Retardation Test

Electrical Machines-I Lab
S.No. Name of the Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 6 MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DC SHUNT GENERATOR LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND GENERATOR BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR SWINBURNES TEST ON A DC SHUNT MACHINE LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES GENERATOR
Page.No 2 6 10 14 18 22
HOPKINSONS TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINE
26
8 9 10 11 12
FIELDS TEST ON DC SERIES MACHINES SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR SEPERATION OF LOSSES IN DC SHUNT MOTOR BRAKE TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR RETARDATION TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
31 36 41 45 50
EEE Department,GIST-Jaggayyapet
Page 1
1.MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A D.C SHUNT GENERATOR. AIM:

To find the magnetization characteristics of a D.C shunt generator. To find the critical field resistance and critical speed.
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
MOTOR 3.7kw Shunt 220V. 20 A 220V, 0.9A 1500. GENERATOR 3.7kw Shunt 220V. 17A 220V, 0.9A 1500.
Power
Wound Armature voltage Armature current Excitation Speed
APPARATUS:
Name Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat Type M.C M.C ___ Range 0-300V 0-1A 0-300 , 1.7A 0-1500 , 1A --Qty 2 1 1 1 1
Tachometer
Page 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The magnetization characteristics of D.C. shunt generator shows the relationship between the no-load generated emf in armature (E0) and field current (If) at any constant speed. Due to residual magnetism in the poles, some emf is produced initially. The current while passing through the field coils will strengthen the magnetism of the poles. This will increase the pole flux with further increase the generated emf. Increased emf means more current which further increase the flux so on. If field resistance is increased the slope of the resistance line increased and hence maximum voltage will build up at the generator at a given speed. If the resistance line just lies along the slope then with that value of the field resistance, the machine will just excite. the value of the resistance represented by the tangent to the curve is known as critical resistance for a given speed.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum position and generator field rheostat at maximum position. 3. Start the motor with the help of 3- point starter and adjust the motor field rheostat till the motor reaches to its rated speed. 4. Gradually increases the field current of generator by minimize the generator field rheostat resistance. 5. Note the terminal voltage (V) of generator at various field currents (If). Till the generator attains its rated voltage. Page 3
6. The relationship between no load voltage (V) and field current (If) gives the open circuit characteristics (OCC). 7. Draw the graph (OCC) between terminal voltage (V) and field current (If) to find out the critical field resistance and critical sped.
TABULATION:
S.no Field current If(A) Voltage (V)
MODEL GRAPH:
V
Voltage
Field current If
Page 4
PRECAUTIONS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Loose connection should be avoided. Operate the 3- point starter carefully. Proper rating meters should be used. Run the motor rated speed. Check the connections before giving supply.
RESULT:
Magnetization characteristics of D.C shunt generator is observed and plotted
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the purpose of plotting the magnetization curve? What is meant by the term critical field resistance related to DC shunt generator? What are the conditions to be fulfilled for the shunt generator to build up voltage? Why does saturation curve starts from some value higher than zero? What is the type of voltage induced in the armature of a DC generator?
Page 5
2. LOAD TEST ON D.C SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:
To determine the internal and external load characteristics of a D.C shunt Generator.
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
MOTOR
Power
5hp Shunt 220V. 20A 220V, 0.75A 1500.
GENERATOR 5hp Shunt 220V. 13.6A 220V, 1500.
APPARATUS:
Name Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat
Type M.C M.C ___
Range 0-300V 0-10A,0-1A 0-300 , 1.7A 0-570, 1.2A ---
Qty 1 2 1 1 1 1
Tachometer Load
Resistive
5kw
Page 6
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
THEORY:
For a generator the induced emf is equal to the terminal voltage when the generator is not loaded. When the generator is loaded there is a fall in terminal voltage. The fall in terminal voltage of dc shunt generator is due to IaRa drop in the armature, the effect of armature reaction and brush contact resistance these causes reduce the voltage across the field terminals of the dc generator. Thus the field current and hence the induced emf is reduced which results in further reduction of the terminal voltage. The external characteristics of a dc shunt generator are more drooping.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum position and generator field rheostat at maximum position. 3. Start the motor with the help of 3- point starter and adjust the motor field rheostat till the motor reaches to its rated speed. Now close the generator switch and adjust the field rheostat of the generator till it reaches to its rated voltage. 4. Connect the load in step-by-step and each step note the load current and terminal voltage of the generator. 5. Maintain load current will note exceed rated current. 6. After note the readings first switch off the generator load and than switch off the motor supply. Page 7
TABULAR FORM:
S.NO Voltage (V) Load current IL(A) Field current If(A) Armature Current Ia(A) Armature Voltage Eg(v) Generator Terminal Voltage V
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connection should be avoided. 2. Operate the 3- point starter carefully. 3. Loads should not be exceeding beyond their ratio
MODEL GRAPH
Internal characteristics: ARMATURE VOLVOLTAGE Eg
ARMATURE CURRENT
Ia
Page 8
External characteristics:
Vt
TERMINAL VOLTAGE
LOAD CURRENT
IL
RESULT:
Hence the internal and external load characteristics of a D.C shunt Generator are obtained and plotted. VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What are the reasons for the drop in terminal voltage of a shunt generator when it is loaded? 2. What is internal or total characteristic of a DC generator? 3. What should be done if the DC shunt generator fails to build up? 4. What is armature reaction?
Page 9
3.LOAD TEST ON D.C COMPOUND GENERATOR AIM:

