Wielbinski 1 Alex Wielbinski Mr.

Acre AP Calculus 2 March 2014 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DERIVATIVES AND THE INTEGRALS AND THE GRAPHS 1. Calculus studies the nature of change and allows for the solving of problems that otherwise may

have been difficult or impossible. Two of the concepts in Calculus, the integral and the derivative, are possibly the most powerful tools available for one to use, in part by how they are related to each other. The derivative, typically denoted ( ), , or is the rate of change of some function in respect

to its independent variable. Many functions are typically in respect to time, such as items sold in respect to time of day. However, a relation can be set up between any variable, such as the amount of people hired in respect to the amount of people already employed. Formally, the derivative, is the instantaneous rate of change at some exact defined point and is defined in Equation 1 below. Excluding the limit, the equation states that the derivative is simply the average between some two points, or the average rate of change. With the limit notation, the average rate becomes the instantaneous rate of change as the distance between those two points is infinitely small. ( ) ( )

( )

Figure 1. Definition of the Derivative The integral, denoted ( ), is indefinite and can be said to be the inverse, or undo-er of the derivative. The definite form, denoted a and b, of some function ( ). ( ), can be said to informally be the area between two points,

Wielbinski 2 2. The relationship between the derivative and the integral can easily be seen with the use of graphs.

Shown below is a real life example of differentiation and in doing so, integration.

Figure 2. Graphs of the position of a function, its velocity, and its acceleration. (Computational Circuits) The blue graph represents the position of the car in respect to time. Since the graph is curved the position is not changing constantly but rather moving more and more father away in less time as time increases. As a result the velocity of the car, or the rate of change or derivative, is constantly changing in a linear fashion because as time increases, the rate of change increases as well. Also, because the velocity is constantly changing in a linear fashion, the rate of change of the velocity or acceleration is constant, as seen by the pink graph. If one were to take the integral, or area of the purple velocity graph, one would be calculating the total elapsed distance traveled by the car. Another example of the relation between integration and differentiation is the relation between work, force, and time which can be identified by how the units of integration and differentiation work. When taking the integral of some function, the units of the two variables involved are multiplied. So for a graph of force in respect to time, it stands that the integral of such relation is work, as the product of force and time is work. For differentiation, the dependent variable is divided by the independent variable. So if one were to graph the relation between work and time, the derivative of such relation would be force, as the quotient of work and time yields only force. Such relations can be seen in Figure 3 below.

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Figure 3. Relation between Force, Time and Work and Relation between Work and Time 3. Maximums and minimums are usually important points of interest when dealing with functions.

To find these points, called critical points, derivatives can be used. Critical points are points in which the derivative of a function is either zero or undefined, such as at a cusp or asymptote. Look at the figure below, the red circles represent critical points as the derivative at such point is zero. In order to locate these points, the derivative can be taken and the zeros can be solved for. In the example below, the derivative is zero at -2, -1, 1, and 2 and represent local minimums and maximums of the original function. In order to decide whether the point is max or min, the derivative just below and just after the critical point can be observed. If the derivative is negative before and positive after, a min is present. If the derivative is positive before and negative after, the max is present. An alternate method is to observe the second derivative at critical points. If the second derivative is negative, the graph is concave down and a max is present. If the second derivative is positive, than the graph is concave up and a min is present. If the first derivative is negative, then the rate of change is negative and the function is decreasing. If it is positive, than the function is increasing as the rate of change is increasing. Again, zeros of the first derivative represent some critical max or min point. If the second derivative is positive, then the rate of change of the rate of change of the function is increasing, resulting in a concave up or U shape. If the second derivative is negative, then the rate of change of the rate of change of the function is decreasing, resulting in a concave down or shape. If the second derivative is zero, then a point of

Wielbinski 4 inflection is present or change in concavity. Such points are represented by the blue squares in Figure 4 below. Just like how the max and min of a function is the zero of its derivative, the max and min of a derivative can be found by the zeros of its derivative. This is of importance as the zero of the second derivative is a point of inflection of the original graph, meaning that one method of calculating points of inflection is finding the max and min points of a derivative function.

Figure 4. Graph In Which Red Points Are Critical, and Blue Points of Inflection (Critical Points) 4. Many theorems are present in Calculus including the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, the

Mean Value Theorem, and the Intermediate Value Theorem. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus relates the derivative and the integral together. One part states that the definite integral of some function from a to b is equal to the differences of the integrals of the function at those points, as seen by Figure 5 below. Such theorem is useful for the calculation of the definite integral or area between two points. ( ) ( ) ( )

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Figure 5. Part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Wielbinski 5 The second part of the fundamental theorem of calculus is shown below in Figure 6.

