MUSIC OF MINDANAO 1. VOCAL MUSIC a. Two Distinct Types of Song (Maguindanaos) i.

Religious chants during noon service, the celebration of the Molud or mawlid, the puwasa or Ramadan and the periodic commemoration of the dead. ii. The less formal secular songs, such as love songs, legend chants and lullabies. b. Two Distinct Types of Song (Tausug) i. LUGU unaccompanied songs associated with traditional rites. ii. PAGGABBANG songs rendered solely for entertainment. 2. INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC a. KOLINTANG OR KULINTANG i. The popular KOLINTANG (gong melody) is played in different instrumental combinations, both the Maguindanao ensemble is said to have the most developed melodic permutation. ii. The ensemble is composed of a set of eight gongs of graduated sizes arranged in a row (kulintang), a suspended gong with a thin sound (babendir), a drum (debakan), one or two suspended gongs (agong), and a pair of gongs with a narrow rims (gandingan). iii. The kolintang is a counterpart of the Malaysian or Indonesian gamelan, except that it is an ensemble strictly of percussion instruments. No wind or string instrument is played to accompany it. The principal eight-gong series (kolintang) is used to play a variety of meaningful compositions; the other gongs and the drum follow its beat. iv. In Maranao the musical or poetical compositions played on the kolintang usually have dual meanings: literal and "cultural." v. Rhythmic sounds played on the kolintang have neither philosophical nor literary import; rather, they simply depict some important event or subject. One such rendition iskambitiyara, depicting a wedding celebration. The katenatanaw is music for a fluvial parade. The kasegorongan simply consists of playing alternating loud and soft sounds, and theteketek pandiyang -- the simplest la la la -- is repetitious and is taught to young music beginners. The most stylish manner of playing the kolintang is the kaperomayas or kapagonor, in which a pretty maiden in colorful dress and makeup performs a stunt with the stick beaters on the eight gongs. She would wave the beaters in the air, as a majorette does in modern parades. b. TAGONGKO AND KAPANIRONG i. Tagongko is parade or entourage music played by male musicians dressed in their festive fineries. It is outdoor music, while kolintang is indoor music. The instrumental ensemble consists of a number of medium-sized gongs called mamalala; a number of small, high pitched, and shallow gongs called pong; one or more tambor (snare drums); and one or more garagara or panda'opan (cymbals)The last two are either of Chinese or European origin. ii. Occasions or purposes for playing the tagongko include sending off or welcoming dignitaries, honorific serving of betelquid, and wedding celebrations. Tagongko players go at the head of the parade either on foot or aboard a vehicle or motorboat. The tagongko is also played in ceremonies called kalilang sa tong to appeal to the spirits for a bountiful harvest or for a rich catch of fish. iii. The kapanirong is a serenade (from the root word sirong which means "to go beside a house") by a group of young bachelors who would come to a maiden's house and play their music by the window. The house occupants would then invite the serenaders into the house and in the ensuing merrymaking some courtship could take place among the young. The instrumental ensemble consists of a two-stringed guitar or lute called kotiyapi, a bamboo flute called insi, a bamboo harp called kobing, a two-stringed bamboo tube zither called sirongaganding, and a brass tray called tintik. Outside of the kapanirong, these instruments can be played separately and individually. iv. In Mindanao, the sounds of the agum and guimbao signal the assembly of the participants in the performance of sacrifices by indigenous groups. The miminsad, a dance song, is also chanted as they walk before the altar. The wedding feast is another occasion where music plays a key role. Some Muslim groups play music using small and large kettledrums as accompaniment to dancing, one of the highlights of the celebration. v. In Jolo, the sua-sua is a celebrated courtship song and dance that has often been modernized for troupe performances. vi. A war dance in Bukidnon called the sagayan epitomizes the gallantry of Muslim combatants while little girls perform a festival dance wherein they wear hollow copper anklets and ring little cells to produce certain sounds to the accompaniment of a variety of tom-tom and an indigenous xylophone. vii. In Agusan, the tud-ob, a song composed of four notes, is sung during rice harvests. In Sulu, four gongs are used to produce a kind of music called the tagungo. viii. Mindanao folk music includes the ancient Muslim folk song and dance called estijaro, and a Mindanao folk song called uruyan. These are usually accompanied by drums, gongs, or other percussion instruments like the subing, a gong.

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ix. GONG MUSIC i. Gong ensembles have varied functions but are mostly used for celebrations and rituals. The gong ensembles in Mindanao are mainly divided into two types: 1. KULINTANGAN, KWINTANGAN gongs in a row 2. TAHUNGO, AGUNG, SALMAGI, BLOWON SEMAGI suspended gong ensembles in various names according to each tribe. LUTE MUSIC i. Boat lutes are important part of the music history of the Philippines. ii. The major names of the boat lutes are: 1. Kudlung 2. Kudyapiq iii. Some trace the origin of the name from the Indian kacchapi and Sanskrit Kacca which means turtle. BAMBOO MUSIC i. According to Philippine legends, the first man and woman borne out of bamboo. Bamboo is not only abundant in our country, it is also considered among early Filipinos as a spiritual connection from our physical world to the spiritual world. Many bamboo instruments were made for this purpose while some bamboo instruments were also used for entertainment and personal expression. Different manners of playing bamboo instruments include: 1. Blowing (aerophones) 2. Shaking or hitting (idiophone) 3. Plucking (chordophones)

ORIGINAL PILIPINO MUSIC (OPM) I. OPM Original Pinoy Music or Original Philippine Music; a label used for original popular songs by Filipino artists. Genre a distinct style of music

II. GENRES of OPM: A. Pop refers generally to music that is easily accessible by the public through mass media, and is also subject to selling. B. Fusion a style of music infusing World music elements. C. Novelty Song comical popular songs that may be for a current situation, holiday, or just can be a dance fad. D. Hip Hop a style of music incorporating complex, stylized rhythms that is often accompanied by rapping. It belongs to a subculture that also goes by the same name, hip hop. E. Folk Rock a style of music combining folk and rock elements. It is a genre term that was originally coined in the USA and/or UK. During the 1960s