RAD IOAN

ELEMENTE DE BOTANIC pentru asistenii de farmacie

TG-MURE !"#$

%r&f' (rd' I Dr' farm' primar Rad I&an

ELEMENTE DE BOTANIC pentru asistenii de farmacie

T(-Mure) !"#$
2

CU%RIN*
CAPITOLUL I GENERALITI 1.1. Definiie.. 1.2. Istoric.. CAPITOLUL II CITOLOGIA 2.1. Definiie.. 2.2. Form ce!"!e!or #e$et !e 2.%. Ti&"ri 'e ce!"!e #e$et !e.. 2.(. )*rime ce!"!e!or #e$et !e.. 2.+. C! sific re ce!"!e!or #e$et !e. 2.,. Constit"enii ce!"! ri 2.-. Tr*s*t"ri !e ce!"!ei #e$et !e c re o 'ifereni .* 'e ce!"! nim !*............... 2./. 0tr"ct"r ce!"!ei e"c riote.......................................................... CAPITOLUL III 1I0TOLOGIA 2EGETAL3........................................ %.1. Definiie.......................................................................... %.2. C! sific re.............................................................................. %.%. E&i'erm ......................................................................... %.(. 0tom te......................................................................... %.+. Perii &rotectori s " tric4omi................................................ %.,. Emer$ene................................................................................ %.-.E5o'erm"! %./. En'o'erm ......................................................................................... %.6. es"t"ri 'e &*r re sec"n' re................................................ %.6. Riti'om"!................................................................................... %.17.es"t"ri mec nice................................................................. %.11.es"t"ri con'"c*to re..............................................

CA%ITOLUL I GENERALIT+I
#'#' Definiie B&tanica este r m"r 8io!o$iei c re se oc"&* c" st"'i"!9 str"ct"rii: 'e.#o!t*rii: cti#it ii #it !e: ori$inii: e#o!"iei &! nte!or ;i re! ii!or c" me'i"! <ncon=or*tor: re& rti. re !or <n s& i": tim& ;i c! sific re !or. B&tanica st"'i .* &! nte!e 'in &"nct 'e #e'ere9 n tomic: morfo!o$ic: fi.io!o$ic: c! sific re >t 5onomi &! nte!or? etc. B&tanica este o r m"r* c! sic* 8io!o$iei: !*t"ri 'e !te r m"ri c! sice c 9 anat&mia, -ist&.&(ia, /i&.&(ia ce.u.ar0, fi1i&.&(ia )i 2irus&.&(ia s " 'e r m"ri mo'erne c 9 /i&acustica, /i&c-imia, /i&fi1ica, /i&(e&(rafia )i /i&matematica. C! sific re or$ nisme!or s@ f*c"t <n 3 unit0i sistematice mari: 'en"mite re(nuri ;i n"me9 - M&nera4 - %r&t&1&a4 - 5un(i4 - %.antae4 - )i Anima.ia' %.ante.e f c & rte 'in re(nu. %.antae' Re(nuri.e " fost <m&*rite <n "nit*i m i mici ;i n"me9 6ncren(0tura, c.asa, &rdinu., fami.ia, (enu., specia )i s&iu.' Pe !An$* ceste " m i fost intro'"se <n "ne!e c ."ri i "nit*i sistem tice interme'i re: &rec"m su/6ncren(0tura, suprac.asa etc. Den"mire s&ecii!or 'e &! nte: c ;i 'en"mire ce!or! !te s&ecii 'e or$ nisme: fo!ose;te nomenc! t"r /inar0' PAn* <n &re.ent " fost 'escrise &este 3""'""" de specii de p.ante' #'!' Ist&ric Bn 'omeni"! 8ot nicii s@ " rem rc t 'iferite &erson !it*i: c 'e e5em&!"9 #'!'#' TEO5RA*T Prime!e consemn*ri 'es&re &! nte ' te .* 'in tim&"! !"i Te&frast 7c' $8!-!98 6' :r'; ;i Disc&ride 7sec' # 6' :r';'

Teofr st: s@ n*sc"t ! Eresos <n %-2 <.C4r.: fost fi!o.of $rec ! c&a.a %eripatetic0. Este &rim"! 'e ! c re #em scrieri referito re ! &! nte moti# &entr" c re este consi'er t &*rinte!e 8ot nicii.