To determine the internal and external load characteristics of a D.C compound Generator.
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
Power
Wound Armature voltage Armature current Excitation Speed MOTOR 5hp Shunt 220V. 20A 220V, 0.75A 1500. GENERATOR 5hp Compound 220V. 13.6A 220V, 1500.
APPARATUS:
Type M.C M.C ___
Range 0-300V 0-15A 0-300 , 1.7A 0-570, 1.2A ---
Qty 1 1 1 1 1 1
Tachometer Load
Resistive
5kw
Page 10
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
THEORY:
In a dc compound machine both the series, and the shunt field coils are present. While shunt field is the main field, series field either it or opposes. The first type is known as cumulative compounding whiles the other as differential compounding. Cumulatively compounded D.C. generator: The voltage drop in armature resistance and the drop due to armature reaction take place in this case also, but they are compensated by the increase in the flux due to the mmf established by series winding carrying the load current, depending on the degree of compensation. Differentially compounded D.C. generator: The terminal voltage drops due to the following reasons in this case: (1) armature resistance drop; (2) armature reaction effect (3) reduction in flux per pole due to the series winding m.m.f opposing the shunt winding mmf.(4) reduction in shunt field current due to reduction in armature voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum position and generator field rheostat at maximum position. 3. Start the rheostat till the motor reaches to its rated speed. Motor with the help of 3point starter and adjust the motor field 4. Now adjust the field rheostat of the generator till it reaches to its rated voltage. 5. Connect the load in step-by-step and each step note the load current (IL), field current (If) and terminal voltage (V) of the shunt generator. 6. Maintain load current will note exceed rated current. Page 11
7. After note the readings first switch off the generator load and then switch off the motor supply.
TABULATION: S.NO Voltage (V) Load current, IL(A) Field current If(A) Armature current Ia=IL+If(A) Armature Voltage Eg=V+IaRa
MODEL GRAPH:
Internal characteristics: ARMATURE VOLVOLTAGE Eg
ARMATURE CURRENT
Ia
Page 12
External characteristics:
Vt
TERMINAL VOLTAGE
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connection should be avoided. 2. Operate the 3- point starter carefully. 3. Loads should not be exceeding beyond their rating.
RESULT:
Hence the internal and external load characteristics of a D.C compound Generator are obtained and plotted.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is external characteristic of dc generator? 2. What is the function of commutator in a DC generator? 3. Mention the difference between cumulative and differential compound DC generators? 4. Can you measure the induced voltage under load condition for a DC generator? Why? 5. Do you require a starter for a DC motor under the running condition, why?
Page 13
4.BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR AIM:

