Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Fractura mecnica
S. Oller
B A R C E L O N A
Fractura
mecnica
Un enfoque global
S. Oller
UPC
UNIVERSITAT POLITCNICA
DE CATALUNYA
UPC
CIMNE
B A R C E L O N A
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Fractura mecnica
Un enfoque global
Sergio Oller
Profesor de la Escuela Tcnica Superior de Ingenieros
de Caminos, Canales y Puertos de Barcelona
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PRESENTACIN. ....................................................................................................................XI
INTRODUCCIN..................................................................................................................XIII
LISTA DE SIMBOLOS. ......................................................................................................... XV
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Contenido
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8 MODELOS BASADOS EN LA MECNICA CLSICA. ............................................... 147
8.1 INTRODUCCIN. .............................................................................................................. 147
8.2 MODELOS DE FISURAS DISTRIBUIDA. ............................................................................. 148
8.2.1 Modelo de Hillerborg. ......................................................................................... 149
8.2.2 Modelo de Rots.................................................................................................... 151
8.3 MODELOS DE PLASTICIDAD Y DAO. .............................................................................. 155
8.3.1 Modelos de Plasticidad con Ablandamiento con o sin Degradacin de Rigidez. 156
8.3.2 Modelos de Plasticidad con endurecimiento con o sin degradacin de rigidez... 158
8.3.3 Modelos de Zona Inerte, combinados con plasticidad endurecible. .................... 169
9 MODELO DE DAO-PLSTICO................................................................................. 173
9.1 INTRODUCCIN. .............................................................................................................. 173
9.2 BASES DEL MODELO DE DAO-PLSTICO. ................................................................... 174
9.2.1 Hiptesis sobre el comportamiento del material a representar. ........................... 176
9.2.2 Algunas Caractersticas del Modelo de Dao Plstico. ....................................... 177
9.3 VARIABLES FUNDAMENTALES DEL MODELO DE DAO-PLSTICO. ............................. 180
9.3.1 Definicin de la variable de dao plstico........................................................... 180
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9.3.2 Definicin de la ley de evolucin de la cohesin . .................................... 182
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la
n a
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ci0
Plano atmico
Mnimo de energa
Equilibrio estable
Configuracin atmica
esquemtica
0
Separacin Inter-atmica
C i0
Cc
Rice, J. (1968). "A path independent integral and the approximate analysis of strain concentration by
notches and cracks. Transactions, ASME, J. Appl. Mechanics. Vol 35, 379-386.
3 Orowan, E. (1949). "Fracture strength of solids". Report on Progress in Physics, Vol.12, Physical Society of London.
2
19
Se dice que un slido libre de acciones externas est en equilibrio, cuando su sistema
atmico tambin lo est y su densidad de energa total vale 0 . En tal caso, la separacin
entre planos atmicos es ci0 .
La energa de ligadura entre planos atmicos durante el estado de equilibrio de un
slido, resulta de la diferencia entre la energa de los "n" tomos que componen dos planos
interatmicos paralelos, restada de la energa mnima que se alcanza en el estado de
equilibrio natural interno,
(n a ) 0
(2.1)
(2.2)
d
dci
(2.3)
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la separacin de planos tiende a infinito, es el que corresponde a dos planos aislados,
debido a que las fuerzas de ligadura entre ellos se han desvanecido.
En el caso de equilibrio interno natural, para un estado del material libre de cargas externas,
se tiene que ci0 es la distancia entre planos y por lo tanto se cumple que 0 , siendo sta
una condicin de contorno del problema.
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la tensin alcance la resistencia terica del material. Tener en cuenta que las fibras cortas de vidrio
(wiskers), inician su proceso de fractura a una tensin de 1000 MN/m2, su mxima energa de fractura es
de 0,002 kJ/m2 y el mdulo de Young del vidrio es de 50 GN/m2 (ver tambin Tabla 2.3).
Teniendo en cuenta la teora de Griffith, ecuacin (2.32), se deduce que el defecto medio que tiene este vidrio que
conforma las fibras cortas de vidrio, es de
a=
)(
Ejemplo 2.2 En una placa plana de acero con un orificio central de 20 mm (Figura 2.8), la tensin a la
que se inicia el proceso de fractura, es de 450 MN/m2 y su mdulo de elasticidad es de 200 GNm-2 (ver
tambin Tabla 2.3). A que tensin se iniciara la fractura si el orificio fuese de 80 mm y cunto valdra en
ambos casos la energa de fractura?.
La fractura ocurre cuando se cumple la siguiente condicin umbral (ver ecuacin (2.32) ),
E 0 = ( f ) 1 a1 = ( f ) 2
a2
y teniendo en cuenta que la longitud de fisura es 2a , se deduce la tensin necesaria para iniciar la fractura en la
placa de 80 mm es de,
( f ) 2 = ( f )1
a1
a2
= 450
10 103
= 225 MN / m 2
40 10 3
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2
a1
a2
0 = ( f )1
= ( f ) 2
=
E
E
10 10
= 450 106
200 109
40 10
= 225 106
200 109
= 31808,62 Nm 2 = 31,8 kJ 2
m
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132
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207
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175
106
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81
82
40
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Ejemplo 2.3 Determinar la tenacidad o factor de intensidad de tensin crtico para el vidrio del Ejemplo
2.1, considerar que se trata de una pieza sometida a tensin plana.
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)LJXUD&UHFLPLHQWRGHORQJLWXGHIHFWLYDGHXQDILVXUDHQIXQFLyQGHOUDGLRGHOD
]RQDSOiVWLFD
GRQGH f HV OD WHQVLyQ D OD TXH VH LQLFLD HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH OD ILVXUD 6XVWLWX\HQGR OD
H[SUHVLyQHQUHVXOWDHOQXHYRUDGLRSOiVWLFRDSUR[LPDGR
rYS =
2
K IC
2
2 YS
a f
2 YS
FRQ f YS
\ VXVWLWX\HQGR HVWD ~OWLPD HQ OD HFXDFLyQ VH WLHQH OD PDJQLWXG GHO )DFWRU GH
,QWHQVLGDGGH7HQVLRQHV&UtWLFRDIHFWDGRGHODGLPHQVLyQGHOUDGLRSOiVWLFR(VWRHV
K IC = f
2
f
1 +
a
2
2 YS
(QHVWD~OWLPDH[SUHVLyQVHSXHGHLGHQWLILFDUXQPDWHULDOIUiJLOGHXQRG~FWLOVHJ~QOD
UHODFLyQ f YS HVWRHV
si,
si,
f
YS
f
YS
0 K IC = f
1 K IC = f
3
a
2
Material Dctil
3 Fractura Dctil
(QHVWiXOWLPDH[SUHVLyQSXHGHREVHUYDUVHTXHHVPiVIDYRUDEOHFRQVLGHUDUODLQIOXHQFLD
GHODSODVWLFLGDGHQHO)DFWRUGH,QWHQVLGDGGH7HQVLRQHV&UtWLFR'HQRKDFHUHVWRSXHGH
LQIUDYDORUDUVHHVWHSDUiPHWURGHOPDWHULDOKDVWDHQXQ 22,47%
/DQRUPDWLYD$670(FRQFOX\HTXHODURWXUDGHXQDSLH]DVHUiWDQWRPiVG~FWLO
FXDQWRODGLPHQVLyQGHOD]RQDQRILVXUDGDVHDPiVJUDQGH(QSDUWLFXODUHVWDQRUPDWLYD
FRQGLFLRQDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRG~FWLODOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHODVLJXLHQWHPHGLGD)LJXUD
(b a ) 1,25 K IC
YS
(b a ) 7,85 rYS
, ASTM E - 339
(VWDPHGLGDJDUDQWL]DODIRUPDFLyQGHOiUHDSOiVWLFDWDOTXHVLQRVHFXPSOHVHFRUUHHO
ULHVJR GH TXH OD FDEH]D GH OD ILVXUD HVWp SUy[LPD D ORV OtPLWHV H[WHULRUHV GHO VyOLGR \ QR
SXHGD GHVDUUROODUVH OD PHQFLRQDGD ]RQD SOiVWLFD )LJXUD (VWR HV HTXLYDOHQWH D H[LJLU
TXHOD]RQDQRILVXUDGDUHPDQHQWHDFDGDODGRGHODILVXUDVHDGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHYHFHV
HOUDGLRGHOD]RQDSOiVWLFD
Ejemplo 3.1Una lmina de aleacin aluminio tiene una fisura central de 25 mm de longitud. Si la tensin
de fractura de este material es f=200 MN/m2 y la tensin de plasticidad YS=400 MN/m2, calcular la
tenacidad del material suponiendo: a) Comportamiento frgil, utilizando la Mecnica de Fractura Lineal , y
b) Comportamiento dctil, utilizando las correcciones correspondientes.
a)
Tenacidad considerando un material frgil: A partir de las ecuaciones (1.14) y (1.19) con f=1, resulta
25 103
= 39,6 MN m 3 / 2
K IC = f a = 200
b)
Tenacidad considerando un material dctil: A partir de las ecuaciones (3.5) y (3.6), resulta
K IC = f
(a + rYS ) = f
2
f
a 1 +
2
2 YS
= 200 25 10 3 1 + 1 200 = 42 MN m 3 / 2
2 400
Ejemplo 3.2 Dado un cilindro sometido a una presin de p=19 MN/m2, con una fractura longitudinal
sobre la superficie externa, cuyas caractersticas geomtricas y mecnicas son: longitud del cilindro L=6,5
m, dimetro d=1,6 m, espesor de las paredes e=50 mm, longitud de la fisura 2a=50 mm, mdulo de
elasticidad E=187 GN/m2, factor de intensidad de tensiones critico lineal KIC=90 MN/m3/2, radio plstico en
la cabeza de la fisura rYS=2,5 mm. Determinar el factor de seguridad suponiendo: a) Comportamiento
frgil, utilizando la Mecnica de Fractura Lineal , y b) Comportamiento dctil, utilizando las correcciones
por la influencia de la plasticidad en la cabeza de la fisura.
G P
D PP
/ P
H PP
S
H PP
a
K I = L tan
a)
25 10 3
= 85,198 MN m 3 / 2
= 304 6,5 tan
6,5
90
r = IC 1 100 =
El clculo de la mxima tensin anular elstica que provoca la fractura, resulta de considerar el factor de intensidad
crtico en la siguiente expresin,
( ) f
b)
K IC
L tan
L
=
2
90
25 10
6,5 tan
6,5
= 321,134 MN / m 2
Hay que calcular nuevamente el factor de intensidad de tensiones critico considerando la influencia de la
plasticidad y la mxima tensin anular elstica que provoca la fractura. Esto es,
K IC = ( ) f
(a + rYS )
L tan
25 10 3 + 2,5 10 3
= 321,134 6,5 tan
6,5
= 94,39 MN m 3 / 2
En el caso en que se consideren los mecanismos plsticos, resulta el siguiente factor de seguridad
94,39
r = IC 1 100 =
Observando el desarrollo de este ejercicio, se concluye que el no considerar la plasticidad en el factor de intensidad
de tensiones crtica, conduce a una subvaluacin de la tenacidad del material.
3UREOHPDVGH)UDFWXUD'~FWLO
/D IUDFWXUD G~FWLO HV QRUPDOPHQWH GHQRPLQDGD IUDFWXUD SOiVWLFD R IUDFWXUD QROLQHDO
0RGLILFDQGRODVH[SUHVLRQHVREWHQLGDVSDUDSUREOHPDVGHIUDFWXUDIUiJLORIUDFWXUDOLQHDO
WDOFRPRVHYHHQODHFXDFLyQSXHGHQHVWXGLDUVHDTXHOORVFDVRVHQTXHVHGHVDUUROOD
3 Fractura Dctil
SODVWLFLGDGGXUDQWHODSURSDJDFLyQGHXQDILVXUD(OHVWXGLRGHHVWRVSUREOHPDVGHIUDFWXUD
G~FWLO VH ODV HQFXDGUD GHQWUR GH OD GHQRPLQDGD 0HFiQLFD GH )UDFWXUD QR /LQHDO $Vt
FRPR HQ PHFiQLFD GH IUDFWXUD OLQHDO OD SURSDJDFLyQ GH XQD ILVXUD GHSHQGH GH K IC \
G f 0 HQ PHFiQLFD QROLQHDO SXHGH DGHPiV GHSHQGHU GH OD GLVLSDFLyQ SOiVWLFD TXH VH
GHVDUUROODHQODFDEH]DGHODILVXUD
+D\GRVSURFHGLPLHQWRVTXHSHUPLWHQHODQiOLVLVGHSUREOHPDVVRPHWLGRVDIUDFWXUDQR
OLQHDO
0pWRGR GHO 'HVSOD]DPLHQWR GH $SHUWXUD GH )LVXUD &2' &UDFN 2SHQLQJ
'LVSODFHPHQW
0pWRGRGHOD,QWHJUDO-RLQWHJUDOGH5LFH
3.3.1 Mtodo del Desplazamiento de Apertura de Fisura (COD).
(VWH PpWRGR IXH SURSXHVWR SRU 'XJGDOH \ %DUHQEODWW \ GHVDUUROODGR PiV WDUGH SRU
:HOOV 6H EDVD HQ DGPLWLU OD H[LVWHQFLD GH OD SODVWLFLGDG HQ OD FDEH]DGHODILVXUD\TXHOD
ILVXUDVHDEUHHQXQSODQRQRUPDODODGLUHFFLyQGHODFDUJDDSOLFDGDFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQOD
)LJXUD
(O HQVD\R GH DSHUWXUD GH ILVXUD &2' VH UHDOL]D XWLOL]DQGR OD SLH]D GH OD )LJXUD
)LJXUD \ HO PLVPR SURFHGLPLHQWR TXH VH XWLOL]D SDUD OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GHO )DFWRU GH
,QWHQVLGDG GH 7HQVLRQHV &UtWLFDV K IC YHU UHIHUHQFLD GH OD %ULWLVK 6WDQGDUG (Q HVWH
HQVD\RVHPLGHODDSHUWXUDGHODSLH]DHQVXH[WUHPR v g \VHFRUUHODFLRQDFRQODDSHUWXUDGH
ODELRV GH OD ILVXUD v f TXH HVWi UHODFLRQDGD FRQ OD UHVLVWHQFLD D OD LQLFLDFLyQ GH OD IUDFWXUD
YHU)LJXUD
y
)
x
YJ YI
(MHGHODILVXUD
D
D
)
)LJXUD,QFUHPHQWRGHDSHUWXUDHQODILVXUDGHELGRDODSODVWLFLGDGHQVXFDEH]D
(OREMHWLYRGHHVWHPpWRGRHVGHWHUPLQDUHOYDORUFUtWLFRGHDSHUWXUDGHXQDILVXUD v f
SDUD LQLFLDU HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH OD PLVPD \ HQ pO VH LQGLFD FyPR VH REWLHQH OD FRPSRQHQWH
SOiVWLFDGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWR v p 3DUDHVWHWLSRGHSUXHEDVHDGRSWDFRPRGHVSOD]DPLHQWR
FUtWLFRGHDSHUWXUDGHILVXUDDDTXHOTXHVHSURGXFHSDUDODPi[LPDIXHU]DDSOLFDGDHQHO
H[WUHPR Fc YHU )LJXUD /D H[SUHVLyQ TXH SHUPLWH UHODFLRQDU HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR
v p FRQHO v f UHVXOWDGHXQWUDEDMRUHDOL]DGRSRU*RRGLHU\)LHOG\SXHGHDSUR[LPDUVHSRU
ODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ
)F
D
)
E
E
)
YS
YJ
)LJXUD(QVD\RGHOD%ULWLVK6WDQGDUG
vf =
2
0,4 (b a ) v p
K IC 1 2
F
a
FRQ K IC =
f1 YHUHFXDFLyQ
+
2 YS E
0,4 b + 0,6 a + v 0
B b b
GRQGH b \ B UHSUHVHQWDQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHHODQFKR\HVSHVRUGHODSLH]D a ODORQJLWXG
LQLFLDOGHODIUDFWXUD v0 ODGLVWDQFLDLQLFLDOHQWUHODELRVGHILVXUDHVGHFLUODPDJQLWXGLQLFLDO
GH v g \ f1 (a b ) XQD IXQFLyQ TXH GHSHQGH GH OD UHODFLyQ JHRPpWULFD HQWUH OD ILVXUD \ OD
GLPHQVLyQGHSLH]DHQODGLUHFFLyQGHODILVXUDYHU)LJXUD
0,45 0,46 0,47
0,48 0,49 0,50 0,51 0,52 0,53 0,54 0,55
a/b
9,66
9,96 10,28 10,61 10,96 11,33 11,71 12,12 12,55
f1(a / b) 9,10 9,37
7DEOD)XQFLyQGHDVSHFWRJHRPpWULFR
/XHJR GH VHYHUDV VLPSOLILFDFLRQHV SDUD SUREOHPDV GH WHQVLyQ \ GHIRUPDFLyQ SODQD HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRFUtWLFRGHDSHUWXUDGHILVXUDHFXDFLyQVHHVFULEHFRPR
vf =
2
K IC
YS E
K 2 1 2
v f = IC
YS E
,QWHUVFLHQFH1<RUNSS
3 Fractura Dctil
GRQGH 1 2 HVXQDFRQVWDQWHGHUHVWULFFLyQTXHVHJ~QHQVD\RVH[SHULPHQWDOHVSRGUtD
DSUR[LPDUVHDODXQLGDG
Ejemplo 3.3 Un depsito cilndrico de acero que trabaja en forma de membrana bajo presin interna,
tiene un dimetro de 4 m y un espesor de paredes de 10 mm. Se observa que en la cara externa del cilindro
hay una fractura de 6.5 mm de profundidad (ver Figura del Ejemplo). Por otro lado, a partir de un ensayo
COD (ver Apartado 3.3.1 y Figura 3.9 ), resultan las siguientes datos geomtricos y mecnicos del material:
Fc=65 KN, vp=0,35 mm, v0=2,5 mm, B=25 mm, b= 50 mm, a=25 mm, E=200 GN/m2, YS=450MN/m2,
=0.3 (ver Figura del Ejemplo). Calcular la mxima presin interna que puede soportar el depsito en estas
condiciones.