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( ) ( )
( )

( ) ( )

( )

( )

( )

Figure 6. Second Part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and Example The Mean Value Theorem stated formally and shown below in Figure 7 simply states that there must exist some average rate of change equal to some instantaneous rate of change if the range is continuous on the closed interval and derivable on the open. Graphically, there exists some secant line on the interval that is parallel to some tangent line on the graph.

( )

( )

( )

Figure 7. Mean Value Theorem The Intermediate Value Theorem states that if some function is continuous on a closed interval, and some number is in between such interval, there must exist some number in which yield such number. For

Wielbinski 6 example, if a function is continuous on the closed interval [3,5], some number must exist that when input into the function will yield 4, or 4.5, or 3.1 or any number between 3 and 5. An example is seen below in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Intermediate Value Theorem In the figure above, the function is continuous from the closed interval [2,6]. As a result of such, if c is in the interval [2,6], ( ) must exist. 5. Looking back at the integral and the fundamental theorem of calculus, the question may arise in the difference between the integral from a to b versus from b to a. The answer, using the fundamental theorem of calculus, states that the answer will only be opposite, as seen in Figure 9 below.

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( ( )

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Figure 9. Integration From A to B versus B to A.

Wielbinski 7 7. Application and Example Problems. Problem 1. Let f be a function defined on the closed interval -5 x 5 with f(1) = 3. The graph of f , the derivative of f, consists of two semicircles and two line segments, as shown below.

a) For -5 < x < 5, find all values x at which f has a relative maximum. Justify with calculus. -3: f(x) at point is zero. Must be critical point. Positive Before, Negative After: Max. 4: f(x) at point is zero. Must be critical point. Positive Before, Negative After: Max.

b) For -5 < x < 5, find all values x at which the graph of f has a point of inflection. Justify. -4: f(x) is a local critical point. Derivative of f(x) is zero. If dy/dx of f(x) = 0, Point of Inflection -1: f(x) is a local critical point. Derivative of f(x) is zero. If dy/dx of f(x) = 0, Point of Inflection 2: f(x) is a local critical point. Derivative of f(x) is zero. If dy/dx of f(x) = 0, Point of Inflection

c) Find all intervals on which the graph of f is concave up and also has positive slope. Justify. [-5,-3] Positive f(x) = Positive Slope. dy/dx f(x) Positive [-5,-4] Concave Up [1,4] Positive f(x) = Positive Slope. dy/dx f(x) Positive [1,2] Concave Up

d) Find the absolute minimum value of f(x) over the closed interval -5 x 5. Justify. 1: f(x) at point is zero. Must be critical point. Negative Before, Positive After: Min e) Let g be the function given by g(x) =

f ' (t )dt
1

Find g(3), g(3), and g(3). Justify.

Wielbinski 8 g(3) = g(x)= ( ) ( )

2.5 units (1 square, 0.5 triangle, 0.75 triangle, 0.25 triangle) ( ) ( )

g(3)=Slope of f(x) at 3 = -1 according to graph.

Problem 2. The functions F and G are differentiable for all real numbers, and G is strictly increasing. The table below gives values of the functions and their first derivatives at selected values of x. The function H is given by H(x) = F(G(x)) 6

X 1 2 3 4

F(x) 3 9 10 -1

F(x) 4 2 -4 3

G(x) 2 3 4 6

G(x) 5 1 2 7

a) Use calculus concepts to explain why there must be a value r for 1 < r < 3 such that H(r) = -5 Mean Value Theorem H(x) = F(G(1)) 6 H(x) = F(2) 6 H(x) = 9 6 = 3 H(x) = F(G(3)) 6 H(x) = F(4) 6 H(x) = -1 6 = -7 Some value for r between (1,3) must yield -5 as -5 is between 3 and -7 according to the MVT.

b) Use calculus concepts to explain why there must be a value c for 1 < c < 3 such that H(c) = -5 H(3)-H(1) / 3 1 = -10/2 = -5. Intermediate Value Theorem. If a secant line exists in such interval then a tangent line (H(x)) must also exist of equal value.
G( x)

c) Let w be the function given by w(x) = w(3) = f(g(x)) * g(x) =-1*2 = -2

f (t )dt .
1

Find the value of w(3)

d) If G-1 is the inverse function of G, write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of y = G-1(x) at x = 2. ( ) ( ( ))

Wielbinski 9 G(1) = 2. G-1(2) = 1. ( )( ) ( ( ) ( )) ( )

e) If H(x) = x B(x), where B(x) = F-1 (x), use the table to find H(3)

H(x)=x* F-1 (x) H(x)= F-1 (x)+x F-1 (x) H(x)= F-1 (x)+x *1/(F(F-1(x)) H(3)=1+3/(F(3))=1+3/-4=0.25

Wielbinski 10 Works Cited "Computational Circuits." All About Circuits Forum RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2014. "Critical Points Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Feb. 2014. Web. 02 Mar. 2014.