1

mgqk

1. mQldj''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2. ixialD; m%d:l hq.h'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3. fn!oaO ixialD; idys;H

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4. w,xldlhka iska olajk,o uydldjH ,laIK''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''' 5. nqoaOp; uydldjH wd,xldrlhska oela jQ uydldjH ,CIkhkaf.ka iuQfm; lD;shla f,i we.hSu'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''

6. iudf,dapkh
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''

02' fn!oaO ixialD; idys;Hh

ixialD; idys;Hh wOHhkh lsf fmkShkafka iudch ms<sn|j wfkaldldrfhka lreKq oyd oelau ;=<ska ixialD; idys;Hh yd ioDY l< yels fjk idys;Hhla fkdue;s njhs' tys Ih w;sjYd,h' NdIdj ukyrh' f,dalh ms<sn|j ukd oekq iNdrhlska iu,lD; h;a Ydro nyqY%e; fukau iajd: mrd: fiajdjkays ksh;= p;j;a mqoa.,hka ;ekSug ;r idud:hla thg ;su mquh okjk iqh' tys oHudk rldjH" uydldjH" LKavldjH" iq,,s; .oH ldjH" Y;l ldjH" wd ldjH lD;s iuqodfhys ldjH wka;.; l:dkaorhka yd ldjHd,ldrdos ;Hkq.;j" iyDockdya,dokh lrk iq iqLqu iquOqr ufkdaruH ,Sf,dafma;moNd;d idys;Hka;.; kdkdm%ldr m%fhda.hka ksid th ckhd w;r m%lg idys;hhla njg m;a j we;' ixialD; NdIdj jQ l,S iudcfhays ;uka m%N+ hehs lshd .kska l%shd lrkakg fhKq n%dyauKhka Nd; l< NdIdjhs' Tjqyq th fohkaf.a NdIdj yehg ykajkakg h' tneka tys oHudk idys;Hd;aul lD;s iuqodh fnfyka n%dyauK ixl,amhkag uq,a;ek foka imdokh lrkag fhKs' f im%odh uola fjkia jkakg fhfka fn!oaO ixialD; idys;Hfha wdrNh;a iuh' ixialD; idys;Hfha ldjH hq.h wdrN jkafka fn!oaO ixialD; .%ka: ysj;auh' 1 fn!oaO ixialD; .%ka: lrKfha mqfrda.dhd f,i i,lkq ,nkafka wYajf>daImdohkah' Tyq iska rpkd lrk ,o nqoaO p; uyd ldjHfhka miqj fn!oaO ixialD; ldjH fnfyka rpkd jkakg h' fufia rpkd jQ fn!oaO ixialD; ldjH ixialD; ;sh fkdblaujd fn!oaO l:d Yrhlska hqla;j bm;a lr we;' wYajf>daImdohkaf.a nqoaOp; uyd ldjH fi!kaorkkao uyd ldjH wd uq,au uyd ldjH lD;s wOHhkfh rdudhKh wd r ldjHhkays wdNdIh f i|yd ,ndf.k we;s nj fmfka' flfia fj;;a fn!oaO uqyqKq jrla .;a ixialD; idys;Hhla yehg fn!oaO ixialD; idys;H yekah yelsh' fn!oaO ixialD; idys;Hfhys lD;s rdYshla oHudk jk w;r ta lD;s j,ska lssmhla fufia oelajh yelsh' nqoaOp; uyd ldjH" ,ldj;driQ;%" wjodkY;lh" ,,s;ia;rh" fi!kaorkkao uydhdk uydldjH" Ydmq;%m%lrKh" jHdjodkh"

cd;lud,d" iQ;%d,xldrh" jc%iQh" ioaOumqKavlh" ldrKavljHQy" iqLdj;sjHQy" .KavjHQy"

uydjia;=j" lreKdmqKavliQ;%"

Y%oafOda;amdoiQ;%h"

1' fiakdkdhl 'tia'" ixialD; idys;Hh" iSudiys; weu''.=Kfiak iy iud.u" 1960" 203 msgqj'

3 rdIag%md,iQ;%" pJm%miQ;%" fndaphH_dj;dr" iajK_m%NdI" udOHl ldld" Ouix.%y" iqyD,af,aLd"

oYN+Yajr uydhdkiQ;%" iudrdc" jcqjciQ;%" r;kf>iQ;%" wCI.NiQ;%" u,lS;sksfoaY" iQ;%iuqph" r;afkda,alOdrKS" id,dia:NiQ;%" ;:d.;.DyHiQ;%" wjf,dalkiQ;%" oYN+ldiQ;%" Ouix.S;siQ;%" m%{dmdr;d" r;akl+giQ;%" YsCId iuqph" W.%mmDPd" {dkm%ia:" m%lrKmdo" {dkldjH" OuialJO" m%{ma;sYdia;%" Od;=ldjH" ix.S;smhdh" nqoaOdj;dr" iqNdIs;dj,s2 fufia fn!oaO ixialD; .%ka: rpkd l<jqka w;r ud;Dfg"

