVSMGM, EGYQ, HYT S VWGSEP JGYX HI FSMIVM -E 'YGYXIRM, WI HHYWI
R QELEPEYE 4GYVEVMPSV S EHIZVEX PYTX, HMR GEVI 8SQ#E MI#MRH
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PE 8VKS-ZM#XI, PE ZIGMRYP WY 6EHY 1MLRIE.
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IM 60 HI GEZEPIVM JVERGI^M, R WXVPYGMX EVQYV, GSRHY#M HI GTMXERYP PSV
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(I#M 6EH^M[MPP IVE PYXIVER, XSXY#M, TIRXVY E RY WXVMGE GLIJYP
(SQRYPYM 1SPHSZIM, IP WI RWYVE HYT VMXYP SVXSHS\. 7PYNFE IVE EGIIE#M
EXYRGM GE #M E^M. 1MVIPI #M QMVIEWE WXXIEY R TMGMSEVI R JE'E EPXEVYPYM,
QMXVSTSPMXYP PI GMXIE IZERKLIPME, PI WGLMQFE ZIVMKLIXIPI, PI TYRIE
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1VGIE GIP &XVR #M (SEQRE
1EVE
%PI\ERHVY GIP &YR #M (SEQRE 1EVMRE ()TMXVE3V HI PE QYÎYP 7J.
%P. 2IYWOM, 4IXVSKVEH
4MWERME HI .E QRWXMVIE &MWXVM'IM
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(1RWXMVIE 4YXRE, NYH. 7YGIEZE)
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((YT )ZERKLIPME HI PE :SVSRI')
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((YT TMGXYVE QYVEP HI PE FMWIVMGE QRWXMVMM +SZSVE)
:- EH &ITI# ((YT YR XEFPSY R YPIM HI ME GEWXIPYP %QFVSW -R
8VSP)
&SKHER :SH, (SVMRYP 1SPHSZIM, RYP PYM "XIJER GIM 1EVI
(SEQRE 1MPMXE (IWTQE #M 3YP IM 8ISHSWMI (-GSER HI PE 'YVXIE HI
%VKI#)
4MEXVE HI QSVQRX E PYM 6EHY :SH HI -E %JYQE'M
4IXVY 6EVI#
(SEQRE )PIRE, -LI, 7XIMER #M 6Y\ERHE
(SEQRE
6Y\ERHE 0TY#RIERYP (*VIWG HMR QRWXMVIE
(SGLMEVMY HI PE 1YRXIPI %JLSW)
7GEYRYP HSQRIWG EP PYM 4IXVY 6EVIW
1MVGIE 'MSFERYP
4IXVY :SH GIP 8RV, 1MVGIE #M 6EHY, 3MM PYM 1MVGIE 'MSFERYP #M EM
(SEQRIM 'LENRE
%PI\ERHVY :SMIZSH
(SEQRE 1VME %QMVEPM #M HSQRM'E 1VME 8^MKEVE
(4MGXYV QYVEP HI PE XRRWXMVIE 'EPEX, -E#M)
"XIJRM', 3YP
-YM 4IXVY "GLMSTYP
((YT YR XEFPSY, R YPIM HI PE 'EWXIPYP %XRFVSW R 8MVSP)
4IXVY "GLMSTYP #M 3YP WY "XIJRM' (7XEQT HMR ZVIQIE PYMa
1MLEM :MXIE^YP
-SR :SH GIP 'YQTPMX (7XEQT ZIGLIa
1RWXMVIE 'S^ME ((YT S WXEQT HI PE %GEHIQME 6SQR)
7MQE 7XSPRMGIEWE &YÎEWG
(SEQRE )PMWEFIXE 1SZMPE
(4MGXYV QYVEP PE QPRWXMVIE 7XMGIYM'E)
-IVIQME 1SZMP
(&VSHIVMI HI TI QSVQRXYP WY HI PE QRWXMVIE 7YGIZM'E)
(SQRMJII Y -IVIQME :SH 1SZMPM
(4MGXYVE QYVEP PE QRWXMVIE 7YIIZM'E)
1EXIM &EWEVEF
&MWIVMGE 6EHY :SH (&YGYVI#XM)
(SEQRE )PIRE E PYM 1EXIM &EWEVEF (1MRMEXYV HMRXV-S )ZERKLIPMI)
1EXIM &EWEVEF #M (SEQRE )PIRE
(1MRMEXYV HMRXV-S
)ZERKLIPMI)
3GE 3MMM E. 4 -.
&SKHER ,QIPRMWOM
4VMRGMTIWE 1VME 6EH^M[MX, 3MGE -YM :EWMPI 0YTY
+LISVKLI"XIJER :SMIZSH
'IXEXIE 2IEQ'YPYM
4SWXIPRMGYP
'SRWXERXMR
'ERXEGY^MRS
((EXE HI TI TSVXVIX I KVI#MXE)
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1MLEM %TEJM
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TYXIE W 3I XSX :SMIZSHYP +LISVKLI "XIJER).