To find the efficiency of D.C shunt motor by a direct load test.
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
D.C SHUNT MOTOR 5hp Shunt 220V. 20A 220V, 0.75A 1500.
Power
APPARATUS:
Name Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat M.C ___ --Type M.C Range 0-300V 0-20A 0-300 , 1.7A Qty 1 1 1 1
Tachometer
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Page 14
THEORY:
It is a direct method and consists of applying a brake to a water cooled pulley mounted on the shaft of motor. The brake band is fixed with the help of wooden blocks gripping the pulley one end of the band is fixed to earth a spring balance and other is connected to a suspended weight. The motor is running and the load on the motor is adjusted till it carries its full load current. The simple brake test described above can be used for small motors only. Because, in the case of large motors, it is difficult to dissipate the large amount of heat generated at the brake.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum position. 3. Start the motor with the help of 3- point starter and Adjust the motor field rheostat till the motor reaches To its rated speed. 4. Now gradually apply the mechanical load by tightening the Belt over the shaft. 5. Note the corresponding spring balance readings, line current, Voltage and speed at particular load. 6. Repent the above process at different load condition. 7. Before the motor going to be switched off the motor must be in no load condition. 8. Using the above data determine the efficiency of the compound motor.
CALCULATIONS:
Shaft torque = (S1-S2) x r x 9.81 = (2 N) /60. Shaft O/P = Shaft Torque X Efficiency= = Shaft O/P Power I/P X100
(r = 0.1 m)
TABULAR FORM:
S.NO Voltage (V) Line current(A) S1(kg) S2(kg) Speed(rpm) INPUT VI(W) Shaft Torque (N-M) rad/sec Shaft Output (W) Efficiency %
Page 15
GRAPHS: Graphs are plotted between

1. 2. 3. 4. Speed and output Speed and torque Current and torque Efficiency and out put
MODEL GRAPH:
N N IL % O/P Vs %
T VS IL T VS N IL VS N
Output(W) Torque(N-m) Torque(N-m) IL(A)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Loose connection should be avoided. Operate the 3- point starter carefully. Cool the shaft pulley with water. Proper rating meters should be used. Check the connections before giving supply.
Page 16
RESULT:
Hence the efficiency of the D.C shunt motor at various load conditions are calculated and plotted.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
What is back EMF? How can the direction of rotation be reversed in a DC motor? Do you require a starter for a DC motor under the running condition, why? Why does the speed fall slightly when the DC shunt motor is loaded? What happens if the field circuit of a DC motor is opened under running condition?
Page 17
5.SWINBURNES TEST ON D.C SHUNT MACHINE AIM:

To predetermine the efficiency of D.C shunt machine by conducting No load test.
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
D.C SHUNT MOTOR 5hp Shunt 220V. 20A 220V, 0.75A 1500.
Power
APPARATUS:
Name Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat M.C Type M.C Range 0-300V 0-5A 0-1A 0-300 , 1.7A ___ --Qty 1 1 1 1 1
Tachometer
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
Page 18
THEORY:
The most obvious method of determining the efficiency of any machine at any load would be to measure the output and input when the machine is running at that load. For machines of higher rating, loads of the required size may not be available. Moreover, even if it was possible to provide such loads, large power would be consumed, making it an expensive method. All big electrical machines are tested indirectly by measuring the losses. The machine is run as a motor on no-load at its rated voltage and the input power measured. In this, the motor is running at no load at the rated speed, with the help of shunt regulator. No load power input to armature supplies iron losses, friction losses, windage losses and armature copper losses.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum position. 3. Start the motor with the help of 3- point starter. 4. Adjust the motor field rheostat till the motor reaches to its rated speed. 5. Note the armature current, field current and voltage. 6. using the above data determine the efficiency of the D.C shunt machine.
TABULAR FORM:
Voltage (V) Armature current (Ia) Field current (If) Load current (IL0 = Ia + If)
CALCULATIONS: MOTOR:
Ia=IL-Ish IL0=Ia0+Ish Constant losses Wc=VIL0-Ia02Ra Armature cupper losses Wcu= Ia2 Ra Total losses in the motor Wt =(Wc+ Ia2 Ra) Efficiency =output/input =input-losses/input
GENERATOR:
Ia=IL+Ish IL0=Ia0+Ish Constant losses Wc=VIL0-Ia02Ra Armature cupper losses Wcu= Ia2 Ra Total losses in the motor Wt =(Wc+ Ia2 Ra) Efficiency =output/input EEE Department,GIST-Jaggayyapet Page 19
=output/output+losses
MODEL GRAPH:
Motor: A graph is plot output of Motor Vs efficiency.
EFFICIENCY
OUTPUT OF MOTOR
Generator: A graph is plot output of Generator Vs efficiency.
EFFICIENCY
OUTPUT OF GENERATOR
Page 20
PRECAUTIONS:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Loose connection should be avoided. Operate the 3- point starter carefully. Dont run the motor above safe speed. Check the connections before giving supply.
RESULT:
Hence the efficiency of the D.C shunt machine at various load conditions are determined and plotted.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the losses in a DC machine? 2. What is the purpose of the commutator in a DC machine? 3. What is the power O/P during Swinburnes test? 4. What is the efficiency of a DC machine during Swinburnes test? 5. Why Swinburnes test cannot be performed on DC series machine?
Page 21
6.LOAD TEST ON D.C SERIES GENERATOR AIM:

To determine the internal and external load characteristics of a D.C series Generator.
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
Power
Wound Armature voltage Armature current Excitation Speed MOTOR 5hp Shunt 220V. 20A 220V, 0.75A 1500. GENERATOR 5hp Series 220V. 13.6A -------1500.
APPARATUS
Type M.C M.C ___ Resistive
Range 0-300V 0-10A 0-300 , 1.7A --5kw
Qty 1 1 1 1 1
Tachometer Load
Page 22
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
In a series generator, there is only one field winding so that connected in series with armature winding so that whole current flows through winding as well as load, series field winding carries full load current. Therefore series field winding is designed with a fewer turns of thick wire. The resistance of series winding is very low. These generators can be used for few applications and employed as constant current source. By making use of drooping portion of voltage-current characteristics. The best application is for supplying field current for regenerative braking in DC locomotives.
PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum position and make sure all the load switches are in off position Start the motor with the help of 3- point starter and adjust the motor field rheostat till the motor reaches to its rated speed. Connect the load in step-by-step and each step note the load current and terminal voltage of the generator. Maintain load current will note exceed rated current. After note the readings first switch off the generator load and than switch off the motor supply.
Page 23
TABULAR FORM:
Current Ia(A)
S No
Voltage V(V)
Eg =V+Ia (Ra+Rse)
MODEL GRAPH:
Internal characteristics:
Vt
TERMINAL VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Page 24
External characteristics: Eg VOLVOLTAGE ARMATURE EFFICIENCY
CURRENT
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connection should be avoided. 2. Operate the 3- point starter carefully. 3. Loads should not be exceeding beyond their rating
RESULT:
Hence the internal and external load characteristics of a D.C series Generator are obtained and plotted.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Can a DC series generator excite on no-load, why? What is meant by critical resistance of a DC series generator? What are the reasons for the failure of a DC series generator to build up voltage? What are the advantages of a DC series motor? Why is the starting torque of the series motor high?
Page 25
7.HOPKINSONS TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINES AIM:

To perform Hopkinsons test on two DC shunt machines and hence obtain Their efficiencies at various loads.
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
Power
Wound Armature voltage Armature current Excitation Speed MOTOR 3.7kw Shunt 220V. 20.5A 220V, 0.9A 1500. GENERATOR 3.7kw Shunt 220V. 17A 220V, 0.9A 1500.
APPARATUS:
Name Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat Type M.C M.C ___ Range 0-300V 0-10A 0-2A 0-300 , 1.7A 0-570 , 1.2A --Qty 2 2 2 1 1 1
Tachometer
Page 26
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
THEORY:
This method load test can be carried out on two shunt machines, preferably identical ones without wasting their outputs. The two machines are mechanically coupled and are so adjusted electrically that one of them runs as a motor and other as a generator. The mechanical output of the motor drives the generator and output of the generator is used as greater part of input to motor. If there are no losses, they would run without any external power supply but due to losses generator output is not sufficient to drive motor and vice versa. The two shunt machines are connected in parallel they are to begin with starter as unloaded motors. Then field of one is weakened and that of other is strengthened. So former it acts as motor and later acts as generator.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the switch S in open position 3. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum position and generator field rheostat at maximum position. 4. Start the motor with the help of 3- point starter and adjust the motor field rheostat till the motor reaches to its rated speed 5. Adjust the field rheostat of the generator till the voltmeter Now close the switch S carefully. 6. Decrees the excitation of the motor.Or Increase the excitation of the generator 7. That means the M.G set is loaded. 8. Take the all meters readings at various conditions. 9. After taking the readings open the switch s and then Switch of the motor supply. Page 27
TABULAR FORM 1:
s.no Line voltage V2(V) Line Current I1(A) Generator Motor current field I2(A) current I3(A) Generator field current I4(A) Motor armature current IaM(A) I1+I2-I3 Generator armature current IaG(A) I2+I4
TABULAR FORM 2:
Total stray losses (W) Stray losses per each machine (W/2) Total motor losses (WM) Total generator losses (WG) Input of motor V(I1+I2) Output of Motor V(I1+I2)WM Output of generator (VI2+WG) Input of generator (VI2+WG) m G
CALCULATIONS:
Total stray losses for the Motor Generator set is W W=VI1- [(I2+I4) 2 Ra + (I1+I2-I3) 2 Ra +VI4 + VI3] Watts Stray losses per each machine = W/2 Watts
Page 28
MOTOR:
Motor total losses WM = ((I1+I2-I3) 2 Ra +VI3 + W/2 ) Watts Motor Input = (V (I1 + I2) ) watts Motor Output = (V (I1 + I2) - WM ) watts Motor efficiency M = [V (I1 + I2) - WM] / [V (I1 + I2)]
GENERATOR:
Generator total losses WG = ((I2+I4) 2 Ra +VI4 + W/2) Generator output = (VI2 ) watts Generator Input = ( VI2+ WG ) watts Generator efficiency G = VI2 / (VI2+ WG)
MODEL GRAPH:
Motor: A graph is plot output of Motor Vs efficiency.
EFFICIENCY
OUTPUT OF MOTOR
Page 29
Generator:
A graph is plot output of Generator Vs efficiency.
EFFICIENCY
OUTPUT OF GENERATOR
PRECAUTIONS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Loose connection should be avoided. Operate the 3- point starter carefully. Loads should not be exceeding beyond their rating. Proper rating meters should be used. Check the connections before giving supply.
RESULT:
Hence the efficiency of the two machines at various load conditions are calculated and plotted.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Which loss is obtained from the Hopkinsons test? 2. Why Hopkinsons test is also called the regenerative or back-to-back test? 3. Is the stray loss obtained from the Hopkinsons test really same for both the machines? Why? 4. What is the difference between the Swinburnes test and Hopkinsons test? 5. Stray loss in a DC machine depends on what quantities?
Page 30
8.FIELDS TEST ON D.C SERIES MACHINES AIM:
To conduct fields test on two D.C series machines and find out the efficiency of Motor and Generator at different loads.
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
Power
Wound Armature voltage Armature current Speed MOTOR 3.7kw Series 220V. 21A 1500. GENERATOR 3.7kw Series 220V. 17A 1500.
APPARATUS:
Name Voltmeter Ammeter Type M.C M.C Range 0-300V 0-250V 0-20A --Resistive 5kw Qty 2 1 2 1 1
Tachometer Load
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Page 31
THEORY:
This test is applicable to two similar series machines which are mainly used for traction work easily available in pairs. The two machines are coupled mechanically. One machine runs normally as a motor and drives generator whose output is wasted in a variable load. Iron and friction losses of two machines are made equal by joining the series field winding of generator in the motor armature circuit so that both machines are equally excited. By running them at equal speed load resistance is varied till the motor current reaches its full load value.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Initially put some sufficient load on the series generator. 3. Start the motor with the help of 2- point starter. 4. Add the loads till the armature current reaches rated value and note down the voltages and currents. 5. Reduce the loads step by step and each step note down the voltages and currents till the motor speed doesnt exceed safe value. 6. Keep again sufficient load on the series generator and switch off the motor supply.
TABULARFORM1:
S.No
Terminal voltage V1(V)
Motor Voltage V2(V)
Line Current I1(A)
Generator Load Voltage Current V2(V) I2(A)
Speed N(rpm)
Page 32
TABULARFORM2:
Total stray losses (W)
Stray losses per each machine (W/2)
Total motor losses (WM)
Total generator losses (WG)
Input of motor V2I1
Output of Motor V2I1-WM
Output of Input of m G generator generator V3I2 (V3I2+WG)
CALCULATIONS:
Input of the Motor Generator set is = V1I1 Watts Output of the Motor Generator set is = V3I2 Watts Total losses of Motor Generator set is Wt = (VI1- V3I2) Watts
Armature and field losses of the M.G. set