wYajf>daI" wdhH_Y+r" kd.cqk" wdhH_foaj" wi." jiqnkaOq" pJf.da" Ydka;sfoaj" ix>N" kd." Noka; Y%S ,dN" wdhH_ Ou .=ma;" wdpdhH_ ufkdr:" Noka;f>daIl" .=Ku;s" jiq;%" Ou;%d;" nqoaOfoaj" NjH" ij_ ;%"3 hk wdpdhH_jre fmkajd h yelsh' f fn!oaO wkqj ixialD; mjre o idys;Hfha Yd, wfkl=;a idys;Hhsl lD;s .;a

l,ays w;s Yd, m%udKhl lD;s iuqodhla ixialD; mjre rpkd l<d fia ixialD; jYfhka fn!oaO ixialD; idys;H fmdaIKfhys,d lD;s rpkd lrkakg h' fYaIfhka uydhdk nq iuh f,dalfha m%p,s; j;au fufia nq oyu inkaOfhka ,shejqKq lD;s m%udKh je h' fn!oaO ixialD; idys;Hfha oHudk lD;s w;r ldjHd;aul lD;s o ke;af;a fkdf' wYajf>daI yshkaf.a nqoaOp;h" fi!kaorkkaoh wd lD;s uyd ldjH .Kfhys,d ie,fla' wf,!lsl woyia .ej we;a;d jQ nq oyu" f,!lsl idys;Hhla ;=<ska mdGl ok uk ix;Dma; lrkdhqka jpk ixfhdackh lrka w:Yod,dxldrd w,xldr Nd; lrka jrKh lsu t;r myiq ldhH_hla fkdf' flfiafj;a ixialD; idys;H kj u.lg fhduq l< idys;Hhla jYfhka fn!oaO ixialD; idys;Hh fmkajd h yelsh'

2' tu 203-261 msgq 3' tu

03' w,xldlhka iska olajk ,o uydldjH ,CIK

iajNdj ;a;dNHka;rfhys Wmud,xldrdh yelsjk fi!kaohH_fhys yg.;a;djQ oHudk pu;aldrckl iuqodh l=uk jia;=IhdkqnoaO kjkdgHrika;.;" fyda udOHhlska iajNdj

ish,a, inkaOfhka lfhl=f.a ukfiys" pCIq-fYd;%dhg f.dapru ;=<ska Ndjd;aul moHh iuqodh yeS hk f,i uqiqfldg lD; lD;s .oHh ldjH

iyDockdya,dokh msKsi" ;j flfkl=g wid fyda lshjd ri kaokh lsug wdldrhg yekah yelsh' fi!kaohH_fhys pu;aldrh w;ak kEu flfkl=f.a ffp;isl iuqodh b;d is;=reh' ta is;=re ffp;isl iuqodh ;j flfkl=g ffj;%j;a whqka m%ldY lrk Wmdhhla jYfhka ldjH udOHh ysjkakg we;s nj meye<sh' fuu ldjHh inkaofhka fmrdmr fo. mjre kdkdm%ldrfhka pdr bm;a lr we;s w;r ta ms<sn|j ;j rg;a lreKq ;yjqre lr.kq jia Tjqkf.a woyia lsysmhla fuys fjfiid bm;a l< yelsh' ta wkqj"
1' ;s wd;aud ldjHiH ^jdukdpdhH_& 2' ldjh;s b;s l# ;iH lu ldjH ^oHOr& 3' fl!;s Yodhf;a uDI;s riNdjdka ^Yajkd:& 4' rid;aul jdlH ldjH ^ oKaka& 5' Yod: im%fhda. ldjH ^ redg&

hk fmr. idys;HOrhkaf.a ksjpkj,g wkqj;a"

1' ldjH jkdys b;du;a m%h;akhla fkdord wkq;aidylj .,d tk yeSh' ^ ,sh jia j;a& 2' ml,amkhg yd ufkd Ndjhg l:d lrk ni ldjHhs' ^ ,sh ydia,s& 3' lhdf.a ksYa; jegySu fyd|u jdla m%mxph ksis whqre m%fhda. lsu ldjHhs' ^ tia'' fld,&1

hk wd,xldlhka j.SlrKh meye<s yelsh' lr f'

wmr. iska we;s ta

idys;HOrhkaf.a wdlD;shg whqre ta wkqj iy ;j

ksjpkj,g wka;.;hg idys;H fl rg;a

wkqj;a wkqj

ldjH

hkq

l=ulaoehs ukdj jgyd.; yelsh' fufia ldjH kdufhka ie,flk ishu lD;s Odldrfhka uekka fhu ixialD; ms<sn|j
ldjH

ldjH

uikafkl=g

wkqj

iudf,dapkhl

m%ia;=;h wkq,a,x>kh lrkakla neka tu ldjH m%fNao fufia b m;a l<

Y%jH oDYH

.oH moH Y% 1' iNdId"12l,dmh" YS%,xld m%dk NdfYdamldriud.f Y;ixj;air iure Ydia;;%Sh pmq ix.%yh" 2002" Yaj ldjH ;s yd wYajf>daImdofhda" 128 msgqj' wdLHdk l:d wdLHdhsl d rEml WmrEml