Te&frast !@ #"t c <n#**tor: m i <ntAi &e %.at&n: i r &oi &e Arist&te., fiin' "cenic"! f #orit ! cest"i . E. a f&st c&nduc0t&ru. c&.ii %eripatetice din anu. $!! 6'C-r' p<n0 .a m&artea sa 6n !98 6':r', timp 6n care a a2ut peste !""" de discip&.i' Bn 'omeni"! 8ot nicii scris "rm*to re!e !"cr*ri9 - Cercetarea asupra p.ante.&r4 - )i Cau1e.e p.ante.&r' Bn !"cr*ri!e s !e: "tor"! 'escris m*n"nit &este 3"" de s&ecii 'e &! nte $*site <n ="r"! )*rii )e'iter ne i Oce n"!"i At! ntic: co!ectAn' to te ' te!e 'es&re &! nte <ntr@o sin$"r* ;tiin*: n"mit* 'e e! B&tanica. Teofr st e! 8ore .* "n sistem 'e c! sific re &! nte!or c re s@ fo!osit &An* <n seco!"! C2III. #'!'!' DI*CORIDE* Dioscori'e >Pe' ni"s Dioscori'es?: s@ n*sc"t <n n"! (7 '.1r.: ! Ana1ar/us: Cici!i : Asi )ic* ;i 'ece' t <n n"! 67 '.1r.: fost "n me'ic: f rm co!o$ ;i 8ot nist $rec: c re tr*it ! Rom <n tim&"! <m&*r t"!"i Nero. Di&sc&ride a scris & carte 6n cinci 2&.ume, =De Materia MedicaD: &rec"rsor ! f rm co&eei!or mo'erne ;i "n"! 'intre t! se!e 8ot nice 'e <nsemn*t te 'in istorie. #'!'$' NE:EMIA: GRE> Un ro! 'eose8it <n 'e.#o!t re cestei ;tiine " #"t &e &! n mon'i ! cercet*tori c Ne4emi 4 GreE >1,2/F1-11;, natura.ist en(.e1, care este f&ndat&ru. anat&miei p.ante.&r' #'!'?' @O:N RAA Go4n R H >1,2,F1-7(?: n t"r !ist en$!e. este f&ndat&ru. taB&n&miei p.ante.&r. #'!'3' Rud&.f Camerer R"'o!f C merer >1,,+F1-21?: n t"r !ist $erm n este desc&perit&ru. &r(ane.&r seBua.e .a p.ante' #'!'C' CARL DON LINNE C r! LinnI: n*sc"t C ro!"s Linn e"s este c"nosc"t '"&* <nno8i! re s"8 n"me!e 'e C r! #on LinnI. 0@ n*sc"t ! 2% m i 1-7- ;i tr*it &An* ! 17 i n" rie 1--/. Line fost /&tanist, medic )i 1&&.&( suede1: fiin' consi'er t p0rinte.e taB&n&miei ;i tat0. ec&.&(iei m&derne. #'!'8' CON*TANTIN CANTACUFINO *t&.nicu. C&nstantin Cantacu1in& fost "n dip.&mat, ist&ric )i (e&(raf din ara R&m<neasc0, c re tr it <ntre nii 1,++ ;i 1-1,. A fost fi"! &oste!nic"!"i C nt c".ino: $rec 'e ori$ine: ;i ! E!enei: fiic !"i R '" er8 n: i r fr te!e !"i er/an Cantacu1in&, nep&tu. C&nstantin Br<nc&2eanu i fiu. s0u tefan Cantacu1in& au f&st d&mni ai 0rii R&m<neti' 0to!nic"! C nt c".ino fost "n re&re.ent t 'e se m* a. umanismu.ui 6n spaiu. cu.tura. r&m<n' Prin st"'ii!e <nce&"te: '"&* "ci'ere t t*!"i <n1,,%: ! A'ri no&o! ;i Const ntino&o! ;i 'es*#Ar;ite <nce&An' c" 1,,-: ! P 'o# e! 'e#ine "n e5ce!ent c"nosc*tor ! c"!t"rii it !iene: #An' c"no;tine temeinice 'e !im8* it !i n* ;i ! tin*: ;i ! sferei c"!t"rii $receti. C. C nt c".ino #"t contri8"ii <n c"no stere &! nte!or: !c*t"in' cea mai 2ec-e -art0 (e&/&tanic0 de .a n&i, #'!'9' DIMITRIE 7DEMETRIU*; BRGNDFH 0@ n*sc"t <n 17J22 octom8rie 1/(,: Ki#o!": .i 2ii;o r : Koto; ni: 'ece' t ! % "$"st 1/6+. A f&st medic, natura.ist )i /&tanist r&m<n, mem/ru titu.ar a. Academiei R&m<ne )i a f&ndat Gr0dina B&tanic0 din Bucure)ti, care ast01i 6i p&art0 nume.e' Dimitrie KrAn'.* este f&ndat&ru. /&tanicii r&m<ne)ti )i 6nfiinea10 Institutu. B&tanic din Bucuresti'

E! &"8!ic* ce m i # !oro s* !"cr re 'e 8ot nic 'e ! noi ;i n"me %r&dr&mu. f.&rei r&m<ne unde sunt descries apr&Bimati2 !#"" de specii' #'!'I' 5LORIAN %ORCIU* 0@ n*sc"t ! 1,J2/ "$"st 1/1, <n !oc !it te Ro'n : District"! N*s*"' ;i tr it &An* ! 1-J%7 m i 167,. A f&st un /&tanist r&m<n, mem/ru titu.ar a. Academiei R&m<ne. A "rm t <ntre nii 1/2-@ 1/%1: c"rs"ri!e 0co!ii mi!it re norm !e c" !im8 'e &re' re $erm n* 'in N*s*"': &oi st"'ii!e !icee!e 'in K! = i C!"=. Jn #9$C era 6n20t0t&r 6n R&dna-Dec-e. Bn n"! 1/(( &/ine & /urs0 'e ! Lfon'"! $r*nicerescL &entr" st"'i .a Institutu. peda(&(ic din Diena, timp de ! ani. E! fost "n"! 'intre cei m i 'e se m* cre tori i termino!o$iei 8ot nice romAne: c&.a/&r<nd cu Dimitrie Br<nd10 .a 5.&ra D&/r&(ei: re#enin'"@i &reci. re nomenc! t"rii ;i sinonime!or: !c*t"ire c4ei!or 'e 'etermin re ;i scriere 'i $no.e!or. A 'escris o serie 'e s&ecii noi9 1er c!e"m c r& tic"m: Cent "re c r& tic : P"!mon ri ' cic : ;. .: i r !te!e <i &o rt* n"me!e9 Fest"c &orcii: 0 ss"re &orcii. #'!'#"' IULIU %RODAN 0@ n*sc"t ! 26 octom8rie 1/-+: C4ioc4i;: ="'e"! Kistri @N*s*"' ;i 'ece' t ! 2fe8r" rie 16+6:C!"= ;i fost "n 8ot nist romAn. A "rm t !ice"! 'in G4er! : &oi ! N*s*"'. La 6ndemnu. .ui 5.&rian %&rcius, %r&dan studia10 tiine.e natura.e .a Uni2ersitatea din C.uK, pe care & a/s&.20 6n #I"". 5unci&nea10 ca pr&fes&r secundar .a .icee.e din G-er.a, N0s0ud, E(er, *&m/&r, ap&i din $ &ct' #I#I de2ine pr&fes&r .a catedra de /&tanic0 descripti20 i fit&pat&.&(ie din cadru. Academiei de 6na.te studii a(r&n&mice 7Institutu. a(r&n&mic LDr' %etru Gr&1aL din C.uK-Nap&ca, a1i Uni2ersitatea de tiine A(ric&.e i Medicin0 Deterinar0 C.uKNap&ca;' Din#I$9 a f&st numit titu.ar a. discip.inei de sistematic0, anat&mie i fi1i&.&(ie 2e(eta.0' Jn anu. #I33 de2ine mem/ru titu.ar a. Academiei R&m<ne' ) =orit te !"cr*ri!or s !e s<nt 'e f!oristic*: st"'ii 'e #e$et ie ;i eco!o$ie #e$et 1*. Este &rim"! "tor ! "n"i Ldeterminat&rL c.asic pentru p.ante.e cu f.&ri 7faner&(ame; )i feri(i 7cript&(ame 2ascu.are;' Bnce&<n' c" 16(6: &<n* ! sf<r;it"! #ieii: !"cr t <n c !it te 'e co! 8or tor ! LF!or Re&"8!ici Po&"! re RomAneL: &re!"crAn' $en"! R"me5 'in f mi!i Po!H$on ce e: $en"! C4eno&o'i"m 'in f mi!i C4eno&o'i ce e >#o!@ I? etc. Pro' n fost &rintre &rimii 8ot nisti romAni c re: <n !"cr*ri!e s !e 'es&re f!or ;i #e$et i RomAniei: s@ str*'"it s* 'escrie con'iii!e eco!o$ice s&ecifice &! nte!or ;i .one!or cercet te: &e 8 . ' te!or e5istente <n !iter t"r* s " o8ser# ii!or s !e. #'!'##' EMANOIL C' TEODORE*CU A tr*it <ntre nii 1/,,F16(6 ;i fost <ntemeietor"! c&.ii de a.(&.&(ie din R&m<nia: ' r &"8!ic t ;i !"cr*ri <n 'omeni"! n tomei : fi.io!o$iei ;i sistem ticii #e$et !e. #'!'#!' TRAIAN *HDULE*CU Tr i n 0*#"!esc" tr*it <ntre nii 1//6F16,% ;i fost f&ndat&ru. c&.ii r&m<neti de fit&pat&.&(ie'