Wcu = ((Ra+2Rse) I12 + I22 Ra ) Watts Total stray losses for the Motor Generator set is W = Wt-Wcu Stray losses per each machine Ws= W/2 Watts
MOTOR:
Motor total losses WM = ((Ra+Rse) I12 + Ws ) Watts Motor Input = V2 I1 watts Motor Output = ( V2 I1 - WM ) watts Motor efficiency M = [V2 I1 - WM] / [V2 I1]
Page 33
GENERATOR:
Generator total losses WG = ( I2 2 Ra +I12Rse + Ws ) Watts Generator output = V3I2 watts Generator Input = ( V3I2 + WG ) watts Generator efficiency G = V3I2 / (V3I2 + WG)
MODEL GRAPH: MOTOR: M
A graph is plot output of Motor Vs efficiency.
EFFICIENCY
OUTPUT OF MOTOR
Page 34
GENERATOR: G
A graph is plot output of Generator Vs efficiency.
EFFICIENCY
OUTPUT OF GENERATOR
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connection should be avoided. 2. Operate the 2- point starter carefully. 3. Loads should not be exceeding beyond their rating. 4. Dont run the motor above safe speed. 5. Check the connections before giving supply.
RESULT:
Hence the efficiency of the two series machines at various load Conditions are calculated and plotted.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
What is the usual range of field winding resistance in case of a DC series machine? What is field test and on what type of DC machines it is performed? How are large series machines tested? How to minimize the eddy current & hysteresis losses in case of a DC machine? How a DC series motor can be used as DC shunt motor?
Page 35
9.SPEED CONTROL OF D.C SHUNT MOTOR AIM:
To determine the speed control characteristics of D.C shunt motor by 1. Armature control. 2. Field control. D.C SHUNT MOTOR
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
5hp Shunt 220V. 20A 220V, 0.75A 1500.
Power
APPARATUS:
Name Type M.C Range Qty 1
Voltmeter
0-300V
Ammeter Rheostat
M.C
0-2A 0-300 , 1.7A ___ 0-36 , 12A ---
1 1 1 1
Tachometer
Page 36
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The speed of the DC shunt motor can be controlled by two methods they are: Flux control: The speed equation of DC motor is N1/. By decreasing the flux, speed is increases. The flux of DC motor can be changed by shunt field current with the help of shunt field rheostat. Shunt field current is small which means I2R loss is small. In this method speed control above rated speed is possible. Armature control: In this method the supply voltage is normally constant. The voltage across the armature is varied by inserting a variable rheostat in series with the armature circuit. As controller resistance is increases potential difference across the armature decreases. So speed control below rated speed is possible.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the all rheostat at minimum resistance position. 3. Start the motor with the help of 3- point starter and initially maintain the field current at some constant value. 4. Now slowly increases the armature resistance by adjust the rheostat and note the corresponding voltage V and speed N. 5. Again set the fields current If at some other constant value and done the above process. Page 37
6. Now set the armature voltage at some constant value and increase the field resistance by adjusting the rheostat and note the corresponding field current I f and speed N. 7. Again set the armatures voltage at some other constant value and done the above process. 8. Draw the relating graphs. Observation Table: Field Control current control method: Eb = S.no Field current (If) Speed (N) Eb =
S.no
Field current (If)
Speed (N)
Armature voltage control method: If = S.no Field current (If) Speed (N) If =
S.no
Field current (If)
Speed (N)
Page 38
MODEL GRAPH:
Armature voltage control method: A graph is drawn between Armature voltage V and speed N.
SPEED
Armature voltage
Field Control current control method: A graph is drawn between field current If and speed N. N
SPEED
If EEE Department,GIST-Jaggayyapet Page 39
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connection should be avoided. 2. Operate the 3- point starter carefully. 3. Dont run the motor above safe speed.
RESULT:
are obtained.
Hence the speed control of D.C shunt motor by armature control and field control
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. On what factors does the speed of a DC motor depend? 2. How can the speed of a DC shunt motor be controlled by field control method? 3. What will be the effect on the speed of a DC shunt motor if an additional resistance is introduced in the field circuit? 4. Do the motors run faster in series combination or parallel combination? 5. Why is it not possible to obtain speed of a DC shunt motor above normal by armature resistance control?