wdldrhg

j.SlrKh

lr

we;af;a

lD;sfhys

wdlD;sh

fyda

wka;;h wkqj nj l,ska i|yka lrk ,' ta wkqj ldjHhla uydldjHhla jYfhka ie,lSu i|yd tys ;sh hq;= ,CIK fyj;a uydldjHhl ;sh hq;= ,CIK ms<sn|j fYaIfhka oKaka yd Yajkd:hka iajlSh woyia olajd we;' "i._nfJOd uyd ldjHx ;ff;%fld kdhl# iqr# ioajxY# CI;%sfhd jd'ms frdodka; .=Kdka;# tljxYNjd N+m# l=,cd nyfjd'ms jd YD.dr r Ydka;dkd fufld'.s ri bIHf;"24 wd jYfhka Yajkd: iajlSh idys;H omKfh uyd ldjHhl ;sh h;= ,CIK fudkjdo hkak ms<n|j woyia olajk w;r oKaka iskao ldjHdoYfhys uydldjH ,CIK olajd we;' ta wkqj uyd ldjHhl ;sh hq;= ,CIK oKaka iska olajk ,o wdldrhg fufia bm;a l< yelsh' i.nkafOd uydldjHuqpHf;a ;iH ,CIK wdYskuial%shdjia;=ksfofYdajdms ;kauqL ^i.j,sk Wm,CIs; Yaf,dal iuQyh uydldjH hehs lshkq,ef' ta uyd ldjHhkaf.a ,CIK fufiah' wdYsjdohlska fyda kuialdrhlska fyda jia;= ksfoaYhlska fyda tys wd Nd.h h hq;=hs'& b;sydi lf;doaN+;;roajd iodY%h p;=j._Mf,dfm;x p;=frdodka;kdhl ^ b;sydi l:djlska n|kd ,oafoa f' fkdfyd;a i;H jQ m%jD;a;shla weiqre fldg we;s wkHhla f' Ou"w: ldu fudCI hk p;=j.h M,h fldg we;af;h' p;=r lghq;af;ys oCI jQ Wodr .=K hqla; kdhlfhl= we;af;ah'&

2' fiakdkdhl 'tia'" ixialD; idys;Hh" iSudiys; weu''.=Kfiak iy iud.u" 1960" 264 msgqj'

6 k.rdK_jffY,;=pfJodfl_dohjK_ffk# WoHdkY,s,l%SvduOqmdkrfid;aiffj# ^k.r iQfhdaoh jK_kh" id.r o jK_kh" mj; jK_kh" l%Svd iD;= jK_kh" yd pfJdoh h fl<sh

jK_kdj,ska

WoHdki,,s,

Whkafl<s

uOqmdkh iqr; l%Svd hk fuhsk o& m%,ffNjdffyYap l=udfrdaohjK_ffk# uka;%;m%hdkdkdhldNHqoffhrms ^m%,N jdy jK_kdj,skao mqf;%d;am;a;s ms<sn| jK_kdj,ska o

uka;%" ryia l:d ;hka heu hqO msKsi msg;aj heu hqO msKsi msg;a u hqO lsu i;=rd kSu hk fuhska o& w,lD;uiCIsma;x riNdj ksrka;r iff._rk;sia;SffK_# Y%jHjD;aff;# iqiJNs# ^irik ,o ifCIam fkdjk fia fyj;a ia;r iys;j YD.drd rifhka yd r;s wd ia:dhS Ndjhkaf.ka o w;rla ke;a;d jQ inkaoh we;s& ij_;%NskakjD;a;dkaff;refm;x f,dlr[acl ldjHxl,amdka;ria:dhs cdhf;aio,lD;s' fYdaNk jkafkah& fufia oKaka iska olajkakg fhKq uydldjH,CIkdkq.;j w,xldr we;s ldjH f;u f,dalhdf.a is;a
35

b;d fkd wvq jQ o

je fkd jQ o i.hkaf.ka o Y%e;s iqLodhS jD;a;hkaf.ka o u;= i. yd

^ish i.hkays fjkia fjkia jQ jK_kkSh jD;dka; j,ska hqla; jQ .kafka ria:dhS

mYapd;ald,Sk mjre uyd ldjH imdokh l<y' ldjHhla uyd ldjHhla ug k fuu uydldjH ,CIK tys wka;.; h hq;=h' tu ksidfjka fn!oaO ixialD; uydldjHj,g o tlS ,CIKhka ij_idOdrK h'

3'ldjHdoYh" ixia( je,sfha fmaur;k ia:r yd y,a.iaf;dg foajdkkao ia:r: iuhjOk fmd;ay," 2001" 9-11 msgq