)&
E
)&
%
D
Y
)&
YS
Y
G P
H PP
S
PP
PP
K IC =
65 10 3
3
a
10.61 = 123,37 MN m 2
f1 =
3
3
B b b 25 10
50 10
Fc
Utilizando el mtodo COD (Apartado 3.3.1), ecuacin (3.10), se calcula el desplazamiento crtico de apertura
entre labios de fisura que provoca el crecimiento de la fractura en presencia de plasticidad,
vf =
=
b)
2
0,4 (b a ) v p
K IC 1 2
+
=
2 YS E
0,4 b + 0,6 a + v 0
(123,37 ) 2 (1 0.3 2 )
2 450 200 10
+ 0.6 25 10
+ 2,5 10
= 1,70279 10 4 m
Conocido el desplazamiento crtico vf que desestabiliza la fisura, puede ahora calcularse el factor de
intensidad de tensiones afectado por la plasticidad. Para ello se utiliza la ecuacin (3.11), que para una lmina
sometida a tensin plana (=1), se escribe,
Teniendo en cuenta la expresin del factor de intensidad de tensiones critico, puede ahora calcularse la mxima
tensin anular que puede soportar el depsito, al lmite de la estabilidad de la fisura. Para ello, a partir de la
ecuacin (1.16) y teniendo en cuenta que por la geometra de la pared del depsito f =1,12., resulta la siguiente
tensin,
( ) f
K IC
a f
108,36
6,5 10 3 1,12
= 677 ,04 MN m 2
( ) f
p d
2e
p=
2 e ( ) f
d
2 10 10 3 677,04
= 3,38 MN m 2
4
Ejemplo 3.4Una placa de acero de dimensiones infinitas, tiene una fractura de 10 mm, que se propaga a
partir de un orificio de 50 mm . Esta constituida de un material que tiene las siguientes caractersticas, KIC
= 35 MN/m-3/2 , YS =250 MN/m2 , y E= 187 GN/m2 . Se quiere saber a que tensin se produce el fallo
PP PP
50 10 3
+ 10 10 3 = 0,035 m
a=
PP
f =
K IC
a
35 10 6
0,035
= 105,5 MN / m 2
3 Fractura Dctil
K IC = f (a + rYS ) = f
1 105,5 2
2
f
3 / 2
a 1 +
= 105,5 0,0351 +
= 36,50 MN m
2
2 YS
2 250
De este nuevo factor de intensidad de tensiones, puede obtenerse una correccin para calcular la tensin mxima
influenciada por los fenmenos plsticos,
f =
K IC
a
36,507 10 6
0,035
= 110 MN / m 2
vf =
2
K IC
(36,507) 2
=
= 2,85 10 5 m
YS E 1 250 187 10 3
Gf =
2
K IC
(36,507) 2
=
= 7,12 k j / m 2
E 1 187 10 6
3.3.2 Mtodo del la "Integral-J". Integral de Rice.
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WHRUHPDGHODGLYHUJHQFLD*DXVV(VWRHV
y
A
ij
B dA = B ij u i n j ds
u i dA
A x
u i
A ij x j
dV
n,t
B
x
A
n,t
)LJXUD3ODFDSODQDVRPHWLGDDXQHVWDGRGHWHQVLyQSODQR
7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOHTXLOLEULRGHOWHWUDHGURHOHPHQWDOHQWUHODVWHQVLRQHV ij \IXHU]DV
GHVXSHUILFLH ti = ij n j GRQGH n j HVODQRUPDOVDOLHQWHDODFXUYD DGHPiVHOHTXLOLEULR
HOHPHQWDO GH &DXFK\ HQWUH OD GLYHUJHQFLD GH OD WHQVLyQ \ ODV IXHU]DV GH YROXPHQ
f i = ij x j \ OD FRQGLFLyQ FLQHPiWLFD TXH GHILQH OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO FDPSR GH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ui \ GHIRUPDFLyQ ij = ui x j VH SXHGH UHHVFULELU OD HFXDFLyQ DQWHULRU
FRPR
B ij ij dA = B t i u i ds f i u i dA para B ij ij dA = B t i u i ds
f =0
A
+DFLHQGRODLQWHJUDOHQHOWLHPSRVREUHORVGRVPLHPEURVGHODHFXDFLyQDQWHULRUSDUD
HYDOXDUHOWUDEDMRHQHOLQVWDQWHDFWXDOUHVXOWD
B U dA = B U t ds
A
(OSULPHUPLHPEURGHODHFXDFLyQDQWHULRUUHSUHVHQWDODHQHUJtDDFWXDODFXPXODGDHQHO
YROXPHQ V = B A HQFHUUDGR SRU OD FXUYD \ HO VHJXQGR PLHPEUR UHSUHVHQWD HO WUDEDMR
TXHUHDOL]DQODVWHQVLRQHVVREUHHOiUHD A = B 3DUDXQSUREOHPDHOiVWLFR U U e YHU
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FXPSOLUODLJXDOGDG\UHVXOWDQGRGHHVWDXQWUDEDMRGHVFRPSHQVDGR W (VWRHV
3 Fractura Dctil
y
A
1
W = U dA
A
B
dV
n , t
e
U t ds 0
y
x
A
n,t
)LJXUD3ODFDSODQDFRQXQDIUDFWXUDVRPHWLGDDXQHVWDGRGHWHQVLyQSODQR
1 (W )
= U dy
B x
t ti
ui
dt ds 0
x
HVWDH[SUHVLyQUHSUHVHQWDODYDULDFLyQGHODHQHUJtDDORODUJRGHOHMHGHXQDILVXUD$XQTXH
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DODPHGLFLyQGHODHQHUJtDUHODMDGDSRU*ULIILWKYHUDSDUWDGR3RUHVWHPRWLYRHQ
IUDFWXUDOLQHDOVHFXPSOHHQHOHVWDGR~OWLPRODLJXDOGDGHQWUHODLQWHJUDOGH5LFH\ODHQHUJtD
GHIUDFWXUD J IC G f UHVXOWDQGRGHDTXtODUHODFLyQHQWUH J IC \HOIDFWRUGHLQWHQVLGDGGH
WHQVLyQFUtWLFRYHUHFXDFLRQHV\
7HQVLyQSODQD
f =
EJ IC
K
= IC K IC = EG f = EJ IC
a
a
'HIRUPDFLyQSODQD
f =
EG f
EG f
(1 ) a
2
EJ IC
(1 ) a
2
K IC
a
K IC =
EJ IC
(1 )
2
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/RVHQVD\RVPiVFRP~QPHQWHXWLOL]DGRVSDUDODREWHQFLyQGHOYDORUFUtWLFRGHODLQWHJUDO
GH5LFH J IC HVWiQEDVDGRVHQSLH]DVFRQHQWDOODVVRPHWLGDVDIOH[LyQWDOFRPRVHPXHVWUD
HQOD)LJXUD$SDUWLUGHHVWRVHQVD\RVVHREWLHQHODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQSDUWLFXODUGHOD
HFXDFLyQ
JI =
vF dv
a
f
B (b a ) b
6LHQGR vF dv ODLQWHJUDOGHOWUDEDMRGHVDUUROODGRSRUODVIXHU]DVGHVXSHUILFLHWDOTXHDO
ILQDO GHO SURFHVR GH IUDFWXUD FRLQFLGH FRQ HO iUHD TXH KD\ GHEDMR GH OD FXUYD FDUJD
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ( F v ) YHU)LJXUD6HJ~QODQRUPDWLYD$670(SDUDHOHQVD\R
GH IOH[LyQ HQ WUHV SXQWRV OD IXQFLyQ f(a/b)=2,0 )LJXUD E \ YDOH f(a/b)=2,2 SDUD HO
HQVD\RGHODSLH]DFRPSDFWD)LJXUDD$GHPiV (b a ) HVODORQJLWXGQRIUDFWXUDGDGH
ODSLH]D\DTXH b HVHODQFKRWRWDO\ a ODORQJLWXGGHODIUDFWXUD
)
E
D
%
D
F
a
f = 2,2 )
Y
b
:I
)
E
)
%
Y
YS
a
E f = 2,0
D
b
Y
)LJXUD3LH]DVGHHQVD\RSDUDODREWHQFLyQGH J IC
Ejemplo 3.5Una pieza de acero dulce sometida al ensayo a flexin en tres puntos (Figura 3.9.b), tiene un
ancho de B= 20 mm y una profundidad b= 25 mm. En el instante que la fisura se desestabiliza e inicia su
crecimiento, su dimensin es de a=15.3 mm y el rea debajo de la curva carga desplazamiento es de U=
14.7 j, (Figura 3.9.c). Sabiendo que E= 207 GN/m2 , calcular la tenacidad del material (ver tambin Tabla
2.3).