Page 40
10.SEPARATION OF LOSSES IN DC SHUNT MOTOR AIM:
To separate the losses in a D.C shunt Motor.
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
D.C SHUNT MOTOR Power Wound Armature voltage Armature current Excitation Speed 5hp Shunt 220V. 20A 220V, 0.9A 1500.
APPARATUS:
Name Voltmeter Ammeter Type M.C M.C Range 0-250V 0-2A 0-5A 0-300 , 1.7A 0-150 , 5A --Qty 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rheostat Tachometer
___
Page 41
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
THEORY:
It is the simplest indirect method of testing dc machines in which the losses are measured separately and efficiency at any desired load is predetermined. In this test various losses in a dc machine can be found into their components. The dc machine is run at no-load by varying the speed and keeping the excitation constant. If N is the speed of the shunt motor at any given time, then the frictional losses are found to be proportional to N.similarly the windage losses are found to be proportional to N2.
PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. Keep the all rheostat at minimum resistance position. Start the motor with the help of 3- point starter. Adjust the speed of the motor to rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat. Note down the speed, voltage across armature and armature current. Keeping the field excitation constant. The speed of the motor can be varied by controlling the armature voltage by varying the armature resistance. 7. The experiment is repeated at of the field current
Page 42
TABULAR FORM 1:
S.No
Speed N(rpm)
Armature Armature Cu losses Voltage V Current I Ia2Ra (volts) (Amp) (Watts)
Input VIa (Watts)
Constant losses W (Watts)
W/N
Field current If =
Armature Cupper losses IaRa (W) Constant Losses = VIa-IaRa (W)
Speed S.No. (rpm)
Armature Armature Voltage Current (V) (A)
Input VIa (W)
W N
Page 43
MODEL GRAPH:
W N P R - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --------------------------------
Speed (N) (rpm)
PRECAUTIONS:
Hence the separation of losses in a DC shunt motor was obtained.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. On what factors do hysteresis and eddy current losses depend? Why mechanical losses occur in a DC machine? What are the magnetic losses in a DC machine? Why do iron losses occur in a DC machine? Does core loss occur in armature or in the poles of a DC machine?
Page 44
11.BRAKE TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR
AIM:
To find the efficiency of D.C compound motor by a direct load test.
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
Power
D.C COMPOUND MOTOR 3.7kw Compound 220V. 20.5A 220V, 0.9A 1500rpm.
APPARATUS:
Type M.C M.C ___
Range 0-250V 0-20A 0-300 , 1.7A ---
Qty 1 1 1 1
Tachometer
Page 45
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
It is a direct method and consists of applying a brake to a water cooled pulley mounted on the shaft of motor. The brake band is fixed with the help of wooden blocks gripping the pulley one end of the band is fixed to earth a spring balance and other is connected to a suspended weight. The motor is running and the load on the motor is adjusted till it carries its full load current. The simple brake test described above can be used for small motors only. Because, in the case of large motors, it is difficult to dissipate the large amount of heat generated at the brake.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum position. 3. Start the motor with the help of 3- point starter and adjust the motor field rheostat till the motor reaches to its rated speed. 4. Now gradually apply the mechanical load by tightening the belt over the shaft. 5. Note the corresponding spring balance readings, line current, Voltage and speed at particular load. 6. Repent the above process at different load condition. EEE Department,GIST-Jaggayyapet Page 46
7. Before the motor going to be switched off the motor must be in no load condition. 8. Using the above data deter mine the efficiency of the Compound motor.
CALCULATIONS:
Shaft torque = (S1-S2) x r x 9.81 = (2 N) /60. Shaft O/P = Shaft Torque X Efficiency= Shaft O/P Power I/P X100 (r = 0.146 m)
TABULAR FORM:
S.No Voltage (V) Current (A) S1(kg) S2(kg) Speed (rpm) Input Power(W) Shaft Torque (N-M)
rad/sec
Efficiency %
GRAPHS: Graphs are plotted between