04' wYajf>daI yd Tyqf.a lD;s

fn!oaO ixialD; idys;Hfha m%drNl lhd wYajf>daIhkah' Tyq i;=j mej;s ldjH fl!Y,Hh;a odYksl;ajh;a ksid ckdorhg m;a w;sfY%aIaG lhd fya Tyq fn!oaO ms<sn| h' Tyq i;=j jQ mej;=kd neka jQ ffj;%j;a ms<sn|j ka;dj;a wfkl=;a kd NdId ffkmqKH;dj;a wmQj l;ajh;a fnfyka mquh okjk iqh' wjdikdjlg fuka mjrfhla jk ld,sodi ixialD; lD;s mjreka lrk ,o ia;r l:khka fudyq inkaOfhka lr fkdue;' tneka fudyq f;dr;=re fudyqf.a lD;sj,ska wfkl=;a ;=<ska fiu myiq ldhH_hla fkdf' flfiafj;;a odYksl ls\f.a uj fudyqf.a wdh jk f;dr;=re nj;a fidhd N+h hEf f uyd nj;a

iqjK_dCIs

ckau

idfla;h

fi!kaorkkaofha i|ykaf' "wdh iqjK_dCIsmq;iH idfla;iH NsfCIdardpdhH_

Noka;d'Yajf>dIiH uyd lf uydjdk# lD;sh" 16 tfy;a fuh wYajf>daI iska i|yka lrk ,oaola o fjk;a

lsisfjl= iska i|yka lrk ,oaola o hkak meye,s ke;' fudyqf.a mshd ix>.=yH k n%dyauKfhla nj b;sydi{ ;drdkd: i|yka lrhs'2 7 fudyqf.a ld,h inkaOfhka i|yka lrk g fcdkaiagka m;=ud i|yka lrk wdldrhg wYajf>daIdpdkaf.a ld,h Ndr;Sh w: Ydia;%h l< fl!,Hf.a ld,hg im nj;a ld,sodihkag fmr nj;a is;sh yelsh'23 8 nqoaO mksjdKfhka miq lrk ,o f:h Ou ix.S;s;%hg wk;=re lsksIal rc iufha is lrk ,o uydhdk Ou ix.S;sfhys ls%hdld idudlhd fudyq h' tys m%Odk;ajh bisjka w;r kd.cqk rcqf.a Yaj;%d iska ld,h mjre k jk 01 o jQ ishjig w;r o wh;a uydhdk imhk ,' neka ;%smsglhg ta wkqj tu fudyqo wYajf>daImdohka lksIal uydNdId wgqjdjla

l%s'j'

jljdkqfjys j;a jQ nj is;sh yelsh' tfukau wYajf>daI kduh inkaofhka l:d lrk jg k uQ,dY%hkays Tyq O kj,ska ykajd we;s nj fmfka' mqKH;H" lsysmhls' mqKHYS," roY" ud;Dfpg" Odl iqN+;s" u;s;%4
9

bka

1' fikr;ak wdodi"YS% nqoaOp; uydldjHh" iuhOk" 1999" m%ia;djkd x msgqj' 2' keK,lr Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh' is keK,lr isiqi mqnqj m%ldYkh" m%:u uqKh 2006" uydodYksl wYajf>daI ysfhda" 52 msgqj' 3' iNdId"12l,dmh" YS%,xld m%dk NdfYdamldriud.f Y;ixj;air iure Ydia;;%Sh ix.%yh" 2002" Yaj ldjH ;s yd wYajf>daImdofhda" 129 msgqj' 4' keK,lr Ydia;S%h ix.%yh" 52 msgqj'

8 wYajf>daImdohkaa Wm;ska fn!oaOfhla fkdh' n%dyauKfhla h' fya lksIal wrdchdf.a hg;a ;hl m%dfoaYsh md,lfhl=j lghq;= lr we;s w;r nqoaO p;h imdokh lrk g;a m%jDcdj fkd,oafol= nj i|ykah' " b;s Y%S uyduKa,f,aYajr uka;%Yajf>daI lDf;! YS%