CA%ITOLUL II CITOLOGIA
!'#' Definiie Cito!o$i este ;tiin : c re st"'i .* str"ct"r : "!tr str"ct"r : com&o.ii c4imic* ;i f"ncii!e ce!"!ei #e$et !e. !'!' 5&rma ce.u.e.&r 2e(eta.e Form ce!"!ei #e$et !e este 'etermin t* 'e9 ro!"! fi.io!o$ic <n'e&!init: 'e ori$ine: &o.ii oc"& t* <n 'iferite es"t"ri: con'iii!e 'e me'i" etc ;i n"me9 @ ! &! nte!e "nice!"! re este sferic*: o# !*: e!i&tic*: 'e 8 ston ; etcM @ i r ! &! nte!e &!"rice!"! re este9 &o!ie'ric*: ste! t*: reniform* >ce!"!e!e stom tice?: ci!in'ric* ># se!e con'"c*to re?: &rism tic*: sferic* >ce!"!e!e 'in fr"cte!e f*ino se?: 'iscoi' !e: semi!"n re: &ir mi' !e: 4 !terofi!e etc. !'$' Tipuri de ce.u.e 2e(eta.e Ce!"!e!e #e$et !e &ot fi 'e m i m"!te ti&"ri ;i n"me9 @ ce!"!e & renc4im tice F i.o'i metrice ! c re 'i metr"! m re: 'e&*;e;te 'e &An* ! % ori 'i metr"! mic ;i intr* <n !c*t"ire es"t"ri!or f"n' ment !e >& renc4im"ri simi! to re: 'e re.er#*: &rotecto re: 'e 8sor8ie: erifere: secreto re ;i sen.iti#e? @ ce!"!e &ro.enc4im tice @ 'i metr"! !on$it"'in ! m"!t m i m re 'ecAt ce! tr ns#ers !M @ ce!"!e!e f"siforme N !c*t"ire es"t"ri!or con'"c*to re: mec nice ;i <n "ne!e es"t"ri 8sor8 nte ;i secreto re >! ticifere 'e ! E"&4or8i s&!en'ens? @ i'io8! ste F ce!"!e i.o! te: form* & rtic"! r*: <n$!o8 te <n es"t"ri ce &re.int* ce!"!e "niforme9 ce!"!e!e c" t nin ori crist !e!e m"!tor ro. cee: f 8 cee: ce!"!e!e 'e form !iterei T 'in me.ofi!"! fr"n.ei 'e ce i T4e sinensis: ce!"!e!e secreto re 'in fr"n.e!e 'e ! "r L "r"s no8i!is !'?' M0rimea ce.u.e.&r 2e(eta.e Ce!"!e!e #e$et !e &ot fi 'e 'imensi"ni 'iferite ;i n"me9 @ <n $ener ! 'e or'in"! micrometri!or917 @177 microni: n" &ot fi o8ser# te c" oc4i"! !i8erM @ m*rime me'ie9 17 @ +7 microniM @ # se!e !emno se &ot #e % @ + m etc. !'3' C.asificarea ce.u.e.&r 2e(eta.e Bn f"ncie 'e mem8r n* ce!"!e!e #e$et !e &ot fi c! sific te <n9 @ 'erm to&! ste@ c" mem8r n* ri$i'*M @ ;i $imno&! ste @ !i&sit 'e mem8r n*: n" " o form* fi5*. D"&* &re.en ;i n"m*r"! n"c!ee!or ce!"!e!e #e$et !e &ot fi c! sific te <n9 @ ce!"!e n"c!e te @ n" &re.int* n"c!e" in'i#i'" !i. t: 'istinctM "ne!e " m teri ! n"c!e r <n st re 'if".* <n m s &roto&! smei > !$e !8 stre: 8 cterii?M @ ce!"!e "nin"c!e te @ m =orit te ce!"!e!or #e$et !eM @ ce!"!e &!"rin"c!e te " m i m"!i n"c!ei: c 'e e5em&!"9 &! smo'ii!e: c re s"nt cor&"ri #e$et ti#e form te 'intr@o m s* &roto&! sm tic* &!"rin"c!e t*: f*r* mem8r n*: c" mi;c*ri me8oi' !e >F"!i$o se&tic ? ;i sinciii!e F ce!"!e m"!tin"c!e te m ri: form te &rin re"nire m i m"!tor ce!"!e "nin"c!e te: c" n"c!ei neconto&ii ' r c" mem8r ne!e 'es&*rito re resor8ite >! ticifere!e 'e ! C4e!i'oni"m m ="s?. !'C' C&nstituenii ce.u.ari Ce!"!* #e$et !* !c*t"it* 'in9 @ constit"eni #ii 9 cito&! sm*: n"c!e": &! sti'e: mitocon'rii: retic"! en'o&! sm tic: ri8o.omi: & r t"! !"i Go!$i: !i.o.omi: cineto.omi: ci!i ;i f! $e!iM @ ;i constit"eni ne#ii 9 &erete!e ce!"! r: # c"o!e!e: inc!".i"ni!e er$ stice !'8' Tr0s0turi a.e ce.u.ei 2e(eta.e care & diferenia10 de ce.u.a anima.0 Ce!"! #e$et !* re "rm*to re!e & rtic"! rit*i9

@ &re.en &erete!"i ce!"! r form t 'in9 ce!"!o.*: 4emice!"!o.*: s"8st ne &ectice O &roteine: !i&i'e: !i$nin*: t nin: s*r"ri miner !e etcM @ &re.en &! smo'esme!or ;i interre! ii!or str"ct"r !@f"ncion !e 'intre ce!"!e!e "n"i es"t >! nim !e9 =onci"ni?M @ &re.en &! sti'e!or: c!oro&! ste!e ce!e m i im&ort nteM @ cre;tere <n #o!"m: &rin cre;tere 'imensi"ni!or # c"o!e!or >! nim !e c"m"! re "nei c ntit*i m ri 'e cito&! sm*?M @ microcor&ii ntren i <n &rocese &ro&rii ce!"!ei #e$et !e9 &ero5i.omii <n fotores&ir ie $!ico5i.omii <n con#ersi !i&i'e!or <n $!"ci'e sim&!e simi! 8i!e etcM @ 'i#ersit te s"8st ne!or 'e re.er#*9 mi'on: in"!in*: "!ei"ri eterice: !e"ron*: ! min rin*M @ &re.en crist !e!or 'e s*r"ri or$ nice >o5 ! t"! 'e c !ci"? ;i crist !e!or 'e s*r"ri miner !e >s"!f t"! 'e c !ci" !'9' *tructura ce.u.ei eucari&te