6WDQGDUG 7HVW 0HWKRG IRU -,& 0HDVXU RI )UDFWXUH 7RXJKQHVV $670( 9RO 0HWDO
0HFKDQLFV7HVWLQJ
3 Fractura Dctil
14.7
U
2=
2 = 151,54 kj / m2
3
B (b a ) 20 10 25 103 15,3 103
0RGHORV&RQVWLWXWLYRV
SDUD)UDFWXUD
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67
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2
2
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170
90
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80
70
= 0,0
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
160
150
140
130
120
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110
100
90
80
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
ngulo de fisura
90
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
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'RQGH F HVHOWHQVRUFRQVWLWXWLYRHOiVWLFRLQLFLDO
8Q FULWHULR GH IOXHQFLD SOiVWLFD \ SRWHQFLDO SOiVWLFR DQiORJR DO GHILQLGR SRU OD
HFXDFLyQ
I(1 , F ) = f (1 ) F = 0 J(1 ) = g (1 ) cte = 0
1HWKHUODQGV
9 Modelo de "Dao-Plstico"
8QDUHJODGHIOXMRSOiVWLFDQRDVRFLDGD\XQJUXSRGHYDULDEOHVLQWHUQDV
0 P
0
q = = P
q F
P
Deformacin Plstica
Variable de Dao Plstico
Variable de Cohesin
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J
1
p
0 P
dq
J
p
= q = p H = h :
h :
1
dt
F
hc h : p
J
hc h :
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UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH\TXHVHGHILQLUiQPiVDGHODQWHTXHGHSHQGHQGHOHVWDGRDFWXDOGH
ODYDULDEOHOLEUH 0 e \GHOUHVWRGHODVYDULDEOHVLQWHUQDV q &RPRSXHGHYHUVHHQOD
HFXDFLyQDQWHULRUODYDULDEOHLQWHUQDIXQGDPHQWDOHVODGHIRUPDFLyQSOiVWLFD 0 p \D
SDUWLUGHHOODVHREWLHQHQODVRWUDV(OIDFWRUGHFRQVLVWHQFLDSOiVWLFD VHREWLHQHWDO
FRPRVHKDPRVWUDGRHQHOFDStWXORDSDUWLUGHODFRQGLFLyQGHFRQVLVWHQFLDGHOD
IXQFLyQGHIOXHQFLDSOiVWLFD
8QDHFXDFLyQFRQVWLWXWLYDVHFDQWH\WDQJHQWHFRPRODVGHILQLGDVHQHOFDStWXOR
1 =F: 0 0p
J I
F : 1 1 : F
1 = F
:0
J I
J
I J
ck
+ hN h :
+
:
:F:
1
1
1
1 = F :0
WDOTXHODQRWDFLyQXWLOL]DGDSXHGHFRQVXOWDUVHHQHOPHQFLRQDGRFDStWXOR\DTXHOOD
TXHWHQJDXQDGHILQLFLyQSDUWLFXODUVHUiSUHVHQWDGDDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
(O PRGHOR FRQVWLWXWLYR TXH UHVXOWD GH HVWDV GHILQLFLRQHV EiVLFDV FRQVLJXH XQD PX\
EXHQDUHVSXHVWDGXUDQWHHOSURFHVRGHIUDFWXUD$PRGRGHUHVXPHQSXHGHGHFLUVHTXHHO
PRGHORUH~QHODVVLJXLHQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
'HILQLFLyQGHXQDOH\FRQVWLWXWLYDTXHGHSHQGHGHODVYDULDEOHVLQWHUQDVGHFRKHVLyQ
\ GDxR SOiVWLFR SHUPLWLHQGR DVt UHSUHVHQWDU VLWXDFLRQHV GH FDUJD FRPSOHMDV QR
UDGLDOHV
7UDWDHQIRUPDXQLILFDGDORVHVWDGRVFRPSOHMRVGHWHQVLyQPXOWLD[LDO
$GPLWH TXH ORV PDWHULDOHV WLHQHQ GLVWLQWRV OLPLWHV GH UHVLVWHQFLD Pi[LPD \ GH
GHIRUPDFLyQ~OWLPDGHSHQGLHQGRGHOSURFHVRPHFiQLFRTXHHVWHGHVDUUROOiQGRVH
$GPLWHODSRVLELOLGDGGHFRQVLGHUDUGLVWLQWRVFULWHULRVGHIOXHQFLDSOiVWLFDQRVLHQGR
pVWDXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOPRGHORVLQRXQDYDULDEOHPiVGHOPLVPRTXHQHFHVLWDVHU
SUHHVWDEOHFLGD
&RQVLGHUD XQ IOXMR SOiVWLFR QRDVRFLDGR TXH SHUPLWH HO FRQWURO GHO IHQyPHQR GH
GLODWDQFLD
3HUPLWH REWHQHU WRGD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ UHODFLRQDGD FRQ HO GHWHULRUR GH XQ SXQWR D
WUDYpVGHXQSRVWSURFHVRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQPHFiQLFDGHOSXQWR
p
g fp = T T dt
t =0
p
GRQGH T HVODWHQVLyQXQLD[LDOGHWUDFFLyQ\ T GHIRUPDFLyQSOiVWLFDXQLD[LDOGHWUDFFLyQ
$SDUWLUGHpVWD~OWLPDH[SUHVLyQVHGHILQHODYDULDEOHGHGDxRSOiVWLFRSDUDXQSURFHVRFXDVL
HVWiWLFRGHWUDFFLyQXQLD[LDOFRPRODGLVLSDFLyQSOiVWLFDQRUPDOL]DGDDFRWDGDHQWUHFHUR\
ODXQLGDG
9 Modelo de "Dao-Plstico"
1
0 p = p
gf
t =0 T T dt 1
5HVXOWDQGRDVtXQDYDULDEOHQRUPDOL]DGDFRQUHVSHFWRDODHQHUJtDHVSHFtILFDPi[LPDD
WUDFFLyQFRQYDORUHVFRPSUHQGLGRHQWUH 0 p 1 SDUDHOLQLFLR\ILQGHOSURFHVRSOiVWLFR
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH&RQ p FRPRYDULDEOHSXHGHDKRUDWUDQVIRUPDUVHODVFXUYDVGHUHVSXHVWD
XQLD[LDOGHWHQVLyQGHIRUPDFLyQSOiVWLFDHQRWUDVFXUYDVTXHGHSHQGDQGHHVWDYDULDEOHGH
0
GDxR SOiVWLFR HQ OD FXDO TXH VH FXPSOHQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV H[WUHPRV T ( p = 0) = T \
T ( p = 1) = Ultima HQHOLQWHUYDOR[0,1]
T
(Q HO SUREOHPD GH FRPSUHVLyQ XQLD[LDO DO LJXDO TXH HQ HO SUREOHPD GH WUDFFLyQ OD
YDULDEOHGHGDxRSOiVWLFRUHVXOWD
1
0 p = p
gC
t =0 C C dt 1
p
p
p
VLHQGR g C = t =0 C C dt ODHQHUJtDGLVLSDGDHQHOSURFHVRGHFRPSUHVLyQYHUWDPELpQHO
DSDUWDGR $O LJXDO TXH HQ HO SURFHVR GH WUDFFLyQ SXUD SXHGH DKRUD GHILQLUVH OD
UHVSXHVWD XQLD[LDO GH WHQVLyQGHIRUPDFLyQ SOiVWLFD PHGLDQWH RWUD FXUYD TXH GHSHQGD GHO
GDxRSOiVWLFRHQOXJDUGHODGHIRUPDFLyQSOiVWLFDHQODFXDOTXHVHFXPSOHQORVVLJXLHQWHV
0
H[WUHPRV C ( p = 0) = C \ C ( p = 1) = Ultima HQHOLQWHUYDOR[0,1] (YHU )LJXUD )
C
SLF
&
&SLF
& p
R
&
&S
R&
curva de compresin
curva de compresin
gpc
R7
R7
7 p
7S
curva de traccin
curva de traccin
gpT
p
p
( Tp X
1
( Tp X
D Resistencia uniaxial en funcin de la deformacin plstica
E Resistencia uniaxial en funcin de la variable de dao plstica
F
pic
FC
F 0 = f (1 ) 0
F&S
curva de compresin
F7S
curva de traccin
p
1
F Cohesin en funcin de la variable de dao plstica
)LJXUD7UDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODUHVLVWHQFLDXQLD[LDOPHGLGDHQODERUDWRULRHQOD
UHVLVWHQFLDXQLD[LDOXWLOL]DGDHQHOPRGHORGHGDxRSOiVWLFR
/D YDULDEOH GH GDxR SOiVWLFR HV REMHWLYD \ HYROXFLRQD GHQWUR GH ORV PLVPRV OtPLWHV
FXDOTXLHUDVHDHOSURFHVRPHFiQLFRTXHVHKD\DGHVDUUROODGR'HHVWDIRUPDHOGDxRWRWDO
p = h :0 p
GRQGH h HV XQ WHQVRU GH VHJXQGR RUGHQ TXH SDUD ORV FDVRV SDUWLFXODUHV GH WUDFFLyQ \
FRPSUHVLyQXQLD[LDOGDOXJDUDXQDYDULDEOHGHGDxRSOiVWLFRTXHFXPSOHFRQODVHFXDFLRQHV
\ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH \ SDUD ORV UHVWDQWHV FDVRV HV FDSD] GH GHVDUUROODU XQD
PDJQLWXG GH GDxR FRQVHFXHQWH FRQ HO SURFHVR GH FDUJD 3DUD UHFXSHUDU OD YDULDEOH GH
HQGXUHFLPLHQWR SOiVWLFR GH OD WHRUtD FOiVLFD GH OD SODVWLFLGDG HFXDFLyQ HVWH WHQVRU
UHVXOWDLJXDODOWHQVRUGHWHQVLRQHV h = 1 \SDUDPDWHULDOHVLVyWURSRVHQJHQHUDOSXHGHVHU
GHILQLGRFRPRXQDGLVLSDFLyQQRUPDOL]DGDDODXQLGDG
r (1 ) 1 r (1 )
p = h :0 p = p +
m
p
gC
gf
GRQGH m = 1 : 0 p HV HQ HVWH FDVR OD GLVLSDFLyQ SOiVWLFD \ r (1 ) = , = , , = , XQD
IXQFLyQ HVFDODU TXH GHILQH ORV HVWDGR GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH XQ SXQWR HQ IXQFLyQ GHO
HVWDGR WHQVLRQDO VLHQGR x = 0,5 [x + x ] OD IXQFLyQ GH 0F$XOO\ 2EVpUYHVH ORV VLJXLHQWHV
FDVRV SDUWLFXODUHV r (1 ) = 1 SDUD SUREOHPDV GH WUDFFLyQ SXUD r (1 ) = 0 SDUD FRPSUHVLyQ
SXUD\ r (1 ) = 0,5 SDUDHVWDGRGHFRUWHSXUR'HHVWDPDQHUDODGLVLSDFLyQSOiVWLFDVLHPSUH
HVWDUi QRUPDOL]DGD UHVSHFWR GH OD Pi[LPD HQHUJtD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH DO SURFHVR TXH HVWi
UHDOL]DQGRHQFDGDPRPHQWR
3
9 Modelo de "Dao-Plstico"
FRQMXQWRTXHSDUDHVWHPRGHORFRQVWLWXWLYRQRHVPiVTXHODFRKHVLyQHQWUHSDUWtFXODV(VWD
IXQFLyQ GH HQGXUHFLPLHQWR HVWD UHSUHVHQWDGD SRU OD FRKHVLyQ HVFULWD FRPR XQD YDULDEOH
LQWHUQD SDUD GDUOH PD\RU JHQHUDOLGDG YHU FDStWXOR FX\D HFXDFLyQ GH HYROXFLyQ SDUD
FXDOTXLHUSURFHVRGHFDUJDFXDVLHVWiWLFRVHGHILQHFRPR
F = hc p = hc h : 0 p
GRQGH hc ( 1 , p , F ) HVXQDIXQFLyQHVFDODUGHOHVWDGRDFWXDOGHODYDULDEOHOLEUHGHWHQVLyQ 1
\ GH ODV YDULDEOHV LQWHUQDV p \ F /D H[SUHVLyQ DGRSWDGD SDUD OD OH\ GH HYROXFLyQ GH OD
YDULDEOHLQWHUQDGHFRKHVLyQUHVXOWDGHHOHJLUODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQSDUD hc
r ( 1 ) dF T 1 r ( 1 ) dF C
hc = F
+
p
d p
FC
FT d
GRQGH r (1 ) = , = , , = , HV OD IXQFLyQ DQWHV FRPHQWDGD TXH HVWDEOHFH HO WLSR GH
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRWUDFFLyQRFRPSUHVLyQRWUDFFLyQFRPSUHVLyQTXHVHGHVDUUROORDFDGD
LQVWDQWH HQ XQ SXQWR GHO VyOLGR /D IXQFLyQ GH FRKHVLyQ F C ( p ) YHU )LJXUD SXHGH
REWHQHUVH HQ IRUPD H[SOtFLWD \ UHSUHVHQWD OD HYROXFLyQ GH OD FRKHVLyQ GXUDQWH XQ HQVD\R
XQLD[LDOGHFRPSUHVLyQVLPSOH/DUHODFLyQHQWUHFRKHVLyQ\WHQVLyQXQLD[LDOGHFRPSUHVLyQ
YLHQHGDGDSRUODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ
3
F & ( p ) =
1
C ( p )
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UHSUHVHQWDHOIDFWRUGHHVFDODHQWUHFRKHVLyQ\WHQVLyQXQLD[LDOGHFRPSUHVLyQ$PRGRGH
HMHPSOR SDUD 7UHVFD \ YRQ0LVHV YDOH = 1 SDUD 0RKU &RXORPE = 2 RMohr GRQGH
R Mohr HVODUHODFLyQGHUHVLVWHQFLDVYHUHFXDFLyQSDUD'UXFNHU3UDJHULQVFULWDHQOD
VXSHUILFLHGH0RKU&RXORPE = 6 cos /(sin 3) \SDUD'UXFNHU3UDJHUFLUFXQVFULWDHQOD
VXSHUILFLH GH 0RKU&RXORPE = 6 cos /(3 sin 3) YHU FDStWXOR $Vt SDUD FXDOTXLHU
FULWHULRXPEUDOGHIOXHQFLDGHEHGHILQLUVHHVWHFRHILFLHQWH
/DIXQFLyQ F T ( p ) YHU)LJXUDSXHGHREWHQHUVHHQIRUPDH[SOtFLWD\UHSUHVHQWDOD
HYROXFLyQGHODFRKHVLyQGXUDQWHXQHQVD\RXQLD[LDOGHWUDFFLyQVLPSOH/DUHODFLyQHQWUH
FRKHVLyQ\WHQVLyQXQLD[LDOGHWUDFFLyQYLHQHGDGDSRUODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ
F 7 ( p ) =
] [
R0
T ( p )
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$ PRGR GH HMHPSOR SDUD 7UHVFD \ YRQ0LVHV YDOH R 0 / = 1 SDUD 0RKU &RXORPE
R 0 / = RMohr / 2 GRQGH R Mohr HV OD UHODFLyQ GH UHVLVWHQFLDV YHU HFXDFLyQ SDUD
'UXFNHU3UDJHU LQVFULWD HQ OD VXSHUILFLH GH 0RKU&RXORPE R 0 / = (3 + 3 sin ) / 6 cos \
SDUD 'UXFNHU3UDJHU FLUFXQVFULWD HQ OD VXSHUILFLH GH 0RKU&RXORPE
R / = (3 + sin ) / 6 cos YHUFDStWXOR
$OJXQRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVVRVWLHQHQTXHODVFXUYDVGHUHVLVWHQFLDDWUDFFLyQ\FRPSUHVLyQ
VLPSOH GHO KRUPLJyQ TXH UHVXOWDQ GH HQVD\RV H[SHULPHQWDOHV XQLD[LDOHV WLHQHQ IRUPDV
DQiORJDVORTXHHTXLYDOHDDILUPDUTXHODUHODFLyQGHHVFDODVHQWUHHOODVHVXQDFRQVWDQWH
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6WDWHRIWKHDUWUHSRUWRQ)LQLWH(OHPHQW$QDO\VLVRI5HLQIRUFHG&RQFUHWH$6&(
R( p ) =
C ( p )
= cte. R ( p ) = R 0
p
T ( )