nqoaOpf; uyd ldfjH'''"510 lksIal wrdchd hgf;a m%dfoaYsh md,lfhl=j fiajh lrk w;r ;=frys isjk Ou ix.S;sfhys o idudlfhl= jQ nyqY%e; mYaj f;rekaf.a foaYlh;ajh hgf;a fn!oaOfhl= jQ nj;a mQKhYia k uyf;reka hgf;a Ou{dkh ,nd m%jDcdj ,;a nj;a i|ykaf' flfiafj;;a wYajf>daIfhda jQ l,S lD;yia; fn!oaO mjrfhla muKla fkdj uyd odYkslfhla o fjhs' Tyq i;=j mej;shd jQ ffj;%j;a ldjHka;dj uqiqfldg lrk ,o w.%.kH lD;s ksid fmr. fIlaIamsh k reodj,sh ,;a ld,sodihka lD; ldjHlD;s wNsnjd fn!oaO ixialD; idys;Hh iu,lD; lsug ;r l l=Y,;djla oelajQ w.%.kH mjrfhl= yehg fudyq yekah yelsh' ldjH idys;Hhg;a l ka;djg;a muKla fkdj l;ajhg;a kshuu idOdrKh bgq l< lhd yehg o fudyq yeka u idjoH fkdf' fudyqf.a l;ajh yd NdIdffkmqKH;djh ms<sn|j uid ne,Sf wmg meye<s jkqfha Tyq i;=j b;d ir," iqLqkuH" iqLqud," iq,,s;" ufkdruH jd.afldIhla mej;s njh' th Wmfhda.S lr .kska ldjH lD;s rpkd lsf Tyq oela jQ jKd pd;=hH_h;a NdId ffkmqKH;dj;a ksid Tyqf.a lD;s fnfyka ckdya,dokh lrk iq w.%.kH lD;s f,i ie,lSug j;auka idys;HOrfhda mjd ue,s fkdfj;a' fi!kaorkkao k uyd ldjHfha iqkao ,dmfha tk my; i|yka Yaf,dalh Tyqf.a fuu ldjH fl!Y,Hh;a NdIdffkmqKH;dj;a tlu Yf,dalhlska oyd olajk wmQre wjia;djla yehg fmkajd h yelsh' tys Yaf,dalh mqrd mfrdaCI,s wdLHd; mo fodf<dila fhdod .kska iaj wNsm%dh imqrd .kakd .ukau iqkaohf.a la; iajNdj moHh ;=<kau oyd olajkafka wiu;=<s; ldjH m%;sNdj m%lg lrKs' "refrdo" ofOH! pldr frdIx pldr ud,H - pl; jla;%" plI jia;%"116 uf,!" rerdj" c.af,! nN%du ;iaf:!" ,,dm"

5' fikr;ak wdodi"YS% nqoaOp; uydldjHh" iuhOk" 1999" m%ia;djkd x msgqj' 6' ;s,lis chfoaj" ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh" iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u 1961" 57 msgqj'

9 f Ydmq;%m%lrK wu;rj wdldrhg oDYH nqoaOp; uyd ldjH" fi!kaorkkao uydldjH ,,s;

ldjH"

iQ;%d,xldrh"

.Kaiaf;d;%"

jc%iQ"

ia;r" wd lD;s iuQyh wYajf>daIhkaf.a nj ms<s.kq ,nk lreKls' g kkafhdaf.a

12

mqia;l

kdudj,sfhys ksudK

iQ;%d,ldrYdia;%" f,i i|yka lr we;'

uydhdkY%oafOd;amdoYdia;%" oYIaglu"7 hk .%ka: wYajf>daIhkaf.a

uydhdkN+.=yHjdpduQ,Ydia;%"

flfiafj;;a f uyd odYksl mjrhd iska udyes .%ka: lSmhla rpkd lsfuka fn!oaO ixialD; idys;Hh fnfyka fYdaNdj;a lrk ,oehs hk u;h jdo rys;h'

7' keK,lr Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh' is keK,lr isiqi mqnqj m%ldYkh" m%:u uqKh 2006" uydodYksl wYajf>daI ysfhda" 54 msgqj'

10

4. nqoaOp; uydldjH wd,xldrlhska oela jQ uydldjH ,CIkhkaf.ka iuQfm; lD;shla f,i we.hSu
lhl=f.a m%;sNdmQK l;ajh NdId ffkmqKH;dj mdKa;Hd

,CIKhka ms<sUq lrkafka Tyqf.a ldjH lD;s usks' tne lyq iaj ldjH YlH;dj m,g lrKqjia iaj m%;sNdmQK l;ajh Wmu wdldrfhka m,g lr;s' wYajf>daIhkaf.a ishu ldjHd;aul fmkajd h yelsh' uydldjHhkaf.a iNjh rldjHd lD;s wdY%fhka is jqKq nj" ta ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsf meye<sjk lreKls' ta wkalsisjla ksid fkdj Yajkd: oKaka wd wd,xldlhka iska olajkakg fhKq uyd ldjH ,CIK tu r ldjHhka ;=< o olakg ,efnk neks' fufia uyd ldjH ,CIK oelaug m%:ufhka uyd ldjH jYfhka i,ld we;af;a rdudhKh wd ldjHhs'1 13 tfy;a fuys jgyd .; hq;= lreKla jkafka miqld,Sk uydldjH rplfhda rdudhKh wd ldjHhka Wmfhda.s fldg .kakd .ukau Wla; wd,xldlhkag wjk; fjka uydldjH lD;s imdokh lrk ,oehs hkakhs' uydldjH ,CIK fjfiid oela jQ oKaka wYajf>daIhkag miqj iq w;r wYajf>daIhkaf.a nqoaO p;h yd fi!kaor kkaoh hk uyd ldjHoajh uydldjHhla f,i i,lkakg we;af;a Tjqyq uyd ldjH ,CIK Wmqgdf.k we;af;a fuu lD;s ;=<ska nj is;sh yelsh' ixialD; .eg idys;Hfha flfia ld,sodid fj;;a uydlka ,;a idvnr m%:u m%isoaOh uydldjH tneka fn!oaO jYfhka uydldjH ixialD; mjrekag fkd,efnkakg we;af;a ljr lreKla ksid oehs fuys iy.;h' ixialD; 7 idys;Hfha jk nqoaOp;h rpkd lsf f.!rjh ysjkafka wYajf>daImdohkagh' uydldjH ixl,amhg kS;s;s ielfikafka ishjifhh' ixl,amfha idvnr lhd wkalsisfjl= fkdj nqoaOf>daIdpdkayqh' m%ia;=;h Nla;sh;a" uydldH ldjH idOkh lsf NdId lrk wYajf>daIhkaf.a m%lg lrk wp, nqoaO nqoaOp; uydldjHh;a mmQK fufia udyes uydldjHhl lD;shla mej;sh yehg hq;= .=Khkaf.ka ykajd