+LISVKLI (YGE, (SEQRE %REWXEWME #M HSQRM'IPI PSV
(4MGXYV QYVEP PE FMWIVMGE 'IX'YPE, -E#M)
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'SRWXERXMR &VRGSZIERY :SMIZSH (4SVXVIX HI PE 1YRXIPI 7MREM)
'SRWXERXMR :SH
&VRGSZIERY #M 3MM WM
(SEQRE 1VME &VRGSZIERY
(SY HMR JIXIPI PYM 'SRWXERXMR
&VRGSZIERY
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&VRGSZIERY
(&MWIVMGE 7J. +LISVKLI, &YGYVI#XM)
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((YT S WXEQT HI PE %GEHIQME 6SQR)
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%RE 6EGSZM'E) , RIWIM, GRXRHY-PI -WEME HR'YMI#XI. R XMQTYP
EGIWXE WI EVYRGEY R FMWIVMG KEPFIRM, TI GEVI GPGEY QMVIPI #M 'MVIE#,
EVXRH EWXJIP G RY GIV HI PE (YQRIÎY HIGX HVEKSWXI #M GMRWXI, MEV
GIEPEPX FSK'MI #M RWYQIXEVI E PYQMM EGIWXIME TVI XSEX XVIFYME W-S
PITIHI, ^MGI JVYQSW TMQMMVMI 'ERXIQMV, ZSVFMRH HI RYR'MPI HMR &EVE
1SPHSZIM.
:EWMPI :SH #M (SEQRE )GEXIVMRE RY IVEY R FMWIVMG, 3MRHG
SFMGIMYP RY RKHYME W 3I TVMR'MM JE' PE GYRYRMI. `R WGLMQF, HYT
GIVIQSRMI, WI HIWTV'MV QMVIPI HI QMVIEWE. (SQRM'E 1VME QIVWI R
ETEVXEQIRXYP (SEQRIM, YRHI S E#XITXE TVR^YP, PE GEVI PYEV TEVXI
RYQEM JIVRIM, MEV QMVIPI MRXV R WYJVEKIVME (SQRYPYM, E#I^RHY-WI PE S
QEW RXMRW TIRXVY ETVSETI 200 HI FVFE'M, ) KVIY W RI RGLMTYMQ
EWX^M GI IVE S EXEVI QEW HSQRIEWG. %Q EVXEX R GETMXSPYP XVIGYX
GYQ #M GI JI! WI QRGE #M WI FIE, GYQ WI WPYNIE, GI QY^MGM IVEY, GI
XSEWXYVM WI 'MRIEY. (IWTVI TVR^YP EGIWXE PE RYRXE HSQRM'IM 1VME; RI
WTYRI /IQIR] MERS#, QEVXSV SGYPEV, G FYGEXIPI HI TI XSEXI QIWIPI
IVEY KXMXI HYT KYWXYP MI#IWG (HIPMGEX EXIR'MI HMR TEVXIE PYM :SH
TIRXVY KMRIVIPI #M SEWTI'MM PYM) #M TVIXYXMRHIRM IVEY HI XSEXI GY
TVMWSWMR'. &PMHIPI, YPGMSEVIPI, PMRKYVMPI #M GY'MXIPI HI TI QIWIPI GIPI
PYRKM, XSEXI IVEY HI EVKMRX HI GIP GYVEX. -EV EPX QEVXSV SGYPEV, ,ITTIPMYW,
XVMQMWYP IPIGXSVYPYM HI &VERHIRFYVK, WTYRI G QEWE HI RYRX GI WI
RXMRWIWI JY QEM QYPX HIGX VIKIEWG (QILV HERR OSRMKPMGL
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IE. 0E PSGYP HI GMRWXI WXXIE WSPYP VIKIMYM 4SPSRMIM, ME HVIETXE EGIWXYME
:EWMPI 0YTY, #M PE WXMRK WSPYPYM TVMRGMTIPI 6EH^M[MPP. (YT :SH YVQEY,
HI-E HVIETXE PYM, XS'M RSFMPMM TSPSRM, MEV HYT QMVI, HI-E WXRKE,
QMXVSTSPMXYP 4IXVI 1SZMP, TI YVQ MERS# /IQIR], WSPYP PYM 6EGSG^M #M
ETSM GIMPEP'M WSPM WXVMRM, GPIVYP, FSMIVMM QSPHSZIRM. 4VSXSGSPYP IVE EXX HI
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M WI HHIE R FIP#YK QR-GEVI, FYXYV #M FERM. ,ITTIPMYW VQRI YMQMX
HI XSX GI ZIHI, #M HSEV ZIRIE HMR &IVPMR, RY HMR JYRHYP %WMIM, GE
15 'SQERHE .3 84
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#M REMRXIE PSV YR WXSPRMG FXVR N GYQREG TI GET #M GY FEWXSR R
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WI W J! VQEY GY GMSGERYP TMIXVI TI FYVX; TI YVQ, 3VI#XI, N X GXSVM TI
WVQ, WEPXMQFERGM, KLMHY#M. 7I JGYV R GYVP #M NSGYVM HI PYTX: GIX'M
HI GEVXSR, GEVI ETSM IVEY PYEX GY EWEPX #M EVWI, GSVFMM #M PYTXI REZEPI.