Ce.u.a este unitatea e.ementar0 a .umii 2ii' E5ist* tot";i ;i forme ce!"! re ;i n"me9 - pri&nii: c re s"nt microor$ nisme 'in & rtic"!e &roteice: !i&sii 'e ci.i n"c!eici: se re&ro'"c <n interior"! ce!"!ei &rintr@"n mec nism nec"nosc"t: &ro#o c* infecii ! tente4 - 2irusuri.e: c re s"nt microor$ nisme c" "n sin$"r ci' n"c!eic >ADN s " ARN? O &roteine: 8iofite o8!i$ torii: se re&ro'"c <n interior"! ce!"!ei: fo!osesc ener$i ce!"!ei $ .'* i r <n "ne!e c ."ri im&"n ce!"!ei &ro$r m"! !or $enetic. Ce!"! re "rm*to re!e com&onente9 @ &! sm !em @ mem8r n ecto&! sm tic* ce #ine <n cont ct c" &erete!e ce!"! rM @ 4i !o&! sm @ s"8st n f"n' ment !* <n c re se $*sesc 'iferite or$ nite ;i c re re "rm*to re com&o.iie9 -7@67P &*: $!"ci'e: !i&i'e: C :P:0:Q:)$ ;i &ro'";i 'e re.er#*9 tri$!iceri'e: $!ico$en etc. @ tono&! st"! @ mem8r n en'o&! sm tic* ce 'e!imite .* # c"o!e!e. Bn ce!"!* se $*sesc "rm*to re!e or$ nite cito&! sm tice9
8

@ &r(anite f0r0 mem/ran0 .ip&pr&teic0 9 ri8o.omii: microt"8"!ii: microfi! mente!e: centrio!ii: ci!ii ;i f! $e!iiM @ &r(anite cu mem/ran0 .ip&pr&teic0 simp.09 retic"! en'o&! sm tic: & r t"! !"i Go!$ii: !i.o.omii: sfero.omii: &! sm !em .omiiM @ or$ nite c" mem8r n* !i&o&roteic* '"8!*9 n"c!e"!: &! sti'e!e: mitocon'rii!e. !'9' Reticu.u. end&p.asmatic

A fost 'esco&erit 'e %&rter, C.aude )i 5u..am: <n ce!"! Car&ss& !@ " 'esco&erit <n ce!"!e!e #e$et !e >16+-?.

nim !* >16(+?: i r Bu2at )i

Este #i.i8i! ! microsco&: c "n sistem com&!e5 'e c #it*i >#e.ic"!e: t"8"ri ;i c n !ic"!e? fin r mific te ;i n stomo. te <n 4i !o&! sm* "n sistem com&!ic t ce se <ntin'e 'e ! mem8r n n"c!e r* &An* ! &eriferie. )em8r ne!e retic"!"!"i en'o&! sm tic " re! ii c" 'iferite or$ nite >n"c!e": ri8o.omi: 'ictio.omi? ;i c" &! sm !em : #An' ro! <n sinte. ;i con'"cere 'iferite!or s"8st ne: <n s&eci ! &roteine secreto re. Retic"!"! en'o&! sm tic este 'e 'o"* fe!"ri9 $r n"! r ;i nete'. Retic"!"! en'o&! sm tic este n"mit sistem"! circ"! tor intr @cito&! sm tic c re re "rm*to re!e f"ncii9 @ @ @ @ @ ! ni#e!"! ri8o.omi!or fi5 i &e f e5terio r* mem8r ne!or retic"!"!"i en'o&! sm tic $r n"! r se 'er"!e .* sinte1a pr&teine.&rM retic"!"! en'o&! sm tic nete' @ res&ons 8i! 'e sinte1a .ipide.&rM res&ons 8i! 'e sinte1a mem/rane.&rM r&. de &r(anit c&.ect&r, transp&rt&r )i distri/uit&r de su/stane )i en1ime4 'e <nm $ .in re ;i stoc = ! su/stane.&r eBtrace.u.are )i ce.u.are.

!'I' Ri/&1&mii sau (ranu.e.e .ui %a.ade A" fost 'esco&erii &entr" &rim ' t* ! 8 cterii: "!terior semn ! i <n ce!"!e!e e"c riote #e$et !e ;i nim !e: 'et !i t " fost st"'i i 'e Ge&r(e Emi. %a.ade ;i s"nt & rtic"!e ribonucleoproteice fo rte mici im&!ic te <n s m8! re ci.i!or minici <n &roteine fiin' &re.eni <n n"m*r m re <n cito&! sm ce!"!e!or e"c riote ;i &roc riote. N"m*r"! !or ref!ect*
9

intensit te sinte.e!or &roteice c re " !oc ! m8e!e ti&"ri 'e ce!"!e. A" form* ";or e!i&tic*: i r com&o.ii c4imic* este9 ++P &roteine: %-P ARN ri8o.om ! ;i (:+P fosfo!i&i'e. Ri8o.omii r*s&"n' 'e &roces"! 'e proteinosintez re&re.ent t 'e ns m8!"! re cii!or 8ioc4imice c re: "ti!i.e . c s"8st ne ci.ii minici ;i '"c ! form re 'e &roteine !c*t"ite 'in 27 'e ci.i minici. !'#"' Aparatu. .ui G&.(i

A fost o8ser# t &entr" &rim ' t* 'e Go!$i: <n n"! 1/6/: <n ce!"!e!e ner#o se ! nim !e. Bn n"! 16+-: c" ="tor"! microsco&"!"i e!ectronic: Porter ;i K"# t !@ " 'esco&erit <n ce!"!e!e "nor !$e ;i &! nte s"&erio re. A& r t"! Go!$i este re&re.ent t 'e tot !it te dictiozomilor 'intr@o ce!"!* >"nit te morfo!o$ic* ;i str"ct"r !*?: 8"n'en # riin' c" cti#it te ce!"!ei9 'e.#o!t t <n ce!"!e!e f! te <n &!in* cti#it te ;i &"in 'e.#o!t t <n ce!e f! te <n re& "s: 'is&*rAn' &ro$resi# <n c"rs"! <m8*trAnirii ce!"!ei.Este form t 'in9 dictiozomi >sistemul secreto-excretor ! ce!"!ei? ;i vezicule golgiene c re re."!t* 'in <nm"$"rire ! ter !* s c"!e!or 'ictio.om"!"i.