m%;sNdj;a" wjfha

ffkmqKH;dj;a ,o fuu

nqoaOp;h iska

uydldjH ,CIKhkaf.ka iuQfma; lD;shla jYfhka yeka u ij_ idOdrKh' ixl,am rpkd ldjHfhys oKaka olajkakg fhKq uydldjH ,CIK fudkjg Io lsu ;=<ska th ;yjqre lr.; yelsh' i. jYfhka mfo fjka lsu uydldjHhla ;=< olakg ,efnk m%Ok ,CIKhls' "i._nfJOd uydldjH" nqoaOp;h i. 17 lska hqla; lD;shls' kuq;a k msgmf;ys i. 28 la oelafjk w;r k hd;%sl b;aisxf.a

1' fiakdkdhl 'tia'" ixialD; idys;Hh" iSudiys; weu''.=Kfiak iy iud.u" 1960" 266 msgqj'

11 ft;sydisl jd;dj,o i|ykaj we;af;a i. 28 la f,ihs'2 fufia o i. i. ;sylg oelaf fkdjej kHqkHx o uydldjHhla uydldjH b;d l< fkd hq;=
15 14

flfiafj;;a fyd i|yka je f' i.

wvq nj

^iff.rk;sia;SffK#& fkdh hq;=h' ta wkqj i. i. wglska fkd wvqj ksnkaokh "wIagi._dka;= ;%sxY;ai._dp kdl"3 nqoaO p;fhys

ixLHdj 17 jYfhka fyd 28 jYfhka oelajqj o fuu lshuk fkdblaujd we;s neka uydldjH,CIkka;.; lD;shla yehg nqoaOp;h yekah yelsh' fufia i.j,g fnod lD; lD;sfha wdNd.h wdYsjdo" kuialdr yd jia;= ksfoaY ^wdYskuial%shdji;=ksfofYdjdms ;kauqL& hk ;=Kska tlla h hq;=h' nqoaO p;h wdrN lrkq ,nkafka kuialdrfhks' "Y%shx mrdOHdx oO;a Od;D;a ;fud

ksriHkakNsN+;NdkqND;a16 kqokaksod>x ;pdrepkaud# - i jkaof;'ykaksy hiH fkdmud"417 uyd ldjHh" b;sydi l:djlska fyda i;H jQ m%jD;a;shla weiqre fldg we;a;la h hq;=h' ^b;sydi lf:doaN+;;roajd iodY%h& tk m%ia;=;h rdudhKh wd b;sydi l:djla fyda i;H l:djls h hq;= w;r lghq;af;ys oCI jQ Wodr .=K hq;a; kdhlhl= ^ p;=frdaodka;kdhl& tu l:d jia;=fjys ish hq;=h' nqoaOp; ldjHh jQ l,S w;Hqodr.=fKdafm; p;hla jk nqrcdKka jykafia ms<sn| i;H b;sydih m%jD;a; fldg we;a;ls' tmuKlau fkdj fuh ldjHdoYfha olajk ,o wdldrhg p;=j.M, fldg we;a;ls' g c,l%Svd" wu;rj k.r" id.r" W;aij mj;" j,ska pka o Woh" iQhH_ i,,l%Svd Woh hk

jK_kdj,ska o ^k.rdKjffY,;= - pfJodfldaoh jK_ffk#& Whka l%Svd" uOqmdk" yd ifNda. ^WoHdk uOqmdk wd Y;%e rf;d;aiffj#& jK_kdj,ska m%,N" jdy" l=ure Wmam;a;s" l=udr jO_k" hqoaO"

^m%,ffNjdffyYap

l=udfrdohjK_ffk#&

ch" wd jK_kdj,ska uydldjHh iu,lD; h hq;=h' tfy;a we;e ldjH Ifhys id.rdh woDYHudk jkafka k id.rd woDYHudk jia;= Ih jK_kd l< fkdyelsh' tneka tn jK_khka uyd ldjHhl fkdue;s jQj o tu lD;s uydldjH .Kfhys ,d fkdie,lSug ;r idOdrK lreKla fkdjkafkah' tfia lsj
2' tu" 204 msgqj' 3' ldjHdoYh" ixia(je,sfha fmaur;k ia:r yd y,a.iaf;dg foajdkkao ia:r: iuhjOk fmd;ay," 2001" 13 msgqj