(YT 3IGEVI NSX GSQIHMERXYP ZIRIE PE :SH, WVYXRHY-M TSEPE, MEV
ZMWXMIV RMGYP, GEVI WXXIE PRK IP, P VWTPXIE R FERM #M-R FERM HI EYV #M
LEMRI HI QXEW.
(IWJXVMPI EGIWXI EY 'MRYX 12 ^MPI, R GEVI XMQT W-QRGEX #M W-E
FYX FMRI HI W-EY #M QFXEX REPN SEWTI'M-MEV ETSM W-EY QTV#XMEX GY
XS'MM, GEVI HI YRG ZIRMWIV, #M TVMR'YP PERS# 6EH^M[MPP #M PY RIZEWXE, TSV
RMRH GY IE R 'EVE PI#IEWG.
3 HYWI RXPM PE :EV#SZME, GE W-S TVI^MRXI VIKIPY #M ETSM WI ETYGEV
W GYXVIMIVI S ZVIQI ETYWYP )YVSTI 4VMQE GPXSVMI HI RYRX E YRIM
HSQRM'I VSQRI R ETY#M ^MGI H. PSVKE.
(YT YR ER HI ^MPI, 1VME 6EH^M[MPP #M VIZ^Y 'E R #M ERYQI R
YVQXSEVIPI QTVINYVVM: :IRI'ME, HYT GYM EQ EVXEX QEM WYW, 3MRH
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S PSZMXYV G QSEVXI, WI R'IPIWIWI GY TETE R ZIHIVIE RXVITVMRHGV YRIM
GVYGMEHI, R GEVI XVIFYMEY W MRXVI, GE JEGXSVM TVMR GMTEPM, %YWXVME,
9RKEVME #M 4SPSRME, MEV GE JEGXSVM EY\MPMEV 1SPHSZE #M 1YRXIRME. 4IRXVY E
RY E'M'E KIPS^ME RXV WXEXIPI QEM QEVM, WI LSXV GE GSRHYGIVIE WYTVIQ
M EG'MYRMM W 3I HEX PYM +LISVKLI 6EGSG^M, WEY PYM 1EXI &EWEVEF, WEY PYM
:EWMPI 0YTY.
R ZIHIVIE VIY#MXIM EGIWXYM TPER KVERHMSW VIKIPI 4SPS RMIM XVMQMWI
TI -SR 6EH^M[MP! R ETYW, TIRXVY E WI TYRM GSRXEGX GY QTVEXYP, GY
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R )YVSTE,# PN, NEX HYT RYRX, RXSVW R 4SPSRME #M VETSVXRH VIKIPYM 'I`
I TYWI PE GEPI HI IP, JY XVMQMW TI HEX R 'VMPI RSEWXVI IRXVY E TVIKXM
EG'MYRIE QEM HITEVXI, RGITY, 3VI#XI, 0-- 1SPHSZE, #M-#M PY RIZEWXE GY
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XVMFYXYP GXVI 4SEVX W RY QEM 3I TPXMX, #M TI EKE XYVG ZIRMX W-P
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HEV HIWTVI GEVI WI WTYRIE TI EXYRGM G G GEQ TVSWXEXMG, WTYWI HSEV
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G RYQEMHIGX W WI HIWTEVX HI FVFEXYP MIM. (EV HSQRM'E 1VME M
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ZVY, W-#M PEWI FVFEXYP.
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:SMIZSHYPYM JY QEM WPEF HI RKIV #M QEM EWGYPXXSEVI 3MGE.
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1SPHSZE.
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0YTY TEVI E RY-#M QEM 3 Z^YX JEXE.
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WI RXSEVWI JV WYGGIW, RETSM PE RIZEWX, R 0MXYERME. :ME'E QEM
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TIXVIGYX ETVSETI XSX XMQTYP TI GQTYP HI PYTX. 6EH^M[MPP E PYTXEX ERM
HI-E VRHYP QTSXVMZE PYM &SKHER ,QIMPRM'OM, LEXQERYP GEÊGMPSV, #M ZSQ
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TYRI FEÎPI YRYM XVEXEX HI TEGI, IP WI WYTEV EXX HI VY TI ,QMIPRM'OM,
GRH EGIWXE M WTYWI G
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WI QTGEWI GY WSGVYP WY.
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QYVMX #M XEXP IM.
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GIPI QEM GYRSWGYXI 3KYVM EPI MWXSVMIM RSEWXVI, 2IRSVSGMVMPI IM, TVIGYQ #M
S ETVIGMEX RYZIP E PYM 2MGM +ERI, EY TSTYPEVMÊX-S #M EY JGYX-S W
TXVYRH R MRMQ; PEVKE E VSQRYPYM, KEXE RXSXHIEYRE W ME TEVXIE
GIPYMA RIRSVSGMX WEY RIHVITX'MX.