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FRLQFLGHQ
9.3.3 Definicin de la variable , ngulo de rozamiento interno.
$ PHGLGD TXH VH DXPHQWD OD FDUJD VREUH XQ VyOLGR FRKHVLYRIULFFLRQDO HQ VX LQWHULRU
RFXUUHQXQPRYLPLHQWRVHQWUHSDUWtFXODVPLFURILVXUDFLyQTXHFRQGXFHDXQDSpUGLGDGH
FRKHVLyQLQWHUJUDQXODUKDFLHQGRTXHHOVyOLGRWLHQGDDFRPSRUWDUVHFDGDYH]PiVFRPR
XQVLPSOHPDWHULDOIULFFLRQDOQRFRKHVLYR$VtODSpUGLGDGHFRKHVLyQLPSOLFDXQDJDQDQFLD
GHUR]DPLHQWRLQWHUQRGDQGROXJDUDXQFRPSRUWDPLHQWRPiVG~FWLODFRPSUHVLyQGHELGR
DO LQFUHPHQWR GH OD IXHU]D GH UR]DPLHQWR HQWUH SDUWtFXODV \ D XQD GLVPLQXFLyQ GH OD
UHVLVWHQFLD D WUDFFLyQ SRU OD SpUGLGD GH ODV IXHU]DV FRKHVLYDV (VWR FRQGXFH D XQ
FUHFLPLHQWR GH OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH UHVLVWHQFLDV XQLD[LDOHV R ( p ) = C ( p ) T ( p ) D PHGLGD
TXHHYROXFLRQDHOSURFHVRSOiVWLFR
sen
sen max
p
L Zona donde la friccin est
F
completamente movilizada y
pic
la cohesin es nula
F
p
L
)LJXUD)XQFLyQTXHGHILQHODHYROXFLyQGHOiQJXORGHUR]DPLHQWRLQWHUQRHQIXQFLyQ
GHODYDULDEOHGHGDxRSOiVWLFR\VXUHODFLyQFRQODFRKHVLyQ
(Q IRUPD JHQHUDO VH SRGUtD IRUPXODU XQD YDULDEOH LQWHUQD GH IULFFLyQ FRQ XQD OH\ GH
HYROXFLyQ GHO WLSR = H (1 ; q ) = h (1 ; q ) p TXH UHSUHVHQWH HO PHFDQLVPR GH
LQFUHPHQWR GH OD IULFFLyQ DUULED PHQFLRQDGR 6LQ HPEDUJR KD\ HYLGHQFLDV
H[SHULPHQWDOHV TXH PXHVWUDQ TXH HV VXILFLHQWH SURSRQHU XQD VLPSOH IXQFLyQ GH OD
YDULDEOHGHGDxRSOiVWLFRSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUODHYROXFLyQGHOiQJXORGHIULFFLyQLQWHUQD
7DVXML ( 6ODWH ) DQG 1LOVRQ $ 6WUHVV VWUDLQ UHVSRQVH DQG IUDFWXUH RI FRQFUHWH -RXUQDO RI WKH
VWUXFWXUDOGLYLVLRQ$6&(9RO1RSS
%RUVW5'HDQG9HUPHHU3 1RQDVVRFLDWHGSODVWLFLW\IRUVRLOVFRQFUHWHDQGURFN+HURQ9RO'HOI
1HWKHUODQGV
9 Modelo de "Dao-Plstico"
pL
2 p
sen max
sen ( ) = + L
max
sen
; p L
; >
p
PHULGLDQRGHWUDFFLyQ
p
= 3 OCT = 2 J 2
c( 2 )
p
p
c( 1 )
c( 3 )
75$&&,1
727$/
p
2 c( ) 6 cos
t0 =
(3 sen )
&2035(6,1
0 = 3 c ( p ) cotg
727$/
DEvolucin de la cohesin
450
7
p
p
c( 1p ) > c( 2 ) > c( 3 )
&
3
= 3 OCT =
I1
3
0 3 + sen
c
R0 = o =
2 c( p ) 4 cos
t 3 sen
0
C =
(3 sen )
PHULGLDQRGHFRPSUHVLyQ +
6
PHULGLDQRGHWUDFFLyQ
6 +
= 3 OCT = 2 J 2
(p)Max
75$&&,1
727$/
&2035(6,1
727$/
TRESCA , (p)=0
EEvolucin de la friccin
450
0
c ( p ) 3 + sen ( p )
R 0 ( p ) = o p =
t ( ) 3 sen ( p )
PHULGLDQRGHFRPSUHVLyQ +
6
t0 =
2c
6 cos ( p )
(3 sen ( ))
p
0 = 3 c cotg ( p )
7S
&S
0
C =
= 3 OCT =
2c
3
I1
3
4 cos ( p )
(3 sen ( ))
p
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PHULGLDQRVD0RYLOLGDGLVyWURSDSRUHYROXFLyQGHODFRKHVLyQE0RYLOLGDGDQLVyWURSD
SRUFDPELRHQHOUR]DPLHQWRLQWHUQR
8WLOL]DQGR OD IXQFLyQ GH UR]DPLHQWR LQWHUQR H[SUHVDGD SRU OD HFXDFLyQ \
VXSRQLHQGR HQ XQ SULPHU PRPHQWR OD KLSyWHVLV GH TXH OD FRKHVLyQ F = cte VH SXHGH
REVHUYDU TXH VH GHVDUUROOD XQ SURFHVR HODVWRSOiVWLFR TXH SDVD GH XQ HVWDGR LQLFLDO
= 0 = 0 GRQGH OD SUHVLyQ KLGURVWiWLFD HV GHVSUHFLDEOH D RWUR ILQDO = max GRQGH HV
PX\ LPSRUWDQWH OD LQIOXHQFLD GH OD SUHVLyQ 3DUD HMHPSOLILFDU OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO iQJXOR GH
UR]DPLHQWRLQWHUQRVREUHHOXPEUDOGHSODVWLFLGDGVHDGRSWDXQDVXSHUILFLHGHIOXHQFLDGHO
WLSRGHODGH0RKU&RXORPEHQODFXDOSXHGHYHUVHXQDPRYLOLGDGLVyWURSDSRUHIHFWRGH
ODHYROXFLyQGHODFRKHVLyQYHUFDStWXOR\RWUDPRYLOLGDGDQLVyWURSDSURYRFDGDSRUHO
LQFUHPHQWR GHO UR]DPLHQWR LQWHUQR (VWH ~OWLPR IHQyPHQR SURYRFD XQ PRYLPLHQWR GH
DFHUFDPLHQWRGHODF~VSLGHGHODVXSHUILFLHKDFLDHORULJHQDFRPSDxDGDGHXQFUHFLPLHQWR
GH VX EDVHYHU )LJXUD \ )LJXUD (VWH HIHFWR VH SUHVHQWD FRPR XQ IHQyPHQR GH
HQGXUHFLPLHQWRSDUDSURFHVRVGHFRPSUHVLyQ\FRPRXQDEODQGDPLHQWRSDUDSURFHVRVGH
WUDFFLyQ
1
I
2
3 c cotg( p )
II
I = II = III
6
FRUWHSXUR
3
+
6
III
I 1 = 0 3 = 0
1 0 3
0
2c RMohr
0
2c R Mohr
1
2c
3 0 1
o
c
0
R Mohr = tan 2 + = 0
0
4 2
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LQWHUQDD0RYLOLGDGGHODIXQFLyQHQ'E0RYLOLGDGGHODIXQFLyQHQXQRGHVXVSODQRV
SULQFLSDOHV
9 Modelo de "Dao-Plstico"
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SRVLEOHXWLOL]DUGXUDQWHWRGRHOSURFHVRSOiVWLFRXQiQJXORGHUR]DPLHQWRLQWHUQRFRQVWDQWH
\Pi[LPRVLQTXHHVWRLQGX]FDDUHVXOWDGRVLQVDWLVIDFWRULRVHQODUHVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDV
PXOWLD[LDOHV
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LQHOiVWLFRGHELGRDODGHVYLDFLyQSOiVWLFD(VWHIHQyPHQRGHQRPLQDGRGLODWDQFLDSXHGHVHU
DWULEXLGR DO FUHFLPLHQWR GH ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH PLFURILVXUDFLyQ TXH VXIUH HO KRUPLJyQ
GXUDQWHHOSHUtRGRLQHOiVWLFR
$
S $
$
S
S
$
( p ) : Parte volumtrica de la def. plstica (dilatancia)
( p ) : Parte desviadora de la def. plstica
p
+ ( p )
PHULGLDQRGH
= 3 oct = 2 J 2
WUDFFLyQ
75$&&,1
6
( p )
727$/
2 c 6 cos
&2035(6,1
t0 =
727$/
(3 sen )
0 = 3 c cotg
0
7
45
&
I
0 3 + sen
= 3 oct = 1
0
c
R = o =
3
t 3 sen
J(1 ) = cte
2 c 4 cos
0 =
c
(3 sen )
PHULGLDQRGH
FRPSUHVLyQ +
6
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODGLODWDQFLDHQIRUPDHVTXHPiWLFD\VXUHODFLyQFRQOD
GHIRUPDFLyQSOiVWLFDHQHOSODQRPHULGLDQR
8QDIRUPDDSURSLDGDGHHYDOXDUHVWHIHQyPHQRHVPHGLDQWHHOiQJXORGHGLODWDQFLD % TXH
IXHLQLFLDOPHQWHLQWURGXFLGRSRU%+DQVHQ\TXHUHSUHVHQWDODUHODFLyQTXHKD\HQWUHHO
LQFUHPHQWRGHYROXPHQSOiVWLFR\ODGLVWRUVLyQSOiVWLFD
/DGLODWDQFLDSXHGHFRQWURODUVHXWLOL]DQGRXQDSODVWLFLGDGQRDVRFLDGDHVGHFLUFXDQGR
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-6ROLGV6WUXFWXUHV
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0RGHORGHGDxRLVyWURSR
(QORV~OWLPRVDxRVORVPRGHORVFRQVWLWXWLYRVFRQRFLGRVFRPRGHGDxRFRQWLQXRKDQ
VLGR DPSOLDPHQWH DFHSWDGRV SDUD VLPXODU HO FRPSOHMR FRPSRUWDPLHQWR FRQVWLWXWLYR GH
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VLPSOLFLGDG HQ OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ YHUVDWLOLGDG \ FRQVLVWHQFLD \D TXH HVWiQ EDVDGRV HQ OD
PHFiQLFDGHGDxRFRQWLQXR
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VLPXODUODURWXUDSRUIHQyPHQRVYLVFRVRV7DPELpQVHXWLOL]DSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUHOFRQFHSWR
GHIDWLJDIUDFWXUDHQPDWHULDOHVG~FWLOHV\IUiJLOHVHWF
)tVLFDPHQWHHOSURFHVRGHGHJUDGDFLyQGHODVSURSLHGDGHVGHXQPDWHULDOHVHOUHVXOWDGR
GHODSUHVHQFLD\FUHFLPLHQWRGHSHTXHxDVILVXUDV\PLFURYDFtRVSUHVHQWHVHQODHVWUXFWXUD
GHFXDOTXLHUPDWHULDO(VWHSURFHVRGHFUHFLPLHQWRVHSXHGHVLPXODUHQHOFRQWH[WRGHOD
PHFiQLFDGHPHGLRVFRQWLQXRVWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODWHRUtDGHYDULDEOHVLQWHUQDVGHHVWDGR
LQWURGXFLHQGRXQDYDULDEOHLQWHUQDGHGDxRUHSUHVHQWDGDSRUXQHVFDODUYHFWRURXQWHQVRU
(VWDYDULDEOHLQWHUQDGHGDxRFDUDFWHUL]DHOQLYHOGHGHWHULRURGHOPDWHULDO\WUDQVIRUPDHO
WHQVRUGHWHQVLRQHVUHDODRWURWHQVRUGHWHQVLRQHVHIHFWLYDVGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD
0 = M 1 :
GRQGH M HV HO WHQVRU GH FXDUWR RUGHQ GHO PRGHOR GH GDxR DQLVyWURSR 3DUD HO FDVR GHO
PRGHORGHGDxRLVyWURSRODGHJUDGDFLyQGHOPDWHULDOVHGHVDUUROODHQWRGDVODVGLUHFFLRQHV
SRU LJXDO \ VyOR GHSHQGH GH XQD YDULDEOH HVFDODU GH GDxR d, FRQ OR TXH HO WHQVRU M VH
UHGXFHD M = (1 d )I \ODHFXDFLyQGHGDxRDQLVyWURSRTXHGD
0 =
(1 d )
(VSDFLR5HDO
(VSDFLR(IHFWLYR
0
0
.S
.0
D6yOLGRUHDOGHJUDGDGRE6yOLGRHTXLYDOHQWHQRGHJUDGDGR
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDFLyQHVTXHPiWLFDGHODKLSyWHVLVGHWHQVLyQHIHFWLYD
0 d 1
GRQGHd=1UHSUHVHQWDXQHVWDGRGHOPDWHULDOFRPSOHWDPHQWHGHJUDGDGR\GHILQHODURWXUD
ORFDOFRPSOHWD\d UHSUHVHQWDXQPDWHULDOQRGDxDGR(OFRQFHSWRGHWHQVLyQHIHFWLYDVH
IRUPXOy SRU SULPHUD YH] HQ FRQH[LyQ FRQ OD KLSyWHVLV GH HTXLYDOHQFLD GH GHIRUPDFLRQHV
SRU /HPDLWUH&KDERFKH HQ HQ OD VLJXLHQWH IRUPD OD GHIRUPDFLyQ DVRFLDGD D XQ
HVWDGRGDxDGREDMRXQDWHQVLyQDSOLFDGD HVHTXLYDOHQWHDODGHIRUPDFLyQDVRFLDGDFRQHO
HVWDGRQRGDxDGRVRPHWLGRDXQDWHQVLyQHIHFWLYD 0 (QOD)LJXUDVHREVHUYDXQD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQHVTXHPiWLFDGHODKLSyWHVLVGHWHQVLyQHIHFWLYD
p i = {d }
con
= (; d ) = (1 d ) 0 ( )
GRQGH 0 ( ) HVODHQHUJtDOLEUHGH+HOPKROW]HOiVWLFDLQLFLDOGHOPDWHULDOQRGDxDGR(QHO
FDVRGHSHTXHxDVGHIRUPDFLRQHVHVVXILFLHQWHFDUDFWHUL]DUDODHQHUJtDOLEUHDWUDYpVGHXQD
IXQFLyQFXDGUiWLFDGHODVGHIRUPDFLRQHVGHOVLJXLHQWHWLSR
0 ( ) =
1
:F
2
:
GRQGH F 0 HV HO WHQVRU FRQVWLWXWLYR HOiVWLFR GHO PDWHULDO HQ HVWDGR QR GDxDGR 3DUD
SUREOHPDVWpUPLFDPHQWHHVWDEOHVHVYiOLGDODVLJXLHQWHIRUPDGHODGHVLJXDOGDGGH&ODXVLXV
3ODQN
=
d 0
:
d
(VWDH[SUHVLyQGHODSRWHQFLDGLVLSDWLYDSHUPLWHKDFHUODVVLJXLHQWHVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHV
D /D LQHFXDFLyQ GHEH FXPSOLUVH SDUD FXDOTXLHU YDULDFLyQ WHPSRUDO GH OD YDULDEOH
OLEUH FRQ OR TXH HO PXOWLSOLFDGRU WLHQH TXH VHU QXOR PpWRGR GH &ROHPDQ YHU
0DXJLQ(VWDFRQGLFLyQSURSRUFLRQDODOH\FRQVWLWXWLYDKLSHUHOiVWLFDSDUDHOSUREOHPD
GHGDxRHVFDODU
=
= 0 0
d
0 conjugada de d
E &RQVLGHUDQGR OD OH\ FRQVWLWXWLYD HO YDORU GH OD GLVLSDFLyQ GHO PRGHOR GH GHJUDGDFLyQ
UHVXOWD
= 0 d 0
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD OD HFXDFLyQ VH REWLHQH OD VLJXLHQWH IRUPD GH OD HFXDFLyQ
FRQVWLWXWLYD
202
= (1 d ) 0 = (1 d ) C 0 :
(10.9)
(10.10)
d
max
=
max
max
t dt
t dt
d C0
C0 Cs=(1-d) C0
-1
-1 -1
Cd=[ Cs C0 ]
C0
e
con
q {d }
(10.11)
con
d
q { }
GRQGH G[]HVXQDIXQFLyQHVFDODULQYHUWLEOHSRVLWLYD\GHGHULYDGDSRVLWLYD\PRQyWRQD
FUHFLHQWH
GRQGH HV XQ HVFDODU QR QHJDWLYR GHQRPLQDGR SDUiPHWUR GH FRQVLVWHQFLD GH GDxR
DQiORJR DO IDFWRU GH FRQVLVWHQFLD SOiVWLFR \ VH XWLOL]D SDUD GHILQLU ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH
FDUJDGHVFDUJD\UHFDUJDDWUDYpVGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVGH.XKQ7XFNHU
0 ; I ( 0 ; q ) 0 ; I ( 0 ; q ) = 0
/DV FRQGLFLRQHV H[SUHVDGDV HQ OD HFXDFLyQ DQWHULRU FRUUHVSRQGHQ D SUREOHPDV TXH
SRVHHQ UHVWULFFLRQHV XQLODWHUDOHV 6L HO YDORU GH I ( 0 ; q ) < 0 HO FULWHULR GH GDxR QR VH
YHULILFD \ SDUD TXH VH FXPSODQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH .XKQ7XFNHU QHFHVDULDPHQWH GHEH
RFXUULUTXH = 0 (VWROOHYDDGHGXFLUGHODHFXDFLyQTXHODYDULDFLyQWHPSRUDOGHO
GDxRGHEHVHUQXOD d = 0 \SRUORWDQWRHOPDWHULDOQRSUHVHQWDIHQyPHQRVGHGDxR\VH
HVWiDQWHXQSURFHVRPHFiQLFRHOiVWLFR
$OLJXDOTXHHQODWHRUtDGHODSODVWLFLGDGODPDJQLWXGGHOIDFWRUGHFRQVLVWHQFLDVXUJHGH
LPSRQHUODFRQGLFLyQGHFRQVLVWHQFLDGHGDxRGH,OXVKLP'HpVWDV\GHODVSURSLHGDGHVGH
ODIXQFLyQ G[]VHREWLHQH
I ( 0 ; q ) = 0 G[ f ( 0 )] = G[c(d )] f ( 0 ) = c(d )
G[ f ( 0 )] G[c(d )]
=
f ( 0 )
c(d )
'HODFRQGLFLyQGHSHUPDQHQFLDVREUHODVXSHUILFLHXPEUDOGHGDxRVHGHGXFHTXH
I ( 0 ; q ) = 0
G[ f ( 0 )]
G[c(d )]
f ( 0 )
c(d ) = 0 f ( 0 ) = c(d )
f ( 0 )
c(d )
2EVHUYDQGR OD YDULDFLyQ WHPSRUDO GH G[ f ( 0 )]/ t = G[ f ( 0 )] HFXDFLyQ \
KDFLHQGR XQD DQDORJtD FRQ OD OH\ GH HYROXFLyQ GH OD YDULDEOHLQWHUQD d HFXDFLyQ
UHVXOWDHOSDUiPHWURGHFRQVLVWHQFLDGHGDxRFRPR
G[ f ( 0 )]
f ( 0 )
G[ f ( 0 )] =
f ( 0 )
d G[ f ( 0 )] f ( 0 )
G[ f ( 0 )]
d =
[ f ( 0 )]
'HVDUUROODQGRPiVHOSDUiPHWURGHFRQVLVWHQFLDSXHGHHVFULELUVH
f ( 0 )
f ( 0 )
= f ( 0 ) = c(d ) =
:0 =
:F
0
0
:
6XVWLWX\HQGR HQ OD GLVLSDFLyQ HFXDFLyQ UHVXOWD OD H[SUHVLyQ TXH GHVFULEH OD
HYROXFLyQWHPSRUDOGHODGLVLSDFLyQ
G[ f ( 0 )] f ( 0 )
= 0 G [ f ( 0 )] = 0
:F 0 :
f ( 0 )
0
'H ODV GHILQLFLRQHV SUHYLDPHQWH SUHVHQWDGD VH REWLHQH TXH HO XPEUDO GH GDxR c HQ XQ
WLHPSR s = t UHVXOWD
}}
0st
7HQVRUFRQVWLWXWLYRGHGDxRWDQJHQWH
(OWHQVRUFRQVWLWXWLYRWDQJHQWHGHGDxRVHREWLHQHFRQVLGHUDQGRODYDULDFLyQWHPSRUDOGHOD
HFXDFLyQFRQVWLWXWLYDVHFDQWH
= (1 d ) F
:dF
:
5HHPSOD]DQGRHQODHFXDFLyQDQWHULRUODOH\GHHYROXFLyQGHODYDULDEOHLQWHUQDGHGDxR d
GDGDSRUHFXDFLyQVHREWLHQH
= (1 d ) F
:
G[ f ( 0 )]
f ( 0 ) [F
[ f ( 0 )]
: ]
7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODYDULDFLyQWHPSRUDOGHODIXQFLyQXPEUDOVHHVFULEHFRPR
f ( 0 )
f (F 0 : )
f ( 0 ) =
:0 =
:
0
:
G[ f ( 0 )] f (F 0 : )
: [F
[ f ( 0 )]
: ]
'HODHFXDFLyQDQWHULRUVHREWLHQHHOWHQVRUGHGDxRWDQJHQWHFRPR
F
= (1 d ) F
G[ f ( 0 )]
[F
[ f ( 0 )]
f (F 0 : )
: ]