4' fikr;ak wdodi"YS% nqoaOp; uydldjHh" iuhOk" 1999" 1 msgqj'

12 yelafla h ldjHhl fun jK_kd ke;;a tys rpkd udOQhh mdGlckdya,dokh lrK iq jkafka k fukau m~qjkaf.a is;a mskjd k thu uyd ldjH jk nj wd,xldlhska iska olajk ksidfjks' "kHqkuHm;% ffh# fflYa off.# ldjHx k IH;s hoHqmd;af;IQ im;as rdrdOh;s ;aoao##" 518 ^ f uyd ldjHfhys hlsis w.hlska ySk jQfha kuq uyd ldjHh f;u kska; fkdf' bka jKs; Ihkays rpkdudOQhH_f;u ta ldjH okakjqka mskjdk fya uyd ldjH k& fufia fkdue;s iau;= W;alDIaG ;rh' Ndjh wd,xldlhska wYajf>dimdohka iq,,s; fudkjg m,g iska ;=< olajk ,o jQ ldjH w,xldr l m%fhda.hka ;=<ska lD;sj, hq;=

Wmfhda.S lr .kska moH ksudKh lsug ;r oial oela jQ fjk;a ljfhl= mej;shd jd.a fufia l=i,;djh ;sh jQ iqLqu ufkdruH lrhs' ,dihka nqoaOp;d lD;shl

,CIkhaf.ka iuQfma;j wkq;aidyslj .,d wd yeS iuqodh mdGlhdg bm;a lrkafka ufkdruH ,S,dfjks' "rduduqfxka mN+;moaudka h;%dmhdf;dmHudkH Ndkq# ix;dmfhd.dj jd fjIagqx mYapd;a iuqdNsuqL# m%;iaf:"619 ^ h mqrhl ysre f;f u~kd ,o mshq we;s ldka;djkaf.a uqyqK keue;s pkahkag wjuka fldg bj;aj .sfha kuq is;a ;ejq, fya;= fldg f.k hg niskakg fuka ng ysr uqyq o foig msg;aj .sfhah& iajNdj fi!kaofhys pu;aldrh fmr lka fkdgq wdldrhg oelSu m%;sNdjhs' wYajf>daIhka;=< mej;=kd jQ m%;sNd mQK l;ajh by; ikaOHd jKkfhka m%lg flf' iQhhd wia:kd.; u lhd gqf u~kd ,o mshuq we;s ldka;djkaf.a uqyqK keue;s pkahkag wjuka lsfuka is;a ;ejq,g m;a ysre hg mkskakg fuka ng ysr uqyqo foig .sh whqrsks' wYajf>daI mdohka ;r Yo rihg m%sh l< wkH lfhl=

fkdue;af;ah' Yo rih Wmu ;<hg muqKqjd ta;=<ska u NdIdffKmqKH;djo m%lg l< wjia:djla Tyqf.a wkH ldjHhla jk fi!kaor kkaofhys o ths' ta wdldrhg wCIr mo jpkdh jD;a;hg yd ;d,hg wkqj iqixfhda. lrka O Yodkqm%di l%u fhdodf.k we;af;a mdGl ok uk weo ne| ;dnd .ksks' "irdciQkQuD.rdc.d uD.drx;x uD.j;a m%Iag#
5' ldjHdoYh" ixia(je,sfha fmaur;k ia:r yd y,a.iaf;dg foajdkkao ia:r: iuhjOk fmd;ay," 2001" 13 msgqj 6' fikr;ak wdodi"YS% nqoaOp; uydldjHh" iuhOk" 1999" 5 msgqj'

13 ,CIahqlaf;dams Yr,CIauHd pCIQxIsij_dY%Kdxcydr"

720

fuys mo ;=klu tlu jpkh fojrla fjkia jQ iudi mo follhu inkaO we;' ^rdciQkQ" uD. rdc uD.drx uD.j;a ,CIahqlaf;d Yr,CIAuHd & tfukau wYajf>daIhkag fYaIs; jQ ;j;a ,CIKhla jkafka moHfhys mdo fl<jr wjidk jpkh ;aj fldg oelauhs' th huld,xldrhg iudkj mej;Su ldjHfha rih ;j ;j;a Woamkh lrkq ,nhs' ";oa N=laIaj NsCIdY%u- ldu ldux - ldf,is l;d m%sh Ou Oux hdj;a iaj jxY m%;s rEm rEmx k f; crdfNH;HNsn+h N+h#" 821 fuf,i Wmud,xldr Yodkqm%didh Nd; lrka rpkdudOQh m,g lsu ksid nqoaO p;h uydldjH,CIkdkka;.; lD;shla yehg flfia k yeka h yelso@ fufia w,xldr m%fhda.hka Odldrfhka Wmfhda.S lr.;a wjia:d rdYshla nqoaO p;fhys oHudk f' hqO lsu o uyd ldjHl ;sh hq;= ,CIKhls' nqoaO p;h k ldjHfhys l:d kdhldh nqrcdKka jykafiah' Wkajykafia i;=rka yd hqO jeu uydldjHhl jqjo o th wkq;h' tfy;a fuu wkq; Ih uydldjH ,CIkdkq.;j nqoaO p;hg inkaO lrf.k we;af;a udr hqoaOh oelafuks' ";kaud lD:d# fYdaluqfmys Ydka;sx udN=uyskd ;j udr udk# Y%ys;=x k CIuuO%ejd Y%SYa uf, mfo lsx uouNHqffmIS
922