1YPXI EQRYRXI GI WI GYRSWG HMR ZME'E IM EV HE QEXIVMEP
RHIENYRW TIRXVY EPGXYMVIE YRIM ZMI'M VSQER'EXI, EGIEWX
TVIXIR'MSEW MRHMWGVI'MI E PMXIVEXYVMM QSHIVRI. (EV; PE YVQE YVQIM, XSEX
GEVXIE HI JE'E RI3MRH EPXGIZE HIGX S ZEWX MRHMWGVI'MI, W PYRIGQ QEM
HITEVXI TI TSZVRM-#YM TSVRMX #M W ZIHIQ GYQ W-E WGYVW R EHIZV
ZME'E EGIWXIM JVYQSEWI JIQIM TVMRXVI JIQIMPI JVYQSEWI.
2WGYX XV^MY HMR GWXSVME PYM :EWMPI 0YTY GY 8YHSWGE, GEQ TVMR
ERYP 1630, 6Y\ERHE IVE YR GSTMP HI ZVIS ÎGI ERM, GRH M QYVM QEQE.
&EÎPI IHYGE'MIM M JYVE HIGM TYWI HI EHIZVEXE IM QEQ, GEVI QEM
GVIWGYWI #M TI GIPIPEPXI HSY 3MGI EPI IM RXV-YR JIP GEVI E EXVEW PEYHIPI
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6Y\ERHE RGTY TI QMRMPI GIPIM HI-E HSYE RIZIWXI E XEXPYM IM,
(SEQRE )GEXIVMRE GMVGE^MERE, GEVI, HI#M XRV IE RW#M, XVIFYM W WI
RKVMNIEWG QEM HITEVXI HI GVI#XIVIE EGIWXYM GSTMP. &YR #M FPMRHE,
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6Y\ERHE MYFM TI )GEXIVMRE GE TI-S QEQ, GE TI-S WSV, GE TI-S
TVMIXIR. )HYGE'ME, GEVI-M JY HEX HI EGIEWX JIQIMI, JY QEM QYPX S
IHYGE'MI E MRMQMM, GGM EPX GVI#XIVI RY TYXIE W EMF GMVGE^MERE ZIRMX
HMR WPFEXMGMM QYR'M EM 'EYGE^YPYM, HIGX RYQEM EGIIE HI-E 3 JVYQSEW
#M FYR. 'YQ RW XS'M G'M EY GYRSWGYX-S TI 6Y\ERHE, EY WTYW HI IE GE
IVE TI EXX HI HI#XIETX #M HI GYPXMZEX, TI GX IVE HI JVYQSEW,
FRYMQ GE :EWMPI 0YTY IP RWY#M Y EGIP GEVI EZY KVMN HI GVI#XIVIE IM
MRXIPIGPYEP. "M, R EHIZV, HSQRM'E 6Y\ERHE IVE GSTMPYP GIP QEM HVEK,
GIP QEM VWJ'EX, GIPN GY GEVI WI PYHE QEM RYPX QRHVYP (SQR EP
1SPHSZIM.' 3 M EZYX HIGM S HGSWIF M KVMN HI IE, TI GEVI S QIRIE W 3I
RIZEWX HI VIKI WEY HI QTVEX. %QFM'MMPI EGIWXYMA
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RSM GYRSE#XIQ GMRGM HMR IM, VQE#M R MWXSVMI, ETSM QYP'M XVIFYMI WE QEM M
JSWX, GEVI EY WYWTMREX HYT IE #M 4I GEVI RYb' "XMQ.
7SEVXE 6Y\ERHIM RGITY E WI TIGIXPYM RHEX HYT RYRXE WYVSVMM
WEPI 1VME, R TVMQZEVE ERYPYM 1645. 2SYE RVYHMVI E PYM :EWMPI 0YTY GY
YRYP HMR GIM QEM QEVM RSFMPM EM 4SPSRMIM HMWTPGY 4SV'MM SXSQERI. 4IRXVY
E RY GHIE R TVITYW HI LEM RM VI JE' HI XYVGM, IP WI WMQ'M SFPMKEX W -I
XVMQMX R GLI^#MI TI YRYP HMR GSTMMM PYM. 'YQ RW 3YP QEM QEVI QYVMWI,
3YP EP HSMPIE, "XIJER, EZIE HSM WEY XVIM ERM, MEV JIXIPI GIPIPEPXI IVEY
QVMXEXI, VQRIE RYQEM 6Y\ERHE, TI GEVI, GY XSEX HYVIVIE, HEV
RIEZRH RGSXVS, S XVMQMWI PE 'SRWXERXMRTTSP.
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%RE (SEQRE RY QEM XVME, GGM EPXJIP EV 3 TS-QIRMX-S GVSRMGEVMM, IM GEVI
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GEVI PI-EQ EVXEX QEM WYW.