1. 2. 3. 4. Speed and output Speed and torque Current and torque Efficiency and out put
Page 47
MODEL GRAPH:
N N IL %
O/P Vs %
T VS IL T VS N IL VS N
Output(W) Torque(N-m) Torque(N-m) IL(A)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connection should be avoided. 2. Operate the 4- point starter carefully. 3. Cool the shaft pulley with water. 4. Proper rating meters should be used. 5. Check the connections before giving supply.
RESULT:
Hence the efficiency of the D.C compound motor at various load Conditions are calculated and plotted.
Page 48
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is brake test? What is the main drawback of brake test? Why brake test is performed with the small machines only? What is the condition for maximum output in a DC motor? What are the possible causes of sparking at brushes?
Page 49
12.RETARDATION TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR AIM:

To conduct retardation test on a given DC machine
NAMEPLATE DETAILS:
D.C SHUNT MOTOR Power Wound Armature voltage Armature current Excitation Speed 5hp Shunt 220V. 20A 220V, 0.9A 1500.
APPARATUS:
Name Voltmeter Ammeter Type M.C M.C Range 0-300V 0-5A 0-300 , 1.7A Rheostat 0-1500 , 15A 0-500,5A --Qty 1 1 1 2 1
___
Tachometer
Page 50
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
THEORY:
This test is also known as running down test. It is used for finding out the stray power losses of shunt wound DC machines. In this method of testing dc machines, machine under test is speeded up slightly above its normal speed and supply to the armature is cut off. Consequently the armature slows down and its kinetic energy is utilized to meet the rotational losses. The voltmeter connected across the armature shows the instantaneous back emf of the motor. Since back emf of the motor is directly proportional to speed, therefore, the voltmeter can be suitably calibrated to indicate speed. When the supply to armature is cut off, the speed of the motor decreases.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Run the motor at a speed slightly higher than rated speed by adjusting field external rheostat.. 3. Disconnect the armature circuit from supply by opening switch S. 4. Note down the time taken for the machine to come down to zero speed. 5. Now, once again start the motor and run at a speed slightly higher than rated speed. 6. Disconnect the armature circuit from supply and connect it across the rheostat by throwing switch S into the position 1& 2. 7. Note down the readings of voltmeter and ammeter for two speeds and time taken for the machine to come down to zero speed. Page 51
OBSERVATIONS Without load: S .no Speed (rpm) Time (sec)
With load: S .no Speed (rpm) Time (sec)
Time taken = Speed (rpm) N1= N2= V
seconds (with load) IL Vavg Iavg
CALCULATIONS:
Rotational losses W=W (dt2) (dt1-dt2) Where W=average load power=VavgIavg watts dt2 is the time taken for the speed to come down from N1to N2 with load. dt1 is the time taken for the speed to come down from N1to N2 under no-load.
Page 52
MODEL GRAPH:
speed (rpm)
N1 N2
No-load
With load Time (sec)
PRECAUTIONS:
Hence the separation of losses in a DC shunt motor was obtained.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is retardation test and on what type of dc machines it is performed? 2. What are the stray losses in a DC machine? 3. The lost torque in a DC motor is proportional to which loss?
Page 53

Retardation Test

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Electrical Machines-I Lab

HOPKINSONS TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINE

Electrical Machines-I Lab

1.MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A D.C SHUNT GENERATOR. AIM:

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Magnetization characteristics of D.C shunt generator is observed and plotted

Electrical Machines-I Lab

2. LOAD TEST ON D.C SHUNT GENERATOR

5hp Shunt 220V. 20A 220V, 0.75A 1500.

GENERATOR 5hp Shunt 220V. 13.6A 220V, 1500.

Name Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat

Type M.C M.C ___

Range 0-300V 0-10A,0-1A 0-300 , 1.7A 0-570, 1.2A ---

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

3.LOAD TEST ON D.C COMPOUND GENERATOR AIM:

Name Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat

Type M.C M.C ___

Range 0-300V 0-15A 0-300 , 1.7A 0-570, 1.2A ---

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

4.BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR AIM:

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

GRAPHS: Graphs are plotted between

Output(W) Torque(N-m) Torque(N-m) IL(A)

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

5.SWINBURNES TEST ON D.C SHUNT MACHINE AIM:

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Generator: A graph is plot output of Generator Vs efficiency.

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

6.LOAD TEST ON D.C SERIES GENERATOR AIM:

Name Voltmeter Ammeter Rheostat

Type M.C M.C ___ Resistive

Range 0-300V 0-10A 0-300 , 1.7A --5kw

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

External characteristics: Eg VOLVOLTAGE ARMATURE EFFICIENCY

Electrical Machines-I Lab

7.HOPKINSONS TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINES AIM:

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Electrical Machines-I Lab

A graph is plot output of Generator Vs efficiency.

Electrical Machines-I Lab

8.FIELDS TEST ON D.C SERIES MACHINES AIM:

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Terminal voltage V1(V)

Motor Voltage V2(V)

Line Current I1(A)

Generator Load Voltage Current V2(V) I2(A)

Electrical Machines-I Lab

Total stray losses (W)