isoaOd: fnda i;ajhka jykafif.a Wmam;a;sh ms,sn|j i|yka lsfuka wmhqla; uydldjH nj i|yka ,CIKka;r.; l< yelsh' l=udfrdamam;a;s isoaOd; jK_kh nqoaO p;fhys Wmk fndai;ajhka jykafia

wjia:d f iajNdj fi!kaohfhys pu;aldrh fjkodg;a jvd ufkdaruH jQ whqre wYajf>daImdohka ia;r lrkafka w;Hq;alDIaG wkaoks' "jd;d jjq# iamYiqLd ufkda{ jHdks jdidxiHjmd;hka;# iQh# i tjdNHlx pldfY mjd, fi!uHdrkSf;d.aks#"
1023

7' ;s,lis chfoaj" ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh" iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u 1961" 55 msgqj' 8' tu' 55 msgqj' 9 fiakdkdhl 'tia'" ixialD; idys;Hh" iSudiys; weu''.=Kfiak iy iud.u" 1960" 208 msgqj' 10' fikr;ak wdodi"YS% nqoaOp; uydldjHh" iuhOk" 1999" 32 msgqj'

14 ^ fndai;=ka Wmka l,ays j i u,a fmd<jg fy<ka iqjmyia okjk ukyr jd;fhda yeuQy' ta ysre f;f o b;d ma;su;aj nen<Sh' fi!uH is we;s .skak iq<.ska fkd wefKa oe,ajqfKah& f wdldrhg wYajf>daimdofhda fun iEu jK_khl u mdGlhdg lreKq wjfndaO lrKqjia wjia:dfkda;j Od,ldrm%fhda.hka Nd; lrkafka wmQj lfhl= i;= ish .=Kdx.hka m%lg lrKs' ta w;r Wmud rEml muKla fkdj huld,ldr" h:diLHd,ldr ldrKud,d,ldrdh Wmfhda.s fldg f.k we;s whqre nqoaO p;fhys oHudk f' ta wkqj wYajf>dai mdohka iska r; nqoaOp;fhys" Yajkd:" oKaka wd wd,xldlhska iska olajk ,o uyd ldjH ,CIK wka;r.; jk neka wYajf>daimohkaf.a nqoaOp; uyd ldjH ,CIKhkaf.ka iuQfm; uyd ldjHhla yehg yeka h yelsh'

15

iudf,dapkh
Wla; i|yka ish lreKq j,ska fmkShkafka ixialD;

idys;Hfhys oHudk ish idys;Hx.j, olakg ,efnk wdlD;sluh ,CIKh yd wka;.;h wkqj ixialD; mjre Y%jH-oDYH .oH-moH" uydldjH-LKavldjH wd jYfhka ldjH m%fNao lr we;s nj;a tfia m%fNao .; lrK ,o ldjH w;r oHudk uydldjHhl mej;sh hq;= ,CIK wd,xldrslhka iska olajd we;s w;r wYajf>di mdohkaf.a nqoaO p;h tu uydldjH ,CIK oelaug fmr tk m%d:l hq.fha rpkd ,o lD;shla jqj o uyd ldjH ,CIKhkaf.ka iuQfma; w.%.KH lDys;hla f,i ms<s.; yels hehs lSu hql;shqla; njhs'

16

wdY%Ss; .%J: kdudj,sh

1. ;s,lis chfoaj jI_h 2. fikr;ak wdodi 1999 jI_h 3. fiakdkdhl 'tia' weu''.=Kfiak iy

ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh" iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u 1961

YS% nqoaOp; uydldjHh" iuhOk"

ixialD; idys;Hh" iSudiys; iud.u" 1960 jI_h

4. ldjHdoYh ia:r yd

ixialrKh - je,sfha fmaur;k y,a.iaf;dg foajdkkao ia:r: iuhjOk fmd;ay," 2001 jI_h

5. keK,lr Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh m%:u

is keK,lr isiqi mqnqj m%ldYkh" uqKh 2006 jI_h

6. iNdId NdfYdamldriud.f

12l,dmh" YS%,xld m%dk Y;ixj;air iure Ydia;;%Sh ix.%yh"

2002 jI_h 7. iquk m%fndaO wNskkaok Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh - ixialrKh im;a wdhfiak" m%:u uqKH 2006 jI_h n,a,.uk Y%S iqukidr kdys