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YVQE ZSQ ZSVFM HIWTVI (SEQRIPI #M HSQRM'IPI HMR ITSGE JEREVMSX
ETVSETI XSEXI WXVMRI HI RIEQYP RSWXVY. ETSM HI EGIPI HMR ITSGE
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3 (YT 2. -SVKE. (EV HYT 7IZIV >SXXE EV 3 JSWX RIZEWXE PYM
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4 4. 4. 4EREMXIWGY: ,VY#IRWGOM (/MIZ, 1927) HSZIHI#XI RII\MWXIRXE
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TVIVM (6IZMWXE -WXSVMG. <-:, 1928).
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6 (YT -. 2MWXSV, MEV HYT EP'M MWXSVMGM, XEXP PYM 4IXVY, FVFEXYP
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7 (YT 4. 4. 4EREMXIWGY (%PI\ERHVY GIP &YR) EGIWX "XIJER, GEVI E
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9 %0 GI! &YR EV 3 EZYX #M S 'MMXSEVI 7XERGE, GI EV 3 JSWX QEQE PYM
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)M E QEM EZRX GY 1EVMRE, TI %PI\ERHVY #M TI 'LMENRE. GEVI QEM
XVME RG TI ZVIQIE PYM "XIJER GIP 1EVI.
10 "XIJER IVE JVEXI GY -PMI RYQEM HI TI MEX, 3MRH 3YP PYM
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2Y WI TSEXI PQYVM HI GI 4EPISPSK, #M RY 'SVRRIR, GRH #XMYX IWXI G
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&SKHER --.
Y %GIEWX E3VQE'MI E PYM ;MWRS[XIGOM I WMRKYVYP, M^ZSV GY TVMZMVI
PE EGIEWX GWXSVMI E JIXIM PYM "XIJER GIP 1EVI, (SGYQIRXEV, IE RY I
HSZIHMX.
15 7EQSRMHE IVE QEQE PYM 6EHY GIP 1EVI (1496-1508).
16 *SEVXI MRXIVIWERX R EGIEWX GLIWXMYRI IWXI TVIVIE -YM 4. 4.
4EREMXIWGY, GEVI GVIHI GE &SKHER :SH RY IVE RMGM GLMSV, RMGM SVF, RMGM
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:SH XVMQMWIWI R WXVMRXEXI HYT HSGXSVM HI SGLM #M G PE JIP E
JGYX #M 3YP WY %PI\ERHVY 0TY#RIERXMP, TVIGYQ #M 3YP EGIWXYME,
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17 6EHY HI PE %JYQE'M QEM JYWIWI RWYVEX S HEX GY 3MGE PYM
:PEMGY :SVRMG.
MW 'SRWXERXMR 'TMXERYP.
13 (SEQRE 1MPM'E-(IWTMRE E QYVMX R GLMRYVMPI GMYQIM, R ERYP
1554, PE 7MFMY.
20 6EHY 4EMWPG, GEVI E TYVXEX R FSMIVMI RYQIPI HI 4SPVI, 4IXVI HMR
%VKI#, JYWIWI RWYVEX GY S JEX HI FSMIV, NYTRIEWE 7XERE. (YT
QSEVXIE EGIWXIME, IP WI GPYKVM -E QRWXMVIE %VKI#YPYM, PYPRH RYQIPI
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21 (SEQRE )PIRE IVE 3MGE HIWTSXYPYM WVF -SR &VERGSZOM #M E )PI
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22 'SRWXERXMR QSEVI R MQTY HSQRMIM PYM "XIJER :SH, GGM TI
GRH WYF -PMI :SMIZSH ! E4Q R HSGYQIRXI RXSXHIEYRE XVIGYM EPXYVM
HI JVEXI-WY, WYF "XIJER :SH I! RY QEM ETEVI. (=IR #M +L.
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+VMXXM, 3MG REXYVEP E GYRSWGYXYPYM EZIRXYVMIV %PSMW +VMXXM. *EXE
EZIE YR VIRYQI HYFMSW #M QEM JYWIWI PSKSHMX GY YR XXEMMER +MKSKRE,
GIIE GI RY QTMIHMG TI "XIJER :SH W-S HSVIEWG HI RIZEWX, 3MRHG
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4SEVX #M JSEVXI FSKEX. 'WXSVME RY EZY PSG.
24 'EVI WI TVIXMRHIE 3YP PYM &SKHER :SH GY RIZEWXE YRYM FSMIV
'SVRIE.
20 %GIWXE IVE ZIWXMXYP 'S^QE "EVTI, JVEXI GY 'SWMIE +ERG 7EY
+RIWGY, TVGPEF HI 2IEQ'. )P IVE RWYVEX GY (VEKE ,VQER, JEXE
TEVGPEFYPYM PYM "XI8ER GIP 1EVI.