3DUWLFXODUL]DFLyQGHOFULWHULRGHGDxR
(OWLSRGHDEODQGDPLHQWRDGHILQLUHQHOFULWHULRGHGDxRJHQHUDOGHSHQGHGHOSUREOHPDD
UHVROYHU $TXt VH SUHVHQWD XQ FDVR JHQHUDO \ GRV SDUWLFXODUHV HVWRV GRV ~OWLPRV
FRUUHVSRQGHQDXQFDVRFRQDEODQGDPLHQWRH[SRQHQFLDO\RWURFRQDEODQGDPLHQWROLQHDO
10.7.1 Ablandamiento general.
/DIXQFLyQHVFDODU G[]TXHGHILQHODHYROXFLyQGHOXPEUDOGHGDxRGHEHVHUPRQyWRQD\
FRQXQYDORUDFRWDGRHQWUH\8QDIRUPDGHH[SUHVDUODHYROXFLyQGHOXPEUDOGHGDxR
HVDWUDYpVGHXQDYDULDEOHDX[LOLDUTXHVHGHQRPLQDUiYDULDEOHGHGLVLSDFLyQQRUPDOL]DGDDOD
XQLGDG\FX\DH[SUHVLyQHVDQiORJDDODXWLOL]DGDHQSODVWLFLGDGHFXDFLyQ
r ( ) 1 r ( )
0
0
= K ( 0 ) m =
+
m
gC
gf
GRQGH m = 0 d HVODGLVLSDFLyQGHGDxR\ r ( ) = , = , , = , XQDIXQFLyQHVFDODU
TXH GHILQH ORV HVWDGR GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH XQ SXQWR HQ IXQFLyQ GHO HVWDGR WHQVLRQDO
VLHQGR x = 0,5 [x + x ] OD IXQFLyQ GH 0F$XOO\ /DV PDJQLWXGHV g f \ g c UHSUHVHQWDQ OD
Pi[LPDGLVLSDFLyQGHXQSXQWRVRPHWLGRDWUDFFLyQ\DFRPSUHVLyQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH'H
HVWD PDQHUD OD GLVLSDFLyQ GH GDxR VLHPSUH HVWDUi QRUPDOL]DGD UHVSHFWR GH OD Pi[LPD
HQHUJtDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOSURFHVRPHFiQLFRTXHHVWpUHDOL]DQGRHQFDGDPRPHQWR
8WLOL]DQGRODYDULDEOHFRPRYDULDEOHDX[LOLDUSXHGHDKRUDGHILQLUVH G[]HQODVLJXLHQWH
IRUPDJHQHUDO
3
G[c( )]= 1
c ( )
f ( 0 )
c ( )
f ( 0 )
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWD HO DOJRULWPR SDUD OD REWHQFLyQ GH OD WHQVLyQ D WUDYpV GH pVWH
PRGHOR GH GDxR JHQHUDO DSURSLDGR SDUD FXDOTXLHU IXQFLyQ f ( 0 ) \ c() (VWH PRGHOR
JHQHUDOQHFHVLWDVHULQWHJUDGRQXPpULFDPHQWH
Calculo de la tensin predictora y variables internas, para el tiempo actual t + t , iteracin de
equilibrio i , contador de convergencia del modelo constitutivo k = 1
[ 0 ]t + t = F 0 : [ ]t + t
i
k 1
[q]t + t = i [q]t + t = i { , d }t + t
i
k 1
[I (
0;q
b. Si:
i
k 1
[I (
0;q
entonces i t + t
y va a la SALIDA
i
t + t
[q ] = k 1 [q ]
>0 ,
entonces inicia la integracin de la ec. constitutiva
]
[ ( )]
i
t + t
I ( 0 ; q )
i
t + t G[ f ( 0 )]
i
t + t
i
t + t
=
k []
k [d ]= k [d ] k 1 [d ]
k [d ]
[ f ( 0 )]
[ f ( 0 )]
k
i
k
[d ]t + t = 1
i
t + t
k 1 c ( )
+
i
f 0 t t
k 1
[] = 1 : F 0 :
t + t
t + t
0
k [d ] utilizando ( B5.115) :
i
k
[]t + t = K ( 0 ) t + t k []
Actualiza la tensin, el tensor constitutivo tangente, la variable interna auxiliar de disipacin
normalizada y la disipacin normalizada ,
i
t + t
i
t + t
i
t + t
= k 1 [ ] + k [ ]
k [ ]
G[ f ( 0 )]
i
f (F 0 : )
T t + t
[F ] = (1 d ) F 0 [ f ( )] [F 0 : ]
i
k
7DEOD,QWHJUDFLyQGHODHFXDFLyQFRQVWLWXWLYDGHGDxRJHQHUDO
10.7.2 Ablandamiento Exponencial.
/DIXQFLyQHVFDODU G[]TXHGHILQHODHYROXFLyQGHOXPEUDOGHGDxRGHEHVHUPRQyWRQD\
FRQ XQ YDORU DFRWDGR HQWUH \ (Q GLVWLQWDV SXEOLFDFLRQHV VREUH HO SUREOHPD GH GDxR
HVFDODU VH HQFXHQWUDQ GLYHUVDV IRUPDV GH UHSUHVHQWDU HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR WHQVLRQDO FRQ
DEODQGDPLHQWR 3DUWLFXODUPHQWH HQ HO WUDEDMR GH 2OLYHU HW DO VH SURSRQH OD
VLJXLHQWHIXQFLyQ
G [c (d )]= 1
c(d )
c max A 1 c
e
c (d )
max
con 0 c max c( d )
RWDPELpQSXHGHH[SUHVDUVHFRPR
f ( )
A 1
f 0 ( 0 ) f ( )
e
G[ f ( 0 )]= 1
f ( 0 )
0
con
( 0 ) = c max
VLHQGR A XQ SDUiPHWUR TXH GHSHQGH GH OD HQHUJtD GH IUDFWXUD GHO PDWHULDO (O YDORU GH
f 0 ( 0 ) = c max VH REWLHQH D SDUWLU GHO FXPSOLPLHQWR GHO FULWHULR GH GDxR SDUD HO SULPHU
] [ ]
XPEUDOGHGHJUDGDFLyQVLWXDFLyQHQTXHVHFXPSOH G f 0 ( 0 ) G c max
G f
( 0 )] = G[c max ]
= 0 \WDPELpQTXH
0
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDODDOJRULWPLDGHHVWHPRGHOR\DLQWHJUDGRVLHQGRSRUORWDQWR
PiV VLPSOH VX XWLOL]DFLyQ DXQTXH PHQRV JHQHUDO SXHV VyOR XWLOL]D XQ DEODQGDPLHQWR
H[SRQHQFLDO
Calculo de la tensin predictora y variable interna de dao para el tiempo actual t + t ,
iteracin de equilibrio i ,
[ 0 ]t + t = F
i
[d ]t + t
: [ ]
t + t
; = i [G[ f ( 0 )]]t
+ t
entonces i t + t
y va a la SALIDA
max
;
=
[d ]
max
>0
b. Si:
entonces inicia la integracin de la ec. constitutiva
A 1
f ( 0 ) f ( )
i
t + t
[d ] = 1
e
t + t
[ ]
F
T t + t
= (1 d ) F
G[ f ( 0 )]
[F
[ f ( 0 )]
f (F 0 : )
0 : ]
t + t
7DEOD,QWHJUDFLyQGHODHFXDFLyQFRQVWLWXWLYDGHGDxRFRQDEODQGDPLHQWR
H[SRQHQFLDO
con 0 c max c( d )
RWDPELpQSXHGHH[SUHVDUVHFRPR
G [ f ( 0 )]=
f 0 ( 0 )
f ( 0 )
1+ A
con
( 0 ) = c max
VLHQGR A XQSDUiPHWURTXHGHSHQGHGHODHQHUJtDGHIUDFWXUDGHOPDWHULDO(OYDORULQLFLDO
GH f 0 ( 0 ) VHREWLHQHGHOFULWHULRGHGDxRH[SUHVDGRHQODHFXDFLyQySDUD
] [ ]
HO SULPHU XPEUDO GH GHJUDGDFLyQ VLWXDFLyQ HQ TXH VH FXPSOH G f 0 ( 0 ) G c max
] [ ]
WDPELpQTXH G f 0 ( 0 ) = G c max
= 0 \
0
(QHVWHFDVRHOWHQVRUFRQVWLWXWLYRWDQJHQWHUHVXOWDWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODHFXDFLyQ
HVWRHV
F
= (1 d ) F
G[] 1
[F
: ] [F
: ]
'HGXFFLyQGHOSDUiPHWURASDUDHOPRGHORGH6LPR-X
(OSDUiPHWURAVHGHGXFHDSDUWLUGHODH[SUHVLyQGHODGLVLSDFLyQGDGDHQODHFXDFLyQ
SDUWLFXODUL]DGD SDUD XQ SURFHVR XQLD[LDO EDMR FDUJD PRQyWRQD FUHFLHQWH 7HQLHQGR
HQFXHQWDODIXQFLyQXPEUDOGHGDxR = f ( 0 ) SURSXHVWDSRU6LPR\-XVHWLHQHHQ
HOSULPHUXPEUDO
tmax
= f ( 0 ) = 2 0 ( ) = C 0 =
tmax = C 0
C0
1
1
1 tmax
0 = C0 = tmax =
2
2
2 C0
) = (
2
C0
C0
1 2
2
/DGLVLSDFLyQWRWDOVHREWLHQHLQWHJUDGRODH[SUHVLyQGHODGLVLSDFLyQ\WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDOD
HFXDFLyQ\
t =0
t =0
1 2 G []
d
2
dt =
0 d dt =
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD OD GHILQLFLyQ GH G[ f ( 0 )] = G[] HQ IRUPD H[SRQHQFLDO GDGD SRU OD
HFXDFLyQ\DSOLFDQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHLQWHJUDFLyQSRUSDUWHVVHWLHQH
1 2
1
dG[] = 2 G [] G [] d
2
2
= 2 G[]
2
0 e
( ) ) d
A 1
( ))
A 1
1
= ( 2 0 e
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 A 1
1
+ 0 e
A
2 0 2 0 2
= 0 2 1 + 1
=
2
2
A
2 A
( )
( ) 1 + 1 = g
2 A
0 2
A=
1
gf
( )
0 2
G[ ] = 1 =
(1 + A)
/DGLVLSDFLyQWRWDOHQHVWHFDVRUHVXOWDHQWRQFHV
0
A
0
A
dt =
t =0
1 2 G []
d
2
= 2 G[]
2
0
A
0
A
0
d
1+ A
1
= 2 G []
2
( )
1 2
0
2
1+ A
( )
( )
0 2
0 2
1
1
1 0
=
(1 + A) 2 =
2 A2
2
2 A
A
'HODPLVPDIRUPDTXHVHKL]RDQWHULRUPHQWHVHDGPLWHTXHODPi[LPDHQHUJtDDGLVLSDU
SRU XQ SXQWR GHO VyOLGR VHUi g f YHU FDStWXOR SRU OR WDQWR LJXDODQGR FRQ OD Pi[LPD
GLVLSDFLyQHFXDFLyQVHWLHQH
( )
( )
1 0
= gf
2 A
A=
1 0
2 gf
= (1 d ) F
= (1 d ) F
( )
A 1
+ A 1
[F
2
0
1
[F
2
(1 + A)
: ] [F
: ] [F
: ]
: ]
, Abland. Exponencial
, Abland. Lineal
$PEDV IRUPDV GHO WHQVRU FRQVWLWXWLYR WDQJHQWH VRQ VLPpWULFDV /D VLPHWUtD GH HVWH WHQVRU
GHSHQGHGHODQRUPD = f ( 0 )
10.8.2 Modelo de Lemaitre y Mazars.
(O PRGHOR GH /HPDLWUH \ 0D]DUV GLILHUH GHO DQWHULRUPHQWH SUHVHQWDGR 6LPR-X HQ OD
IRUPDHQTXHVHGHILQHODIXQFLyQXPEUDOGHGDxR(VWHPRGHORXWLOL]DXQDQRUPDEDVDGD
HQHOWHQVRUGHGHIRUPDFLRQHVGDGDSRU
= f ( 0 ) = :
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: ] [ ]
: ] [ ]
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max
max
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-
=0
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,
3
( d ) = 0
2
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+
sen c( d ) cos = 0
2 2
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sen sen
=
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c( d ) = 0
cos
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3
J2
I1
(QIXQFLyQGHFRRUGHQDGDVFLOtQGULFDVTXHGDH[SUHVDGRFRPR
sen sen
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tan +
c( d )
cos
3
2 cos
3
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[(
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-
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SDUDXQSURFHVRXQLD[LDOEDMRFDUJDPRQyWRQDFUHFLHQWH7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDXQDIXQFLyQ
XPEUDOGHGDxRFXDOTXLHUD = f ( 0 ) VHWLHQHHQHOSULPHUXPEUDOGHGDxR
= f ( 0 ) = tmax
1
1
1 tmax
0 = C 0 = tmax =
2
2
2 C0
1 ( )
2 C0
2
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WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODHFXDFLyQ\
t =0
t =0
dt =
0 d dt =
2
1 ( ) G[]
d
2 C 0
2
1 ( )2
( )2 G[] d
1 ( )
dG[] =
G []
2 C0
2 C0
C0
0
1 ( )2
1
=
G []
2 C0
C0
0
1
=
2 C0
2 0 e
e
0
( ))
A 1
1 2 1
=
C0
C0
( ) ) d
A 1
C0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 A 1
1
+ 0 e
A
( )
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 1
=
+
2
2
A
C0 2 A
( )
0 2
C0
1 1
+ = gf
2 A
A=
1
C0 g f
( )
0 2
0
1
G[ ] = 1 =
(1 + A)
0
A
/DGLVLSDFLyQWRWDOHQHVWHFDVRUHVXOWDHQWRQFHV
dt =
t =0
0
A
2
1 ( ) G []
d
2 C0
1 ( )
G []
=
2 C0
0
A
( )
0 2
0
A
1 ( )2
G []
=
2 C0
1 0
d
C0 1 + A
0
1
0
2
C 0 (1 + A)
( )
0 2
( )
0 2
1
1
1
(1 + A) 2
=
2
2 A C0 2
2 A C0
A C0
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216
( )
( )
1 0
= gf
2 A C0
A=
1 0
2 g f C0
(10.67)
0
0
= C0 :
=
:
0
(10.68)
( )
0
T
A 1
0 + A
[C 0 : ] C 0 :
C = (1 d ) C 0 - e
2
0
T
[C 0 : ] C 0 :
C = (1 d ) C 0 - 2
(1 + A)
, Abland. Exponencial
(10.69)
, Abland. Lineal
[A ]
C0 g f
( )
0 2
1
2
[l ]
lim MAX
d
2 C0 G f
(10.70)
( )
0 2
[A 0]
14
C0 G f
1
2
0 2 l lim MIN
d
( )[ ]
[l ]
lim MIN
d
(10.71)
217
G () =
1+ A
1
0
1
0
A=
con 0
G ( ) = 1
(10.72)
De sta ltima se deduce que A est comprendida entre los siguientes extremos para el
caso de ablandamiento lineal
0 A 1
o tambin 1 A 0
(10.73)
De esta ltima desigualdad se obtiene el mnimo valor del parmetro A para el que est
definida la funcin (10.65), que igualada a la ecuacin (10.67), resulta el lmite superior para la
longitud de la zona daada
( )
0
[A = 1] = 1
2 g f C0
[l ]
lim MAX
d
2 C0 G f
( )
0 2
(10.74)
( )
0
[A = 0] = 1
2 g f C0
[l ]
lim MIN
d
=0
(10.75)
Como puede observarse, los lmites superiores e inferiores de la longitud de la zona daada
son independientes del tipo de ablandamiento que se decida utilizar en el modelo de dao;
coincidiendo en ambos casos su magnitud mxima (ecuaciones (10.70) y (10.74)) y mnima
(ecuaciones (10.71) y (10.75)).