!'##' Mit&c&ndrii.e

10

A" fost 'esco&erite <n n"! 1/+, 'e F!emmin$ ;i s"nt form i"ni intr cito&! sm tice s"8 form* 'e $r n"!e s " 8 ston ;e. Tot !it te mitocon'rii!or 'intr@o ce!"!* forme .* condriomul celular,fiind consi'er t centrala energetic a celulei. Bn $ener ! se $*sesc 'e ! c<te2a sute p<n0 .a c<te2a mii 6ntr-& ce.u.0: oc"&An' circ 1/P 'in #o!"m"! cestei ;i 22P 'in #o!"m"! cito&! smei. L microsco&"! e!ectronic s"nt #i.i8i!e form* 'e $r n"!e s " 8 ston ;e sc"rte: com&!e5 str"ct"r te: !imit te 'e o membran dubl ce <nc4i'e <n interior "n s& i" n"mit matrix. )itocon'rii!e concentr te <n ="r"! n"c!e"!"i s " !oc"ri!e 'in ce!"!* c" cti#it te intens*: "n'e cons"m"! 'e ener$ie este m re ;i " "rm*to re com&o.ii c4imic*9 ,,P &*M 22P &roteineM 11P !i&i'eM n"c!eoti'eM en.imeM #it mine >K1: K2?M ADN ;i ARN. F"ncii!e mitocon'rii!or s"nt9 stoc re ener$iei s"8 form* 'e !e$*t"ri m croer$ice ! ni#e!"! ATP. !'#!' %.astide.e 0"nt or$ nite s&ecifice ce!"!ei #e$et !e: &re.ente <n or$ nisme!e "totrofe: #An' ro! <n met 8o!ism"! cestor : !c*t"in' <n ns m8!"! !or plastidomul. Form : m*rime : n"m*r"!: 'is&o.ii <n ce!"!*: com&o.ii &i$meni!or >c re 'etermin* c"!o re ?: c & cit te 'e sinte.* s"8st ne!or or$ nice s"nt & rtic"! rit*i f"ncion !e s&ecifice 'iferite!or &! nte. D"&* n t"r s"8st ne!or e! 8or te se &ot $r"& <n9 c!oro&! ste >fotosinteti. to re?: cromo&! ste c" f"ncii sec"n' re <n fotosinte. ;i !e"co&! ste c" ro! <n 'e&o.it re. Leuc&p.aste.e p&t fi 6mp0rite dup0 natura su/stane.&r dep&1itate 6nM ami.&p.aste, pr&te&p.aste )i &.e&p.aste. Leuc&p.aste.e sunt pre1ente 6n ce.u.e.e parenc-imatice din &r(ane.e su/terane de re1er20M r0d0cini, ri1&mi, /u./i, tu/ercu.i )i 6n end&spermu. semina.' !'#$' Nuc.eu. Este "n cor& sferic s " o# !: m i refrin$ent 'ecAt cito&! sm . N"m*r"! n"c!ei!or # ri .* fo rte m"!t <n !"me #e$et !* e5istAn' ce!"!e9 uninucleate (m =orit te ce!"!e!or 'e ! e"c riote?: binucleate >! or$ nisme!e inferio re? ;i polinucleate >or$ nisme c re &re.int* m i m"!i n"c!ei?. Form n"c!e"!"i este 'e&en'ent* 'e ti&"! ce!"! r ;i 'e st re fi.io!o$ic* ce!"!ei ;i &o te fi9 @ sferic: ! ce!"!e!e meristem tice "n'e n"c!e"! oc"&* o &o.iie centr !* >Neottia nidusavis @ TrAn=i?M
11

@ @ @ @ @

ovoidal, ! ce!"!e!e <n c"rs 'e 'ifereniere; fusiform (ce!"!e '"!te?: ' torit* sistem"!"i # c"o! r fo rte 'e.#o!t t: n"c!e"! oc"&* o &o.iie ! ter !*: &eriferic* >Hyacinthus orientalis @ R m8i!*?M discoidal ! ce!"!e!e m t"re; bastona ! ce!"!e!e &ro.enc4im tice; forme & rtic"! re9 semilunar >ce!"!e!e stom tice 'e ! !radescantia virginiana @ Te!e$r f?: filamentoas ! ce!"!e!e e&i'ermice 'e ! "loe sau lobat ! ce!"!e!e &! nte!or t c te 'e & r .ii.

Po.ii n"c!e"!"i este # ri 8i!* ;i c r cteristic* fiec*r"i ti& 'e ce!"!e ;i n"me9 centr ! ! ce!"!e!e tinere: c" cito&! sm* fo rte 'ens* s " ! ter !: <n &o.iie & riet !* ! ce!"!e '"!te c" # c"o!e m ri. )*rime n"c!e"!"i 'ifer* 'e ! "n ti& ce!"! r ! !t"!: ' r &*stre .* # !ori const nte &entr" ce! ;i ti& ce!"! r ;i n"me9 @ @ @ n"c!e"! 'in ce!"!e!e &! nte!or s"&erio re " m*rime me'ie 'e 17 @ +7 M n"c!ei mici ! !$e9 2@% M ! "ne!e $imnos&erme n"c!e"! tin$e ,77 ? etc.

N"c!e"! re "rm*to re!e &*rti9 mem8r n n"c!e r*: n"c!eo&! sm : n"c!eo!"! ;i crom tin : com&onent eseni !* n"c!e"!"i <n c re este stoc t* ce m i m re & rte inform iei $enetice. N"c!eo!"! re "rm*to re!e f"ncii9 sinte. ARNm: sinte. &roteine!or: trecere ARNm s&re 4i !o&! sm* ;i 'er"! re norm !* mito.ei. An#e!o& n"c!e r* re "rm*to re!e f"ncii9 este o 8 rier* <ntre n"c!eo&! sm* ;i 4i !o&! sm*: contro!e .* sc4im8"ri!e 'intre n"c!e" ;i cito&! sm* &rin &ori ;i este &erme 8i!it te &entr" &*: "nii e!ectro!ii: o.e: ci.i minici. Crom tin este9 se'i"! re&!ic*rii ADN@&"rt*tir"! inform iei $enetice. !'#?' Dacu&.e.e 0"nt inc!".i"ni &o se: inerte: f! te <n cito&! sm* <n & rte centr !* ce!"!e!or #e$et !e 'efiniti#e, tot !it te # c"o!e!or 'intr@o ce!"!* formAn' vacuomul: c re re&re.ent /7@67P 'in #o!"m"! ce!"! r. 2 c"o!e!e s"nt !imit te 'e mem8r n* e!ement r* !i&o&roteic*: sim&!*: n"mit* tonoplast: menin"t* s"8 tensi"ne 'e c*tre &ro&riet*i!e osmotice !e so!"iei interne: n"mit* ;i suc vacuolar. !'#3' Inc.u1iuni.e inerte 0"nt form i"ni inc!"se <n cito&! sm* c re n" & rtici&* 'irect ! 'esf*;"r re &rocese!or 8io!o$ice ce!"! re ;i &ot fi9 inc!".i"ni nor$ nice >s"!f t"! 'e c !ci": fosf t"! 'e c !ci": c r8on t"! 'e c !ci" etc? ;i inc!".i"ni!e or$ nice >!i&i'e!e: "!ei"ri!e #e$et !e: o!eo@re.ine!e etc?. !'#C' %erete.e ce.u.ar D"&* &re.en mem8r nei: ce!"!e!e &ot fii9 'erm to&! ste: ce!"!e c re " ! &eriferi &! sm !emei "n &erete so!i' ;i contin"": c" im&ort nte f"ncii9 mec nic*: &rotecto re: 'e contro! ! sc4im8"ri!or etc. c" mem8r n* ri$i'* ;i $imno&! ste ce!"!e !i&site 'e mem8r n*: c re n" " o form* fi5*: #An' ! e5terior 'o r &! sm !em L &! nte!e s"&erio re, com&onent"! &rinci& ! ! &erete!"i ce!"! r este ce!"!o. : ' r m i &o te conine "rm*to re!e s"8st ne9 c !o.*: 4emice!"!o.e: !i$nin*: &rotei'e: en.ime: !i&i'e: s*r"ri miner !e ;i s*r"ri or$ nice etc
12