5 (YT QSEVXIE PYM &SKHER :SH, GGM R XMQTYP HSQRMIM
EGIWXYME IP I RXSXHIEYRE GMXEX HI XEXP WY R HSGYQIRXI, EPXYVM HI
GIPPEPX 3Y EX WY, "XIRM', #M RXSXHIEYRE HYT IP, GIIE GI IWXI S
HSZEH G IVE JVEXI QEM QMG EM MYM "XIJRMX (ZI^M 7YVIXI #M .^ZEEHI HI
3L. +LMFRIWGY, ZSM. <-<).
27 (SEQRE 'LMENRE R-E JSWX QEQE HIGX E YRYM WMRKYV (SQR,
4IXVI, QSVX R 4SEVIE XMRIVI'MM $M WYTVERYQMX HMR EGIEWX TVMGMR GIP
8RV. )VSEVIE E ZIRMX HI -E GSRJY^ME GI W-E JGYX RXVI EWIQREVIE
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PYEX HVITX QEQE PYM 4IXVY, RY GIP 8RV, GYQ HI ETP, IVE, GM HVITX E PYM
4IXVY "GLMSTYP, IE HIZMRI EWXJIP, R GYKIXYP MWXSVMGMPSV, QEQ #M MYM
%PI\ERHVY GEVI IVE JVEXIPI PYM 4IXVY "GLMSTYP, #M HIZMRI HIGM FYRMGE PYM
1MLRIE, 3YP PYM %PI\ERHVY. -EV HI-EMGM W-E GPHMX S RXVIEK
JERXEWQEKSVMI TI WSGSXIEPE 'LMENRIM, GEVI EV 3 JGYX #M HIWJGYX
HSQRMM, PE GEVI R ZME'E IM RMGM RY WI KRHMWI.
EX! 4EXVMEVLYP PSWJ 4EMISMSKYP (HI RIEQ QTVXIWG #M IP) WI
RGYWGVIE GY 'ERXEGY^MRMM, GGM 1YWIPMQ 4EPISPSKYP 'MRIE TI WSVE JYM
1MLEM "EMXERSKPY, MEV 3YP WY, 'SRWXERXMR 4EMGSPSKY! 'MRIE TI JEXE PYM
%RXSRMI 'SRWXERXMR 1SRSVIX.
29 0E RYRXE GEVI EZY. PSG Q MYRMI! 582, FVE#SZIRMM XVMQMWIV RYR
XE#MPSV R HEV S JVYQSEW GYT HI EVKMRX.
30 2Y #XMQ HEG IVE R EGIWX GSRZSM #M WSEGVE JSWXYPYM :SMIZSH,
NYTRGEWE %VQE RIE E PYM 0YTY ,YVY. (EV #XMQ GE 7 ERM QEM 9V^M Y, WYF
HSQRME PYM PERGY 7EWY, IE IVE R -E#M, #M ENYRWE TVSFEFMP PE WVGMI,
ZMRHIE TI 30 HI ^PS'M XXVI#XM, QS#ME WE HMR 3XI#XM (+. +LMFRIWGY).
31 R %VLMZIPI &VE#SZYPYM HEQ HI Y VMRI MI PYM ;IMWW PSVK, GM^QEVYP
(HGV 7GLYWXIV), GEVI R 1532 JGIE TEVXI HMR WJEXYP GIPSV 100 HI
GIX'IRM EM &VE#SZYPYM (YR JIP HI GSRWMPMY GSQYREP).
72 P GLIQE %PI\ERHVY, HIWTVI GEVI EY WGVMW YRMM MWXSVMGM G R-EV 3
JSWX 3YP PYM PERGY 7EWY. RW RXV-YR HSGYQIRX HMR 1581, ETVMP 21, EGIWX
:SMIZSH WTYRI: GVIHMR'E TVIE MYFM'MPSV MM EM (SEQRIM RSEWXVI,
%PI\ERHVY :SMIZSH #M &SKHER :SMIZSH, EWXJIP, RGX 3PME'MYRIE PYM
%PI\ERHVY IWXI WXEFMPMX (+L. +LMFRIWGY, 7YVIPI #M P^ZSS. HI).
33 R 1589 IE XVMQMWI PE 6SQE TI YR ZV, 1MLEM 'MTVMSXYP, GY S
WGVMWSEVI TIRXVY 4ETE, GIVRHY-M WTVMNMRYP TIRXVY YVGEVIE 3YPYM IM
&SKHER R WGEYRYP 1SPHSZIM. %GIWX 3Y EZIE EXYRGM 14 ERM. 4ETE RY
TVMQM WSPME.
34 4XVE#GY GYM &YR IVE 3YP 6EHYPYM :SH, HEV RY WI #XMI I\EGX EP
GVYM 6EHY. 2MGM 3RGMY! RMGM +VIGIERY RY WYRX HI EGIIE#M TVIVI.
