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M F
M F
a G G
Remarks 1. This method is a gasket load calculation. 2. This paper counts the gasket load in terms of force per unit length of circumference, as this approach is usual in the circular plate theory. 3. For calculation of the reaction on free-to-rotate edge, the circular plate theory gives results that are quite insensitive vs. variations of plate rigidity.
bolts
HG0
a G
HG0
2 a external loads.
H G0 =
Fbolts
bolts
HG (p)
F pressure
HG (p)
2 a is the gasket load for the case internal pressure, no external loads. Fpressure = a 2 p and
ap 2 Remark: A pressure load is decreasing the gasket reaction. H G ( p) = H G 0
H G ( p) = H G0
Fpressure
F F
bolts
HG (F)
HG(F)
2 a is the gasket load for the case no pressure, external tensile force. Remarks: - A tensile force F > 0 is decreasing the gasket load. - A compressive force F < 0 is increasing the gasket load.
H G ( F) = H G0
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M F
bolts
A bending moment is changing the gasket load, but H G ( M ) is variable along the gasket circumference. The gasket load can be described by the following model, based on the theory of circular plates.
minH G(M)
maxHG (M)
V (Vmax)
-V (Vmin)
ds=ad
a cos
G=2a
pa cos is the evaluation of the edge reaction 4 following the circular plate theory (see Theory of Plates and Shells by S. Timoshenko and S. V=
Woinowsky-Krieger, Second edition, 1959, paragraph 63 Circular Plates under Linearly Varying Loads)
and
a 3 p pa M=4 cos (a cos ) ad = 4 4 0
M a 2 is the minimum gasket load for the case no pressure, external bending moment.
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The minimum gasket load is M F min H G (M , F ) = H G 0 2 2a a The maximum gasket load is M F max H G (M , F ) = H G 0 + 2 2a a
max HG(M,F)
min H G (M,F)
IS EQUIVALENT WITH
Feq F
bolts
The equivalence is considered in terms of tensile force that gives the reaction on gasket equal to the minimum gasket load given by the external loads:
HG (F eq )
HG (F eq )
min H G ( M , F ) = H G ( Feq ) or
IS EQUIVALENT WITH
Feq pressure F
bolts
Feq F M H G0 2 + = H G0 2a 2a a That means: Feq M F = 2+ , i.e. 2 a a 2 a 2M 4M Feq = F + =F+ a G Remark: This equivalence is conservative made and is really true just for a point, not for the entire gasket circumference.
The equivalence is considered in terms of pressure that gives the same effect as Feq , i.e.
HG (p ) eq
HG (p ) eq
p eq a 2 = Feq
or p eq =
G=2a Equivalent pressure, no external loads
1 2M F 2M F+ = 2 + 3 2 a a a a
=
G a= 2
4 F 16M + G 2 G 3
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Understanding the Kellogg Equivalent Pressure Method for piping flanges GASKET LOAD LIMITS
For the tensile loaded part of the flange, the minimum gasket load is: Fpressure + Feq pressure a 2 (p + peq ) H G (peq ,p) = H G 0 = HG0 2 a 2 a
HG (p ,p) eq
HG (p ,p) eq
This load must be limited to the value corresponding to the rating pressure.
FRATING pressure F
bolts
H G ( p RATING ) = H G0
HG (p ) RATING HG (p ) RATING
a 2 p RATING 2 a
G=2a
The gasket tightness condition means to accept for the gasket load only values that are greater than the value corresponding to the rating pressure. The condition H G ( p eq , p) H G ( p RATING ) means p + p eq p RATING .
For the compressed loaded part of the flange, the maximum gasket load is: M F max H G ( M , F ) = H G0 + 2 , where F > 0 is a tensile force, F < 0 is a compressive force. 2 a a 1 M F This load gives a compressive stress for the gasket: H G0 + 2 that may be limited to a b 2 a a maximum stress on the gasket. This condition is not covered by limiting p + p eq p RATING .
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