Perete!"i ce!"! r re "rm*to re str"ct"r*9 @ ! me! mi=!ocie: c re este com"n* &entr" 2 ce!"!e #ecine: &erete!e &rim r: c rc s* in'i#i'" !* s"8ire <n ce!"!e tinere <n c"rs 'e crestere ;i &erete!e sec"n' r F form t 'in m i m"!te &*t"ri S $ro se: nee5tensi8i!e.

CA%ITOLUL III :I*TOLOGIA DEGETALH $'#' Definiie C"#Ant"! :ist&.&(ia este com&"s ;i &ro#ine 'in !im8 $re c* ' ! c"#inte!e hystos T es"t ;i logos T ;tiin*. 1isto!o$i este ;tiin : c re st"'i .* es"t"ri!e #e$et !e 'in c re s"nt !c*t"ite or$ nisme!e #e$et !e. es"t"ri!e se forme .* &rintr@"n &roces 8io!o$ic com&!e5 'e 'ifereniere ce!"! r*: 'en"mit* histogenez ;i este form t 'intr@o $r"& re 'e ce!"!e c re " cee ;i ori$ine: &ro5im ti# cee ;i form* ;i <n'e&!inesc cee ;i f"ncie <n or$ nism. $'!' C.asificare es"t"ri!e se &ot c! sific '"&* "rm*to re!e criterii9 form ce!"!e!or: $r '"! 'e 'ifereniere ce!"!e!or ;i f"ncii!e ce!"!e!or. Dup0 f&rma ce.u.e.&r tesuturi.e p&t fiM @ parenchimatice, la care ce!"!e!e &re.int* ce!e % 'i metre e$ !e s " &ro &e e$ !eM i.o'i metriceM @ prozenchimatice, cu ce!"!e !"n$ite: 'i metr"! !on$it"'in ! ce! &"in 'e ( ori m i m re 'ecAt ce!e! !te 2 'i metre. Dup0 (radu. de difereniere a ce.u.e.&r tesuturi.e se c.asifica 6nM
13

meristeme >es"t"ri 'e ori$ine: form ti#e?: c re s"nt form te 'in ce!"!e mici: nes&eci !i. te: "niforme: &!ine c" cito&! sm*: n"c!e" m re centr !: n"mero se # c"o!e mici: &erete ce!"!o.o@&ectic s"8ire: f*r* s& ii interce!"! re: n" conin s"8st ne 'e re.er#*: se 'i#i' necontenit: s"nt &re.ente &e to t* &erio ' 'e #i * &! ntei '"!te ;i se $*sesc <n &*ri!e termin !e !e or$ ne!or #e$et ti#eM @ #esuturi definitive, care au ce!"!e 'ifereni te c*ror form* ;i str"ct"r* 'e&in' 'e f"nci ! c re s@ " ' &t t ;i c re ;i@ " &ier'"t c & cit te 'e se 'i#i'e. Dup0 funcia pe care & 6ndep.inesc9 @ #esuturi meristematice: c re s"nt ce!e m i tinere es"t"ri 'in cor&"! &! nte!or ;i se $*sesc <ntr@o contin"* 'i#i.i"ne: in'iferent cAt 'e #Arst &! nteiM @ i #esuturi definitive: c re <n'e&!inesc 'iferite ro!"ri: c 'ee e5em&!"9 es"t"ri 'e &*r re >&rotecie?: es"t"ri mec nice >'e s"sinere?: es"t"ri con'"c*to re: es"t"ri f"n' ment !e >trofice?: es"t"ri secreto re ;i e5creto re ;i es"t"ri sen.iti#e. $'$' Epiderma Este es"t"! c re <n#e!e;te or$ ne!e &! nte!or c" str"ct"r* &rim r* ;i este form t* 'intr@"n str t ce!"!e & renc4im tice #ii: 'e form* t 8e! r* c" &ereii e5terni 8om8 i: m i <n$ro; i 'ecAt &ereii interni ;i ! ter !i ;i c" 'iferite mo'ific*ri sec"n' re: c 'ec e5em&!"9 c"tini. re : cerific re : miner !i. re . E&i'erm re ro! 'e re.isten : &rotecie etc ;i se forme .* 'in ce!"!e e&i'ermice tinere: ne'ifereni te c" ro! 'e f ci!it 9 sc4im8"ri!e 'e $ .e >&roces"! 'e res&ir ie? e!iminre &ei s"8 form* 'e # &ori >&roces"! tr ns&ir iei?: fotosinte. >re."!tAn' $!"ci'e sim&!e: osmotic cti#e: c" ro! <n mi;c*ri!e 'e <nc4i'ere ;i 'esc4i'ere st&mate.&r?. $'?' *t&mate Prin stom te se re !i.e .* sc4im8"! 'e $ .e <ntre &! nt* ;i me'i" ;i 'e semene se e!imin* &*.