35 4XVE#GY :SH E QEM EZYX HSM 3M GEVI TEV E 3 JSWX PIKMXMQM:
%PEVGY (:SH) #M :PEH (TVIXIRHIRX). (EV GMYHEX G XSGQEM EGI#XM 3M
PIKMXMQM R-EY ENYRW PE HSQRMI, TI GRH GIM RIPIKMXMQM EY HSQRMX.
3' (SEQRE 7XERGE QEM JYWIWI QVMXEX GY FERYP (YQMXVY HMR :P-
GERI#XM. 1MLEM :SH S PY ZHYZ.
37 0YM -SR PSKSJXYP HMR 4MXI#XM (^MW #M -ZER ZSVRMG) M W-E QEM ^MW
2SVSGIE, -ZER 2SVSGIE (ZSVRMG, TVSTVMIXEV R 6^ZEHYP-HI-WYW.
2IZEWXE PYM, NYTRIEWE 7XERE, E QEM JSWX QVMXEX REMRXI GY
(EXGS 7XSPRMG, GY GEVI E EZYM YR 3Y, TI N Y TMRYP (EXGS, QSVX XMR V (RW
RWYVEX #M GY GSTMM).
(:I^M &YP. 'SVR. -WX. E 6SQ. <. 1931. 2. PSVKE: (SGYQIRXI
TVMZMXSEVI PE -SR 2SVSGIE).
(MR GYTVMRWYP EGIWXSV HSGYQIRXI WI GSRWXEX G NYTRIEWE 7XERE
E EZYX HI WYVSVM TI 1VME, 2IEG#E #M :SMGE. 'YQ EGIWXI RYQMVM RY
GSVIWTYRH GY EGIPI EPI JIXIPSV (SEQRIM 'LMENRE, GEVI WI GLIQEY
7XERE, 1VME, %RGE, %PI\ERHVE #M (SFVE, VVRRI HI GIVGIXEX HEG IWXI
EHIZVEX G NYTRGEWE 7XERE E PSKSJXYPYM -SR HMR 4MXI#XM (^MW -ZER
ZSVRMG HMR 6^ZEH) IVE JEXE PYM 1MVGIE 'MSFERYP #M E (SEQRIM 'LMEMRE.
(MR MRJSVQE'MMPI HSGYQIRXEVI EPI PYM +. (. *PSVIWGY, KIRIEPSKWX,
VI^YPX GE 1MVGIE :SH 'MSFERYP EV 3 EZYX S TVMQ WS'MI, TI 1VME, #M GE
HSQRM'E 7XERGE IVE JEXE PSV. ) HIGM TVSFEFMP G NYTR (EXGS, 1VME,
:SMGY #M 2IEG#E IVEY HI EWIQIRM GSTMMM 1VMIM, #M RY EM 'LMENRIM.
33 %GIEWX E3VQE'MI E PYM "XIJER 2MGSPEIWGY (4SVXVIXI MWXSVMGI:
HSQRM'E * PSVMGE) E JSWX GSQFXYX HI '. /TKMRMGIERY, GEVI E3VQ -E
VRHYP PYM G *PSVMGE R-E JSWX RMGM PE :MIRE RMGM ME 4VEKE, GE IE E
RXSZV#MX TI QEQE IM R 8VERWMPZERME #M G HI EPXJIP PE 3RIPI ERYPYM
1600, *PSVMGE IVE QEVMXEPE GY 4VIHE HMR +VIGM, R SVMGI GE^, I PYGVY
WMKYV G QTVEXYP 6YHSPJ, TSEPI GLMEV JV E 3 Z^YX-S, W-E KRHMX PE S
EXEVI GWXSVMI, HYT VIJY^YP EVLMHYGIPYM 'EVSP HI E-M HE JEXE. 7MKYVER'E
EGIEWXE TVSZMRI HMR XI\XYP YRIM WGVMWSVM HMR 1IQSVMMPI GSRXIPYM /LI ZIRMM
11 I P PI V, GEVI ^MGI: RXVYGX TVMZI#XI GIIE GI WGVMI QTVE'MM! HIWTVI
3MGIPI QSWGSZMXYPYM #M E VSQRYPYM QTVXIEWE (QEQE) I HI TVIVI
HISEVIGI RE'MYRMPI EGIPIE WYRX FEVFEVI, MEV JIXIPI RY EHYG EPXGIZE
HIGP TVSTVME PSV ZEPSEVI, GE QTVEXYP W RY WI RKVIYIÎ GY QSVEZYVM
FEVFEVI GEVI P ZSV WIVZM QEM QYX WTVI VY, HIGX WTVI QRKMIVI.
7GVMWSEVIE 3MRH HI PE RGITYXYP ERYPYM 1600 RY TVMZI#XI ITSGE GRH IVE
1M LE M PE 4VEKE ( 601), GSGE GI RY I\GPYHI XSXY#M GPXSVME *PSVMGM
EGSPS.
