ROSTOW : THE CRITIQUE THE ATTACK WAS BROAD, INTENSE [AND] PUBLICISED (SUPPLE) IT SURVIVES AS A STRAW MAN FOR

TEACHERS OF ECONMICS AND ECONOMIC HISTORY (SUPPLE) !) TH BROAD CRITIQUE ") $) FALSE UNIFORMITY IN STA#ES PRO#RESSION HOW ESSNTIAL WERE THE IDENTIFIED PRECONDITIONS%

") & $) NE'T LECTURE () )) HOW DOES A COUNTRY MOVE FROM ONE STA#E TO ANOTHER% THE TAKE OFF: *) **) ***) *,) ,) ,*) IS IT: ") $) () A - CHAN#E IN OUTPUT DISTRIBUTION AMON# VARIOUS INDSTRIES% A - CHAN#E IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF INPUTS (LABOUR, CAPITAL)% A MEANS OF DIFFERENTIATIN# BETWEEN TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT CHAN#ES% WHAT DOES INDUSTRIALISATION TAKIN# HOLD MEAN% HOW FAR MUST INDUSTRIALISATION PROCEED BEFORE IT TAKES HOLD% WHAT IS A DECISIVE BREAK+THROU#H FOR THE FORCES OF MODERNISATION% WHAT IS A SUBSTANTIAL MANUFACTURIN# SECTOR% WHAT IS A HI#H RATE OF #ROWTH% WHAT IS MEANT BY STRUCTURAL CHAN#E IN THE ECONOMY%

ROSTOW DOEES NOT ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS E) THE NATION STATE AND THE RE#ION AS THE VEHICLE FOR INDUSTRIALISATION:+

THE POLLARD PERSPECTIVE ON C!. EUROPE FOCUSSIN# ON CROSS+ BORDER MOVEMENTS OF CAPITAL/LABOUR & TRANSPORT & TRADE (N E FRANCE, S BEL#IUM, N W #ERMANY 0 ") *) THE SPECIFIC CRITIQUE THE BRITISH CASE WITH RFERENCE TO TAKE+OFF !1- NET INVESTMENT NOT ACHIEVED UNTIL POST+!231

REASONS :+ NEW STATISTICAL/EMPIRICAL WORK POINTIN# TO ") MODEST #ROWTH ACROSS THE TAKE+OFF STA#E NB CRAFTS $) () LIMITED CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS CLASSIC FACTORY SYSTEM ONLY DEVELOPS AFTER !231 WAS COTTON THE ONLY LEADIN# SECTOR IN VIEW OF THE CASE FOR IRON: OUTPUT ROSE 4' !521+!211 LINKA#ES IRON ORE, LIMESTONE, COAL (BACKWARD) STEAM POWER EN#INEERIN# LOWERED INPUT COSTS FOR CONSUMIN# INDUSTRIES (FORWARD) THE AMERICAN CASE WITH REFERENCE TO TAKE+OFF

6)

ROBERT FOL#EL : THE DESTROYER TAKE+OFF, !243+61 PROPELLED BY RAILROADS VIA BACKWARD AND FORWARD LINKA#ES BACKWARD 7 CONSTAUCTION PHASE FORWARD 7 COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

FO#ELS CASE FOCUSSES ON BACKWARD LINKA#ES WITH SECONDARY #ROWTH SECTORS * 8 SUPPLYIN# INDUSTRIES !) IRON : IRON OUTPUTS 3', !241+61

RAILROAD SHARE OF TOTAL OUTPUT 7 !5- (!1- !241+91) 0) COAL DIRECT DEMAND BY RAILROADS WAS NE#LI#IBLE : EARLY US LOCOS WERE FUELLED BY WOOD: LUMBER !241+!261, RAILROADS DEMANDED LESS THAN HALF OF ONE PERCENT OF LUMBER PRODUCTION TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT IN !29. THE DOLLAR VALUE OF THE OUTPUT OF VEHICLES DRAWN BY ANIMALS WAS STILL ALMOST TWICE AS #REAT AS THE OUTPUT OF EQUIPMENT FOR THE CELEBRATED IRON HORSE NAIL IN THE COFFIN NAILS RATHER THAN RAILS::

3)

4)

9)

CONCLUSION ROSTOWS THESIS IS CONTEPTUALLY FLAWED AND WHEN PUT TO THE TEST HIS FACTS ARE WRON# BUT ON THE POSITIVE SIDE !) 0) 3) ROSTOWS THEORY TRI##ERED OFF AN ENORMOUS RESEARCH EFFORT HIS TERMINOLO#Y BECAME EMBEDED IN THE LITERATURE HE ADVANCED KNOWLED#E AND UNDERSTANDIN#

NE'T LECTURE ROSTOW ,; #ERSCHENKRON