11 Fatiga. Un Nuevo
*
Enfoque((*)).
11.1 Introduccin.
Las cargas cuyas amplitudes son variables a lo largo del tiempo, producen sobre las
estructuras una rotura a valores de tensin inferior a las producidas por cargas de amplitud
constante. A este fenmeno se le denomina fatiga y es definido de un modo ms general
por las normativas ASTM1 como: el proceso de cambio estructural permanente, progresivo y
localizado que ocurre en un punto del material sujeto a tensiones y deformaciones de amplitudes variables y
que produce grietas que conducen a una fractura total luego de un cierto nmero de ciclos.
La fatiga es la causante de la mayor parte de las fracturas de las piezas en servicio,
tanto en los mecanismos actuantes en estructuras aeronuticas, navales y de automviles,
como en las estructuras civiles de puentes, etc. Este motivo ha hecho que, durante muchos
aos, el estudio de la fatiga perteneca al campo de la mecnica de fractura clsica.
El estudio de la fatiga exige comprender que no es un fenmeno asociado al
concepto clsico de plasticidad y/o dao (ver captulos 6, 9 y 10) y que la rotura se produce
bajo cargas que estn aun en el perodo elstico del comportamiento del material. En
realidad se produce una prdida de resistencia en funcin del nmero de ciclos que induce
a un posterior rebase de la resistencia mxima, provocando un problema de plasticidad y/o
dao secundario.
Las roturas por fatiga son especialmente peligrosas por que no suelen presentar
indicios de fallo inminente, sino que este se produce de modo repentino y sin observar
deformaciones plsticas previas. Se trata pues de roturas frgiles que se caracterizan por
presentar zonas bien diferenciadas: una de textura lisa con muestra de rotura dctil y otra
de textura gruesa rugosa ms brillante que es donde se localiza la rotura final al rebasar la
resistencia mxima disminuida por el fenmeno de fatiga.
Hay que recordar que normalmente la fatiga no sobreviene sola y que siempre est
acompaada de otros efectos mecnicos que en un principio pueden parecer secundarios,
pero al final se tornan determinantes en la vida de las piezas.
En una pieza sometida a cargas cclicas se pueden distinguir distintas etapas durante
el proceso de fatiga (ver Figura 11.1):
Regin I, que corresponde a una fase donde se producen los primeros cambios
micro estructurales, aumento de densidad de dislocaciones y formacin de micro
fisuras y posterior localizacin de las zonas con dao irreversible,
Para ms informacin consultar: Suero, A., Oller, S. (1998). Tratamiento del fenmeno de fatiga mediante
la mecnica de medios continuos. CIMNE No. 45. Barcelona.
1
Standart Definitions of Terms Relating to Fatigue Testing and Statical Analysis of Fatigue Data, ASTM
Designation E206-72.
(*)
220
Crecimiento de fisuras
PROPAGACIN
Nro. de ciclos
Regin I :
dislocaciones, micro
grietas, porosidad
221
reversin R = min
max
.
max
max
0f
med
R=0
R=-0,5
lim(R=-1)
min
T
R=-1
Nf
Bairstow, L. (1910). The Elastic Limit of Iron and Steel Under Cyclical Variation of Streess Phil. Trans.
Roy. Soc. A210 pg.35.
4 Manson, S. (1954). Behaviour of Metals Under Condition of Thermal Stress. Nat. Adv. Co. Aero. Report
1170.
5 Coffin, L. (1960). The Stability of Metals Under Cyclic Plastic Strain Trans Amer. Soc. Mech. Engrs. 82, 671.
6 Irwin, G. (1957). J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME. E79 pg 361-364.
7 Paris, P.; Gmez, M. and Anderson, W. (1961). Trend Eng., Univ. Wash 13, 9
8 Paris, P. and Erdogan, F. (1963). A Critical Analysis of Crack Propagation Laws- ASME, J. Basic Engrg. 85 pg.
528-534
9 Chaboche, J. (1987). Continuum Damage Mechanics and its Application to Structural Lifetime Prediction
Rech. Arosp. No 1987-4.
10 Chaboche, J. (1974). Une Loi Diffrentielle dEndommagement de Fatigue avec Cumulation non Linaire
Revue Francaise de Mcanique no. 50-51.
222
fatiga se basa en una variable interna de deterioro que permite tratar adecuadamente el
fenmeno de acumulacin y localizacin de dislocaciones. Esta variable interna se propone
estableciendo una relacin entre el dao y el nmero de ciclos.
Todo esto ha sido presentado para cargas peridicas, donde se puede establecer en
forma clara un periodo dominante. Poco se ha hecho en el caso de cargas no peridicas,
sin embargo pueden consultarse los trabajos escritos al respecto por Miner11.
a.
b.
c.
223
16 Luccioni, B.; Oller, S. and Danesi, R. (1996). Coupled Plastic-Damage Model - Computer Methods in Applied
Mechanics and Engineering. - Vol. 129, pg. 81-90 Nos. 1-2.
17 Oller, S. (1991). Modelizacin Numrica De Materiales Friccionales - Monografa CIMNE Nro. 3 Barcelona.
224
4 244
1 red
4
3
f '( ,N ,R )
f ( 0 )
f ( 0 ) c( d ) . f red ( N , R ) = 0
f ( N , R ) c( d ) = 0
4 244
1 red
4
3
f '( 0 ,N ,R )
Plasticidad
(11.1)
Dao
(11.2)
225
c( ; N ; R; q )
Camino 1
Camino 2
N
q = q( p , d )
R=0
R=-0,5
lim ( R = 1)
R=-1
Nf
N lim 107
226
1,26 3,3
(11.3)
R
1
lim = o
+
= o e A(log N )
f
f
1,26 3,3
R
1
ln
1,26 + 3,3
A=
(11.4)
max
o
8750
R=0
7500
lim ( R = 0 )
lim ( R = 0 , 5)
lim ( R = 1)
6250
5000
3750
R=-0,5
R=-1
2500
1250
0
1,25
2,5
3,75
6,25
7,5
8,75
10
227
f ( N = 0) = 0f
C. Whler
f ( N ) = f ( N = N F ) = of e A(log N )
o B (log N )
= of f red ( N , R)
f ( N F N N lim ) = f = f e
o B (log N )
= of f red ( N , R)
f ( N N lim ) = f = f e
(11.5)
donde:
S
ln APLI
o
S
f
B1 =
(log N F )
S
ln lim
So
f
, B2 = , = 4 .,2 2 R C
(7)
y N f = log 1 7
R
1
ln
1,26 + 3,3
S
ln APLI
So
f
S:
f = of ( q ) e B log( N ) , N < 10 7
1
f = f inf
N < 10 7
N > 107
f = of ( q ) e B log( N ) ,
0f
lim
lim
Strength
log(N)
APL max
ln
1
N F = log 7
R
1
+
ln
1,26 3,3
Strength
ln APL max
0f
B1 =
7
ln APL0max
Sf
B2 =
(log N F )
log(N)
228
En la Figura 11.6 puede observarse un punto del material sometido a una tensin
aplicada APLI muy cercana al lmite de fluencia plstico. Esta situacin produce un
pronto deterioro del material por fatiga, obligando a una perdida de resistencia a medida
que aumenta el nmero de ciclos.
f
En este caso (Figura 11.7), se puede ver que a pesar del aumento del nmero de
ciclos, la resistencia del material baja muy poco, debido a que la tensin aplicada APLI es
prcticamente nula.
229
$SpQGLFHV
A1 Problema de Equilibrio
Bi-Dimensional en
Coordenadas Polares.
A1.1 Introduccin.
+
r +
r +
r
dr
r
r
d
dr
1 r 2 r
+
+
=0
r
r
r
z
z = 0
(A2.1)
Haciendo R = 0 (problemas sin fuerzas msicas), se puede verificar que las tensiones que
satisfacen estas ecuaciones de equilibrio son: (S. Timoshenko & J. N. Goodier - Teora de
la Elasticidad - Ed.URMO 1968):
234
1 1 2
+
r =
r r r 2 2
= 2
r
1 1 2
r = 2
r r r
(A2.2)
2
2
+ 2
x 2 y
2 2
x 2 + y 2
(A2.3)
o en polares,
2
1
1 2 2 1 1 2
+
+ 2
r 2 r r r 2 r 2 + r r + r 2 2 = 0
(A2.4)
Esta ecuacin diferencial a derivadas parciales, permiten all la solucin, junto a las
condiciones de contorno, el problema de elasticidad plana de concentracin de tensiones.
2a
x
b
2
2
= x cos + y sen + 2 xy sen cos
x y
sen 2 xy cos
r =
2
235
(A2.5)
2
r = cos = 2 (1 + cos 2 )
2
= sen
r = 2 sen 2
(A2.6)
Estas tensiones, al actuar en la perifera del anillo, se descomponen en dos partes. Una
1
2
236
1
a 2
r = 2
b a2
1
a 2
= 2
b a2
1 = 0
r
r
b
a
1 =
N
b2
r2
b2
1 +
r2
(A2.7)
(A2.8)
dr 2 + r dr r 2
d 2 f 1 df 4 f
dr 2 + r dr r 2
=0
(A2.9)
C
+D
r2
(A2.10)
= Ar 2 + Br 4 + 2 + D cos 2
r
(A2.11)
r = 2 A + 6 4 + 2 cos 2
r
r
6C
2
2
= 2 A + 12 Br + 4 cos 2
r
6C 2C
2
2
= 2 A + 6 Br
2 sen 2
r
r4
r
(A2.12)
237
2
C 4D 1
r = 2 A + 6 4 + 2 = 2
b
b
6C 2C
2
2
r = 2 A + 6 Bb
b4 b2
(A2.13)
r = 2 A + 6 4 + 2 = 0
a
a
6C 2C
2
r = 2 A + 6 Ba 2
=0
a4 a2
(A2.14)
b2
a2
C 4D
2A + 6
1
+ 2 cos(2 )
r = 2
2
r2
r4 r
b a
2
2
b
6D
a
1 +
+ 2 A + 12 Br 2 +
cos(2 )
= 2
2
2
2
r
r
b a
= 2 A + 6 Ba 2 6C 2C sen (2)
r
a4 a2
A = 4
B = 0
a
a4
para = 0
C=
b
a2
D =
2
b 2 4a 4 + a 2 b 2 + b 4
A =
3
4 a2 b2
a 2b 2
B =
3
2 a2 b2
a 1
para
b 4
a 4b 4 a 2 + b 2
C=
3
4 a2 b2
a 2b 2 a 4 + a 2b 2 + b 4
D =
3
2 a2 b2
(A2.15)
A2 Comportamiento del
Hormign y otros
Geomateriales.
A2.1 Introduccin.
En este apndice se hace una breve presentacin de algunas de las caractersticas y
propiedades bsicas del hormign sometido a estados de tensin uniaxial, biaxial y triaxial,
que deben considerarse en la formulacin de un modelo constitutivo para hormigones.
Tambin es importante como informacin sobre los valores y rangos de validez de las
magnitudes ms significativas que condicionan la respuesta mecnica de este material.
El comportamiento del hormign es complejo y est influenciado por distintos
fenmenos que hace necesario recurrir a hiptesis simplificativas su comportamiento. Es
bien sabido, que el comportamiento est muy influenciado por la formacin y desarrollo de
microfisuras en el mortero y en la interface entre mortero y agregado ptreo. Estos
defectos se inician en la etapa de curado, y crecen en funcin del estado tensional que se
desarrolla durante su vida til. El fenmeno de microfisuracin y deslizamiento entre
partculas granulares, conduce a un comportamiento altamente no-lineal e inelstico que
est caracterizada por un perodo elstico inicial, seguido de un comportamiento inelstico
con endurecimiento y gradual prdida de rigidez (ablandamiento). Esta microfisuracin es
la responsable del fenmeno de expansin de volumen inelstico, conocido con el nombre
de dilatancia.
240
Conexiones entre las distintas fisuras, lo que conduce al fallo total del slido. En
este lmite ltimo, el rido provoca un efecto de cua o engranamiento entre las
caras de las fisuras, contrarrestando la prdida de resistencia que se ha producido en
la direccin normal a ella.
1- Desprendimiento
2-Incremento de
original
desprendimiento
4- Inclusiones de las
fisuras en la matriz
5- Formacin de fisuras
en la matriz
6- Interconexin entre
fisuras
241
P
A
pic = 100%
P
95%
A
IV
75%
III
35%
II
10%
0,02
ESTIRAMIENTO
ACORTAMIENTO
242
100%
A
L
66%
P
33%
0,07
0,28
243
medicin no es adecuada slo se registra una cada brusca de tensin, que hace
pensar en un material ms frgil de lo que es.
La relacin entre la resistencia uniaxial inicial a compresin y traccin puede variar
considerablemente entre 10 C/T 20.
El mdulo de elasticidad en traccin uniaxial es algo mayor que a compresin uniaxial,
el coeficiente de Poisson algo ms bajo, y la deformacin en el pico de tensiones oscila
entre 0,007 y 0,015%
( 1;0)
1,0
20,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
1 / c
0,2
0,4
0,6
20,0
( 1;0,52)
0,8
1,0
( 1;1)
Figura A2.4 Funcin experimental de Kupfer.
Para compresin biaxial, el hormign sufre un incremento de rigidez inicial, respecto de
la respuesta uniaxial, que puede ser atribuido al efecto Poisson y un incremento de
ductlilidad en el pico de tensin, que indica que hay una reduccin del dao interno. Hay
tambin una disminucin de volumen ms marcada que para el proceso uniaxial de
compresin.