39 %GIWX 4YVMGI XSXY#M E I\MWXEX. ('VSRMGE KIVQER E PYM "XIJER
GIP 1EVI). (EV G 1-EV M JGYX "XIJER :SH HMR 4YVMGI 1SZMP #M G-E JSWX
WXVFYRYP ZMMXSVMPSV (SQRM, G HITEVXI'HI E 3 HSZIHMX.
)VEY XS'M RVYHM'M GY 1SZMPI#XM! (YQMXVY &YLY# I ZMMXSVYP WS' EP
(SEQRIM (EXMRE (EFMNE.
' *MYP LEXQERYPYM &EMMIE #M EP 7GLIYGM 1SZMP, WSVE PYM PIVIQME
:SH.
4 ) GIPIFVYP IVSY EP VSQERYPYM PYM 7MIROMI[MG^ 4VMR JSG #M TVMR WE
FMX;
43 R TEKMRMPI MWXSVMIM QEM ETEV, GI I HVITX TIWXI ZVIS 3-4 HIGIRMM,
3MM EGIWXSV (SQRM, 1MLRIE-6EHY #M -MMI#-%PI\ERHVY. RW, PEW GE 3PE-
'YRIE TVMQYPYM R-EV 3 WMKYV, HEV HSQRMMPI PSV EY JSWX EXJ HI IJIQIVI,
RGX I GE #M GYQ R-EV 3 JSWM.
B 9RYP HMR IM, 1YWXEJE FIM, MVME R 7MPMWXVE, YRHI XEX-WY EZYWIWI
YR TEPEX, R 1636 P Z^Y EGSPS WSPYP TSPSR /VEWRWOM, R XVIGIVIE JYM
WTVI 'SRWXERXMRSTSP. )VE YR SQ R ZVWX, KVEW, REPX (RW YR
VIRIKEX, HYT GYQ GVIHIE WSPYP), GEVI WI TVI^MRX TSPSRYPYM R WXEVI HI
GSQTPIX IFVMIXEXI, QSVX HI FIEX HMR GEYÊ QEWXMGMM GI RKLM'MWI, GEVI
FYXYV, ^MGI WIGVIXEVYP WSPYPYM, QFEX E#E JIP, RGX GIP GI-S ME #M
TMIVHI QMR'MPI. (MR ZSVFIPI -YM 1Y WXE J E, WSPYP TSPSR RY TYXY R'IPIKI
RMQMG #M EYHMIR'E WI XIVQMR JV RMGM YR VI^YPXEX. (4. 4EREMJIWGY.
'PXSVMM TSPSRM).
%PI\ERHVY 'SGSRYP, TVMQYP FVFE E. 6Y\ERHIM, 3YP PYM 6EHY 1M
L RIE, E JSWX HIWISVM GSRJYRHEX GY %PI\ERHVY -PMI#, 3YP PYM 11 MIW, RITSX
EP PYM 4IXVY 6EVI#. 3 EQI'MXSEVI GSRJY^MI JEGI <IRSTSP R -WXSVME
6SQRMPSV, MEV TVMRXVI MWXSVMSKVE3M QSHIVRM QEM WYRX RG YRMM GEVI R-EY
HIWPY#MX FMRI GSRJY^ME, EQGWXIGRH HSQRMMPI EGIWXSV HSM :SMIZS^M (-.
1SKE R %RYEVYP -RWXMXYXYPYM HI -WXSVMI 2E'MSREP ZSM. -: (926-27). 2MGM
E3VQE'ME PYM 1SKE G RYRXE PYM %PI\ERHVY GY 6Y\ERHE E EZYX PSG R
1632 RY TSEXI 3 I\EGX. )E E EZYX PSG R ZEVE ERYPYM 1624, HYT GYQ
EQ EVXEX. 4VMR 1632 XVIFYMI W WI M QVMXEX 6Y\ERHE GY 2MGSPS
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28 ETVMP 1656 (TYFPMGEX HI H. 1SKE R %RYEVYP HI QEM WYW), RM-1 EVEX
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46 %K, FSMIVMI RIGJXRMX, MRXVSHYW HI GYVRH JE RSM (HMR
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YRSV VQ#M'I HI S#XMVM (WVFM, GVSE'M #M VSQRM), VQEWI PE ZEXV HMR
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MI#MX TMR PE 1858.
47 %GIWXI ZIVWYVM, GEVI IZMHIRX RY WRM KIRMEPI, EY JSWX
VWTRHVXI HI ,E#HIY. 0'QM MWMSVVGM QSHIVRM GSRXIWX EYXIRXMGMXEXIE PSV,
FRYMRH TI RWY#M ,E#HIY HI E 3 EYXSVYP PSV.
4 6IKRMIV GXVI QTVEX.
43 %GIEWX QRWXMVI E EVW R RXVIKMQI R ERYP 1930.
50 %VZERMXSGLSVM.
5'2YQIPI HI JEQMPMI EM PYM :EWMPI 0YTY IVE 'SGM (HI YRHI TSEPI
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EWYTVE JEQMPMIM PYM, WTYRRH G IP IWXI HMR WEXYP EVRY'IWG WEY
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