5i(ura nr' #' *t&mat0' E5ist* 'iferite ti&"ri 'e fr"n.e '"&* !oc !i. re stom te!or ;i n"me9 @ e&istom tice: c" stom te!e !oc !i. te <n e&i'erm s"&erio r*9 Nymphaea alba; @ 4i&ostom tice: c" stom te!e !oc !i. te <n e&i'erm inferio r*9 ! m =orit te &! nte!or: m i !es ! ce!e !emno seM

14

@ mfistom tice F stom te!e !oc !i. te <n m8e!e e&i'erme9 &! nte 'in f mi!ii!e9 $abaceae, %amiaceae, &rassicaceae, 'oaceae, (aryophyllaceae N"m*r"! stom te!or 'e &e "nit te 'e s"&r f * # ri .* <n "rm*tor"! mo' ;i n"me9 @ m i &"ine ! &! nte!e ier8ose 'ecAt ! ce!e !emno seM @ m i &"ine ! &! nte!e 'e !oc"ri "me'e ;i "m8ro se 'ecAt ! ce!e 'in !oc"ri "sc te ;i <nsoriteM @ @ # !ori!e me'ii9 %7@%77Jmm2M # !ori m 5ime9 )lea europaea ,-+Jmm2

$'3' %erii pr&tect&ri sau tric-&mi 0"nt e5crescene !e &erei!or e5terni i "nor ce!"!e e&i'ermice: 'e form : 'imensi"ni!e: str"ct"r ;i f"ncii!e 'iferite. Tot !it te &eri!or 'e &e o &! nt* forme .* indumenu. ;i " 'iferite ro!"ri: c 'e e5em&!"9 &*r* &! nt <m&otri# inso! iei: ref!ectAn' r .e!e so! re >! &! nte!e 'e;ertice: ste&ice: !&ine?: re'"c &ier'ere 'e c*!'"r* 'in tim&"! no&ii >! &! nte!e ste&ice?: &rotecie <m&otri# fri$"!"i ;i "me.e!ii ><n c ."! m"$"ri!or?: &rotecie 'e nim !e >insecte fitof $e: me!ci: m mifere er8i#ore? etc. Perii tectori s"nt !c*t"ii 'in9 @ &e'ice! s " 8"!8 ><ntre ce!"!e!e e&i'ermice o8i;n"ite?M @ ;i o & rte termin !* >'e s"&r e&i'ermei?: sc"it* s " 'i! t t*: 're &t* s " rc" t*. Perii se c! sific* '"&* m i m"!te criterii ;i n"me9 @ '"&* str"ct"r !or9 "nice!"! ri ;i &!"rice!"! riM @ '"&* $r '"! 'e #it !it te9 #ii s " moriM @ '"&* f"nci &e c re o <n'e&!inesc9 tectori >seto;i ;i "rtic ni?: $**tori: secretori: 'i$esti#i: sen.iti#i ;i 8sor8 ni. $'3'#'%eri unice.u.ari A" !"n$imi 'iferite 'e re$"!* sc"ii ! #Arf 'e 'iferite forme.

15

Fi$"r nr. 2. Perii "nice!"! ri9A @ *anunculus acris: K F +alium aparine: C F (ampanula s&.: D F &*r ste! t9 (apsella bursa-pastoris: E F &*r ste! t9 ,eutzia scabra: F F Humulus lupulus etc. $'3'!'%eri p.urice.u.ari Acest ti& 'e &eri &ot fiM @ sim&!i: c 'e e5em&!" ! 9 )ent4 &i&erit M @ s " r mific i 'e 'iferite forme9 et = i >2er8 sc"m t4 &s"s?M ste 1i&&o&4 e r4 mnoi'esM s"#eic* >(hrysanthemum s&.-, m si#i9 .alva sylvestris: )lea europaea: 'apaver somniferum etc.

5i(ura nr' $ %eri p.urice.u.ari' D"&* f"ncie &ot fi9 &erii $**tori: &erii secretori: &eri .8"r*tori: se $r"&e .* <n m*n"nc4i"ri ;i se $*sesc &e s"&r f semine!or s " fr"cte!or c" ro! <n 'isemin re nemofi!* >!araxacum officinale: /alix s&. 'opulus s&.?: &erii tectori etc.

16

$'3'$' %0r&1itatea p.ante.&r D"&* &re.en &eri!or &e s"&r f t fr"n.e!or e5ist* "rm*to re!e ti&"ri 'e fr"n.e9 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ $! 8re F !i&site 'e &eri >(apsicum annuum?M co&erite c" &eri r ri >,aucus carota, !riticum aestivum?M &*ro se F c" n"mero;i &eri >Helianthus annuus?M P"8escent* F &eri fini: sc"ri: moi >&etula pendula?M 0eto s* F &eri !"n$i: t ri: ri$i.i ('apaver somniferum?M 1is&i'* @ &eri !"n$i: t ri: ri$i.i >&oraginaceae?M Ci!i t* F &eri !"n$i: fini: moi >$agus sylvatica?M 0ericee F &eri !"n$i: moi: fr $i!i >"lchemilla xanthochlora?M L n"$ino s* F &eri !"n$i: fr $i!i: fo rte moi >"esculus hippocastanum?M 2i!o s* F &eri sc"ri moi >Hyoscyamus niger?M L n t* F &eri !"n$i: moi: !i&ii >"ne!e %amiaceae?M Tomento s* F sc"ri: moi >"ne!e *osaceae?M C tife! t* F sc"ri: moi >&et !e?.

$'C' Emer(ene 0"nt form i"ni e&i'ermice com&!e5e form te 'in9 e&i'erm* O !te es"t"ri:sco r : es"t"! mec nic: es"t"! con'"c*tor: c 'e e5em&!"9 @ @ s&inii 'e &e 'iferite or$ ne9 *osa canina4 s&inii 'e &e fr"cte!e e&o se9 ,atura stramonium, "esculus hippocastanum.
17

$'8'EB&dermu. Este "n es"t &rim r 'e &*r re: c r cteristic r*'*cini!or: c" ro! 'e &rote= #Arf"! r*'*cini!or tinere: <n .on s&r*: '"&* e5fo!iere ri.o'ermei: fiin' &rim"! s " &rime!e str t"ri e5terne 'e ce!"!e 'in sco r r*'*cinii. Ce!"!e!e e5o'erm"!"i " &erei ";or s"8erific i >ce!"!e mo rte?, f*r* s& ii erifere <ntre e!e, iar "neori &ot r*mAne 'in !oc <n !oc: ce!"!e #ii: 'e & s =. E5o'erm"! &o te fi form t ! 9 - 'icoti!e'on te 'intr@"n str t 'e ce!"!eM - monocoti!e'on te9 %@( str t"ri 'e ce!"!e Oc"tis

Fi$"r nr. ( 0ecti"ne 'e t"!&in* $'9' End&derma

Fi$"r nr. +. 0ecti"ne 'e t"!&in* Este str t"! ce! m i intern ! sco rei: "n es"t &rim r 'e &rotecie ;i meninere formei ci!in'r"!"i centr !: r reori 8istr tific t9 /milax aspera s " form t 'in m i m"!te str t"ri 'e ce!"!e ;i este &re.ent ! 9
18