244
1 / c
1,0
1 = 3
1
3
3
1
1
3
3
1
245
3
IV
III
1 < 1
III
II
1 < 1
II
I
1 < 1
I
1 = 0
0
c
t0
20,00
(A2.1)
1,16 , para :
3
= 0,5
1
(A2.2)
1,22 , para :
3
= 1,0
1
(A2.3)
246
cpic
pic
T
0
T
pic
T
u
T
0
c
cpic
A3 Bases de la
Modelizacin Constitutiva.
A3.1 Introduccin.
Este apndice tiene por objetivo ayudar a la lectura y comprensin de ste libro,
recordando al lector conceptos de mecnica y termodinmica que son conocimientos
necesarios que se aconseja tener previo a iniciar este curso de fractura de materiales.
Se ha considerado conveniente hacer una resea sobre la cinemtica del slido deformable,
estableciendo la notacin que se utilizar, como as tambin las definiciones que se
consideran importantes recordar. De la misma manera se hace una muy breve descripcin
de termodinmica para puntualizar los aspectos importantes a tener en cuenta en la
formulacin de los modelos constitutivos que se utilizan en fractura. Es muy recomendable
recurrir a las referencias de mecnica de medios continuos y termodinmica,1,2,3 en caso que
se quiera mayor profundidad y amplitud en los conceptos que aqu se establecen.
Malvern, L. (1969). Introduction to the mechanics of continuous medium. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Lubliner, J. (1990). Plasticity theory. MacMillan, New York.
3 Maugin, G. A. (1992). The thermomechanics of plasticity and fracture. Cambridge University Press.
1
2
248
F=
x
x 0
ACTUAL
t R3
Fe =
x 0 ;t 0
x
x t
0 R3
x ;t
REFERENCIAL
X
x
x
FP = t
x 0
xt ; t
t R 3
INTERMEDIA
(A3.1)
x
=J
x 0
(A3.2)
x
x x t
=
= Fe F p
x 0 x t x 0
(A3.3)
Transformacin elstica,
x
F = t
x 0
Transformacin plstica,
Fe =
p
(A3.4)
J=J =F=
dV
>0
dV0
249
(A3.5)
(A3.6)
(
(
r r
C L V0 ; V0
r r
B L V ;V
r r
F L V0 ; V
r r
F e L Vp ; V
(
(
)
)
)
)
(
(
r r
U L V0 ; V0
r r
; V L V ;V
r r
; R L V0 ; V
r r
; F p L V0 ; Vp
;
):
):
(A3.7)
: Tensores bipuntuales.
r r
1 n
U I
n
(A3.8)
1 n
E n = U I para : n = 1 E1 = U I
n
1
para : n = 2 E = E 2 = (C I ) , Def. de Green - St. Venant
2
(A3.9)
250
1
I B 1
2
(A3.10)
1
0 u + T u
0
2
(A3.11)
u x
=
x I = (F I ) = j
x 0 0
(A3.12)
(x 0 + u ) = I + u = I + j
=
x 0 x 0
x 0
1
= u = j + jT
2
S
(A3.13)
Marsden J. and Hughes T. (1983). Mathematical foundations of elasticity. Prentice Hall, Enlewood Cliffs.
251
F =
e
&
D
x
x 0
; = F
c
ACTUAL
x; t
E
&
E
Fe =
S
C
REFERENCIAL
x 0 ;t 0
E
D
x
F = t
x 0
P
x
x t
C
INTERMEDIA
xt ; t
Figura A3.2 Relacin entre variables mecnicas entre las distintas configuraciones.
Hacia adelante
Covariante
Hacia atras
Tranformacin
Hacia adelante
Contravariante
Hacia atras
: (A # ) = F T
(A # ) F 1
: (A # ) = F T (A # ) F
r
: A # = FT A # F
s
: A # = F 1 A # F T
( )
( )
( )
( )
(A3.14)
e = F T E F -1
E = (e )
E IJ = FiIT eij F jJ
E = FT e F
= (S)
T
ij = FiI S IJ F jJ
= F S FT
S = ( )
S IJ = FiI1 ij F jJT
S = F 1 F T
c = (C)
C = (c )
252
( A # )
d
( A # )
dt
A#
Lv ( A # )
d
( A # )
dt
x0
L (A # ) = F T F T (A # ) F F 1
v
t
( )
L A
v
( )
= F F 1 A # F T F T
t
(A3.15)
(xi ; t ) material
=
+ vi
Dt
t
xi
(A3.16)
253
F = 0x =
x
x 0
&
2x
x
v v x
&
=
=
=
= LF
F=
t x 0 x 0 x 0 x x 0
(A3.17)
r r
L V;V
v & 1
= FF
x
(A3.18)
r r
L V; V
1
L + LT = {L}S
2
(A3.19)
1
L LT = {L}A
2
1
= v
2
r r
L V;V
(A3.20)
En vista de estas dos ltimas ecuaciones, tambin puede escribirse el tensor gradiente de
velocidades, como,
(A3.21)
L=D+
(D) F
(A3.22)
) (
& 1 & 1 FT F = 1 FT F + FT F
&
&
E= C=
2
2 t
2
(A3.23)
&
&
pero sabiendo que: F = L F y F T = F T LT , se llega a la siguiente expresin, de la
velocidad de deformacin lagrangeana,
1
& 1
E = F T LT F + F T L F = F T
2
2
(LT
+ L F = FT
(D) F =
Lv (e )
(A3.24)
&
Para D = 0 E = 0 se tiene movimiento del cuerpo rgido
254
&
&
S = f REF E; C T
1
F S FT
J
&
&
= f ACT (e; c )
=
(A3.25)
En esta ltima puede verse dos variaciones temporales de las relaciones constitutivas
que pueden establecerse en forma equivalente en una u otra configuracin, es decir en la
configuracin referencial se relaciona la tensin de Piola-Kirchoff con la deformacin de
Green-Lagrange y en la configuracin actualizada la tensin de Cauchy con la deformacin
de Almansi. Las tres medidas de la tensin coinciden en pequeas deformaciones.
dW
d
&
= W = Q prop + Pd
dV =
dt V
dt
(A3.26)
255
Relacin entre:
La potencia Mecnica
deformativa:
Pd
Q prop
con
El cambio de energa interna que
experimenta el cuerpo:
&
W
(A3.27)
v
Pint = vi
+ bi + ij i dV
x j
x j
V
(A3.28)
+ bi =
vi
t
(A3.29)
En el caso que la aceleracin sea nula, o el problema sea independiente del tiempo, se
obtiene de la expresin (A3.29), la clsica ecuacin de equilibrio esttico de Cauchy,
v i
=0
t
123
problema
cuasiesttico
ij
= bi
x j
14243
equilibrio de Cauchy
(A3.30)
256
&
Pint = v i vi dV + ij i dV = + Pd
x j
t 2
V 442443
V
1
14243
4 4
Pot. Cintica
(A3.31)
Pot. Deformativa
&
Donde K es la potencia cintica y Pd la potencia deformativa, tal que esta ltima resulta
entonces,
&
&
Pint = K + Pd Pd = Pint K
(A3.32)
v i
&
= 0 Pint K
x j
&
Problemas de comportamiento cuasi esttico: K = 0 Pint = P 0
&
Problemas de vibracin libre: Pint = 0 K = P0
(A3.33)
siendo q el flujo de calor que sale por la frontera, q i el vector de flujo de calor, ni la
normal saliente a la superficie que envuelve la frontera y r la fuente de calor por unidad de
masa.
Sustituyendo Pd y Q prop en la ecuacin (A3.26), resulta la ecuacin de conservacin en
problemas cuasi-estticos
vi
&
dV = r dV qi ni dS + ij x j dV
V 44 2444
1
4 S
3
Q prop
14243
4 4
Pd
(A3.34)
vi
x j
(A3.35)
vi
= ij Lij = ij Dij + ij ij
1 3
2
x j
(A3.36)
&
= ( r div(q i ) ) + ij Dij
(A3.37)
257
&
= ; Dij
(A3.38)
&
tal que para = 0 se tiene un proceso termodinmico isentrpico y adiabtico (sin
prdida de calor por las fronteras) (r divqi = 0 ) . Para un proceso reversible se define la
ley evolutiva de la entropa como,
def
&
=
1
&
q
&
&
= dt = q dt
rev
(A3.39)
= dV
(A3.40)
(A3.41)
q
r
&
= dV i ni dS
V
S
(A3.42)
o bien
dt
{
INCREMENTO
DE ENTROPA
EN EL SISTEMA
&
INCREMENTO
DE ENTROPA
INTRODUCIDA
258
Clausius Duhem
Desigualdad de
d
dV
dt V
dV
qi
ni dS
(A3.43)
r 1
q
+ div i 0
(A3.44)
r 1
1
+ div(q i ) 2 q i 0
(A3.45)
1
&
= r div(q i )
q i 0
(A3.46)
Combinando la disipacin con la forma Euleriana del 1er principio, ecuacin (A3.35), se
obtiene la disipacin en funcin de la potencia deformativa y calrica
ij Dij
& &
= +
q i 0
(A3.47)
ij Dij
& &
m = +
= q i 0
Disipacin Mecnica
Disipacin Trmica
(A3.48)
def
= E ij ; ; p i =
con
p i = FijP ; i ; d i
(A3.49)
(A3.50)
259
& &
m = +
ij Dij
(A3.51)
&
D = F T E F 1
; F=
x
x 0
(A3.52)
) (
1
&
&
&
: D = tr F T E F 1 = tr F 1 F T E = tr S : E
J
(A3.53)
1
&
S:E
J
J = det(F ) =
dV
dV0
(A3.54)
&
&
m = J + S ij E ij 0
(A3.55)
dM dV
, y
dV dV0
&
& &
E ij +
Pi 0
+
E ij
Pi
(A3.56)
m = S ij 0
E ij
&
&
E ij 0 + 0 Pi 0
&
Pi
(A3.57)
&
&
E ij y son las variaciones temporales de las variables libres, por lo tanto, para garantizar el
260
S ij 0 = 0 S ij = 0
E ij
E ij
+ = 0 =
m = 0
Ec. Constitutiva
(A3.58)
&
Pi 0 Disipacin
Pi
(A3.59)
(A3.60)
(A3.61)
&
u i = vi
,con:
(A3.62)
(A3.63)
= N jk ( x, y, z ) U k
&
u j (x, y, z )
&
= N jk ( x, y, z ) U k
(A3.64)
261
= N jk ( x, y, z ) U k
Eij
= iS u j
= iS N jk U k
(A3.65)
&
ij iS N jk dV U k
Ve
e
&
= t i N ik dS + bi N ik dV U k
S e
e
Ve
&
pero esta ecuacin se cumple para cualquier velocidad U k
(A3.66)
Bijk e
1444 444
2
3
int
fk
e
= t i N ik dS + bi N ik dV
e
S
14444 V244444
4
3
f kext e
(A3.67)
siendo f kint e y f kext e los conjuntos ordenados, en forma de matrices columna, de las
fuerzas internas y externas que se desarrollan en cada punto del sistema discreto que
aproxima el continuo y Bijk e = iS N jk e el tensor de compatibilidad de
deformaciones.
Desde un punto de vista mecnico numrico, el problema de fractura en los materiales
es consecuencia de las posibles no linealidades que afectan a la ecuacin (A3.67), que son:
-
Zienkiewicz, O. and Taylor, R. (1989). The finite element method. McGraw-Hill, Vol I y II.
262
e
Dependenci a no lineal entre las deformacio nes elstica E ij y
ij -
los desplazami entos.
Dependenci a no lineal entre tensiones y deformacio nes debido a
Bijk
Grandes Desplazamientos :
0 = f kint f kext
e
= f k
(A3.68)
263
0 =
e
i +1
[f ]
k
[ ]
f k
i
[ ]
0 = f k
i
i (f ) t i +1
k
+
U r
e U r e
i ( f int ) t i +1
k
+
U r
e
U r e
(A3.69)
0 =
e
ij iS N jk dV f kext +
e e
Ve
0 = ij iS N jk dV f kext +
e e
e e
V
U r
S N dV
ij i
jk
e
e
V
e
i +1
[U r ]te
(A3.70)
ij E
st
iS N jk dV
V e E st U r
e e
i +1
[U r ]te
0 =
e
0 =
e
ij iS N jk dV f kext +
Ve
e e
S N tr U r
s
CT
iS N jk dV
ijst
U r
V e
e e
) (
[U r ]te
ij iS N jk dV f kext + S N tr CT iS N jk dV
s
ijst
e
Ve
e e V e
44444 2444444e
1
4
3
i +1
i +1
[U r ]te
(A3.71)
T
K kr e
[ ] + [K ]
0 = i f k
T t
kr
i +1
t
[U r ]
[ ]
[ ]
representa la matriz
[ ]
264
Incremento: n=1
i +1
[f k ]t = t [ f kext ]
[f k ]t = t [ f kext ]
Iteracin: i=0
Solucin del campo de desplazamientos
i +1
[U r ]t
1
i
t
= [U r ] + K T
kr
i +1
[f ]
[U r ]t = [U r ]tt + i+1 [U r ]t
i +1
[xr ]t = [X r ]0 + i+1 [U r ]t
i +1
Nueva iteracin:
i+1
Clculo de la deformacin
i +1
E P.G. =
ij e
i +1
S N U
i jk k
P .G . t
Ecuacin constitutiva
i +1
E P.G .
ij e
i +1
P.G.
ij e
Fuerza residual
i +1
t
[f k ]t = i +1 [f k ]te i +1 [ f kint f kext ]e
e
e
NO
Verificacin de equilibrio
y convergencia
i+1[fk ]t 0 ?
Nuevo incremento:
t+t n+1
FIN
Figura A3.4 Representacin esquemtica de la resolucin del problema no lineal
mediante Newton-Raphson
A4 Tensor de Tensiones,
Deformaciones e
Invariantes.
A4.1 Introduccin.
Al igual que los apndices previos, este apndice ofrece un recordatorio sobre el
concepto y obtencin de los invariantes del tensor de tensiones y deformaciones. Estos
invariantes, como su nombre lo expresa, son magnitudes que no sufren alteraciones cuando
se produce un cambio en el sistema de referencia.
Se utilizar signo positivo para representar las tensiones de traccin y las deformaciones de
estiramiento (Figura A4.1).
x3
x3
33
33
32
31
23
13
dx3
12
11
x1
dx2
21
32
31
22
23
13
x2
12
dx1
21
22
x2
11
x1
266
l =
df
dA
(A4.1)
siendo l el vector de tensin completa que representa el estado tensional en un punto segn
un plano , f = {f k } es el vector de fuerzas actuante en dicho plano y A el rea de la
pieza contenida en el plano .
El vector de tensiones l tiene dos componentes, una ll normal al plano, segn el versor
r
normal l y otra tangencial lt contenida en el plano . Esto es,
l = ll + lt
r
lt = lt t
r
t
dA
r
ll = ll l
r
l
donde
ll
(A4.2)
[
1 = { 11 , 1t }= { 11 ], [12 , 13 ]}
[
2 = { 22 , 2t }= { 22 ], [ 21 , 23 ]}
= { , }= { ], [ , ]}
[ 33 31 32
33
3t
3
(A4.3)
3 31
12
22
32
13 11
23 = 21
33 31
12
22
32
13
23 , i, j = 1,2,3
33
(A4.4)
267
33
3
r
l3
31
32
r
t3
3t
r
l2
x2
r
l1
x1
Figura A4.3 Representacin del estado tensional de un punto segn tres planos
ortogonales.
En forma matricial* se representa slo la parte simtrica del tensor de tensiones en la
siguiente forma (ver tambin ecuacin (6.22)),
11 11
22 22
= 33 = 33
12 12
23 23
13 13
(A4.5)
(A4.6)
Nota: Cabe observar, que en lgebra matricial una matriz columna recibe el nombre de vector, pero no
tiene el sentido fsico dado en el apartado A4.2., sino solamente el de un conjunto ordenado de magnitudes.