@ @ @ @

r*'*cin*M r r <n t"!&in*M fr"n.e9 teci <n ="r"! f scic"!e!or con'"c*to reM en'o'erm t"!&inii F "neori se c"m"!e .* mi'on te c* minifer*

Este es"t #i" form t 'in ce!"!e mici: e$ !e: 're&t"n$4i"! re s " &*tr te: &erei ne<n$ro; i s " ine$ ! s " incom&!et <n$ro; i c" !i$nin*. $'I' +esuturi de ap0rare secundare A& r ! &! nte!e c" cre;tere <n $rosime: c" str"ct"ri sec"n' re "n'e &eri'erm sectr nsform* <n s"8er ;i fe!o'erm. 0"8er"! sec"n' r este form t 'in ce!"!e & r !e!i&i&e'ice mo rte >&!ine c" er: t nin: $"me?: !i&site 'e s& ii interce!"! r: 'is&"se r 'i !: "neori &"ternic &! ti. te t n$enti ! > &etula pendula?: #An' &ereii im&re$n i c" s"8erin*: c re si$"r* &rotecie <m&otri# tr ns&ir iei e5cesi#e: fiin' im&erme 8i! &entr" &*: $ .e ;i c" con'"cti8i!it te termic* re'"s*. Are ro! 'e &*r re <m&otri# # ri ii!or m ri 'e tem&er t"r* ;i ro! &rotector <m&otri# $eni!or & to$eni. Fe!o'erm"!: re."!t* 'in ce!"!e!e &ro'"se s&re interior 'e c*tre fe!o$en: se ' "$* & renc4im"!"i cortic ! &rim r: c re 'etermin* cre;tere sec"n' r* <n $rosime ;i este form t 'in %@( str t"ri 'e ce!"!e. Ce!"!e!e fe!o'erm"!"i s"nt9 #ii: s*r ce <n cito&! sm*: c" s& ii interce!"! re. Bn contin" re se # &re.ent o secti"ne 'e t"!&in*.

Fi$"r nr.+. 0ecti"ne 'e t"!&in*91@ c"tic"!*M 2 F e&i'erm M % F s"8er: fe!o$enM ( F &eri'ermM + Fc m8i"M , F fe!o'erm ;i - @ sco r $'I' Ritid&mu. Este form t 'in es"t"ri mo rte re."!t te 'in e5fo!iere formAn' "n <n#e!i; ! s"&r f tr"nc4i"ri!or' 5orm re riti'om"!"i <nce&e ! 'iferite #Arste: <n f"ncie 'e s&ecie: c U 'ee5em&!"9
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0itis vinifera9 '"&* 2 ni4 !ilia s&9 '"&* 17@12 ni; 1uercus suber9 '"&* 2+@%7 ni4 $agus sylvatica9 '"&* +7 ni.

Riti'om"! &o te fi 'e 'iferite ti&"ri: c 'e e5em&!"9 @ @ riti'om &ersistent: c" cr*&*t"ri9 1uercus suber, !ilia sp, 2uglans regia, riti'om c '"c: c re '"&* mo'"! 'e e5fo!iere &o te fii9 ine! r: c re se 'es&rin'e s"8 form* 'e ine!e: 8en.i tr ns#ers !e >(erasus avium, 'runus domestica: &etula pendula, 3ucalyptus globulus-: fi8ros: c re se e5fo!i .* s"8 form* 'e 8en.i !on$it"'in !e >0itis vinifera, (lematis vitalba- ;i so!.os: c" s&ect 'e &!*ci s " so!.i ce se co&er* "ne!e &e !te!e >'icea abies, 'yrus communis etc?.

$'#"' +esuturi mecanice A" f"nci 'e ' re.isten* &! nte!or: tAt &entr" &ro&ri $re"t te: cAt ;i f * 'e $enii e5terni9 #Ant: &!o ie: .*& '*: nim !e: c re e5ercit* s"&r !or fore 'e &resi"ne: <ntin'ere: r*s"cire etc. L &! nte!e ier8o se: es"t"ri!e mec nice s! 8 re&re.ent t: i r &! nte!e !emno se tin$ m 5im"! 'e 'e.#o!t re. $'##'+E*UTURI CONDUCHTOARE E!e si$"r* circ"! i &erm nent* se#ei 8r"te: 'e ! r*'*cin* ! or$ ne!e simi! to re ;i se#ei e! 8or te: 'e ! or$ ne!e simi! to re ! or$ ne!e cons"m to re s " ! es"t"ri!e 'e 'e&o.it re. Ascendent, se2a /rut0 circ"!* &rin tra-ee )i tra-eide: i r descendent, su/stane.e e.a/&rate transp&rtate de e.emente.e .i/eriene 7tu/uri.e ciuruite ?. E!emente!e con'"c*to re !emno se " ro! 'e tr ns&ort se# 8r"t* s&re es"t"! c!orofi!i n ;i 'e 'semene ro! mec nic ' torit* str"ct"rii s !e. 2 se!e !emno se s"nt form te 'in ce!"!e mo rte: !i&site 'e &roto&! st ! com&!et !or m t"rit te 'e form* !"n$it*: ;e. te c & ! c & <n !"n$"! or$ n"!"i: c" &ereii !on$it"'in !i !i$nific i ne"niform: i r &ereii tr ns#ers !i se &ot resor8i . 2 se!e !emno se s"nt 'e 2 fe!"ri9 @ @ traheide ># se <nc4ise?M trahei ># se 'esc4ise: 'e#*r te?.

BIBLIOGRA5IE - A#r m R @ Kot nic* f rm ce"tic*: E'it"r Di' ctic* ;i Pe' $o$ic*: K"c"re;ti: 16-( @ Criste A"re!i Nico!et : $armacologie, E'it"r )e'ic !*: K"c"re;ti: 277+

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@ Do8resc": D.: $armacodinamie, E'it"r )e'ic !*: K"c"re;ti: 16-@ Do8resc": D.: $armacoterapie,#o!. I ;i II: E'it"r )e'ic !*: K"c"re;ti: 16/6 @ Criste A"re!i Nico!et : $armacologie, E'it"r )e'ic !*: K"c"re;ti: 277+ @ N*'*; n: 2.: $itoterapia, C s 'e E'it"r*9 L2i * ;i 0*n*t teL: K"c"re;ti: 166, - 0troiesc": 2.: &azele farmacologice ale practicii medicale: #o!.I ;i II: E'it"r )e'ic !*: K"c"re;ti: 16// @ 5555 F.R. IC : E'it"r )e'ic !*: K"c"re;ti: 16-, @ 5555 F.R. C : E'it"r )e'ic !*: K"c"re;ti: 166%

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