Se recurre a esta notacin como una forma simplificada para el tratamiento de los problemas numricos.
268
( l l 2 )dA 12 l 1 dA 22 l 2 dA 32 l 3 dA = 0 = ( 2 ) 12 l 1 22 l 2 32 l 3
( l )dA l dA l dA l dA = 0 = ( ) l l l
13 1
23 2
33 3
3
13 1
23 2
33 3
l 3
(A4.7)
12
13
23
33
22
32
l1
r
l 2 = 0 l l = 0
l
3
(A4.8)
x3
dA23
dA13
ABC = dA
r
l1
r
l2
AOC = dA13 = l 2 dA
x3
2
r
l2
x2
r
l3
x1
dA12
r
ON // l
r
l1
AOB = dA12 = l 3 dA
r
T
l = {l 1 , l 2 , l 3 }
O
A
BOC = dA23 = l 1 dA
dA
r
l
r
l
x2
A
x1
r
l3
(A4.9)
Los cosenos directores que establecen la posicin del plano se definen como,
l 1 = cos(AON )
l 2 = cos(BON )
l = cos(CON )
3
269
Para cada punto del slido hay infinitos posibles vectores de tensin completa,
asociados a cada plano que pasa por dicho punto. Interesa encontrar los planos principales
donde la tensin tangencial es nula. Las tensiones normales que se desarrollan en estos
planos reciben el nombre de tensiones principales y la direccin en que actan se les denomina
direcciones principales.
El criterio de bsqueda se basa en encontrar un plano principal, donde el vector de
r
tensin l coincida con la normal l al plano, es decir que su componente tangencial sea
nula (la proyeccin del vector de tensiones sobre el plano principal es nula). Para ello, se
puede escribir la ecuacin de Cauchy (A4.8) para un plano principal, como:
*
1
2 0
0
3
0
*
l 1
r
*
l 2 = 0 l l = 0
l
3
(A4.10)
r
r
r
l = l = * l * l = 0
(A4.11)
siendo ste un sistema homogneo de tres ecuaciones con tres incgnitas, que son los tres
cosenos directores de la normal a cada plano principal. Para que el sistema tenga solucin
22
23 = 0
32
33 *
*
*
+ I2 I3 = 0
= 2
11 *
[
[
] ( )
det * = *
( )
I1 *
12
13
(A4.12)
( )
siendo en esta ltima, I1 , I 2 y I 3 unos escalares que no varan con la posicin de los
planos que pasan por el punto y que recibe el nombre de invariantes del tensor de
tensiones. Las tensiones principales 3 2 1 son las races de la ecuacin caracterstica
270
para :
para :
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
r
l1 1
r
r 2 r 2 r 2
r
1 l1 = l 2 1 l1 1 + l 2 1 + l 3 1 = 1
r
l3 1
r
l1 2
r
r 2 r 2 r 2
r
2 l 2 = l 2 2 l1 2 + l 2 2 + l 3 2 = 1
r
l3 2
r
l1 3
r
r 2 r 2 r 2
r
3 l 3 = l 2 3 l1 3 + l 2 3 + l 3 3 = 1
r
l3 3
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(A4.13)
( ) ( ) ( )
Plano Meridiano
de Traccin
I
2
Plano
Octae
drico
II
Plano Meridiano
de Compresin
= / 6
=0
= / 6
III
271
(A4.14)
(A4.15)
La tensin media u octadrica se relaciona con el primer invariante del tensor de tensin
de la siguiente forma,
m = oct =
I1 1 + 2 + 3 tr ( )
=
=
3
3
3
(A4.16)
siendo oct la tensin normal al plano octadrico, que es aquel que es aquel que
forma igual ngulo con los tres ejes de tensiones principales Figura A4.5. En
funcin de esta tensin media se puede obtener la distancia que hay desde el origen
del espacio de tensiones hasta el correspondiente plano octadrico. Esta magnitud,
medida sobre el espacio diagonal, vale
= 3 m = 3 oct = 3
I1 I1
=
3
3
(A4.17)
(A4.18)
(A4.19)
2
2
I 3 = det ( ) = 11 22 33 + 2 12 13 23 + 12 33 + 13 22 + 2 11
23
(A4.20)
(A4.21)
272
desviadora
del
Donde:
(A4.22)
11 + 11 + 11
I
ij = 1 ij ,
3
3
kk
I1
s s ij = ij
ij = ij oct ij = ij ij
3
3
1, si i = j
ij : funcin de Kronecker
0, si i j
p pij = p ij = m ij = oct ij =
[
[
] ( )
det s s * = s *
( )
J1 s*
=0
*
s 33 s
s1
*
s = s 2
s
3
s12
s 22 s *
s 32
( )
+ J 2 s* J 3 = 0
s13
s 23
(A4.23)
siendo en esta ltima, J 1 , J 2 y J 3 los invariantes del tensor desviador de tensiones. Las
tensiones desviadoras principales s3 s 2 s1 son las races de la ecuacin caracterstica
cbica (A4.23). Al igual que en el tensor de tensiones, se obtienen los correspondientes
r
autovectores l .
-Primer invariante del tensor desviador de tensin: Este invariante es nulo y
tiene la siguiente expresin matemtica,
J 1 = s11 + s 22 + s33 = tr (s) = I1 3 m = 0
(A4.24)
(A4.25)
273
J2 =
1
2
2
(11 22 )2 + ( 22 33 )2 + ( 33 11 )2 `+12 + 2 + 13 = 1 sij sij
23
6
2
(A4.26)
] (
1
2
(1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2 = 1 s12 + s21 + s32
6
2
(A4.27)
Tambin suele escribirse este invariante como el radio vector de la curva que
delimita el dominio de la funcin de fluencia en el plano desviador u octadrico (ver
Figura A4.5),
2
= 3 oct = 3
J2 = 2 J2
3
(A4.28)
Por ltimo, es importante mencionar que la tensin uniaxial efectiva o tensin uniaxial
equivalente surge como una funcin de este segundo invariante del tensor desviador
de tensiones,
= 3J2
(A4.29)
(A4.30)
1 3
3
3
s1 + s 2 + s 3 = (s1 s 2 s 3 )
3
(A4.31)
2 J3
( oct )
3 3 J3
2 ( J 2 )3/ 2
+
6
6
(A4.32)
Debido a que este ngulo es funcin del segundo y tercer invariante del tensor
desviador, permite junto al primer invariante determinar por otro camino la
magnitud de las tensiones principales,
274
1 s1 m
2 = s 2 + m
s
3 3 m
sin + 2 3
1
1
I1
2 J 2
sin ( )
2 =
+ 1
3
3 1
4 3
3 1 24 sin + 4
2oct
3
(A4.33)
31
12
22
32
13 11
23 = 1 21
2
33 1 31
2
1
2
12
22
1
2
32
13
23 , i, j = 1,2,3
33
1
2
1
2
(A4.34)
2
12 12
2 23 23
2 13 13
(A4.35)
275
22
23 = 0
32
33 *
*
*
+ I2 I3 = 0
= 2
11 *
[
[
] ( )
det * = *
( )
I1 *
12
13
(A4.36)
( )
]r
I 1 = 11 + 22 + 33 = tr ( )
(A4.37)
I 1 = 1 + 2 + 3 = tr ( )
(A4.38)
+ 2 + 3 I1
1
oct = v = 1
=
3
3
3
(A4.39)
I 2 = (11 22 + 11 33 + 22 33 ) 12 2 13
23
I 2 = ( m )11 + ( m )22 + m 33
(A4.40)
I 2 = (1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 )
(A4.41)
2
2
I 3 = det ( ) = 11 22 33 + 2 12 13 23 + 12 33 + 13 22 + 2 11
23
(A4.42)
276
I 3 = (1 2 3 )
(A4.43)
desviadora
del
Donde:
(A4.44)
v
+ 11 + 11
I
ij = oct ij = 11
ij = 1 ij ,
3
3
3
'
I
e eij = ij kk ij = ij oct ij = ij 1 ij
3
3
1, si i = j
ij : funcin de Kroneker
0, si i j
p p ij =
e 22 e
=0
*
e32
e33 e
e1
*
*
+ J2 e J3 = 0
s = e 2
e
3
e11 e *
[
[
] ( )
det e e * = e *
( )
J1 e*
e12
e13
e 23
(A4.45)
( )
(A4.46)
J 1 = e1 + e 2 + e3 = tr (e) = 0
(A4.47)
277
J2 =
1
2
2
(11 22 )2 + ( 22 33 )2 + ( 33 11 )2 + 12 + 2 + 13 = 1 eij eij
23
6
2
(A4.48)
J2 =
] (
1
2
(1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2 = 1 e12 + e21 + e32
6
2
(A4.49)
J2
3
(A4.50)
J 3 = det (e )
(A4.51))
J3 =
1 3
3
3
e1 + e 2 + e3 = (e1 e 2 e3 )
3
(A4.52)
A5 Ejemplo de Fractura.
A5.1 Introduccin.
A continuacin se presenta un ejemplo sobre la fractura de una pieza de acero, cuyo
objetivo es mostrar la relacin entre algunos parmetros que resultan de la aplicacin de la
mecnica de fractura clsica, con otros que son propios de la mecnica de medios
continuos.
1 cm
5 cm
5.0 cm
1 cm
2.5 cm
1.0 cm
1.0 cm
2.5 cm
a
Figura A5.1 Geometra de la pieza de acero.
El material de la pieza es un acero de alta resistencia, similar al que se muestra en el
captulo 2, tabla 2.3, y cuyas propiedades son las que se muestran a continuacin,
280
A5.1.2.1
(187 10
kN m 2 (7,12 kN m )
K IC = 36488,2 KN m 3 / 2 = 36,5 MN m 3 / 2
(A5.1)
a = 105,5 10 3 kN m 2 0,035 m =
K IC = 34983,35 KN m 3 / 2 = 35,0 MN m 3 / 2
(A5.2)
A5 Ejemplo de Fractura
281
2
f
K IC = f a1 +
2
2 YS
(A5.3)
= 36507,63 kN m 3 / 2 = 36,507 MN m 3 / 2
Como puede verse en las expresiones (A5.1), (A5.2) y (A5.3), coinciden bastante bien
los distintos procedimientos para obtener el factor de intensidad de tensiones crtico
elstico y plstico. Con esta afirmacin, puede establecerse distintos caminos para valorar la
relacin existente entre el factor de intensidad de tensiones K IC = 35,0 (para problemas
elsticos) o el factor K IC = 36,5 (para problemas con plasticidad), con la tensin de fractura
f = 105,5MN / m 2 , el umbral de inicio de la plasticidad YS = 250 MN / m 2 y la energa de
fractura G f = 7,20 kN / m .
A5.1.2.2
Se considera la misma pieza del apartado anterior, tal como se muestra en la Figura 1,
sometida a un desplazamiento impuesto en la cara superior, cuya geometra se aproxima
mediante una malla de elementos finitos estructurada (ver Figura 2). Cada punto del
material ser representado mediante un modelo constitutivo de dao plstico como el que
se describe en el Captulo 9. Las caractersticas corresponden a las ya mencionadas
anteriormente, pero adems debe aadirse las que se detallan en la tabla contenida en la
Figura 3.
282
V3
3
* emento
Ellement*
E
o
mapeado
mapeado
*
U3
Modelo constitutivo
Funcin de fluencia y potencial plstico
Curvas de evolucin de la resistencia a
traccin y compresin
Figura A5.3 Informacin complementaria sobre los parmetros mecnicos del material
considerados en el modelo constitutivo.
A pesar de utilizar una malla de elementos finitos poco densa con un elemento finito
plano cuadrangular de cuatro nodos, que aproxima el campo de desplazamientos en forma
lineal sobre los lados y cuadrtica incompleta en su interior, se obtiene una respuesta
satisfactoria que se analizar a continuacin.
Zienkiewicz, O. C. and Taylor, R. L. (1994) El mtodo de elementos finitos Vol. 1 y 2 Mc Graw HillCIMNE.
1
A5 Ejemplo de Fractura
A5.1.2.2.1
283
(A5.4)
284
Figura A5.7 Tensin Syy sobre el eje de la pieza Cada curva representa la tensin en
cada instante de tiempo, siendo T=1 el inicio y T=180 el ltimo.
A5 Ejemplo de Fractura
285
286
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ndice Temtico
ngulo
de dilatancia.......................................178,187
de rozamiento interno ...............................178
ablandamiento
..........133,134,135,137,138,139,140,143,144
B
back stress .....................................................103
bifurcacin ........133,134,135,137,138, 141, 144
C
COD ..............................................37, 43, 45, 47
cohesin ........................................................178
constante de Boltzmann ..................................36
concentracin de tensiones....................5, 6, 7, 9
concavidad ............................................100, 116
condicin
de carga-descarga .....................................117
de convexidad.............................................99
de estabilidad......................99, 115, 116, 117
de estabilidad global.................................115
constantes de Lam .........................................91
convexidad ......................................99, 115, 116
criterio
de Drucker-Prager ...... 97, 98, 102, 103, 104,
105, 106, 108, 113, 119, 121, 123, 124,
125, 126, 127, 130, 213
de Mohr-Coulomb ....................................125
de Rankine
de Tresca......119, 121, 123, 125, 130, 211
de Rankine; de Tresca ......................119, 123
de Mohr-Coulomb ....................................212
de von-Mises ............................................212
curva deWhler .....................221, 225, 226, 228
F
funcin de McAully...................................... 182
fractura
elstica lineal.............................................. 37
plstica ....................................................... 42
frgil....................................................... 3, 15
factor
intensidad de tensin, 9, 72, 77, 78, 82, 83
concentracin de tensin
fatiga ..................... 3, 5, 219, 222, 224, 225, 228
H
High-Westergard .......................................... 104
hiperelstica ........................................ 94, 96, 98
I
Integral-J....................................... 37, 43, 47, 50
K
D
deformacin plstica efectiva........................110
KI ......................................................... 9, 12, 14
KIC................................................................... 14
290
ley de Hooke................................................... 91
longitud efectiva ........................................ 37,40
M
mtodo de la Integral de Contorno ................. 37
modelo de Rots ............................................. 151
materiales Friccionales ................................. 167
microscpico adireccional ............................ 175
modelos locales............................................ 134
materiales friccionales .. 102, 194, 118, 125, 173
materiales metlicos......... 101, 104,107,118,123
modelo
elstico de Green........................................ 90
elstico de Green...................... 90, 95, 96, 97
hipoelsticos............................................... 90
de mxima tensin
la densidad de energa de deformacin
......................................... 61, 63, 68
fisura distribuida
fisura discreta....................................... 54, 56
mecnica de Fractura Elstica Lineal ............. 57
Modo
Modo I
Modo II
Modo III5, 6, 15, 21, 23, 24, 28, 33, 34
P
patch test......................................................... 71
planos octadricos......................................... 105
planos principales ......................................... 105
postulado de Drucker...... 97, 100, 114, 115, 116
plasticidad con
ablandamiento
endurecimiento...................................... 55
plasticidad perfecta ......................................... 55
punto de bifurcacin ..................................... 138
rotura
dctil ........................................................ 3, 4
frgil........................................................ 3
S
superficie de discontinuidad ......................... 110
superficie de fluencia... 105, 108, 110, 112, 118,
119, 122, 124, 127, 130
R
resistencia terica ....... 17, 19, 20, 23, 28, 29, 31
resistencia lmite de fatiga ............................ 221
CIMNE
Fractura mecnica
S. Oller
B A R C E L O N A
UPC
UNIVERSITAT POLITCNICA
DE CATALUNYA
UPC
Fractura
mecnica
Un enfoque global
S. Oller
CIMNE
B A R C E L O N A